HEC-RAS中文使用手册

T R A I N I N G M A N U A L 训练手册
Water Surface Profile Modeling
BOSS INTERNATIONAL, INC
© Copyright 2002 • All Rights Reserved
Water Surface Profile Modeling
using HEC-RAS使用港口进入管制-随机存取存储器模拟水面轮廓
Chris Maeder, M.S.
BOSS International
History of BOSS International 老板国际公司的历史
_ Started in 1986 -始于1986年
_ University of Wisconsin, Madison spin-off company
–威斯康星州，麦迪逊的副产品公司的培养基地
_ Develop computer applications for the hydraulics, hydrology, groundwater, and environmental engineering areas
研发了用于水力学，水文学，地下水和环境工程学区域的电脑软件
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Technical Support技术支持
_ WWW site
_ On-line forums 网上论坛
_ E-mailing lists 邮件
_ Email ********************
_ Telephone608-258-9910 电话608-258-9910
_ Fax 608-258-9943 传真608-258-9943
On-Line Forums 网上论坛
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E-Mail Support Mailing List 电邮支持的邮件名单
Additional Technical Documents 附加的技术文件
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What Should You Know? 你需要知道什么？
_ Basic understanding of river hydraulics 基本了解河流水利学
_ The more modeling you have done the better, but not considered a prerequisite 建模做的越多越好，但是要有先决条件
_ Basic computer operations 基本的电脑操作
_ Microsoft Windows 微软视窗操作
_ Course will focus on HEC-RAS as a tool for hydraulic modeling 课程着重于港口进入管制-随机存取存储器作为一种水力建模的工具
Summary of Course 课程摘要
_ Understand water surface profile modeling with HEC-RAS 理解拥有港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的水面轮廓建模
_ Develop confidence in application of HEC-RAS to a variety of modeling problems
树立港口进入管制-随机存取存储器可以应用在各种建模问题的信心
_ Learn how to troubleshoot models 学会充当故障检修员
_ Learn how to review analysis results 学会回顾分析结果
_ Learn advanced modeling techniques 学会先进的建模技术
_ Learn to recognize potential problems in a modeling situation 学会认知建模情况下的潜在问题。

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Demonstration 示范
_ Lectures will be mixed with live demonstrations of HEC-RAS 课程将与港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的现场示范相结合
_ Lab periods will reinforce lectures 实验阶段将补充讲座
_ Don’t be afraid to get off the beaten path 不要担心不符合惯例
_ Basic tutorial sessions (HEC-RAS tutorials)
基础指南部分（港口进入管制-随机存取存储器指南）
_ Advanced tutorial sessions 先进的指南部分
_ ASK QUESTIONS PLEASE! 请提问
HEC-RAS Modeling Capabilities 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器建模容量_ Computes water surface profiles for steady and unsteady flow conditions 估算稳定和不稳定流动情况下的水面轮廓
_ Models complex bridges and culverts (including multiple openings) 模拟复杂的桥桥梁与管道（包括多重通道）
_ Computes subcritical, supercritical, and mixed flows
估算近乎紧急的，临界的和混合水流
_ Computes floodplain encroachments 估算漫滩侵蚀
_ Models channel modifications 模拟河渠修复
_ Models bridge scour 模拟桥梁冲刷
_ Models flood control structures (ie. Dams) with inline weirs and gated spillways 模拟带有内河堰和泄洪口的洪水控制建筑物
_ Models levees and overtopping levees 模拟防洪堤和高防洪堤
_ Models storage areas (ponds) 模拟储存地区（池塘）
_ Models multiple river networks and looped networks
模拟多样的河流连接系统和循环连接系统
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Main Window 主要窗口
_ Menu Bar 菜单栏
_ 4 Files used in defining a model 用于定义模型的4个文件
_ Project - Main file 程序－主要文件
_ Plan - Geometric “plan” layout 计划－几何的计划布局
_ Geometry - Cross-section geometry data 几何学－横截面的几何数据
_ Flow - Discharge boundary conditions 流动－流出变界条件
Starting a New Project 开始一项新的计划
Select “New Project” from the File Menu 从文件菜单中选择“New Project”（新程序）6
Entering Geometric Data 进入几何数据
Draw the river as a schematic 画出示意性的河道
Specify the cross section geometry 详细规定横截面几何
Cross Sectional Geometry截面几何
Reach Lengths 流程的长度
Manning Roughness Values 配备粗糙值
Left/Right Bank Stations 左、右岸的位置
Expansion/ContractionCoefficient Values 扩充/收缩系数值
Cross Section Geometry 横截面几何
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Flow Data 流程数据
Perform the Analysis 执行分析
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Output Results 输出结果
_ Cross Section Graphical Plots 横截面图解
_ Profile Graphical Plots 剖面图解
_ 3D Perspective Graphical Plot 3维远观图解
_ Rating Curve Graphical Plot 水位流量关系曲线图解
_ Cross Section Output Tables 横截面输出表
_ Profile Output Tables 剖面输出表
_ Report Generator 报告程序编制器
Cross Section Graphical Plot 横截图
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Profile Graphical Plot 侧面图
3D Perspective Graphical Plot 3维远观图
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Rating Curve Graphical Plot水位流量关系曲线图
Cross Section Output Tables横截面输出表
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Profile Output Tables侧面输出表
Report Generator报告程序编制器
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On-Line Help 在线帮助
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HEC-RAS Methodology 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的方法论
HEC-2 & HEC-RAS 港口进入管制-2和随机存取存储器
Program Development History 程序发展历史
_ HEC-2 港口进入管制-2
_ HEC-2 program developed in 1962 by Bill S. Eichert at Tulsa District of the USACE 1962年，由美国原子能委员会的Bill S. Eichert在塔尔萨地区发展了港口进入管制-2程序。

