How to Be a Successful Language Learner

Text A: How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
Ⅰ.New Words:
1. successful: a 成功的；
succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功; success n; successfully ad.
a. She wished him success in his new jo
b. b.Were you successful in finding a new house?
c..I finished my training successfully.
d..He succeeds in finding a good job.
2. disagree: v disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧，意见不一致),
n disagreement, a disagreeable; 反义词：agree, agreement, agreeable
e.g. I always disagree with him.
3. guarantee:n / v 保证、担保、保修
e.g.1>.The watch has a two-year guarantee. (n保修) 2>.The TV set is guaranteed for one year. (v 保修)
4. intelligent:a 聪明的、明智的，n intelligence 聪明、智慧
5. conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的
6. similar:a 相似的、类似的，短语be similar to sth / sb in sth(*)
e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾气) to her mother.
7. independent:a 独立的、自主的，independence n 独立、自主、自立，（*）
字根：depend(v):依靠、依赖，depend on / upon
dependence: n 信赖、信任、依靠；dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的
a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence.
B.Children depend on their parents for food.
C.I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.
8. clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to something
9. adult: n 成年人；a 成年的、成熟的
a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now. B.His behavior isn’t adult.
10.conclusion: n 结论、推论；v conclude. Decide v 决定，decision n 决定、决心
11. communicate: v 交流、通讯、传播，习语：
①communicate sth to sb: 传播某事给某人；
②communicate with sb: 同某人交流
名词：communication: a communication satellite 通讯卫星；
a communication network 通讯网，telecommunication:电讯、电信，China telecommunication中国电信
12. inexact: a 不正确的，反义词：exact incomplete: a 不完整的，反义词：complete
13. purpose: n 目的、意图，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的，purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*)
a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.
B.We should use the language purposefully.
C.She did it on purpose.
14. regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的
15. technique: n 技术、技巧，
16. outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲
a.You should outline the story before you write it.
B.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.
Ⅱ.Intensive reading:
1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.
大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement
②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。

顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语) / He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。

具体介绍该语法点：
修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。

被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。

定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, (一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。

不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。

上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。

例句：
A.The man who/that will give us a talk has come.
B.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.
C.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.
D.I live in the room whose window faces south.
E.Did you find the bike that/which you lost?
③would此时为助动词，表示―可能，将会‖。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth
e.g. He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.
2. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice…
hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

E.g. five hundred people; hundreds of people
3. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。

短语：be different from:与…不同
4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. (*)
译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。

①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field; succeed in sth / doing sth
5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地…)
这句话意思和结构与上句相似
nguage learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. (*)
译：语言学习研究显示成功的语言学习者在许多方面都是相似的。

①本句主语Language learning research；谓语：shows；宾语：that引导一个宾语从句。

在宾语从句中successful language learners是主语；are是系动词；similar in many ways是表语
②重要短语be similar (to sb/sth) in sth在…方面与某人/某事相似
7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. (*)
译：不是等这老师解释，而是自己努力去发现各种句型和规则。

①Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介词短语作状语，主语：they；谓语：try to find；宾语：the patterns and the rules for themselves
②介词of后的动词要用动名词waiting
③短语：instead of sth; wait for sb to do sth; try to do sth;
8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. 译：他们寻找说这种语言的人，当他们说错时就请这些人帮助指正。

①这是一个由and连接的并列句，其中有一个定语从句who speak the language，修饰先行词people;有一个时间状语从句when they make a mistake
②correct: v 指正、纠正，短语：make a mistake 犯错误
9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things.
译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。

①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句
②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth; be afraid to do sth; be afraid that 从句
a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.
B.I am afraid of snake.
C.He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.
10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.
译：当交流困难时，他们会接受不准确或不完整的信息。

本句中包含一个时间状语从句When communication is difficult，一个定语从句that is inexact or incomplete，修饰先行词information，在从句中that作主语。

11.It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. (*)
译：对他们来说，学会用所学的语言来思考比学会每个单词的意思更重要。

①it作形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to learn to think in the language.原句语序应是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word.
用形式主语的目的是因为不定式作主语太长，为避免句子头重脚轻，用it代替真正的主语。

E.g. For many people to learn English well is very difficult.
=It’s very difficult for many people to learn English well
②短语：learn to do sth学会做…; more important than …更重要
12.It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to lear n from them. = For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary 译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的
①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语
②短语：in order to do sth; communicate with sb; learn from sb:向…学习
13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.
译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。

①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.
②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day. (4段2行)
14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. (*)
译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。

