武汉科技大学毕业外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译Undergraduate Thesis External Translation (700 Words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of social media, its influence on consumer behavior has drawn increasing attention from scholars and marketers. This paper aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior from the perspective of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Through a literature review and analysis, it is found that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by providing easy access to information, facilitating communication between consumers, and influencing brand perception. This research provides valuable insights for marketers in understanding and utilizing social media platforms to effectively engage with consumers and influence their purchasing decisions.1. IntroductionSocial media has become an integral part of people's daily lives, and its impact on consumer behavior cannot be ignored. This paper aims to investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior and provide practical implications for marketers. The research question is: How does social media influence consumer behavior in terms of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation?2. Information Acquisition2.1 Social media provides a platform for consumers to easilyaccess information about products and services. Through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, consumers can obtain product reviews, comparisons, and recommendations from peers. This information influences consumers' purchasing decisions and enhances their knowledge about products.2.2 Social media also serves as a source of entertainment and inspiration, enabling users to discover new trends and products. Influencers and celebrities, who gain popularity through social media, often endorse products and create consumer desire for these items. This form of indirect advertising through social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior.3. Interpersonal CommunicationSocial media platforms enable users to interact with friends, family, and even strangers. This communication aspect of social media hasa direct influence on consumer behavior.3.1 Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication through social media is prevalent. Consumers often share their positive or negative experiences with products on social media platforms, which influence others' opinions and purchasing decisions. These online conversations have a wide reach and can greatly impact brand perception.3.2 Social media facilitates communication between consumers and brands. Consumers can directly communicate with brands through social media channels, providing feedback, asking questions, and seeking assistance. This two-way communicationimproves customer satisfaction and loyalty.4. Brand Evaluation4.1 Social media plays a crucial role in brand evaluation. Consumers often seek information about brands, their values, and their reputation on social media platforms. Positive or negative brand mentions and reviews on social media greatly influence consumers' perceptions of brands, leading to either increased or decreased brand trust and loyalty.4.2 Social media influencers and celebrities endorsing particular brands also impact brand evaluation. These individuals' recommendations and opinions can greatly influence consumers' perceptions and preferences for specific brands.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by influencing information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Marketers should utilize and engage with social media platforms to effectively reach and influence their target customers. This research provides insights for marketers to enhance their social media strategies and create effective brand-consumer interactions.。
住房公积金外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目（中文）：住房公积金的资金在中国住房发展中起到的作用学院: 文法与经济学院专业: 劳动与社会保障学号: 201006113002学生姓名: 李根林指导教师: 董登新日期: 二○一四年六月The role of the housing provident fund in financing affordablehousing development in ChinaRodney HowesPEF, 2 (3): 247–251, 2003.f 2003 Cambridge UniversityPress247DOI: 10.1017/S1474747203001343 Printed in the Hong KongPolytechnic University住房公积金的资金在中国住房发展中起到的作用罗德尼豪斯PEF，2（3）： 247–251，2003年 f 2003 剑桥大学出版社DOI： 10.1018/S9764747203001343 由香港理工大学出版摘要由于改革开放政策，中国的经济一直在快速增长，伴随着我国经济成就，在中国主要城市的住房问题上仍然一直都没有解决。
根据1949年以来的传统的计划经济，所有的住房生产是国家的责任。
由于缺乏资金，新建住房的生产一直没能跟上日益增加的城市人口。
在1988年推出了城市住房制度改革提出了通过私人住房市场发展经济适用住房为普通家庭的策略。
然而，这样一种战略的实施遇到了一些障碍，包括缺乏二手房市场的，未开发的房地产界，不明确的土地和财产的立法和缺乏适当的物业管理支持。
在一片这些障碍，缺乏住房金融似乎是在问题的核心。
为了生成用于住房发展资金，中国政府在上海于1991年推出了住房公积金（ HPF）计划，在这项政策里，要求所有员工和雇主向HPF计划贡献自己的工资的一定比例。
对于职工个人账户分别设立在中国建设银行。
今天的工人被允许提取其HPF积蓄，当他们退休时，或者他们可以使用自己的HPF积蓄购买房屋在私人楼宇市场，或从康居工程。
毕业论文外文译文
毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。
翻译范本