_ First public release in 1968 于1968年第一次正式发布
_ PC version first released in 1984 于1984年第一次发布在网络上
_ Last version 4.6.2 released in 1991 于1991年发布了最后的版本4.6.2
_ HEC “Next Generation” Software Development 港口进入管制”下一代”软件开发_ Development begins 1990 on RAS, HMS, and other models
于1990年开始对随机存取存储器，英国政府公务和其他模式进行研发
_ HEC-RAS Development History 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器发展历史
_ First release in August of 1995 于1995年8月第一次发布
_ Version 2.0 released in July of 1997 于1997年7月发布2.0版本
_ Version 2.2 released in July of 1999 于1999年7月发布2.2版本
_ Version 3.0 released in January of 2001 于2001年1月发布3.0版本
_ Version 3.1 released in January of 2003 于2003年1月发布3.1版本
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HEC-RAS—The Future and Other Considerations
港口进入管制-随机存取存储器—有关远景和其他方面的考虑
_ Importance of HEC-RAS 港口进入管制-随机存取存储器的重要性_ Foundation for future hydraulic software 未来水力软件的创立
✦ UNET Unsteady Flow Modeling UNET不稳定流量建模
✦ Sediment Transport Modeling (HEC-6) 沉淀物运输建模
✦ More… 更多…
_ Replacement of HEC-2 港口进入管制-2的取代
_ Caution—However! 但是－需谨慎
_ HEC-RAS v3.0 computed WSELs are sometimes significantly higher than HEC-RAS v2.2 at bridges and culverts
港口进入管制-随机存取存储器v3.0在桥梁和管道方面有时比港口进入管制-随机存取存储器v2.2估算WSELs的值更为准确
_ You may want to reconsider which HEC-RAS version you want to use for your model results submittal
你可能需要根据模型提供的结果重新考虑使用哪个HEC-RAS版本
Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS 常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题
_ Will HEC-RAS really replace HEC-2? HEC-RAS真的能取代HEC-2吗？
_ Yes, it really will. In fact it already has started to significantly replace HEC-2 for many applications.
是的，它会取代的。

实际上它已经开始在很多应用方面取代了HEC-2
_ HEC-RAS’ Microsoft Windows interface allows someone without any prior hydraulic engineering experience to now “submit an engineering study.”
HEC-RAS微软Windows界面允许一些没有水力工程经验的人开始学习工程。

_ HEC-2’s card file interface seemed to keep unexperienced modelers out of this modeling arena.
HEC-2的卡片目录似乎让那些没有应用过的模型脱离这个建模世界。

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Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS (more)
常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题（更多）
_ When will HEC-RAS replace HEC-2? HEC-RAS什么时候取代HEC-2
_ Gradually, very few new studies will be started using HEC-2, although HEC-2 will continue to be used for years for some studies involving existing data sets.
逐步的取代，虽然HEC-2将长年被用于包括现已存在的资料设置的一些研究，但是少数研究将会使用HEC-2。

_ It perhaps makes economic sense to keep an existing model in HEC-2 rather than port it to HEC-RAS, since the results between the two models can be significantly different.
也许保持HEC-2现有的模式会获得一些经济效益而不是转向HEC-RAS，因为两种模式可能会有很大的区别。

