论文格式写法（Formatofpaper）

论文格式写法（Format of paper）
Writing requirements, process and writing skills
In general, it is content of science and technology works, are known as scientific writings, such as the original works (paper), presentations, comprehensive report, progress report, literature review, reviews, monographs, textbooks, and compilation of popular science readings. But only the original works and their presentations are original, primary and primary, involving intellectual property rights such as invention and invention. Of course, other things are important, but they are all processed, developed, and written for specific purposes and objects. The following is just about the writing of the thesis to talk about some experience. When discussing the paper writing, we are not prepared to discuss all the rules and regulations about the manuscript writing. I mainly talk about the problems and experiences that are easy to occur in the thesis writing, which are the normative questions of the writing ethics and writing content.
First, the requirements of thesis writing
The following are described in the order of the structure of the thesis.
(a) -- the subject have scientific papers, not "untitled". The title of the thesis is about 20 words. The title and content size should meet, try not to set subtitle no first report, second newspapers like. The problem with the form of tone, without exclamation or question marks, nor will the topic of scientific papers written advertising language or the language
used in the news reports.
(two) papers - signed scientific papers should be presented with real names and authentic work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility, results attribution, and easy for future generations tracking research. In the strict sense of the author refers to the topic, literature review, demonstration, design, construction method and the experimental operation, data collating, summarizing, the whole written responsible person, should be the relevant problems cananswer papers. Now all the people who are going to work are listed, and they should be ranked by the size of the contribution. I got my permission to sign the paper. The academic director can be listed as the author of the paper or in general thanks to the actual situation. Administrative leaders usually do not sign.
(three) the introduction of the paper is a fascinating statement of the thesis. It is very important to write well.
A good introduction to an essay often gives the reader a good idea of where your job is going and where you are in the research direction. We should write down the basis, background, background and purpose of the thesis. Review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Text should be concise.
(four) -- the materials and methods required to truthfully write the experiment object, animal and equipment, reagents and specifications, write the experiment method, index, judgment standard, write the experiment design grouping and statistical methods. These can be done according to the magazine rules for submission of papers.
(five) -- the experimental results should be highly summarized, careful analysis on the logical. Should Qucuqujing, Quweicunzhen, but not because they do not meet their intentions and subjective choice, not to resort to deceit. Data obtained from technical failures or instrument failures, data obtained from technical failures or operational errors, and data that do not conform to the experimental conditions can be discarded. Moreover, when the problem is found, the reason is stated on the original record, and can not be arbitrarily eliminated because of the abnormal treatment in the summary process. When such data is discarded, the experimental data at the same time and under the same conditions should be discarded together.
The experimental results of the arrangement should be closely linked to the theme, by cutting out the superfluous, some data not suitable for this paper, it can be used together to a hard line, not paper. We should try our best to use professional terms in our thesis. Do not use the chart, you can not use the chart, it is best not to use charts, so as not to take up more space, increasing the difficulty of typesetting. Text, tables and graphs do not duplicate each other. In the experiment, such special circumstances as accidents and unexpected changes should be made necessary. Do not throw them away at will.
(six) the paper discussion is an important and difficult part of the thesis. We should bear in mind the overall situation, grasp the main controversial problems, from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge discourse. Analyze and reason the results of the experiment without repeating the results of the experiment.
We should discuss the results and views of relevant domestic and international literatures, and point out our own views, especially we should not avoid the opposite view. In the discussion of the thesis, we can put forward the hypothesis and put forward the development plan of this subject, but the propriety should be appropriate and can not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination"".
(seven) the conclusion of the thesis - conclusion or conclusion, should be written out clear and reliable results, and draw conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written one by one. Don't use vague words like "nodules".
(eight) the thesis is a reference and a part of the thesis. It is also an important part of the thesis. The purpose of listing the thesis is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research topic of the thesis, and facilitate the search. At the same time, it also respects the work of previous generations and has an accurate orientation of their work. Therefore, there are both technical problems and scientific and moral problems.
