高考名词性从句最全面的讲解与专练 (1)

高考名词性从句
定义：在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。

它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。

高考对于名词性从句考查主要有以下七个方面：
1.名词性从句的语序问题
2. 引导词that与what的区别
3. it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法
4. whether与if的区别
5. 名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状
语从句的区别
6. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题
7.易混句型的辨析，比如it作形式主语，主语从句后置的句型与强调句型，与定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。

语法要点
一、名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that, whether, if, as if；that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，只起连接作用，有时可省略。

if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句
中不担任成分；
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which，whichever. 连接副词：when, where, how, why有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语；
连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。

不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
I can judge by what (=the things that)I know of him.
She walked up to where he stood.
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词。

That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较： Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。

但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首；
2. 引导表语从句
3. Whether从句作介词宾语；
4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear.
5.可以用whether…or引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不论”，if则不可.
例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
I wonder whether he will come or not.
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?
二、具体分类
1．主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。

主语从句句型：
（1）连词|连接代词|连接副词+主语从句+主句谓语部分
例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
Who will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided yet.
（2）有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。

主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
（1）It + be + 名词(no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity,no surprise, etc.)+ that从句
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that…事实是……
It is no surprise that our team won the game.
（2）It + be +形容词(obvious,true, natural, surprising,good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain,probable,etc.)+ that-从句
It is necessary that…有必要……
It is important that…重要的是……
It is obvious that…很明显……
It is probable that he told her everything.
（3）It + be + -ed 分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, etc,)+ that-从句
It is believed that…人们相信……
It is known to all that…从所周知……
It has been decided that…已决定……
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. （4）It + 不及物动词(appear, happen,occur, etc) + that 从句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
It appears that he is himself today.
It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to cange him mind.
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
1.It is necessary(important, natural,strange,etc.) that …
It is strange that he (should )have acted toward his parents like that.(因为act发生在主句be 之前，所以要用should have acted)
2.It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is a pity that you can’t dance.（陈述语气）
2.It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
It is suggested that the meeting (hould )e put off till next week.
【典例】(山东卷)_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.
A. It
B. This
C. What
D. As 【答案】C
【解析】she told me是插入语，可删除。

what引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语。

【典例】(天津卷)It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.
A.as
B.which
C.
whether D. that
2．宾语从句
跟在动词、介词、形容词之后，在句子中起宾语作用的名词的从句叫宾语从句。

常见的可以接that 从句做宾语的动词有：see, say,know, imagine,discover,believe,tell, show, think,consider.近几年对宾语从句的考查有增加的趋势，其中对WHAT的用法和宾语从句陈述语序的考查更加突出。

宾语从句句型：
（1）主语+及物动词+that+从句
He told us that they would help us through the whole work.
(2)主语+及物动词+if|whether+从句
I wonder if|whether you would mind making less noise.
(3)主语+及物动词+连接代词|连接副词+从句
I don’t know what I should say about this matter.
Can you tell me where the bank is?
(4)主谓结构+介词+从句
The boss paid the workers according to how much they had done for him.
(5)主语+及物动词+to介词短语+that从句
He explained to us that he failed to catch the first bus.
(6)主语+及物动词+it+形容词|名词+从句(常用的可以接复合宾语的动词有：think,make,consider等，可以用it作形式宾语。

)
I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.
(7).宾语从句可用作某些形容词的宾语，这类形容词常见的有：afraid, glad, sure, sorry, happy, pleased, surprised, certain, disappeared, satisried 等。

例如：
He’s afraid that Jim will forget his Chinese .
I’m sure that he will succeed.
I’m not sure whether\ if she left or stayed.
※宾语从句中应该注意的几个问题：
1. 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。

例如：
A. He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

B. We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
注意：1.在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。

例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.
2.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。

例如：
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well.
Tom will give whoever needs help a warm support.
The police were seeking more information to find out who it was that killed the rich merchant.
【典例】(北京卷)The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. who
【答案】C 【解析】create后为宾语从句，从句中they hope是插入语，可删除。