_ Perhaps run the model in both HEC-RAS and HEC-2, and submit the model results that are best for your client.
或许同时使用HEC-RAS 和HEC-2并提交模式结果会让客户满意。

Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS (more)
常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题（更多）
_ Does FEMA accept HEC-RAS for Flood Insurance Studies?
FEMA能接受HEC-RAS应用在水灾保险研究中吗？
_ Yes, HEC-RAS is accepted by FEMA for flood insurance studies.
是的，HEC-RAS被FEMA接受应用在水灾保险研究中。

_ Some submittal agencies prefer to see models submitted using HEC-2.
一些供销商倾向使用HEC-2的模式
_ HEC-2 models tend to be easier to review since the input files use a “card file” format, and those experienced enough to read these input files can see the modeler’s intent when they built the model.
HEC-2模式往往更易检查从使用”卡片目录”输入的资料，并且通过充分阅读这些输入资料看出当初建此模式的意图
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Frequently Asked Questions about HEC-RAS (more)
常见被提及到的HEC-RAS问题（更多）
_ Which model (ie., HEC-RAS or HEC-2) should you use?
应该使用哪种模式（如HEC-RAS 或是HEC-2）？
_ The more tools (ie., engineering models) you have in your “toolbox”, the more adept you will be at modeling different situations.
“工具箱”里的工具越多（如工程模式），越能熟练的画出不同情况下的模式_ HEC-2 is still a very accepted and well regarded model.
HEC-2仍然被广泛接受和认同
_ What is the purpose of your model? 模式的目的是什么？
✦ If floodplain modeling, then consider both HEC-2 and HEC-RAS and choose the lower WSEL rise, since this best benefits your client.
如果是漫滩模式，考虑HEC-2和HEC-RAS两种，并选择低点的WSEL高地，因为这是顾客最好的选择。

✦ If bridge or culvert modeling, then the improved modeling capabilities of HEC-RAS makes more sense.
如果是桥梁或是管道形式，改进的HEC-RAS形式的性能更为有意义。

• Be aware that there are differences in WSELs between different versions of HEC-RAS.
注意在不同的HEC-RAS 的不同版本中WSELs的区别。

