模块三Unit2重点词汇讲解与语法

模块三Unit2重点词汇讲解与语法
模块三Unit2 重点词汇讲解与语法
第一部分重点词汇讲解
Reading
1. throughout
prep.遍及；贯穿；在……的各个部分
The disease spread throughout the country. 这种疾病蔓延全国。

It rained throughout the night. 雨下了一整夜。

adv.到处；自始至终
The building is painted green throughout. 这栋建筑物彻底漆成绿色。

2. confusing adj. 令人迷惑的，令人不解的
Y our explanation is confusing。

你的解释令人迷惑。

【拓展】
confuse v. 使迷惑，使困惑
The heavy traffic confused the new driver. 繁忙的交通使司机不知所措。

We tried to confuse the enemy. 我们试图迷惑敌人。

confused adj. 感到迷惑的，感到不解的
I am confused about the problem. 对这个问题，我很困惑。

If the situation is confusing, you will get confused. 如果形势令人困惑，你会被弄糊涂的。

There is a confused look/expression on his face. 他脸上露出迷惑的表情。

3. be made up of 由……组成，可与consist of 互换
The class is made up of 15 girl students and 20 boy students.
= The class consists of 15 girl students and 20 boy students.
注意两者作定语时的区别
a group made up of five doctors and 10 nurses
= a group consisting of five doctors and 10 nurses
【拓展】:
be made of/be made from/be made out of 由……制成
be made into 被制成
make up 组成，编制，弥补，化妆，和解
make for 走向……；有助于……
make out 理解，辨认出
The old building is made of stone. 这幢老房子是由石头建成的。

The wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是由葡萄酿制而成的。

Her dress is made out of her sister’s old dress. 她的衣服是用她姐姐的旧衣服改做的。

She made the material into a dress. 她用这种布料做了一条裙子。

Eleven players make up a football team. 11个队员组成了一个足球队。

Uncle Dick made up an interesting story for the children. 迪克叔叔给孩子们编了一个有趣的故事。

We have to drive fast to make up the time we lost in New Y ork. 我们得开快点以弥补在纽约失去的时间。

The actors were making up when we arrived. 我们到的时候，演员们正在化妆。

He and his wife usually make up their quarrel the same day. 他和妻子吵架通常当天就言归于
好。

As soon as it started to rain, we made for home. 天一开始下雨，我们就朝家里走去。

Does early rising make for good health? 早起有助于健康吗？
It was difficult to make out his handwriting. 他的书写很难辨认。

I couldn’t make out what he wanted on earth. 我不明白他到
底要什么。

4. create vt. 创造,造成常指利用已有的条件或材料创造出新的事物。

Some people believe that God created the world. 有些人相信上帝创造了世界。

Blue can create a calm feeling. 蓝色能够造成一种冷静的感觉。

【辨析】
invent vt. 发明指通过想象、研究或劳动创造出前所未有的东西，尤指科技上的发明创造。

The Chinese invented the compass. 中国人发明了指南针。

discover vt. 意为（先于他人首次)发现（已经存在的事物）
Recently they have discovered a comet. 最近他们发现了一颗彗星。

【拓展】：
creation n. 创造（不可数），创作的东西（可数）
creative adj. 创作的，创造性的
creative thinking 创造性思维
creativity n. 创造力
creature n. 人，动物
5. pick up 拾起；用车接载（人）；无意地学会(技术、语言、游戏等)；（病后)恢复健康、体力等；(在广播、电视里)收听、收看到；加快速度）
She picked up the book and gave it to him. 她捡起了书给他。

Pick me up at the hotel. 在宾馆接我。

He picked up French while he was staying in Paris. 他在巴黎时学会了法语。

He picked up gradually after a long illness. 他久病后逐渐康复了。

I was able to pick you up on the short wave radio. 我能用短波收音机收听到你的信号。

The car picked up speed quickly. 小车很快加速了。

6. contribute to 致使；有助于
The driver’s carelessness contributed to the accident. 司机的疏忽导致了事故的发生。

Exercise contributes to better health. 锻炼能促成更强健的体魄。

【拓展】
contribute捐助；贡献；投稿等，常和to连用
We contributed food and clothing to the poor. 我们捐助了食物和衣物救济贫民。

He has contributed (articles) to the magazine for several years. 他为这家杂志撰稿好几年了。

contribution n. 可构成词组make a contribution
They made a great contribution to the development of our society.
他们为我们社会的发展做出了巨大的贡献。

7. take control of 控制，取得对……的控制
It's no easy task to take control of a class of young children.
管住一个班的小孩子可不是件容易的事。