因为从句中缺少主语，所以用what引导该从句。

3．用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。

4．注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。

例如：
I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。

Our teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
Mary said that Tom had left for America．
（5）think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。

seem, appear 等后的从句的否定也需要转移到前面。

即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。

例如：
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。

I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。

I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。

3．表语从句
在复合句中作表语的名词性从句叫表语从句。

表语从句一般位于名词（fact, truth, idea, news, hope, problem, information, suggestion, advice等）的后面，引导词一般用that,少数情况下会用whether, who, which, what, where等。

其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句。

The fact is that we have lost the game.
That’s just what I want.
This is where our problem lies.
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。

当主语是that时，表语从句既可以用why+原因，也可以用because+结果。

例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the first bus by one minute this morning.
That is because he missed the first bus by one minute this morning. That is why he was late for the meeting.
(山东卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother.
A. where
B. what
C. how
D. who
【答案】A 【解析】remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选A。

4．同位语从句
同位语从句是对前面的抽象名词的进行解释的从句。

同位语从句通常由that 引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。

例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.
I have no idea when he will come back home.
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
(辽宁卷)When the news came___ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.
A. since
B. which
C. that
D. because
（天津卷）Modern science has given clear evidence ___smoking can lead to many diseases.
A. What
B. which
C. that
D. where
三、名词性从句的几个问题：
1．同位语从句和定语从句的区别：连词that引导同位语从句时，应放在某些抽象名词之后，如news, word(消息)，idea, fact, hope, desire, thought等，对前面的名词起补充说明的作用，连词that只起引导同位语从句的作用，在从句中不担当任何成分，因此that引导的同位语从句是完整的，不缺任何成分。

关系代词that引导定语从句时，关系代词that一方面起引导定语从句的作用，另一方面，that在定语从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。

因此，that引导的定语从句时残缺的。

试比较下面两个例句:
The news that our football team won the match was encouraging．（that 引导同位语从句，不缺任何成分，不能省略）
The news （that ）we heard on the radio was not true.（that引导定语从句，缺宾语，可以省略）
2．That通常不可省略的情况：
引导的主语从句置于句首时；
由it作形式宾语是，that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。

；
当一个句子里有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。

3．Wh-ever与no matter wh-的用法区别
Wh-ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句；而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。

Whatever I said,he would n’t listen to me.
=No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.(让步状语从句)
He would believe whatever I said.（宾语从句）
5.介词后一般不能接that引导的宾语从句，但in,but,和except 例外。

He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
其他介词后面需要用that从句做宾语是，必须用it 作形式宾语。

如：
You may depend on it that I shall always help you.
6.在hope ,expect,guess,say,等词语后，可用so代替一个宾语从句（代指上文涉及之事）。

---We’ll have a fine day tomorrow.
---I hope so.
【备考策略】：
高考中考查名词性从句时，经常考查连接词的选用。

解题时应：
先判断从句的类型、分析结构，辨析名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句
然后判断从句是否缺少成分以及意义是否完整;
最后根据引导名词性从句的连词的特点确定连接词。

绝大多数名词性从句的连接词都有其实在意义，称为有义连词，如what表“……的内容”，when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地点”，why表“……的原因”，how表“如何；怎样”，who表“谁”，if, whether表“是否”；没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词，无义连词只有that一个。

按照句意，出现那个引导词意思，便选择那个引导词。

【专题巩固】
1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to b uy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .
A. if
B. when
C. that
D. which
2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning.
A when B. which C. where D. what
3． The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now.
A.what
B.which
C.
that D. where
4．Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event .
A.why
B. what
C. who
D. that
5．The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. where
6．The book is meant to _______needs it .
A. who
B. whoever
C. whomever
D. whom
7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.
A. how
B. what
C. which
D. that
8. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ____the problem itself is.
A.what
B.that
C.which
D.why
9．_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem .
A. That
B. What
C. In spite of what
D. Though what
10._______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment.
A. It; that
B. What; that
C. As; what
D. What; what。