HEC-RAS Methodology HEC-RAS方法论
_ One-dimensional analysis 一维空间的分析
_ Standard-step method (steady flow analysis) 标准步骤的方法（稳定流量分析）_ Friction losses computed by Manning Formula 配置公式计算的摩擦力的损耗
_ Expansion and contraction losses computed using changes in velocity head 用速位差的变化估算膨胀与收缩损耗
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HEC-RAS Limitations HEC-RAS的局限
_ Deals with a single cross section at a time _ 每次处理一个横断面
_ Leaves many decisions to the user _ 决定权留给使用者
_ Open-channel conditions _ 明渠条件
_ Steady or gradually varied flow _ 稳定或逐渐变化的流动
_ Rigid boundary conditions _ 泾渭分明的界限现状
_ One-dimensional flow _ 一维空间的流量
_ Does not consider lateral flow or vertical flow_ 不考虑横向流程或垂直的流动
_ Does not explicitly account for bend losses _ 不明确地说明弯曲损失
Steady Flow Water Surface Profiles 定态流程水表面侧面图
_ One Dimensional Energy Equation _ 一维空间的能源方程式
_ Friction losses computed using Manning’s equation，contraction/expansion losses computed by velocity head coefficient
使用配置平衡估算摩擦损失，用速位差系数估算膨胀/收缩损失
_ Momentum Equation 动力方程式
_ Mixed flow regime calculations (hydraulic jumps) 混合的流程计算（水压的上涨）19
Flow Types 流程类型
_ Pressure Flow 回流
_ Closed conduits 暗道
_ Cross-section stays constant as flow rate changes 随着流率改变，横截面保持不变_ Open Channel Flow 明渠流
_ Free to the air surface
_ Cross-section changes with flow rate 随流率变化，横截面变化
_ Flow Regimes 流域
_ Subcritical 缓急的（近乎危急的）
_ Supercritical 急流（超临界的）
_ Mixed flow regimes 混合的流动方式
Channel Geometry 河道概况图
_ Channel System Geometry 河道系统几何图
_ Single river reach 单一河流流程
_ Multiple river reaches 多重河流流程
_ Prismatic Channel 棱镜河道
_ Constant cross section shape 不变的横截面形状
_ Straight alignment 平直的一系列河道
_ Constant bed slope 不变的河底斜坡
_ Natural Channel 自然的渠道
_ Changing cross sectional shape 变化的横截面形状
_ Meandering alignment 蜿蜒的一系列河道
_ Changing bed slope 变化的河底斜坡
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Flow Classifications 流程类型
_ Classification By Time 依时间来分
_ Steady Flow - Constant flow rate 稳定的流量-不变的流率
_ Unsteady Flow - Changing flow rate 不稳定的流量-变化的流率
_ Classification by Distance 依距离来分
_ Uniform Flow - Normal depth 均衡流量-普通深度
_ Non-Uniform - Gradually varied depth 不均衡流量-逐步变化的深度
_ HEC-RAS SNET (Steady Network) HEC-RAS SNET（固定的系统）
_ Steady, Non-Uniform Flow 固定，不均衡流量
_ HEC-RAS UNET (Unsteady Network) HEC-RAS SNET（不固定的系统）_ Unsteady, Non-Uniform Flow 不固定，均衡流量
Flow Dimensions (Directions) 流动尺寸（方向）
_ Longitudinal (downstream) direction considered in 1-D models 一维模式中考虑纵向的（下游）流程方向
_ Lateral Flow Direction: Considered in 2-D models
在二维模式中考虑横向流程方向
_ RMA2
_ FESWMS
_ Vertical Flow Direction: Considered in 3-D models
在三维模式中考虑垂直流程方向
_ RMA10
_ HEC-RAS
_ One-Dimensional Model 一维空间模式
_ Lateral Flow considered using Expansion and Contraction Coefficients 用膨胀和收缩系数考虑横向流动
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HEC-RAS
Data Requirements 资料要求
What is the one thing HEC-RAS computes? HEC-RAS计算出了什么？23
HEC-RAS Required Input Data HEC-RAS所需的输入资料
_ Flow Regime: Subcritical, supercritical, or mixed flow
流动方式：近乎危急的，超临界的或是混合的流动
_ Flow Rates: Discharge values 流率：流出值
_ Starting Conditions: Water surface elevation or other method 起始条件：水面高度或是其他方法
_ Cross Section Data: Geometry and reach lengths
横截面数据：地形和河岸长度
_ Loss Coefficients: Manning roughness expansion and contraction loss coefficients 损失系数：人员，膨胀和收缩损失系数
Starting Water Surface Conditions 起始水面的条件
_ Boundary Condition Specification (choose one) 边界规定（选其一）
_ Known water surface elevation 已知水面高度
_ Compute critical depth 计算临界的深度
_ Compute normal depth given EGL slope 在EGL斜坡基础上计算正常的深度
_ Interpolate WSEL from provided rating curve 在水位流量关系曲线上插入WSEL
_ Flow Regime (choose one) 水域（选其一）
_ Subcritical 近乎危急的
✦ Requires downstream boundary conditions 需要下游的边界条件
_ Supercritical 超临界的
✦ Requires upstream boundary conditions 需要上游的边界条件
_ Mixed flow regime (subcritical & supercritical)
混合的流动方式（近乎危急&超临界的）
✦ Requires both downstream and upstream boundary conditions
需要上游和下游的界限状况
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Known Water Surface Elevation 已知水位
_ USGS stream gage station USGS溪流估算位置
_ Flow versus elevation 流动与海拔的比值
_ Not available most of the time 大多数时间不确定
Getting an Accurate Starting Water Surface Elevation 得到精确的起始水位
Move downstream of the area of interest and try several different starting WSELs. As the model (ie., HEC-RAS, HEC-2) backwaters upstream, the water surface profile will trend towards normal depth. By comparing different trial WSELs, a good assumption can be made for the starting conditions
WSEL.迁移下游有重要影响力的地区并尝试一些不同的起始WSEL。