【拓展】
have/hold control of/over 控制着
in control (of) 控制着，出于统治地位
lose control of 失去对……的控制
out of control 失去控制，无法控制
under control （被）控制住
8. rule v. 统治
Today, most kings and queens rule (their countries) only in a formal way, without real power.
当今大部分的国王和王后只是象征性地统治（他们的国家），没有实权。

rule也可做名词，意为“统治”，常构成词组under one’s rule
或under the rule of sb.意为“在某人的统治之下”
Under the queen’s rule/the rule of Elizabeth I, Britain became the number one power of the world. 在那位女王/伊丽莎白一世的统治下，英国成为世界第一大国。

9. replace vt. 替换，代替，取代相当于词组take the place of。

常构成词组replace A with B, 意为用B代替A。

Tourism has replaced heavy industry as the city’s main source of income.
= Tourism has taken the place of heavy industry as the city’s main source of income.
旅游业已经取代重工业成为这座城市的主要收入来源。

Today many high schools have replaced blackboards with whiteboards.
今天许多中学用白色书写板取代了黑板。

10. adopt vt. 采用，收养
Different ways of English teaching should be adopted. 应该采用不同的英语教学方式。

Mr and Mrs Smith adopted an orphan. 史密斯夫妇收养了一个孤儿。

adopt的常用名词形式为adoption, 意为“应用；收养”
11. include vt. 包括，强调包罗并使之成为一部分
The price includes both house and furniture. 这个价格包括房子及家具的价格。

常用including和included引出一解释性短语，including位于该短语前，included位于该短语后。

They will send you the book for $3, postage included.
他们将把这本书寄给你，包括邮资共三美元。

At least 80 people were injured, including five policemen.
至少有80人受伤，包括5个警察。

【辨析】
contain意思是“包含，容纳”，侧重于容器中“装有，含有”
How much oil can the bottle contain? 这只瓶子能装多少油?
Apples contain water and sugar. 苹果含有水和糖分。

12. pronunciation n.发音（法），语音
a word with two pronunciations 有两种发音的单词
Y ou pronunciation is very good. 你的发音很好。

pronounce vt. 发音，读音；正式宣布（或公布）
How do you pronounce your surname? 你的姓怎么读?
She examined the product and pronounced herself pleased with their work.
她检查了产品，宣布对他们的工作很满意。

13. depend on 取决于；依靠，信赖。

其中on可用upon替换。

We might need more cars, depending on/upon the number of people gathering here.
我们也许需要更多的车辆，这要看有多少人聚集到这里。

Y ou can depend on him, for he is a man of his word.
你可以信赖他，因为他是个守信用的人。

【拓展】
dependent adj. 依赖的；受……影响的
independent adj. 独立的
dependence n. 依靠
independence n. 独立
He gradually becomes dependent on alcohol. 他渐渐对酒精产生了依赖。

Y ou should learn to be independent of your parents. 你应该学着不要依赖父母。

Our relationship is based on mutual dependence. 我们的关系建立在相互依存的基础上。

India gained independence for Britain in 1947. 印度于1947年脱离英国获得独立。

Grammar and usage
1. promise v. 许诺，答应。

后面接直接宾语再接不定式，从句，名词代词或不接直接宾语。

Dad promised (me) to buy me a laptop, but he broke his own word.
爸爸答应过（我）要给我买个笔记本电脑，但是他失信了。

The student promised (the librarian) that all books would be returned by Friday.
那个学生答应（图书管理员）在周五之前归还所有的书。

He promised his wife a coat for her birthday. 他答应他的妻子买件外套作为生日礼物。

“She’s not coming tonight.”“But she promised!”“她今晚不会来了。

”“但是她答应过的！”
promise作动词还表示“有希望……，可能会（有）”
These discussions promise future storm. 这些争论有可能引起今后的风波。

promise 还可以作名词，意为“诺言,许诺”
If you make a promise, you must keep it. 假如你做出了许诺，就必须做到。

2. disagree vi. 意见不一，分歧。

反义词：agree 名词：disagreement
常构成的词组有：
disagree with sb. 与某人意见不一
disagree about/over/on sth. 在某事上意见不一
I disagree with you on this point. 我不同意你的意见。

disagree 还可以表示“不一致，不符”
The two reports disagree (with each other). 这两份报告（相互）不一致。

disagree 还可表示“不适宜”，常构成词组disagree with sb. 意为“（食物等）对某人不适宜，使某人不舒服”
Fried foods disagree with me. 油炸食物对我不适合。

3. care about 关注，关心；在意，担心
He cares a lot about his younger brother. 他非常关心自己的弟弟。

I don’t care about what you think about me; I haven’t done anything wrong.
我并不在意你怎样看我；我没有做任何错事。