①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。

15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。

①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。

②短语：on the other hand: 另一方面来说; less than successful: 不太成功; might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨…，最好….
E.g. You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.
A. Useful phrases:
1.disagree with ...(2段1行); 2.hundreds of(2段3行); 3. be different from...(3段1行); 4. succeed in sth (3)
3行); 5. as much as you can(4段2行); 6. practice doing sth(4段2行); 7. try to do…(4段4行); 8. similar in sth…(5段2行); 9. first of all(6段1行); 10. depend on(6段2行); 11. instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行); 12. wait sb to do…(6段3行); 13. learn from sth/sb(6段7行); 14. make a mistake(7段4行); 15. be afraid to do(7段5行);
16. be willing to do…(7段6行); 17. be interested in sth(8段2行); 18. in order to(8段4行); 19. communicate with sb(8段4行); 20. on the other hand(9段3行); 21. might do well to do sth(9段4行)
B. Some important words:
1.successful;
2. disagree;
3.statement;
4. guarantee;
5. intelligent;
6. conversely;
7. similar;
8. independent;
9. conclusion; 10. communicate; communication; 11. purpose, purposefully; 12. regularly; 13. technique; 14. outline.
Text B:
A. Some new words:
1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例，常用短语for instance，例如。

2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)，waitress女服务员、女招待
3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp. to a far away place
travel: v 旅游
4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man
5.exact 反义词inexact
6.consist; v 短语：consist of 组成
e.g. My class consists of 20 students.
7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的
B. Some language points:
1.not only…but also…不但…而且，并列连词。

(连接两个并列成分)
e.g.⑴ I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend.
⑵ …, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.
2.neither…nor:既不…也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。

E.g. ⑴ Autumn is a good season. It’s neither hot nor cold.
⑵ people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.
3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁)
4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法
e.g. I learn English by mysel
f. In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major.
5. The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad.
A.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The
Englishman。

B.短语：by this time到此时为止；not at all根本不…
6. Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. 译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of,
句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。

Unit 2
Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
A. New words:
1.tax: n 税；vt 对…征税
a. Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.
B. My income is taxed at source. (我的收入已扣除了所得税。

)
2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking,
general adj
3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字
a. What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.
B. She typed the letter quickly and well.
4.salary: n 工资
5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱
6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率；percent n 前用数词(*)
a. More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.
B. A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.
C. I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.
7.vary: v 变化、改变；varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)
a. Holiday jobs are many and varied.
B. people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)
c. prices of fruit vary from season to season.
8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售
9.charge: v 收费;控告
a. How much do you charge for repairing my shoes?
B. He was charged with the guilty of murder.
10.addition: n 加法、附加物；add v 增加；additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)
a. She always adds sugar to her tea.
B. He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.
C. We will need additional help to do the work.
11. confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj; confusion n (*)
a. If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.
B. This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.
C. Do you think this will cause much confusion?
D. They confused me by asking so many questions.
plain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about. Complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*）
a. Students always complain about too much homework.
B. She complained that the exam was too hard.
C. He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory. (诉说有病)
d. There is no reason for complaint.
eless: adj 无用的，反义词useful; careful→careless; helpful→helpless; hopeful→hopeless etc.
13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词practical; practice v 实践、实际
14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序
15.tend: v 易于、倾向于，tendency n 趋势、倾向
a. people tend to get fat as they grow older.
B. prices continue to show an upward tendency. (物价呈持续上升趋势。

)
B. Intensive reading:
1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)
译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。

分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things.
当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。

E.g. 1>.
The watch that/which/省略I found in the library is his.（why?）
2>. The girl who/whom/that/省略you met at the party is my sister.
短语；be sure of:对…确信、确定
e.g. We can be sure of his honesty.
2. Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)
译：美国人并不垄断―死亡‖市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。

短语：have a corner on something:垄断…; lead with因…领先
e.g. China leads the world with her silk products.
3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。

分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于…,
when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。

When 叫关系副词。

Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。

A. This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)
b. I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)
c. please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)
另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。

它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)
译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说―北京的天气比广州干燥‖，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)
5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)
译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。

其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item.
Charged to表示―向…征收‖charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.
6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)
译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。

短语：in addition to 除…还有…(+)
e.g. We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.
7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.
译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。

他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。

短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用…,
spend sth on sth在…花费，或spend sth in doing sth.
E.g. Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.
8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)
译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

短语：have different views on sth对…有不同观点，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb; 同意做某事：agree to do sth.
Ⅲ. Summary about the important phrases:
1.be sure of(1段2行);
2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);
3.lead with(1段4行);
4.consist of(2段1行);
5. depend on(3段3行);
6.that is(3段4行);
7.be similar to(4段3行);
8.in addition to(4段10行);
9.public works(5段4行);
10.municipal buildings(5段5行); plain about(6段3行); e sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);
13.spend…on(6段4-5行); 14.tend on(6段6行); 15.agree on(6段6行)
Ⅱ.Text B:
A.New words:
1. advertise: v 做广告、登广告；advertisement: n 缩写ad; advertising company广告公司；advertiser: n 登广告的人
2. attract: v 吸引；attraction: n 吸引力；attractive: adj 吸引人的
3.design: v 设计；designer 设计师
4.persuade: v 劝说，常用习语：persuade sb to do sth
5.leisure: n 空暇、悠闲，at leisure有空，清闲。