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目（中文）：钠盐对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧以及Fe-P分离的影响研究学院: 材料与冶金学院专业: 冶金工程学号: 201102126052学生姓名: 黄含哲指导教师: 马江华日期: 二〇一五年六月Effects of sodium salts on reduction roasting and Fe–Pseparation of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite oreGuanghui Li1, Shuhui Zhang, Mingjun Rao, Yuanbo Zhang,Tao Jiang*International Journal of Mineral Processing 124 (2013) 26–34钠盐对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧以及Fe-P分离的影响研究李光辉，张书辉，饶明俊，张渊博，江涛国际矿物加工工程期刊124 (2013) 26–34摘要本文采用煤基直接还原后湿法磁选分离研究了钠盐对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原被烧以及Fe-P分离的影响中。
研究了各种参数，包括还原温度和时间，钠盐的类型和用量，磁选时磨矿细度以及磁场强度。
结果表明，与没有添加剂相比，加了硫酸钠和硼砂后，还原焙烧以及Fe-P分离的效果有了显著的改善。
当用含有7.5%的硫酸钠和1.5%的硼砂的添加剂，在合适的条件下，从含有Fe 48.96％和P 1.61％的鲕状赤铁矿中还原出含有92.7％的总Fe品位和0.09％的P含量的磁精矿。
光学显微镜和X衍射线（XRD）的研究结果表明，在没有硫酸钠的条件下还原，还原后的金属铁粒的尺寸在10-20微米并且与矿物脉石结合紧密。
通过对比，在有硫酸钠和硼砂的条件下还原，鲕结构被破坏且金属铁粒长大显著，平均尺寸可达50微米。
由此可知，在还原条件下，钠盐通过与脉石反应可以破坏鲕状结构，加强氧化铁的还原以及金属铁粒的长大，这对鲕状赤铁矿中Fe-P分离是有利的。
毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。
毕业论文的外文译文
毕业论文的外文译文Due to the increasing importance of communication and cooperation in today's globalized world, businesses are constantly looking for ways to improve their cross-cultural communication skills. One area where these skills are crucial is in the internationalization of companies, where firms require a deep understanding of the cultural differences in order to be successful. This requires a comprehensive understanding of not only language, but also the cultural norms and values of the target market. In this thesis, we will explore the importance of cross-cultural communication in international businesses and how it can be improved.The primary challenge in cross-cultural communication is the language barrier. While English is the dominant language in international business, many firms find that it's not enough to communicate effectively with their target market. There are cultural differences in the way people use language, as well as differences in nonverbal communication such as body language and facial expressions. For instance, in Japan, it's common to nod and smile even if one does not agree with astatement, whereas in the United States, a lack of disagreement often means agreement. These differences can lead to misunderstandings in business conversations, which can ultimately harm business relationships.In order to overcome these language barriers, companies need to invest in language training for their employees. This training should focus not only on the language itself, but also on the cultural norms and values associated with the language. For example, a Japanese training program might teach students about the concepts of harmony and respect in Japanese culture, and how these values influence the way people communicate with each other. By understanding these cultural norms, employees will be able to communicate more effectively with their Japanese counterparts.Another challenge in cross-cultural communication is understanding the cultural context of business interactions. In some cultures, business is conducted in a more formal manner, with a strong emphasis on hierarchy and protocol. In other cultures, business is more informal and relaxed. Companies need to understand these differences in order to work effectively in international markets.To overcome these context challenges, companies should incorporate cultural training into their employee training programs. Cultural training should focus on the history, customs, and traditions of the target market. It should also address the specific business practices and protocol required for success in that market.In conclusion, cross-cultural communication is a key determinant of success in international businesses. In order to succeed in foreign markets, companies must have a deep understanding of the language, cultural norms, and values of their target market. This requires a comprehensive training program that not only focuses on language skills, but also on the cultural context of business interactions. With the right training and support, companies can improve their cross-cultural communication skills and achieve success in global markets.。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
大学毕业论文英文翻译及原文
大学毕业论文英文翻译中文译文计算机网络每个一个世纪都有一种主导地位的技术。
18世纪伴随着工业革命的到来的是大型机械系统的时代；19世纪是蒸汽机的时代，而20世纪的发展历程中，关键的技术是信息收集、处理和分发。
在其他的发展方面，我们还可以看到：遍布全球的电话网络的建立起来了，无线电广播和电视的出现了，计算机工业诞生了，并且以超乎想象的速度在成长；另外通信卫星也发射上天了。
技术的快速发展的一个直接结果是，这些领域正在快速地融合，信息收集、传输、存储和处理之间的差别正在迅速地消失。
对于具有数百个办公室的大型组织来说，尽管这些办公室分布在广阔的地理区域中，但未来期望的情景是，工作人员只要单击一下按钮，就可以查看最远处分部的状态。
随着信息收集、处理和分发能力的不断提高，我们对于更加复杂的信息处理技术的需求也增长得更快。
与其他的工业(比如汽车和航空运输业)相比，计算机工业还是非常年轻，尽管如此，计算机技术却在很短的时间内有了惊人的进展。
在计算机诞生之初的20年间，计算机系统是高度集中化的，通常位于一个很大的房间中。
该房间通常配有玻璃墙，参观的人透过玻璃墙可以欣赏到里边伟大的电子奇迹。
中等规模的公司或者大学可能会有一台或者两台计算机，而大型的研究机构最多也就几十台计算机。
要在20年内生产出大量同样功能但是体积比邮票还小的计算机，在当时的人们看来纯属科学幻想。
计算机和通信的结合对于计算机系统的组织方式产生了深远的影响。
把一台大型的计算机放在一个单独的房间中，然后用户带着他们的处理任务去房间里上机，这种"计算机中心"的概念现在已经完全过时了。
由一台计算机来处理整个组织中所有的计算需求，这种老式的模型已经被新的模型所取代，在新的模型下，由大量独立的，但相互连接起来的计算机来共同完成计算任务。