如模式（HEC－RAS，HEC－2）在上游不起作用，水面剖面将倾向普通深度。

通过对比不同的WSEL，可以推断出一个很好的假设。

Normal Depth 普通深度
Critical Depth 临界深度
Actual Depth 实际深度
Channel Bottom 河渠底部
1 2 3 4
Initial 初始的
Downstream 下游的
Cross-Section 横截面
Further 深层
Downstream 下游的
Cross-Section 横截面
Trial Depth 试验深度
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Multiple Profiles Can Be Defined 可以界定多层侧面
_ Computes up to 2000 profiles in single run
一个单程最多估算2000个侧面
_ Flow rates and some other data may change
流动速度和一些其他可能变化的数据
Expansion and Contraction Loss Coefficients 膨胀和收缩损失系数
Contraction Loss Coefficients 收缩损失系数
No Transition Loss Computed 0.0 无转换损失计为0.0
Gradual Transition 0.1 逐步转换0.1
Bridges (or Culverts with Wing walls) 0.3 桥梁（或隧道）0.3
Abrupt Transitions (and most Culverts) 0.6 陡然转换（大多数排水渠）0.6 Expansion Loss Coefficients 膨胀损失系数
No Transition Loss Computed 0.0 无转换损失0.0
Gradual Transition 0.3 逐步转换0.3
Bridges (or Culverts with Wingwalls) 0.5 桥梁（或隧道）0.5
Abrupt Transitions (and most Culverts) 0.8 陡然转换（大多数管道）0.8 Required at starting cross section and at following flow change locations
在起始横截面和下列流动变化位置被需要
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Manning Roughness Coefficient Options 配置粗糙系数选项
_ Three Roughness Subareas (commonly used) 三个粗糙分区(普遍使用)
_ Called NC Records in HEC-2 terminology 在HEC-2术语中被称为NC记录
_ Define left overbank, right overbank, and channel roughness values 定义左边的河滩，右边的河滩和河道粗糙价值
_ Multiple Roughness Subareas (sometimes used) 多重的粗糙分区( 有时使用) _ Called NH Records in HEC-2 terminology 在HEC-2术语中被称为NH记录
_ Horizontal roughness values vary by cross section horizontal stationing 根据水平横截面，水平粗糙值不断变化
_ Allows more detailed roughness areas to be defined 允许定义更为详细的粗糙区域_ Up to 20 roughness subareas 最多达到20个粗糙分区
_ Vertical Roughness (rarely used) 垂直的粗糙( 很少使用)
_ Called NV Records in HEC-2 terminology 在HEC-2术语中被称为NV记录
_ Vary by WSEL elevation or flowrate 根据WSEL 海拔或流量而改变
_ Up to 20 entries can be defined 可以定义20个条目
_ Similar to HEC-2 NV records 类似HEC-2 NV 记录
Three Roughness Sub-Areas 三个粗糙分区
Station 位置
Left Overbank 左边的河滩
Roughness 粗糙
Elevation 海拔
Right Overbank 右边的河滩
Roughness 粗糙
Channel 河道
Roughness 粗糙
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Multiple Roughness Sub-Areas 多重的粗糙分区
Station位置
n4
n5
n6
n7
n3
n2
n1
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
Elevation 高度
Multiple Roughness Sub-Areas 多重的粗糙分区
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Vertical Roughness 垂直
_ Roughness changes with elevation or discharge 粗糙程度随高度或流出量改变Defining Cross Sections 定义横截面
_ Orientation 方位
_ Left to right, looking downstream 从左到右，俯瞰下游
_ Increasing in river station (cross section ID) as you move upstream
当移向上游时，增加河流位置（横截面ID）
_ Spacing 间隔
_ Depends upon characteristics of stream and purpose of study
取决于河流特征和研究目的
_ Location 位置
_ To define reaches of similar characteristics 定义相似特征的流程
_ Number of cross sections 横截面数量
_ Up to 400 cross sections allowed per river reach
每个河流流程最多允许400个横截面
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A Little Bit of History 历史小述
_ John Wesley Powell, a former army major who lost his right arm during the civil war at the Battle of Shiloh. John Wesley Powell，
John Wesley Powell，前陆军将军，在内战夏伊洛战役中失去了他的右臂。

