外研社学术英语(第二版)综合Unit 2 (教师用书U2

Unit 2 Economics
I Teaching Objectives
After learning Unit 2, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:
II Teaching Activities and Resources
Reading
Text A
Lead-in
Teaching Steps
Ask Ss to work in pairs and do the task in Lead-in. Then invite several Ss to share their answers with the whole class.
Answer Keys
1.The invisible hand.
2.Our economic life is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total
strangers.The activities of countless far-flung men and women have to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed. However, no one coordinates it, and yet they do cooperate. It’s “the invisible hand” —the mysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneous
Text Analysis
Teaching Steps
1.Overview
Ask Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.
2.In-Depth Analysis
1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as much
as possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.
•the invisible hand
•free-market economy
•economic downturn
•An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.
3)Discuss with Ss the invisible hand in the author’s eyes by doing Task 1 in
Critical reading and thinking.
4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Critical
reading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.
Supplementary Information
1.free-market economy
In a free market economy, the laws and forces of supply and demand, rather than a central government, regulate production and labor. The prices for goods and services are self-regulated by buyers and sellers negotiating in an open market.
Most companies and resources are not owned by the state. Instead, they are owned by private individuals or entities who are free to trade contracts with each other. 2.economic downturn
An economic downturn is a general slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time. It occurs when the value of stocks, property, and commodities fall, productivity either grows more slowly or declines, and GDP shrinks, stands still or expands more slowly. It can happen in a specific region (e.g.
the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s) or on a global scale (e.g. the global financial crisis in the late 2000s). The main features of an economic downturn include rising unemployment, falling share and house prices, low consumer confidence and declining investment.
4．An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（《国富论》）An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smith’s masterpiece. It was first published in 1776, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon broad topics such as the division of labor, productivity and free markets.
Language Support
1.Individual buyers and sellers will act according to what is in their own best
interests. (Para. 2)
The phrase “in one’s interest” means “for one’s benefit or advantage”（为了……
的利益；为……着想）. There are some relevant expressions, such as “in the interest of one”, “in one’s own interest”, and “in one’s best interest”.
e.g. It’s obviously in their interest to increase profits.
I suspect it’s in your own best interest to quit now.
2.Customers are likewise typically looking out for their self-interests. (Para. 4)
The word “likewise” is used to signal a comparison that explains how things are similar（同样的；此外）.
e.g. In this episode, we will likewise deal with another extremely common
question.
Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.
Other special words and expressions are often used to signal the comparison of two or more people, places, things, ideas, etc. Here are some examples of these signposts for your reference:
similarly, both, just as, and also, resemble, parallel, in the same manner, in
the same way, alike, equally
3.The market becomes more efficient as buyers and sellers move in the same
direction—as if directed by an invisible hand. (Para. 5)
这里的as if用于省略句。

如果as if 引导的从句是“主语＋系动词”结构，可省略主语和系动词，这样as if 后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词（短语）、介词短语或分词。

e.g. She left the room hurriedly as if (she was) angry.
Tom raised his hands as if (he was going) to say something.
4.Both the supporters and critics of the invisible hand theory can influence the
way that nations tackle economic downturns. (Para. 8)
这里的the way是先行词，其后是that引导的定语从句。

先行词是the way 时，其后定语从句的引导方式有三种：
1)the way + that
e.g. I like the way that the teacher gives his lessons.
2)the way + in which
e.g. I don’t like the way in which he speaks to me.
3) the way + 从句（省略了that或in which）
e.g. There were several theories about the way the fire started.
5.Those who believe in the invisible hand are more likely to favor a hands-off
or laissez-faire approach by the government regardless of the condition of the economy. (Para. 9)
regardless of: without taking into account 不管；不顾
e.g. He jogs every day regardless of the weather.
The club welcomes all new members regardless of age.
Answer Keys
Critical reading and thinking
Task 1 / Overview
Task 2 / Points for discussion (Suggested Answers)
Market has its own way of punishing business malpractices. For example, if a fast food chain sells contaminated food, nation-wide demand for their food will go down, along with their profit. When a company sells defective products, they have to deal with liability costs.
Language building-up
Answer keys
Task 1 / Specialized vocabulary
1
1 看不见的手
2 公共利益
3 存货
4 购买
5 定价过高
6 经济衰退
7 垄断的兴起8 关注自身利益
2
1 priced
2 stock
3 gain
4 monopoly
5 the invisible hand
6 purchases
7 economic downturn 8 public interest
Task 2 / Academic vocabulary
1 primarily
2 overall
3 inclined
4 regulate
5 items
6 option
7 concepts 8 instinctively
9 promote 10 Invisible
Task 3 / Collocations
1 dates back to
2 in their own best interest
3 have the best chance of
4 look out for
5 in demand
6 regardless of
7 put faith in 8 leaving … alone
Task 4 / Formal English
1. likewise
2. purchase
3. Conversely
4. mitigate
5. sought, merchandise, exorbitant
Translation of Text A
看不见的手
“看不见的手”是对推动自由市场经济的无形力量的一种隐喻。