这些系统称为计算机网络(computer networks)。
如何设计这些网络，并且将这些网络组织起来，这就是本书的主题。
毕业论文外文翻译
毕业论文外文翻译Title: The Influence of Technological Advancements on Education Abstract:This paper explores the impact of technological advancements on education. With the rapid development of technology, its introduction into education has revolutionized the way knowledge is acquired and shared. The benefits of technology integration in education include improving learning outcomes, enhancing access to education, and fostering collaboration and communication. On the other hand, potential challenges such as inequality in access to technology and the risk of replacing traditional teaching methods with digital tools are also discussed. To address these challenges, the paper proposes recommendations and strategies for effectively using technology in education. It concludes that while technology has the potential to significantly enhance education, careful planning, teacher training, and continuous evaluation are crucial to ensure its successful integration.1. IntroductionEducation is the foundation of personal and societal development. Over the years, technological advancements have played a significant role in transforming various sectors, including education. The integration of technology in education has opened up new possibilities for teaching and learning.2. Benefits of Technological Integration in Education2.1 Improved Learning OutcomesTechnology has the potential to enhance learning outcomes by providing personalized and engaging learning experiences.Interactive multimedia resources, such as videos, simulations, and virtual reality, can make complex concepts more accessible and understandable for students. Additionally, learning management systems and online platforms enable students to access educational materials anytime and anywhere, facilitating self-paced learning. 2.2 Enhanced Access to EducationTechnology has greatly expanded access to education, especially in remote and underserved areas. Online courses, virtual classrooms, and open educational resources have democratized education, allowing individuals to overcome geographical barriers and access learning opportunities that were previously unavailable. Furthermore, technology has created opportunities for lifelong learning, making education more accessible to adults and professionals.2.3 Collaboration and CommunicationTechnology enables collaboration and communication among students, teachers, and experts from different locations. Online discussion forums, video conferencing, and collaborative tools promote active participation, peer learning, and knowledge sharing. These digital platforms also facilitate communication between teachers and students, providing instant feedback and support outside of the traditional classroom settings.3. Challenges and ConcernsDespite the numerous benefits, there are challenges and concerns associated with technology integration in education.3.1 Inequality in Access to TechnologyThe digital divide creates unequal access to technology, making it difficult for some students to fully benefit from technology in their educational journey. Limited access to devices, stable internet connection, and technology literacy are major barriers that need to be addressed to ensure equal opportunities for all learners.3.2 Potential Over-reliance on TechnologyThere is a risk of over-reliance on technology, leading to the exclusion of effective traditional teaching methods or neglecting essential skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving. It is important to strike a balance between technology use and traditional teaching approaches, ensuring that technology complements and enhances, rather than replaces, the core aspects of education.4. Recommendations and StrategiesTo harness the potential of technology in education, it is important to consider the following recommendations and strategies:4.1 Infrastructure and AccessEfforts should be made to bridge the digital divide by providing infrastructure, such as devices and internet connectivity, to underserved communities. Schools and educational institutions should prioritize equal access to technology and ensure that students have the necessary skills to utilize it effectively.4.2 Teacher Training and Professional DevelopmentTeachers play a critical role in integrating technology into the curriculum. Adequate training and professional development programs are essential to equip teachers with the skills andknowledge to effectively use technology for teaching and learning purposes. Continuous support and opportunities for collaboration and sharing of best practices should be provided.4.3 Continuous Evaluation and AdaptationRegular evaluation and feedback mechanisms should be in place to assess the impact of technology integration on learning outcomes. This will help identify areas for improvement and adapt teaching practices accordingly. Continuous evaluation will also ensure that the integration of technology remains aligned with educational goals and objectives.5. ConclusionTechnology has the potential to reshape education in unprecedented ways. This paper has highlighted the benefits and challenges of technology integration in education. It is essential to recognize that technology is a tool, not a substitute for quality teaching and learning. Strategic planning, teacher training, and evaluation are necessary to ensure technology's effective integration into education, thus harnessing its full potential to improve learning outcomes, enhance access to education, and foster collaboration and communication.。