Almost always, in a paper, references are needed. As to the be the most important and most directly related to the introduction of the literature; in the method or reference method used by lead; lead the comparison with literature data and sometimes in the results; in the discussion should lead all the related support or conflicting results or view etc..
All the literature not be negligent, not intentional; lead,
self innovation; belittle others, raise their posturing practices; evade the crucial point, is wrong. This phenomenon is now in many papers or see somewhat, this should be viewed as taboo research workers. Among them, it is more obvious and easy to find out the errors of not searching the literature, omitting the important documents, deliberately excluding other people's literature or intentionally belittling others' work. Some of the rules are relatively subtle, such as to be referred to in the introduction and brought to the discussion. This will be the original basis or pilot your paper, and the position you put on an equal footing. Further more, scientific research has developed gradually, and your work has always been developed on the basis of previous work. The correct wording should be what someone has done to the subject in a given year, and what results have been made by someone on this year. Now I have done the research on their basis. This is a practical and realistic attitude, and it does not detract from your contribution. Some authors don't say so, but they say that someone has done something that hasn't been done in a certain year and that someone has done it again in a certain year, but it hasn't been made yet. Now I have made it. This is not an attitude of seeking truth from facts. So sometimes can deceive some uninformed layman, but just a poke in the pedestrian, paper tiger on the break, the results of self defeating, loss of credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life.
(nine) the paper is a representative of the advisor, technical assistant, special reagent or equipment provider, financial sponsor and important suggestion. The acknowledgements of the thesis should be sincere, genuine, and not vulgar. Don't give thanks in general, but don't just thank the professor. Before
you write your thesis, you must be thanked by the person who has thanked you. You can't take the flag for the tiger skin.
(ten) a summary or summary of the thesis: a brief summary of the full text is made up of 200 words or so. Often put the first article. Abstracts need to be carefully written and attractive. To let the reader see the abstract of the paper, like to see the epitome of the paper, or read the abstract of the paper, want to continue to read the relevant parts of the paper. In addition, a few key words should be given. The key words should be written in real key terms.
Two, the key to good writing
(1) essay writing - materials, ideas, and writings
Material is the foundation of writing a good paper, and the viewpoint is the soul of the paper. Materials and opinions are the content of the thesis, and the text is the form of the thesis. Form is content, and content should be expressed in form. The perfect combination of the three is the unity of content and form.
The material comes from experiments. The design has a direct impact on the efficiency and quality of material acquisition. The whole thesis is composed of several work units,
Each work unit is accumulated from each experimental material. So be good with everyday experiments. Take into account the possible position of this data in future papers, and collect and save every image record carefully. The material should be
authentic and reliable and the data should be adequate. With the exception, we must promptly analyze and deal with it, we must ensure that the results are credible, to eliminate the illusion. A paper should have new phenomena, new treatments, new effects and new ideas.
The view should be clear and objective and dialectical. Neither can nor avoid different opinions. From the thesis to the conclusion, there are views everywhere, so the point of view is the soul of the paper, and it runs through. Discuss ideas don't argue, do not justify, and avoid one sidedness and subjectivity and arbitrariness. Compare with the views in the domestic and overseas literatures, compare with the past views of your laboratory. In contrast, analysis of similarities and differences, raise awareness. Don't be afraid of wrong ideas. Don't be afraid to correct them. A hundred schools of thought contend, and truth is understood through contention.
The text of the paper should be natural and fluent". But also not gorgeous carving, is to "Writings are for conveying truth". The paper should be logical, well organized, simple and true, appropriate and appropriate.
(two) thesis writing - Preparation and writing
The key to good or bad writing is preparation. People who write papers usually have three steps. The write thoughtful, full play in the global chest; the idea to pick up the pen, write one; the draft after a long time, Yin repeatedly read, thoroughly tempered.
People who can't write papers are vice versa. The stomach empty mind, noisy, written thousands of pounds. They picked up their pens and began to write. Write stop, stop, write. Suddenly looking for materials, and suddenly check the data, and suddenly make up the experiment. Suddenly tear off a page, and suddenly copy a few words. Suddenly son cries, Saotoumoer, biting pen, pacing. The difference between the two is the difference in readiness, which many of the early writers were not aware of. There are three stages to good preparation for writing a paper.