“看不见的手”理论的支持者认为，如果任由经济自由发展，在大多数情况下它会自我调节。

个体买卖双方将根据自己的最大利益行事。

他们的行为将会纠正和改善市场—仿佛有一只看不见的手指挥买卖双方做完全符合公共利益的事情，并促进整体经济的发展。

当经济在“看不见的手”的概念下运行时，店主们会选择他们想要提供的产品。

他们自然会选择他们认为最好销售的产品。

他们可能希望他们的顾客满意，但他们主要还是出于自身利益来经营。

店主们出售这些商品是因为他们想赚钱。

所以，利己之心是激励因素。

同样地，顾客通常也会关注自己的利益。

他们不想把钱浪费在不适合他们的产品上。

他们会向有库存并以合理的价格提供给他们的店主购买他们喜欢的商品。

然而，在没有他们想要的商品或者他们感觉要价过高的地方，他们会很快停止购物。

买卖双方的自身利益决定了市场。

当一个精明的店主注意到某些商品不再受欢迎时，他们会用需求量大的商品来代替它们。

然后，买家会通过购买来回报店主。

随着买卖双方朝着同样的方向发展，市场变得更有效率—仿佛被一只看不见
的手指挥着。

为什么看不见的手很重要?
“看不见的手”的概念让卖家可以自由地满足买家的需求。

如果卖家目前提供的产品已经不再受欢迎，他们可以选择换成顾客愿意购买的商品。

他们也可以为这些产品设定自己的价格。

相反，买家可以自由地绕过那些提供他们不感兴趣的商品或他们认为为商品定价过高的卖家。

他们可以选择把辛苦赚来的钱只花在愿意以他们能够接受的价格向他们提供所需产品的卖方身上。

“看不见的手”理论的支持者和批评者都可以影响各国应对经济衰退的方式。

有些人认为，如果放任市场力量，它将可以帮助到每个人。

但另一些人认为，如果你允许企业主拥有很大的自由，他们的行事方式将会伤害到相对更弱势的群体。

那些相信“看不见的手”的人更有可能赞成政府不干涉市场或采取自由放任主义的做法，而不管经济状况如何。

不太倾向于相信斯密的“看不见的手”经济模式的人则往往相信政府的行动可以减轻甚至防止国家和地方的经济危机，比如经济衰退。

“看不见的手”理论的历史是什么？
“看不见的手”这一概念可以追溯到1776年。

它出现在苏格兰哲学家亚当·斯密写的一本著名的书中，书名为《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》，通常被简称为《国富论》。