毕业论文外文资料原文译文
The Network is the PlatformAbstract：The network is the most cost-effective platform companies can use to integrate complex interactions for increased value and growthMost chief executive officers (CEOs) today are concerned about growth - and building their companies' capacity to grow, according to Cisco CEO John Chambers. "It doesn't matter where we are in the world," says Chambers. "Wherever I go, the first thing CEOs talk about is growth.""The second thing they want to discuss is how to build in the capability to grow, to use information technology (IT) to help enable - and perhaps even change - their business strategy, and how to do that with flexibility and agility," he adds.Today, business leaders are realizing that, by increasing the value of each transaction rather than simply trying to increase the number of transactions, they can enjoy a greater growth trajectory and better return on investment. By encouraging employees, partners and vendors to work more creatively and providing them with the IT tools to be more effective in their roles, companies are successfully transforming simple transactions into much more valuable interactions."In the next decade or two, interactions will bring a whole new level of innovation to us -- the ability to drive productivity at results that are five, ten maybe twelve times greater than what we have seen in the past. And one of the technologies that helps them increase the value of their transactions - and to move from transactions to interactions - is the network," Chambers explains.The Interactions NetThis 'Interactions Net' - an evolution of the way people communicate - signals that the technology sector's center of gravity is shifting to a standards-based platform: the Internet Protocol (IP) network. In this context, a platform has three basic attributes: it is based on open standards or interfaces; it is extensible and customizable, providing new market development possibilities; and it is pervasive. When these characteristics align, a huge new window of opportunity opens.As this new phase of interactions-centric development unfolds, the ubiquity and extensibility of IP is being combined with new levels of intelligence and capability to create the right network to serve as the basis for real-time business interactions. And the applications of the future are increasingly empowered by this network platform."The network is no longer just infrastructure, not just bandwidth," Chambers observes. "Instead, it is emerging as a secure platform for delivering the customized experience that 21st century consumers expect - whether that means delivering new services as a carrier, boosting productivity for businesses of any size or consumers looking for real-time, personalized entertainment and services." Blogs, wikis, social networks and collaborative applications all exemplify the new types of communication environment that the network enables."As the ever-more-intelligent network evolves into a platform, each of us will be able to communicate from any device and in whatever mode we choose," Chambers says. As the center of the Interactions Net, the network itself is emerging as an important IT platform - like the microprocessor, which has led innovation for the past 25 years. And the emergence of the network as a platform is changing the entire value chain of IT and placing the network squarely at the center of innovation: as many as 14 billion devices will be connected to the Internet by 2010, fueled by more and more computing tasks now being handled online, from phone calls to personalized searches to downloading entertainment.The communications transformation has many facets:Storage provides an example of this evolution. "Our storage at Cisco is used much more intelligently today than it was just a few years ago," Chambers points out. "More and more, we're using a network-based, intelligent storage model in which resources are added to and deleted from the network independent of the applications they support. Instead of allocating storage to particular processor tasks, we just put it up on the network, make it available and the network can intelligently map which resources go with which application resources." This virtualization increased storageutilization by 20 to 30 