1. essay writing -- recent (written) preparation
The preparation of a period of time before the end of the experiment and the beginning of the writing of the thesis. Materials should be collected, data processed, charts prepared and statistical processing completed. And then lay the plan, list the outline, clear the basic ideas and main conclusions. Discuss and reach consensus with mentors and collaborators. After careful consideration, at. The "plan to fight" is the key stage of writing. At this point all work and data should be taken into account and the whole situation in the chest. It's like before the battle started operations curtain hat, is the author of the most tense moments of mental labor.
2. essay writing - Preparation for the medium term
People who write papers don't start thinking about writing papers until they finish the experiment, but they consider writing papers in the course of their research work. The "subject" and "Introduction" is a concise thinking argument.
"Materials and methods" are formed in the search for methods and methods of construction. The experimental results are accumulated and arranged in the process of experiment design, experiment operation, stage induction and data arrangement. "Discussion" is usually thought, with the surrounding personnel often discuss, inspection and analysis of the literature after the process at the end of this paper and is expressed several main viewpoints of many problems will be considered in the form of discussion. The conclusion is only necessary to sum up the final result. Therefore, people who write papers will continue to form the final thesis in the course of their research. This whole process is the mid-term preparation of the paper. It is obvious that the mid-term preparation begins with the beginning of the thesis and ends with the end of the subject. The end of the topic, that is, when the mid-term preparations for the completion of the paper.
3. thesis writing - long term (class) preparation
If you only focus on the preparation of the paper and the preparation for the mid-term, you can't write excellent papers,
This depends on the author's long-term preparation, that is, the basis for the preparation of the learning phase. Such preparation refers to the mastery of research dynamics, the accumulation of specialized foundations, and the overall level of ability in logical thinking, expression, analysis and synthesis. This is not something that can be achieved overnight, but accumulated and trained for life. This is why we need to emphasize "having read more than ten thousand books, writing if there is God", "Erguo to study poetry, martial arts in
poetry.". These efforts usually determine the writing level of the author's thesis, and the level of writing affects the dissemination of the thesis. This ability is not just when high, but the hard work at a young age.
(three) thesis writing -- reviewing and modifying
One is to write the manuscript after repeated modifications, the thoroughly tempered. Not only should he repeatedly temper, but also should ask the relevant personnel to make comments, and finally through the Editorial Department invited relevant experts to review. When the paper is revised, all aspects of writing specifications and length should be modified according to the requirements prescribed by the publication. As the author of the paper, the experimental data which he has worked hard is certainly very precious, and he hopes to express it as much as possible in his thesis. But the reviewers often put forward some merger or A bystander is always clear-minded., delete the comments. At this point, the author should calmly consider the inclusion of the paper and do not include it. Write a paper only by cutting out the superfluous Sanqiu tree "," new leadership "to open the" February flower".
Reviewers often also make comments on what they say. This requires careful consideration and decision on whether to adopt the amendment. After all, the author has had long-term practice and thinking about his work, and gradually formed a point of view. It should be said that these views are well founded. As long as the basis, It stands to reason., the reviewer comments to explain their own opinion. But sometimes the authors own station at the corner, get more and more ideas. The reviewers
looked at the issue from a higher angle and pointed out the problems in the thesis and view point by point. This is also true. Then the author should seriously consider the views of the essence, adjust their thinking, decide batted. Neither stubborn nor fawning. Hold the attitude of exploring truth, communicate with each other and improve together.
Through the review, some opinions of a little modification can be made. Some of the changes should be made before publication. Some papers even believe that basic facts are unreliable or that basic ideas are incorrect and cannot be published. The author of this thesis should analyze these views calmly and handle them properly. Everything should adhere to a scientific and realistic attitude. If you confirm the results and opinions are correct, then in the rejection after he switched. At the same time can not be a draft two cast.。