_ In 1869, Powell and nine adventure-seeking companions completed the first exploration of the dangerous and almost uncharted canyons of the Green and Colorado rivers 在1869年，Powell和9位喜欢冒险的同事完成了第一次危险的探索并且包括一些
未被标明的绿色通道和科罗拉多州河流
A Little Bit of History (more) 历史小述（更多）
_ Of three boats, Major Powell rode in the lead, perched in a chair lashed amidships where he commanded an unrestricted view of the way ahead and could signal to the
other boats.
三只船只中，Powell的船走在前面，在船仓中的椅子上栖息，他自由在前面指挥，给其他船只发出信号
_ /magnov97/nov_pap/du_jwpowell.html
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Cross Section Layout 横截面布局
_ Cut cross sections perpendicular to flow 垂直于水位截取横截面
_ Don’t allow cross sections to overlap each other when cutting
截取时横截面不能互相重叠在一起
Cross Section Data 横截面数据
_ Section ID Number 横截面的ID数字
_ HEC-RAS refers to it as River Station, HEC-2 called it cross section number HEC-
RAS把它看作河流位置，HEC-2称其为横截面数字
_ Arbitrary: Usually represents stream stationing 随意性：通常表现出河流的位置
_ Must increase as you move upstream 当移向上游时必须增加
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Cross Section Data (more) 横截面数据（更多）
_ Channel Bank Stations 河岸位置
_ Usually denoted with mud line 通常用泥浆线表示
_ Designates when flow is in channel or out of bank 在河道或出河道流时进行指明Cross Section Data (more) 横截面数据（更多）
_ Reach Lengths (Flow Length) 流程长度（流动长度）
_ Measured from the current cross section to the next downstream cross section 从现存的横截面测量，直至下一个下游的横截面
✦ Left overbank 左河滩
✦ Channel 河道
✦ Right overbank 右河滩
_ Represents the distance (or chainage) that the flow travels from the current cross section to the next downstream cross section
描绘距离（或测得的距离）即水流从当前的横截面到下一个下游横截面流淌的距离
_ Place in the centroid of the flow area 放置在流域的重心
_ Reach length may change with different flow values
流程长度可能随不同的水量值改变
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Cross Section Data 横截面数据
_ Measure flow length relative to the centroid of the flow area
测量与流域的重心有关的流动长度
Cross Section 横截面
_ Elevation Values 海拔
_ Can be negative 可能不符
_ Station Values 位置值
_ Cannot be negative for HEC-2 符合HEC-2 的程序
_ HEC-RAS supports negative stationing HEC- RAS 支持崎岖位置
_ Must increase in value 必须在数值上有所增加
_ Up to 500 cross section coordinates per cross section
每一横截面有多达500个横截面坐标
_ HEC-2 only supports 100 cross section coordinates
HEC-2 仅支持100 个横截面坐标
_ Called GR Records in HEC-2 Terminology
在HEC-2 术语中被称为GR 为记录
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Ineffective Flow Areas 无效的流域
Two Methods of Defining “Dead Storage” Areas 两种定义"备用库存" 区域的方法_ Define “Normal” (HEC-2 style) ineffective flow areas
定义“常规”（HEC-2模式）无效的流域
_ Define (up to 10) “Multiple Blocks” ineffective flow areas
定义（多达10个）“多重阻碍”无效的流域
_ Once WSEL overtops, then area becomes effective again (considers this flow area) 一旦WSEL重叠，地区开始再次变得有效（考虑这类流域）
✦ Otherwise, mark as “Permanent” and ineffective area is never considered available for flow
否则，被认为是“永久”和无效的区域不再适合水流动
Ineffective Area Options 无效区域的选择
_ Given stations with test elevations 通过试验海拔确定位置
_ Sediment deposition (elevation, HEC-2 only)
沉淀物沉积（海拔，仅仅是HEC-2）
_ Commonly used at bridges to define ineffective flow areas
通常用于桥梁，定义无效流域
Ineffective Flow Area 无效流域
Right Ineffective Flow 右无效流动
Elevation 高度
Right Ineffective Flow 右无效流动
Station 位置
Left Ineffective Flow 左无效流动
Elevation 高度
Left Ineffective Flow 左无效流动
Station 位置
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Run Options: 运行选择
Friction Slope Method 摩擦斜坡方法
_ Average conveyance (default method) 一般运输（默认方法）
_ Average friction slope 一般摩擦斜坡
_ Geometric mean friction slope 几何方法摩擦斜坡
_ Harmonic mean friction slope 和谐方法摩擦斜坡
_ Program determines best method 项目决定了最佳的方法
Run Options: 运行选择
Iterations & Tolerance Criteria 反复&公差标准
_ Water surface tolerance 水面公差
_ Default: 0.01 ft. or 0.003 m. 默认：0.01 英尺或0.003 米
_ Critical depth tolerance 临界深度公差
_ Default: 0.01 ft. or 0.003 m. 默认：0.01 英尺或0.003 米
_ Maximum number of iterations 反复的最大值
_ Default: 20 默认值：20
_ Maximum difference tolerance 公差的最大差别
_ Default: 0.30 ft. or 0.10 m. 默认：0.30 英尺或0.10 米
_ Reverts to critical depth 回复到临界的深度
_ Flow tolerance factor 流量公差因素
_ Default: 0.001 cfs or 0.001 cms 默认：0.001 立方英尺/秒或0.001 立方米/秒35
36
S N E T L E S S O N 1 SNET 第一课
Modeling a Basic River 模拟一个基本河流
Badger Mill Creek is a tributary to the Sugar River near Verona, Wisconsin. The headland of the stream begins in a wetland north of the area of study, at Goose Pond located between Madison and Verona, as shown in the below figure. The creek's drainage area includes much of the southwest side of Madison as well as most of Verona.
Badger Mill小溪附属于威斯康星州的维罗纳附近的Sugar 河。