percent, dramatically increased operational efficiency and led to millions of dollars in annual savings.The Communications Company of the FutureCisco is leading the transition to a network-centric technology environment. By combining its core strength (IP) with intelligence, the company is creating a powerful communications platform that will serve as the basis for the convergence of data, voice, video and mobile communications systems in a secure, integrated architecture. The success that Cisco has achieved in recent years has come from continuously planning three to five years ahead, thereby managing to get ahead of important market transitions. That foresight continues to be the basis of its strategy moving forward. "Historically, the transitions we've been a part of have been technological; they've been relatively orderly and predictable," Chambers notes. "Now, however, we're seeing a wider-reaching, more dramatic transition. So our ability to predict successfully where the market will go is even more critical and offers much greater potential import for the company."Recent moves outline the company's strategy for maintaining its leadership position as the Interactions Net takes shape over the next decade. For example, Cisco has named three new 'Advanced Technology' markets that extend the company's position across the service provider, consumer and business environments. (Advanced Technologies are areas with the potential to create billion-dollar revenue streams; they also expand the Cisco value proposition to customers, as each is integrated into the core of the network.) These recent announcements - Linksys One, the intent to acquire Scientific Atlanta, and Application Services - underscore the company's firm commitment to its long-term architecture strategy."We continue to predict the directions we think the market will take," says Chambers. "These Advanced Technologies are indicative of how we believe the network will become the preferred service platform of the future."Whereas in the past, investment was focused primarily around applications that were built on microprocessor-based platforms (e.g., work stations, servers, desktops, laptops) and the applications they used, C isco believes that future investment will shift to applications that rely more on the network as the platform for their delivery. Real-time interactions are the future of business. As the network becomes a platform and changes the entire IT value chain, companies that take advantage of it will bebetter positioned to facilitate - and successfully manage - those interactions for future growth and increased value.网络就是一个平台网络作为最具成本效益的公司可以整合其增值和成长之间复杂的相互作用当今大部分行政人员（行政总裁）都在关注的成长和培养自己公司的这种成长的能力-此话出自于思科公司的首席执行官约翰钱伯斯。
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文AbstractThis report presents a translation of an academic article titled "The Impact of Technology on Education." The article discusses the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of education, particularly in terms of teaching methods, student engagement, and access to educational resources. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original article, while ensuring clarity and coherence for the readers.IntroductionTechnology has revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives, including the field of education. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology in classrooms and educational institutions worldwide. This article explores the impact of technology on education, highlighting its benefits and potential challenges.Teaching MethodsOne of the key effects of technology on education is the transformation of traditional teaching methods. With the introduction of interactive whiteboards, online learning platforms, and educational apps, teachers now have access to a wide range of tools and resources to enhance their teaching. These technologies enable teachers to create dynamic and engaging lessons, integrating multimedia content and interactive activities, which enhance student understanding and participation.Student EngagementTechnology has also had a profound impact on student engagement in the learning process. With the use of digital tools, students can now actively participate in their education and take ownership of their learning. Interactive quizzes, online discussions, and collaborative projects allow students to actively engage with the subject matter, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Moreover, technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and preferences.Access to Educational ResourcesAnother significant benefit of technology in education is the increased access to educational resources. Online libraries, open educational resources, and digital textbooks provide students with a vast amount of information at their fingertips. This access to a wide range of resources goes beyond what traditional textbooks and classrooms can offer, empowering students to explore and learn at their own pace.