斯密的这本书出现的时候，欧美国家正在探索关于给普通人更大发言权的这个想法。

同时那也是一个特权阶层利用国际贸易和殖民积累巨大财富的时代。

斯密认为，市场上的自由竞争可以作为一种防止垄断崛起的防御手段。

斯密提倡这样一种观点，即只要公众可以从任何满意的人那里购买产品，潜在的垄断就会失败。

理论上，如果一家试图主宰一个行业的公司继续以高昂的价格提供劣质的商品，公众就会反抗。

顾客会通过逃往竞争企业来表达他们的不满。

精明的企业会通过以合理的价格提供优质的产品作为回应。

市场将惩罚贪婪的企业主，并奖励以有利于所有相关方的方式经营的企业主。

斯密说，买卖双方会本能地关注自己的利益，但却在不经意间通过这样的做法改善了整体经济。

他说，就好像他们一直被一只看不见的手引导向正确的方向。

Text B
Text Analysis
Teaching Steps
1.Lead-in
Ask Ss to recall the unseen forces that move the free-market economy.
2.Overview
Ask Ss to preview the text. Put Ss into pairs and ask them to summarize the main idea of Text B. Invite some Ss to share their answers with the class.
3.In-Depth Analysis
1)Ask Ss to find out the role of government in the market provided in Text B.
Provide additional information when necessary.The Supplementary Information below is for T’s reference.
2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.
3)Invite some Ss to summarize the major points of the text on the basis of the
Overview Task of Critical reading and thinking.
Supplementary Information
1.Mankiw, N. Gregory
Mankiw is an American macroeconomist who is currently the Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University. As a student, he studied economics at Princeton University and MIT. As a teacher, he has taught macroeconomics, microeconomics, statistics, and principles of economics. He is best known in academia for his work on New Keynesian economics. His research includes work on price adjustment, consumer behavior, financial markets, monetary and fiscal policy, and economic growth.
2.economic well-being
Economic well-being is a person’s or family’s standard of living based primarily on how well they are doing financially. It has present and future financial security.
Present financial security includes the ability of individuals, families, and communities to consistently meet their basic needs; have control over their day-to-day finances; make economic choices and feel a sense of security, satisfaction, and personal fulfillment with one’s personal finances and employment pursuits. Future financial security includes the ability to absorb financial shocks, meet financial goals, build financial assets, and maintain adequate income throughout the life-span.
3.market failure
The market failure refers to the inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market. Market failures happen when individuals’ pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not efficient. Under some conditions, government intervention may be indicated in order to improve social welfare. The main types of market failure include asymmetric information, concentrated market power, public goods and externalities.
4.externality
Externality refers to the costs incurred or the benefits received by a third party, who does not have control over the generation of the costs or benefits. In other words, externalities occur when the effect of production or consumption of goods and services imposes costs or benefits on others which are not reflected in the prices charged for them. They can either be positive or negative. A demonstration
of the negative externality is the production of excess goods. An example of a positive externality is the influence of a well-educated workforce on a firm’s productivity.
Language Support
1.Yet there is another reason we need government: The invisible hand is
powerful, but it is not omnipotent. (Para. 3)
The word “yet”is used to signal a contrast. A contrast illustrates how they are different.
e.g. He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.
Great progress has been made, yet much still remains to be done.
Some other words and expressions are often used to signal the contrast of two or more people, places, things, ideas, etc. Here are some examples of these signposts:
on the other hand, in/by contrast, however, while, whereas, although, nevertheless, different from, unlike, instead (of), conversely, rather than, as opposed to, some … while others …
2.Although the invisible hand usually leads markets to allocate resources to
maximize the size of the economic pie, this is not always the case. (Para. 4)
not always the case: 并非总是如此
e.g. This is not always the case as illustrated by the following example.
While these colors might come out as very natural to us, it wasn’t always the
case at another time or in other cultures.
A relevant expression: always the case 常常如此；习以为常
3.As we will see, one possible cause of market failure is an externality, which is
the impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystander.(Para. 4) as we will see: 正如我们所见
e.g. As we will see, some woods are naturally suited to model-ship building,
while others are not.
As we will see, the Clean Air Act contains specific provisions relating to the
protection of parks and wilderness areas.
4.For example, if everyone in town needs water but there is only one well, the
owner of the well is not subject to the rigorous competition with which the invisible hand normally keeps self-interest in check; …(Para. 4)
In the text, the phrase “subject to”refers to “being affected by or possibly affected by (something)”（受……的影响）.
e.g. The schedule is tentative and subject to change.
Other meanings of the phrase are shown below:
i) likely to do, have, or suffer from (something) 容易遭受
e.g. My cousin is subject to panic attacks.
ii) dependent on something else to happen or be true 取决于
e.g. The sale of the property is subject to approval by the city council.
5.Public policy is made not by angels but by a political process that is far from
perfect. (Para. 6)
far from perfect: 远非完美的；还很不完善的
e.g. While the ind ustry has made advancements, it’s still far from perfect.
The laws and regulations concerning the environmental protection are still
far from perfect.
Answer Keys
Task / Overview
1. rules, institutions
2. efficiency
3. equal distribution
Language building-up
Answer Keys
Task 1/ Academic vocabulary
1 resources
2 scope
3 enforcing
4 maintain
5 outcomes
6 assured
7 allocate 8 maximize
9 externality 10 Nonetheless
Task 2 / Collocations
1 count on
2 left to its own devices
3 take into consideration
4 is subject to
5 keep … in check
6 in practice
7 at times 8 far from
Researching
Teaching Steps
1) Guide Ss to work in groups of 4-5 and brainstorm the real-world examples showing the essential role of government in the market.
2) Ask Ss to choose one example to clarify the role of government based on the guidelines in the task.
3) Invite some groups to report their examples to the class. Before they start, explain the following roles assigned within each group in a research process: Facilitator:
Think about the whole group and manage the task and the learning process.
∙Make sure everyone feels included and has a job to do before and during the discussion.
∙Preside over the discussion.
Recorder:
∙Make notes of the group discussion.
∙Work with the reporter, who will have to read from the notes.
Reporter:
∙Summarize and present the discussion results to the whole class.
∙Speak on behalf of the group.
Translation of Text B
政府有时可以改善市场结果
亚当·斯密认为，市场经济的参与者以谋取自身利益为动机，而市场的“看不见的手”可以引导这种利己之心促进总体经济的福祉。