河流的陆地开始于研究区域北部的沼泽,如下所示，位于麦迪逊和维罗纳间的Goose池。

小溪的排水区域包括麦迪逊西南部大部分地区和维罗纳的大部分地区。

Figure 1.1 Badger Mill Creek and surrounding area
图1.1Badger Mill小溪和周围区域
This lesson will be using Badger Mill Creek to demonstrate how to setup a basic
HEC-RAS river model and perform a backwater analysis on a single river reach.
本课用Badger Mill小溪来证明怎么样建立一个基本的HEC-RAS河流模式，并在单河道上进行研究分析。

1.1 Model Data 模拟数据
In order to create a HEC-RASmodel, we will need some data to create the model from. Typically, the chosen site will be surveyed and data will be collected from the actual site.
为了建立HEC-RAS模式，我们需要一些数据来建立模式的形式。

特别注意的是，选择的位置要进行测量，要通过对实际的位置的考察得出数据。

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1-2 HEC-RAS
For this lesson we provide you with the data on the HEC-RAS Training CD-ROM. By default, the lessons are installed to “C:\HEC-RAS Training” subdirectory. You can
find the required files to complete this lesson in the subdirectory, "SNET\Lesson
1\initial." In this subdirectory you will find the following files:
本课中，我们在HEC-RAS Training CD-ROM上提供了一些HEC-RAS程序训练中只读存储器的数据。

默认情况下，本课被安装在“C:\HEC-RAS Training”子目录上。

你可以在这里找到需要的文件来完成本课。

"SNET\Lesson1\initial."。

在这个子目录中你可以找到下列文件：
• CROSS_SECTION_DATA.XLS - Excel spreadsheet that holds the cross
section data. 横截面数据-电子表格保存了横截面的数据
• 3090.JPG - This JPG image is an image of cross section 3090 that will be added to the river model. 此JPG图是即将增设在河道模型上的横截面3090的图。

• SNET01.PRJ - HEC-RAS project file for this lesson. 本课中的HEC-RAS工程文件。

• VERONA.TFW - World coordinate file that holds coordinate system information for VERONA.TIF. This file is not required.
全球统一的程序保存了统一系统中有关维罗纳的信息的文件。

此文件不是必需文件。

• VERONA.TIF - This TIFF image will be used to help us create the river reach in this lesson. This file is not required.
在这一课中，此TIFF图将被用来帮助我们新建河段。

这个文件不是必需的
VERONA.TIF is a digital orthophoto quadrangle file (DOQ) which can be used as a background image to your model. A background image is not required to create a model, but by using a background image, you can trace the actual shape of the river to more accurately represent your model.
VERONA.TIF是数码正色摄影四边形文件（DOQ）。

可以用做模式的背景。

背景
图象不需要创建一个模式，但是使用背景图象，可以更精确的描述河道实际图形，在模型中表示出来。

We found this DOQ image from the USGS Earth Explorer web site:
在USGS Earth Explorer网站我们发现了DOQ图
/Webglis/glisbin/finder_main.pl?dataset_name=NAPP
You can find many other sources of DOQ images by searching for "DOQ" on any of
the major internet search engines.
通过在任何一个主要的网络搜索引擎中搜索“DOQ”，都能找到许多其他DOQ的
资料。

1.2 Setting Up the Project 建立方案
After starting up HEC-RAS, select File | Open Project. HEC-RAS will then display
the Open dialog box.
在启动HEC-RAS后，选择File | Open Project（文件/开始文件）。

HEC-RAS将会显
示出对话框。

Select the project labeled "Lesson 1: Badger Mill Creek" from the "HEC-RAS
Training\SNET\Lesson 1\initial" subdirectory. This will open the project for this
lesson.
在"HEC-RAS Training\SNET\Lesson 1\initial"子目录中选择标明"Lesson 1:Badger
Mill Creek "的方案。

将打开本课的方案。

1.2.1 Defining River Geometry 定义河流的几何图形
From the main program window, select Edit | Geometric Data, or click on the third button from the left (Edit/Enter geometric data button) as shown in Figure 1.2.1.1.
This will bring up the Geometric Data editor as shown in Figure 1.2.1.2.
在主程序窗口中选择Edit | Geometric Data（编辑/几何数据），或是如图1.2.1.1按左边第三个按纽（Edit/Enter geometric data按纽）。