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the impact of technology on education is largely positive, there are also some challenges and considerations that need to be addressed. One concern is the potential for technology to create a divide between students who have access to technology and those who do not. It is essential to ensure equitable access to technology and training for all students to prevent further disparities in education.Additionally, the integration of technology in the classroom requires teachers to adapt and acquire new technological skills. Adequate training and support must be provided to empower teachers to effectively incorporate technology into their teaching practices.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a transformative impact on education. It has revolutionized teaching methods, enhanced student engagement, and provided increased access to educational resources. However, it is important to address the challenges and considerations that arise with the integration of technology in education. By doing so, we can ensure that technology continues to benefit and enhance the learning experience for all students.References:[Original Article Reference]。
毕业论文英文翻译要求（通用版）（范文模版）
毕业论文英文翻译要求（通用版）（范文模版）第一篇：毕业论文英文翻译要求(通用版)（范文模版）本科毕业设计（论文）英文翻译要求翻译的文章应与毕业设计课题或专业知识相关的文献，要求翻译1-2篇，合计中文字数不少于3000字。
外文翻译应包括：外文题目，作者、出版日期和出版社，翻译内容的起止页码，外文原文，然后是中文题目，作者、出版日期和出版社，中文翻译。
外文翻译所用的文献，应主要选自学术期刊或学术会议的文章，其次是教科书或其他书籍。
英文原文和翻译均作为毕业论文附录，同时给出英文原文的出处，如果是网上下载的原文请给出网址。
第二篇：毕业论文英文翻译武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译Automatic Statistical Process Control of a CNC Turning Centre Using Tool Offsets and Tool ChangeP.R.Gibson and K.HoangDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia 数控车削中心刀补及换刀的自动统计过程控制P.R.Gibson and K.Hoang澳大利亚伍伦贡大学机械工程系，新威尔士大学机械制造工程学院武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译该论文涉及了自动统计过程控制（ASPC）在数控车削中刀补和换刀的自动周期测量上的运用。
由于当今制造对快速稳定的控制系统的需求，而且为了实现较高的产出率，一个闭环ASPC系统已被采用。
我们引入了自动周期测量技术，以全面测量该系统。
关键字：工艺规划；数控；车削简介今天，所有制造行业都面临着采用更加经济高效的质量控制系统，以满足客户的需求这一问题。
翻译正文
On Using Unstable Electrohydraulic Valves for Control Kailash Krishnaswamy Perry Y.Li Department of Mechanical Engineering不稳定电液伺服阀用于控制的研究美国明尼苏达大学机械工程系凯拉什瓦米佩里元李《动态系统、测量与控制》 2002年3月，第二卷摘要高带宽、高流量电液阀通常有两级或多级，大多数多级阀的价格昂贵，需要极为清洁的油液，而且有更高的动态要求。
另一方面，单级阀便宜且更加可靠；然而，由于驱动阀芯的机电/电磁执行元件的限制，单级阀多数都有不适合于高带宽、高流量速率应用场合的局限性。
在本文中，我们研究了通过利用阀中的瞬时液动力使阀芯动态性能变成固有的开环不稳定来减小这种局限的可能性。
传统阀被设计为开环稳定，开环不稳定的阀必须借由闭环反馈来保持稳定。
动态仿真的试验研究可用来发现这种阀可能提供的动态性能和能量优势。
这些研究表明，当驱动力受限制时，这种开环不稳定的阀比开环稳定的阀有更加快速的响应速度。
除此以外，开环不稳定的阀需要的驱动力和能量较小。
关键词：流动不稳定性，电磁驱动器，电液伺服阀，瞬态液动力，不稳定液动力，不稳定阀1. 导言高带宽、高流量电液阀通常有两级或多级，其中一个通常是一个喷嘴挡板阀。
虽然广受欢迎，但多级电液阀费用比单级阀门要贵得多，而且还有不少的缺陷： (1)他们需要极为干净的油液，因为油液中的沉淀物会使喷嘴挡板阀故障 (2)它增加了系统动态性能的要求，这有可能引进预期不到的时间滞后，同时会使控制装置更具挑战性。
单级直动控制阀中的阀芯是由机电或电磁执行机构驱动的；他们相对于多极阀来说不太昂贵，对污垢不敏感，此外他们还比较容易制造，并且对动态性能的要求较低。
比例控制阀就是这种单级阀的一个例子。
不幸的是，大多数商业应用的单级直动阀不适合高性能，高流量的应用。
这是因为在高带宽和大流速的应用场合，机电执行机构驱动阀芯所需要的力和能量变得非常显著，这就限制了单级直动阀的应用场合。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
外文翻译原文
An Optimal Fuzzy-PI Controller for the High-PerformanceSpeed Control of a PMSMAbstract—The purpose of this paper is to present an adaptive method for improving the control performance of permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM) in operating condition. The approach allows to reduce speed tracking error and to cope with external disturbance. The methodology of speed control is presented in detail and two controllers are tested, traditional proportional integrative (PI) controller and fuzzy proportional integrative (fuzzy-PI) controller. Both controllers showed good results from experiments presenting similar behaviors. However, the fuzzy-PI stood out positively in some stages. The main motivation of this paper is the extension of fuzzy logic algorithm to improve servo control performance in industrial applications.Keywords-Fuzzy-PI; Speed Control; Disturbance; PMSMIntroductionHigh-performance servo system for permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM) is essential in many applications in the field of mechatronics such as precision engineering, computer numerically controlled machine tools and other applications in a variety of automated industrial plants . Due to the uncertainties, which are composed of unpredictable plant parameter variations, load disturbances, and nonlinear dynamics of the plant , the control performance of PMSM servo system is influenced seriously. In this situation, the servo drive may need to respond relatively swiftly to command changes and to offer enough robustness against the uncertainties. In order to meet the development requirements of high speed and high precision for linear motor, it is thus desired to have an intelligent controller that can own higher anti-disturbance performance according to the disturbances and uncertainties in operating condition.Up to now, a large number of control techniques (fuzzy, PI, PID, etc.) with