【辨析】care about & care for
care for 表示“非常喜欢；照顾，照料”
He cares for her, no matter what she does. 不管她做什么，他都深爱着她。

4. ban vt. 禁止，取缔。

过去式和过去分词都为banned.
Swimming in this river is banned. 禁止在此河中游泳。

ban sb. from doing sth. 意为“禁止某人做某事”
The government needs to do something to ban people from advertising illegal things on the
Internet. 政府应该采取措施禁止人们在网上做广告宣传违法物品。

ban也可做可数名词，意为“禁令，禁止”，表示“对……的禁令”时常用a ban on …的结构。

There is a ban on smoking in this school. 这所学校禁止抽烟。

5. spread n.vt&vi 传播
The spread of AIDS in the last few years has been alarming.
过去几年里艾滋病的传播令人惊慌。

I will tell you a secret, but you must promise not to spread it around.
我要告诉你一个秘密，但是你必须保证不会将它四处传播。

The disease spread quickly. 这种疾病很快地传播开来。

6. access vt. 接近，使用
Y ou can access the loft by a ladder. 你可以爬梯子上阁楼。

access 也可做名词，意为“接近的机会，享用权；通道，通路”
Citizens may have free access to the library. 市民可以免费使用这个图书馆。

The only access to the town is across the bridge. 到镇上唯一的通路是经过一座桥。

Project
1. differ vi. 相异，有区别
differ from…= be different from…与……不同
His views differ from those of his parents.
= His views are different from those of his parents.
他的观点和他父母的观点不同。

A and
B differ (from each other) A和B彼此有差异
French and English differ greatly (from each other). 法语和英语（彼此）差异很大。

differ with sb. about/on/over sth. 与某人在某事上意见不一致He differs with me about/on/over when to go for a picnic.
在何时去野餐这件事情上，他与我的意见向左。

2. represent vt. 代表，象征
The headmaster could not go to the meeting, so Mr Smith represented him.
校长不能去开会，因此史密斯代表他去参加了。

The rose represents England. 玫瑰花是英格兰的象徵。

represent sb./sth. as…意为“把某人/某物描述成……”
The king is represented as a villain in the play. 在这出剧中把国王刻画成一个反面人物。

3. combine v. 组合，（使）联合，（使）结合
combine …together 把……结合起来
None of us has much money, so let’s combine what we’ve got together.
我们任何人的钱都不多，所以我们把钱凑一起吧。

combine A with B 把A与B结合起来
If we can combine theory with practice, it will be better.
要是我们能把理论与实践相结合，那就更好了。

combination n. 结合,联合
4. as a whole 作为整体，总体上
The project will be beneficial to our city and to our country as a whole.
这项工程对我们的城市和整个国家都有益。

【辨析】
on the whole 大体上，总的看来，相当于in general
On the whole/In general, I think your questionnaire is well designed.
总的说来，我觉得你的问卷设计得不错。

5. turn into (使) 变成，也可用turn to
Water turns into/to ice when the temperature is below freezing.
当气温低于零度，水就变成冰。

Heat turns ice into/to steam. 高温把冰变成蒸汽。

【拓展】
turn away 转身不看，不理睬；撵走，把……拒之门外
turn out 关掉；结果是(to be/that)
turn up 开大；出现，露面
turn down 调小，放低；拒不接受turn over 移交，交给；翻(页)；翻身；翻到turn in 交（上去）
turn to 找（某人寻求帮助等）
turn off 关掉（灯等）
turn on 开（灯等）
6. reflect vt. 反映；反射；表明
The sunlight was reflected in the water. 日光由水面反射出来。

His actions reflect his thoughts. 他的行动反映出他的思想。

The statistics reflect a change in people’s travelling habits.
这些数据显示了人们出行习惯的改变。

7. symbol n. 符号；象征
"H2O" is the symbol for water. 是水的化学符号。

The dove is a symbol of peace. 鸽子是和平的象征。

8. indicate vt. 显示，表示；象征，暗示
Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women.
研究表明，男人比女人更容易戒烟。

Cattle lying down indicate rain. 牛躺下预示有雨。

第二部分语法
1. 疑问词引导的名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。

名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中能担任主语，表语，宾语，同位语，介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中的句法功能，名词性从句又可以分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。

本单元主要介绍由疑问词引导的名词性从句。

疑问词有两类，即疑问代词(what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose) 和疑问副词(when, where, how, why)。

