Industrializaton

Effects of Industrial Rev. - downsides
• Increased use of child labor • Poor housing conditions • Poor work conditions, exploitation (led to labor unions) • Urbanization (too much crowding) • Income gap • Increase of certain diseases – TB, etc.
The pattern of wage growth (cont.): BUT: As these countries grow more wealthy and their workers demand more, what will happen? “Moving up the value chain…”
Long-term consequences
• • • • • Increased wealth gap Increased concentration of wealth Increased global population Urbanization Growing gap between “developed” and “developing” countries
Global Issues – Industrialization
Lecture #5
QUESTIONS:
• What is industrialization? • What is its short-term impact on society? Long-term impact? • Are the benefits worth the problems? What can we do to minimize the problems?
QUESTION:
• Which countries should be considered “developed”? Which ones “developing”? Why? What measurement should be used to decide this? Is China still a developing country, or does it fit the criteria for those already developed? Discuss/explain.
Where and when did the industrial revolution happen?
1) Late 17th cent. – early 20th cent. (primarily considered the 18th cent.) 2) Occurred in Europe, primarily England. 3) Often split into two periods:
The pattern of wage growth:
• At the start of industrializaton in Europe, common native workers were paid little and had few rights (child labor, 16-hour work days, poor safety conditions) • As these countries grew richer, its workers demanded more money and better rights (strikes, protests, labor unions) • As wages increased, companies began to move their factories to other, less developed countries
Long-term consequences (cont.):
• Labor unions (or equivalent) • Division of labor/Specialization • Labor exploitation/replacement (loss of jobs to automation) • Pollution and other environmental effects (global warming, etc.) • “New colonialism”
“Developed” vs. “Developing”…
• “COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES” - (sustainable development) • "In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command."
“Developed” vs. “Developing”…
• Overconsumption: 80% of the world’s resources (including food, minerals, fuel, wood, water, energy, etc.) are consumed by 20% of the world’s population (those in industrialized countries). • Is this fair? Why/why not? What can we do about it?
1) First Industrial Rev. – manufacturing and rise of mechanization, mass production 2) Second Industrial Rev. (~ 1850) – rise of electricity, steamship, railways, internal combustion engine (enabling imperialism)
Effects of Industrial Rev. - benefits
• Urbanization • Expansion of public education, libraries, rising literacy rates • Extension of life expectancy • Increased wealth
“Moving up the value chainds developed economies to do one of two things:
– 1) outsourcing – 2) automation
In addition, increased education will create a stronger labor force intended to provide more skilled products and services (i.e. – move from “low tech” to “high tech”)
What is industrialization?
“The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines…”
What is industrialization? (cont.)
“…Characteristics of industrialization include the use of technological innovation to solve problems as opposed to superstition or dependency upon conditions outside human control such as the weather, as well as more efficient division of labor and economic growth.”
The pattern of wage growth (cont.):
• These countries generally have:
– A large, cheap labor source (supply-demand: wages kept low because so many workers) – Fewer rights and regulation to ensure quality of safety, health, pay and overall lifestyle for workers