6. classified: a 分类的；classify v 分类
7. edition: n 版本，a paperback edition（平装版）, a rare edition（珍藏版）, a deluxe edition（精装版）, a revised edition（修订版）；edit: v; editor: n
8. entertainment: n 娱乐、款待
9. audience: n 观众、听众。

10. characteristic: a 典型的；n 特性、特征
11. commercial: adj 商业的；n 商业广告；commerce n 商业。

12. responsible: a 有责任的；responsibility n 责任
13. particular: a 特定的
14. estimate: n / v 估计、评价
15. management: n 管理、经营；manage: v 管理；manager: n 经理
16. approve: v 赞成、同意、批准；approval: n
17. involve: v 牵涉、卷入，be involved in sth; involvement: n
B.Some difficult sentences:
1.Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it’s the part that attracts the most attention.
译：广告仅仅是整个销售活动的一部分，但就是这部分最能吸引人们的注意力。

注意本句的主语advertising是动名词作主语，表示登广告。

再如：
playing football is my favorite sport.
短语：attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力。

2. V oices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.（*）
译：色彩和画面配上声音和音乐，既好看又好听。

重点掌握短语：1>.add sth to sth加…到…,
e.g. I don’t like add milk to/into my coffee.
2>. Catch the ear, catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，吸引眼睛
3>. As well as:也,除了…还有… (+)
e.g. I like Chinese as well as English.
3.Television ads are short, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times.(*)
译：电视广告时间很短，但它们被反复播放，可以使观众看听许多遍。

短语：over and over again一遍又一遍；so that = in order that表目的；
audience:称作集体名词，当单形集体名词被看作一个整体时，具有单数概念；被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。

像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc.
A.His family is a big one in our city.
B.His family are very friendly to us.
C.The audience is quiet when the concert is on.
D.The audience like Harry portter very much.
C. Useful phrases:
1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);
2.natural enough(1段2行);
3.for the most part(1段6行);
4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);
5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);
6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);
7.catch the eye(3段8行);
8.no more than(3段9行);
9.idebtity with sth(3段10行); 10.add to(4段2行); 11.catch the ear(4段3行); 12.over and over again(4段4行); 13.so that(4段5行); 14.put up with(4段7行); lions of(4段8行); 16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide on sth(5段2行); 18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行); 19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行); 21.carry over(4段1行)
Text A: The Atlantic ocean
A.New words:
1.sailor: n 水手、海员；sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）
a.He has sailed for New York.
B.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.
C.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?
2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do…, be unwilling to do…; 副词：unwillingly, willingly; 名词：will意愿、意志。

（*）
a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.
B.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.
C.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.
3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*)
a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.
B.He went to town as usual with his father.
C.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.
4.average: n/a/v平均数、平均的、平均常用短语：on the average(*)
a.The average of 2,3 and 4 is 3.
b.The average age of the students in this class is eighteen.
C.They averaged 20 miles a day during their last journey.
5.range: n 山脉、范围；v 变化，排列成行
a.She has a wide range of interests.
B.He ranged the books by size.
6. peak: n 高峰，adj 高峰的，反义词：off-peak
peak hour = rush hour
7. crew:集体名词
8. becalm: v become calm; calm: a 平静的、安静的, please keep calm.
9.current: n 水流、电流；adj 流行的
a.The current is the strongest in the middle of the river.
B.Turn off the current while making repairs.
C.of all her dresses, only one is still current.
10.affect: v 影响、打动；effect n 影响，have an effect on sth; affecting adj 动人的；effective adj 有影响的、有效的。

（*）
a.Violent TV programs have a bad effect on the children.
B.Music can affect some people very strongly.
C.The law is no longer effective.
11. furnish: v 用家具布置，家具：furniture.
B.Grammar knowledge: 定冠词的用法
please look at the following sentences from the text:
a.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that ….
B.The narrowest place is between the bulge of ….
C.The Azores are the tops of the peak ….
Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A:
1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.
译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：
1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。

He is the best person that always helps others
2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。

He is the last person that I want to see.
3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。

Which is the bike that you lost?
4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。

We should hand in all that you have found.
5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.
短语：separate sth from sth把…与…分开
England is separated from France by the English channel.
另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa; the New World: the Americas.
2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）
译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现
短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事
The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/
being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词
3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)
译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析：主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made；宾语：the early sailors；宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth; sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth
4.one idea was that it reached out to ―the edge of the world.‖
译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。