疑问代词通常在从句中作主语，表语和宾语。

疑问副词则通常在从句中作状语（时间状语，地点状语，方式状语或原因状语）。

请看如下例句，并试着分析作引导词的疑问词在从句中所担任的成分。

What he said at the meeting confused everyone present.
(作引导词的疑问代词在主语从句中作宾语)
The little boy ate whatever his mother gave him. (作引导词的疑问代词在宾语从句中作宾语) Please give some suggestion which book I should choose among these.
(作引导词的疑问代词在同位语从句中作定语)
The problem is who/whom I should turn to for help.
(作引导词的疑问代词在表语从句中作宾语)
Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
(作引导词的疑问代词在主语从句中作主语)
When we will go skating is up to you to make a decision.
(作引导词的疑问副词在主语从句中作时间状语)
I insisted upon an answer to my question why he had done it.
(作引导词的疑问副词在同位语从句中作原因状语)
There is a doubt how they managed to travel to the moon.
(作引导词的疑问副词在同位语从句中作方式状语)
运用名词性从句时的注意点：
1) 关于that的省略
一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。

但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略。

①介词后面的that不能省。

Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。

②并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，第二个及以后的宾语从句中的that不省略。

My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年了，下个月即将退休。

③主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。

He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner.
他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。

④宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。

He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night.
他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。

2) 名词性从句的词序
名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。

如：
He asked me what was the matter with me.
We’ve heard the news that we’ll move into the new house.
Whatever you say will interest us all.
3) whether和if的用法
①whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。

如：
It all depends on whether they will come back. 一切都取决于他们是否会来。

②后面直接跟or not 时用whether。

如：
I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.我不知道他是否已经到达武汉了。

③主语从句，表语从句中只能用whether。

如：
Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.
会议是否会被推迟还没有被决定。

The question is whether they have so much money.
问题在于他们是否有很多钱。

④whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if 不能。

如：
We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.
我们应当认真讨论是否能做此事这个问题。

⑤whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether 也可与动词不定式连用但if 不能。

如：
The question of whether they are male or female is not important.
他们是男性还是女性不重要。

I have not decided whether to go or not. 我还没有决定是否要去。

4) 疑问代词+ ever和no matter + 疑问代词的区别。

①疑问代词+ ever可引导名词性从句，在从句中要充当一定的部分。

如：
Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. (在主语从句中作
主语)
任何违反规定的人必须受罚。

Y ou can choose whatever you like in the shop. (在宾语从句中作宾语)
你可以在商店中选择你喜欢的任何东西。

②疑问词+ ever还可引导让步状语从句。

如：
Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。

Whatever you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。

③no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。

如：
No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。

No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。

5) 名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致
①宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句中表示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。

如：Hello, I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here?
喂，我不知道你在伦敦。

你在这里多久了？
The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed.
老师告诉我们光以非常快的速度传播。

②主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。

如：When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
会议何时开始还没有决定。

When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.
他们何时出发以及去何处还没有决定。

When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.
会议何时何地开始还没有决定。

6)含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句
①反意疑问句一般与主句一致。

He said they were going to help me, didn't he？他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？
She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she?
她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？
②当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。

这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。

I suppose you're serious, aren't you? 我想你是当真的，不是吗？(不可用don't I)
I don't suppose he's serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的，是吗？(不可用do I)
提示：
如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。

Y ou don't think we can speak English, do you? 你认为我们不会说英语，对吗？
He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he? 他认为自己找到了正确的答案，是吗？
7) because, why引导的表语从句
That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。

（That's because … 强调原因）That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。

（That's why… 强调结果）注意: what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，一般不宜用because。

The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。

What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他丧命的原因是他太粗心了。

2. 形式主语it
1) 代主语从句。

如：
It is possible that he has stolen the car.很可能他偷了小车。

Isn’t it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？
注意：if引导主语从句时，只能用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。

如：
It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。

2) 代不定式短语作主语。

如：
It was his duty to attend to the matter. 处理这件事是他的责任。

It is impossible to finish the work on time. 准时完成工作是不可能的。

3) 代动名词。

如：
It’s no good sitting up too late. 熬夜没有好处。

It’s no use saying anything more about it. 再说这件事没用。

It is useless crying over the spilt milk. 覆水难收。

4) 用作形式主语的的重要句型
①It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……
It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。

It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话，真是太蠢了。

【说明】介词of 与for 的区别是：of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等，介词for表示对象，意为“对……来说”
②It takes sb + 时间段+ to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间
It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。

【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体：
It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时。

③It is up to sb. to do sth. 该由某人做某事
It’s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。

④it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……
It seemed as if he didn’t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。

It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。

⑤If it were not f or… / If it hadn’t been for… 若不是因为……
If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.
要不是他们帮助，这些困难我们不克服不了的。

⑥It + be + 过去分词+ that ….
该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.
It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. 据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。

It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.
大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。

It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami.
据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。

⑦若句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。

Does it matter much that they won’t come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很重要吗？Is it true that he will go abroad next week? 他下周出国是真的吗？。