但是，如果市场这只看不见的手如此强大，我们为什么还需要政府呢？学习经济学的一个目的就是完善你对政府政策的适当作用和范围的看法。

我们需要政府的一个原因是，只有政府执行规则并维持对市场经济至关重要的机构，看不见的手才能发挥其魔力。

最重要的是，市场经济需要有关机构来强制执行产权，这样个人才可以拥有和控制稀缺的资源。

一个农民如果预计她的农作物会被偷，她就不会种植粮食；除非能保证顾客在离开前会付钱，否则餐馆不会提供饭菜；如果有太多的潜在顾客通过非法拷贝来避免付费，娱乐公司就不会生产DVD。

我们所有人都依靠政府提供的警察和法院来执行我们对我们生产的东西所持有的权利——而“看不见的手”依赖于我们执行这些权利的能力。

然而，还有一个原因让我们需要政府：“看不见的手”是强大的，但它不是万能的。

政府干预经济并改变人们自己选择的资源分配有两个广泛的原因：提高效率或促进平等。

也就是说，大多数政策的目的要么是扩大经济效益的“蛋糕”，要么是改变“蛋糕”的分配方式。

首先考虑效率的目标。

虽然“看不见的手”通常会引导市场配置资源以最大限度地扩大经济“蛋糕”的规模，但情况并非总是如此。

经济学家们用“市场失灵”这个术语来指代市场自身无法产生资源有效配置的情况。

正如我们所见，市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性，即一个人的行为对一个局外人的福祉的影响。

外部性的典型例子是污染。

当一种商品的生产污染了空气并给居住在工厂附近的人带来健康问题时，如果任由市场自行其事，它可能就不会考虑这个成本。

另一个可能导致市场失灵的原因是市场支配力，它指的是个体或公司（或一个小团体）过度影响市场价格的能力。

例如，如果镇上每个人都需要水，但只有一口井，那么井的所有者就不会受到严酷竞争的影响，而这种严酷竞争正是“看不见的手”通常用来约束利己之心的手段；她可能会利用这个机会限制水的产量，从而收取更高的费用。

