公共管理导论题型整理

strategic management aims to integrate the planning function with the over-all management task. 战略四原则
(1)concern with the long term.(2)integration of goals and objectives into a coherent hierarchy (3)strategic management and planning are not self-implementing.(4)an external perspective emphasizing not adapting to the environment but anticipating and shaping of environment change. 战略制定过程
(1)analysis of the situation,both internal and external
(2)Diagnosis,or identification of the key issues facing the organization
(3)Definition of the organizations fundamental mission
(4)Articulation of the organizations basic goals
(5)Cretion of vision:what success looks like
(6)Development of a strategy to realise the vision and goals
(7)Development of a timetable for that strategy
(8)Measurement and evaluation of results
1）bureaucracy（2）one-best-way of working and procedures were set out in comprehensive manuals for administrators to follow.(3) Principle was bureaucratic delivery.(4) politics/administration dichotomy. (5) The motivation of the individual public servant was assumed to be that of the public interest. (6) A professional bureaucracy, neutral, anonymous, employed life, with the ability to serve any political master equally. (7) Administrative following the instructions provided by others without personal responsibility for results.
（1）a strategic approach（2）management not administration（3）a focus on results（4）improved financial management（5）flexibility in staffing（6）flexibility in organization（7）a shift to greater competition（8）the new contractualism（9）a stress on private sector styles of management practice（10）relationships with politicians（11）relationships with the public（12）separation of purchaser and provider（13）re-examining what government does.
administration essentially involves following instructions and service.(1) the achievement of results (2) personal responsibility by the manager for results being achieved.
（1）the attack on the public sector(2) economic theory change(3)private sector change(4)technological change
早期行政模式-传统公共行政模式-新公共管理
传统公共行政强调行政，新公共管理强调管理，对结果负责。

非人格化-人格化
富尔顿报告
（1）Formulation of policy under political direction（2）creating the “machinery”for implementation of policy（3）operation of the administrative machine（4）accountability to Parliament and the Public
新古典主义
1）the assumption of individual rationality（2）the elaboration of models from this assumption （3）a maximum role for market forces（4）a minimum role for government
韦伯官僚制Weber’s bureaucracy
（1）the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas（2）the principles of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority（3）the management of the modern office is based upon written documents which are preserved. （4）office management usually presupposes thorough and expert training.（5）official activity demands the full working capacity of the official（6）the management of the office follows general rules
政府的职能basic functions of government
（1）Establishing a foundation of law
（2）Maintaining a non-distortionary policy environment, including macroeconomic stability （3）Investing in basic social services and infrastructure
（4）Protecting the vulnerable
（5）Protecting the environment
一般管理的职能Functions of general management
Establishing objectives and priorities
Devising operational plans to achieve these objectives
Organizing and staffing
Directing personnel and the personnel management system
Controlling performance
Dealing with ”external” units
Dealing with independent organizations
Dealing with the press and public
文官法案
The holding of competitive examinations for all applicants to the classified service.
The making of appointments to the classified service from those graded highest in the examinations. The interposition of an effective probationary period before absolute appointment.
The apportionment of appointments at Washington according to the population of the several states and other major areas.
绩效指标
Performance indicators, that is, some way of measuring the progress the organization has made towards achieving declared objectives
绩效系统
The performance appraisal system aims to measure the performance of individual staff, even to the extent of defining the key contributions expected over the year, which are then compared with actual achievement at the end of the year.
战略计划
strategic planning is a disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions shaping the nature and direction of governmental activities, within constitutional bounds.
战略管理
strategic management aims to integrate the planning function with the over-all management task. 政府工具
An instrument of government is the method it uses to interene,the mechanism used when government action is justified in some way.
公共企业
A public enterprise is a particular kind of statutory authority: one that sells goods and services to the public on a large scale, with the financial returns accruing in the first instance to the authority itself.
公共部门定义
The public sector(government) is the result of public,political decision-making,rather than involving market processes.
预算
A budget is a document, containing words and figures, which proposes expenditures for certain items and purpose.
In the most general definition budgeting is concerned with the translation of financial resources into human purposes.
The budget becomes a mechanism for making choices among alternative expenditures.。