它是名词从句的一种。

主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。

在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

A. That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)
b. All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）
c. The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite goo
d.（同位语从句）
d. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句）
4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)
译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数+ as + adj/adv + as
a.My hair is twice as long as yours.
B.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs.
5.It’s more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.
译：哥伦布穿越大西洋的航线有4000多英里宽。

基数词+ 形容词→作度量状语。

A.He is only five years old.
B.The river is three meters deep.
C.The classroom is five meters long.
6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands. Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean.
译：这么大的一个海洋却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它是世界上盐分含量最高的海洋。

（这是大西洋最大的两大特点。

）
7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is.
译：大西洋中有多得令人难以想象的海水。

So…that引导结果状语从句。

(so + adj / adv)
It’s so hot these days that we can’t go out.
8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.
译：假设不再有雨水降入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。

本句存在一个重要的语法现象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实的假设。

9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up.
译：它大约需要4000年的时间才干涸。

重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少时间作某事
Every day it takes me an hour to go to work.
10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.
译：我们现在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎变小了。

短语：such + n + that 引导结果状语从句，注意和so…that…比较。

A.She’s such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much.
B.She’s so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much.
Seem to 仿佛、好像
Ⅱ. Brief summary about the useful phrases:
1.separate…from…(1段1行);
2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行);
3.make sb do sth(2段1行);
4.boiling hot(2段5行);
5.so…that…(5段1行);
6.no more(5段2行);
7.on the average(5段4行);
8.pile up(10段2行);
9.such…that…(11段1行); 10.seem to(11段2行); 11.be unwilling to do…(2段1行)
Text B:
A. New words:
1. observation: n 观察，observe: v 观察；observer: n 观察者
2. continually: adv 不停地，continue v 继续, continual adj 不停的
3. merely: adv 同义词only
4. absolutely: adv 完全地、绝对地，同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly.
5. uncomfortably: adv 不舒适地，反义词：comfortably; uncomfortable, comfortable
6. inhabitant: n 居民（不是永久的），永久的resident, inhabit; v 居住
7. occasionally: adv 偶尔地；occasional: adj, occasion: n 场合、机会
B. Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气
它是谓语动词的一种形式，表示非真实的假设、或表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。

A.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.
B.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind…
c.If the re were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun…
虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）
1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。

非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

A.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.
B.If I hadn’t been so e asy, I would have come early.
C.If I should fail, I would try again.
为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：
条件从句
结果主句
对现在事实的违背
过去式
should + 动词原形
would + 动词原形
对过去事实的违背
had + 动词过去分词
should + have + 动词原形
would + have + 动词原形
对将来事实的违背
Should + 动词原形
should + 动词原形
Were + 动词不定式
would + 动词原形
C. Further notes on some sentences:
1. Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.
译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。

Except for:除了…,c.f：except, except that.
A.all the articles are good except yours.
B.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.
C.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.
总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2. We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)
译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。

That this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun…
3. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.
译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮
4. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.
译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。

这是一个难句，隐含有一个虚拟语气句：which would otherwise be dark.
That is: If the surface of the whole earth didn’t reflect enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark.
短语：in the same way用同样的方式；reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到…; be able to do 能做…
D. useful phrases:
1.except for(2段1行);
2.face towards sth(3段4行);
3.face away from sth(3段4行);
4.keep sth in mind(3段6行);
5.light up(3段6行);
6.sth is enough for sb to do(4段2行);
7.speak of(4段3行);
8.know sth well(4段5行);
9.reflect sth onto sth(4段6-7行); 10.in the same way(4段7行);
Text A: Improving Your Memory
Ⅰ.New words:
1.psychological: adj 心理学的; psychology: n 心理学; psychologist: n 心理学家; psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）
a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.
B.psychology is a study of mind.
C.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.
2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点
a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.
B.Focus your attention on your work.
3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础; basically: adv 基本上、根本上
4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义；mean: v 意思是；meaningful: adj 富有意义的；meaningless:adj 无意义的; meaning: n 含义(*)
a.What does this sentence mean?
B.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.
C.Do you know the meaning of this word?
D.She always tells us meaningful stories. We learn a lot from her.
anization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织Wto=World Trade organization ；organizer: n 组织者(*)
a.They organized a trip to the South last month.
B.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.
C.The United Nations is a world organization.
6.association: n 联合、协会；associate: v 把…同…联系起来；n 同伙；adj 副的
a.NBA means National Basketball Association.
B.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.
C.John and paul are associates.
D.Mr. Liu is an associate manager in this company.
7.visualize: v 想象、设想；visualization: n想象、设想
8.rhyme:字母h不发音。

9.ability: n 能力，短语：to the best of one’s ability,尽力而为。

同义词capacity; able: adj有能力的，短语：be able to do sth, 反义词：unable.。