在存在外部性或市场支配力的情况下，设计巧妙的公共政策可以提
高经济效率。

现在再考虑平等的目标。

即使“看不见的手”产生了有效的经济产出，它仍然会在经济福祉方面造成巨大的差异。

市场经济根据人们生产他人愿意支付的东西的能力来奖励人们。

世界上最优秀的篮球运动员比世界上最优秀的国际象棋运动员赚得更多，只是因为人们愿意花更多的钱去看篮球而不是国际象棋。

“看不见的手”并不能确保每个人都有足够的食物、体面的衣服和足够的医疗服务。

这种不平等可能需要政府干预，不过这取决于个人的政治哲学（是否认同）。

实际上，许多公共政策，如所得税和福利制度，都是为了实现更平等的经济福祉分配。

说政府有时可以改善市场结果并不意味着它总是可以。

公共政策不是由天使制定的，而是由一个远非完美的政治进程制定的。

有时，政策只是为了奖励政治上有权势的人。

有时，它们是由初衷美好但并不充分了解情况的领导人制定的。

通过学习经济学，你将更好地判断政府政策何时因促进了效率或平等而合理，何时不合理。

Viewing
Teaching Steps
1.Guide Ss to learn the way to find major points in a lecture by reading the
information on Page 36. Get Ss ready for Task 1.
2.Draw Ss’ attention to the Word bank before watching the video clip.
3.Play the video clip and ask Ss to complete Task 1.
4.Play the video clip again and ask Ss to complete Task 2.
Answer Keys
Task 1
Q1: is collaborative consumption different from buying, renting or sharing
Q2: do the customer, the peer service provider and the platform provider participate in the exchange
Q3: are the actors expected to do in the transaction
Task 2
Q1
1)three
2)temporary
3)market
Q2
1)cheaper, community, authentic, risks
2)income, when to provide the service, people around the world
3)profits, trends, networks, products
Q3
1)rules, user profile
2) a personalized, trust
3)matchmaker, benefit both sides
Script
Tom and Anna are going to Paris using Airbnb, an app that connects people with available short-term accommodations. The apartment they find belongs to Julie, who rents out her guestroom when she doesn’t need it. This economic exchange is called collaborative consumption. It’s also known as the sharing economy, or access-based services. A few years ago it didn’t exist. But n ow services such as Airbnb, Uber and others are making headlines. Let’s answer a few questions to figure out what makes collaborative consumption so revolutionary.
How is it different from buying, renting or sharing?
First, collaborative consumption always involves three actors. A customer, in our case, Tom and Anna. A peer service provider, Julie. And a platform provider, like Airbnb. Buying or renting generally only involves two actors, a company and a consumer. Second, in collaborative consumption, access to goods is only temporary. Julie owns the flat and gives Tom and Anna the right to use it but only for the weekend. There is no transfer of ownership. Finally, collaborative consumption uses the market as opposed to social mechanisms. If Tom and Anna were friends with Julie, they wouldn’t pay for the room.
Now why do Tom, Ana, Julie and the platform provider participate in this exchange? For the customers the main motivation is cost. Julie’s room is cheaper than a hotel room of the same standard. Tom an d Anna also enjoy Airbnb’s sense of community and find their travel experience is more authentic. Plus they bear none of the risks of owning such a flat. Overall, quite a sweet deal for Tom and Anna. For the peer service provider, the main motivation is gaining additional income from an underutilized asset. Additionally Julie benefits from the freedom to choose which days she rents out the room and how she wants to do it. And she gets to meet people from around the world. For the platform provider, the main motivation is of course profits. The platform providers might also enjoy reacting to market trends, building networks and co-creating socially innovative products with their users.
That is the how and why of collaborative consumption. Now what are the actors expected to do in these transactions?
Tom and Anna are expected to obey Julie’s apartment rules. This will keep Julie and Airbnb motivated to provide the flat to other customers. Tom and Anna are also expected to provide a detailed user profile and to interact with Julie and the platform to foster trust and build the community. Julie, on the other hand, must of course own an asset. But Julie also needs good social skills. She needs to be a welcoming host, who can offer a personalized service and can foster trust. This is very important to preserve Julie’s and Airbnb’s reputation. Finally, the platform providers are expected to fulfil their role as matchmakers. They need to provide the app. But they must also ensure that the supply and the demand continues to benefit both sides. The platform
provider would rely on its market knowledge and its ability to mobilize a broad range of people inside and outside [of] the platform.
Now you know the who, how and what collaborative consumption is as it continues to create revolutionary innovation around the world.
Speaking
Teaching Steps
1.Tell Ss that the questions listed in the box can serve as guidelines to help them set
clear objectives for a presentation.
2.Ask Ss to refer back to the presentations they have done in Researching and
clarify the goals of their presentations.
3.Ask Ss to decide the goal of their essay presentation by completing the Task.
Writing
Teaching Steps
1.Guide Ss to learn how to structure an academic essay and write an outline. If time
permits, provide more strategies of how to shape a research paper. The Supplementary information below is for T’s reference.
2.Explain to Ss the two steps of developing a good research question listed in Micro
skills on Page 40.
3.Let Ss complete Task 1 and Task 2.
4.Divide the class into groups of 4-5 and tell Ss to share the cover page and outline
of their own essay within their groups.
5.Walk around the class to learn more about Ss’ progress before making comments. Supplementary Information
Writing a research paper
Writing a research paper is essential for being successful in the academic world. Students at the undergraduate level are more often required to write term papers, whereas students at the graduate level are usually asked to write more academic research papers which are similar to journal articles. Generally speaking, the structure of a journal article varies due to different disciplines (e.g. the structure of a medical paper is different from that of a sociological paper). For example,
A general structure of research papers for medicine may include:
•Abstract
•Keywords
•Introduction
•Materials and methods
•Findings or Results
•Discussion
•References
•Acknowledgements
A general structure of research papers for social sciences may include: •Abstract
•Keywords
•Introduction
•Literature review
•Research methodology
•Findings or Results
•Discussion
•Conclusion
•References。