这将得出如图1.2.1.2.所示的几何数据编辑器。

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Modeling a Basic River 1-3 模拟一个基本河流1-3
Figure 1.2.1.1 Geometric Data Editor Icon on Main HEC-RAS Window
图1.2.1.1 在HEC-RAS主窗口中的几何数据编辑器的图标
Figure 1.2.1.2 Geometric Data Editor
图1.2.1.2几何数据编辑器
1.2.2 Importing Georeferenced Background Image 输入以土地为参考的背景图象To import a background image, click the Add/Edit background pictures for the schematic button from the Geometric Data editor as shown in Figure 1.2.2.1.
点击Geometric Data编辑中Add/Edit background pictures for the schematic按纽，如图1.2.2.1所示。

.
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1-4 HEC-RAS
Figure 1.2.2.1 Add/Edit background picture for the schematic button
图1.2.2.1增加/编辑示意背景图片按纽
HEC-RAS will then display the Background Pictures on Schematic dialog as shown
in Figure 1.2.2.2. Next click the button labeled Add, and select the VERONA.TIF image in the "Lesson 1\initial" subdirectory and click Open. After you open the image, HEC-RAS will prompt you to find out if you want to extend the schematic extents to match the extents of the image. Click Yes to the message.
HEC-RAS 显示如图1.2.2.2中的Background Pictures on Schematic对话框，然后点击Add按纽，并在"Lesson 1\initial"子目录中选择VERONA.TIF，点击Open。

在打开图象后，HEC-RAS将提醒你找出是否想要延伸示意图来与图像的长度相匹配。

在这个信息上点击Yes
Figure 1.2.2.2 Background Pictures on Schematic dialog
图1.2.2.2 示意图背景图片对话框
Click Close on the Background Pictures on Schematic dialog and go back to the Geometric Data Editor. The image is now imported as the background, but you can’t see anything because it is zoomed in too close to the image. From the Geometric Data Editor, select View | Full Plot. Now you can see the complete background image in
the Geometric Data Editor as shown in Figure 1.2.2.3.
在示意对话框的背景图片中点击Close，退回到几何数据编辑器。

此图片是被当作背景输入其中的，但是什么也看不见，因为图象电子放大，离图象太近了。

从几何数据编辑器中选择View | Full Plot（视图/全屏显示）。

可以看见如图1.2.2.3所示的
全部的背景图象。

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Modeling a Basic River 1-5 模拟一个基本的河流1-5
Figure 1.2.2.3 Geometric Data Editor with full plot view of the background image
图1.2.2.3 全屏显示背景图象的几何数据编辑器
In the Geometric Data Editor, zoom into the area where you see the red and green dots on the map in the lower left corner, as shown in Figure 1.2.2.4. You can either right
click and select Zoom In from the pop-up menu, or select View | Zoom In. Using the magnifying glass cursor, draw a window around the area of study. This is the area that we will be modeling in this lesson.
在几何数据编辑器中，图象电子放大的地方，在图上的左下方可以看见红色和绿色点，如图1.2.2.4所示。

你可以右击并在弹出的菜单中选择Zoom In（放大），或是选择View | Zoom In（视图/放大）。

使用放大镜指针，画出需要研究的区域。

我们会在本课上模拟这个区域。

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1-6 HEC-RAS
Figure 1.2.2.4 Geometric Data Editor zoomed into the area that will be modeled in this lesson
图1.2.2.4 几何数据编辑器放大到这课要模拟的区域
Once you have zoomed into the area of study, select View | Set Schematic Plot Extents. HEC-RAS will then display the Geometry Extents dialog box as shown in Figure 1.2.2.5. Select Set to Current View. This will inform HEC-RAS to set the display limits to the area that you have zoomed into. This information will be saved,
so that the next time you open this model in HEC-RAS, it will show the current display extents.
一旦已经放大到了研究区域，选择View | Set Schematic Plot Extents。

HEC-RAS 显示出如图1.2.2.5所示的几何延伸对话框。

选择Set to Current View。

这提醒HEC-RAS显示已经放大的区域局限。

此信息将被保留，所以下次你在HEC-RAS中打开此模式时，将会显示普通视图。

Figure 1.2.2.5 Geometry Extents dialog box allows you to set the limits that HEC-RAS will display
图1.2.2.5 几何区域对话框允许设置HEC-RAS将要显示的局限区域。

In the georeferenced image that we imported, we had previously shifted the reference coordinates so that the lower left reference point was at 0,0. However, when importing other georeferenced images, such as orthophotos that use state plane coordinates or UTM coordinates, the lower left coordinate will be in the millions for X,Y. HEC-RAS will not realize that the image coordinates start at such a high value. Therefore, you
will have to manually set the lower left coordinates using the View | Set Schematic
Plot Extents command as we just previously did.。