varying complexity have been proposed . Fuzzy control was first introduced and implemented in the early 1970 in an attempt to design controllers for systems that are structurally difficult to model due to naturally existing nonlinearities and other modeling complexities. Sant et al. present the vector control of PMSM with hybrid fuzzy PI speed controller with switching functions calculated based on the weights. Yen-Shin Lai et al. present a new hybrid PI-type fuzzy controller for direct torque control induction motor drives with fast tracking capability, less steady state error, and robust to load disturbance. In summary, fuzzy logic control appears very useful when the processes are too complex to analyze by conventional quantitative techniques. It seems clear to everyone that speed control techniques have allowed to execute increasingly more complex tasks in servo system field.The performance of the fuzzy-PI controllers also depends on the choice of a suitable optimization algorithm. In this paper, an adaptive speed controller is proposed to minimize oreliminate the speed tracking error. The designed hybrid fuzzy-PI controller improves system performance in the transient and steady state. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, the vector control and disturbance effects for PMSM are described in detail. The adaptive fuzzy-PI controller is explained in section 3, whilst experimental results are presented in section 4 and conclusions are drawn in the final section.Pmsm vector controlIn the PMSM, excitation flux is set-up by magnets; subsequently magnetizing current is not needed from the supply . This easily enables the application of the flux orientation mechanism by forcing the magnetizing current component of the stator current vector to be zero. As a result, the electromagnetic torque will be directly proportional to the torque current component of the stator current vector, hence better dynamic performance is obtained by controlling the electromagnetic torque separately. A system configuration of a vector control PMSM servo system is shown in Fig. 1. In the vector control scheme, torque control can be carried out by suitable regulation of the stator current vector; this implies that accurate speed control depends on the regulated current vector.qr Figure 1. The system configuration of a vector control PMSMSpeed control system of PMSM is also multi-variable, nonlinear, strong-coupled system, and the disturbances mainly include the load inertia and load torque. In the running of servo system, system inertia may change. When the system inertia increases, the response of servo system will slow down, which is likely to cause system instability and result in climb. On the contrary, when the system inertia decreases, dynamic response will speed up with speed overshoot as well as turbulence. Meanwhile, the main role of servo system is to drive the load operation, but in many industries, the load carried by servo system is not constant. Changes in the load torque will have significant impact on servo control performance: in the running of servo system, the sudden increase or reduce of load torque would result in fluctuations in servo speed control, affecting the accuracy of positioning and control performance.Design of speed controllerIn this paper, we are proposing a speed control scheme based on fuzzy logic to improve the control performance for PMSM. Speed controller can be implemented using several approaches, such as PI, fuzzy, etc. However, when implementing a speed controller the following conditions should be considered:z Simplicity: The speed control law must be simple and easy to compute in order toenable fast servo adaptation.z PI-type control: In order to achieve a null steady state error, a PI type speed control lawshould be selected and implemented.z Implementation requirements should not include significant changes to the original control system.Given our objective and system requirements, two control algorithms, PI and fuzzy logic, are chosen. The choice for PI controller is due to its good performance when applied in practical situations, and the preference for fuzzy controller is due to no requirement of the rigorous mathematical system model.Fuzzy Control ArchitectureFuzzy logic was conceived to apply a more human-like way of thinking in computer programming. It is ideal for controlling nonlinear systems and model complex systems where ambiguity is common. It is also potentially very robust, maintaining good closed-loop system performance over a wide range of operating conditions. In our system, speed controller input variables are the speed error e and change of the speed error de :)()()(k k k e f r ωω−= (1))1()()(−−=k e k e k de (2)Where r ω is the speed command and f ω is the actual speed.Fuzzy-PIFrom the conventional PI control algorithm, we can obtain the following discrete equations:)()()(1k i k i k i q q q Δ+=− (3))()()(k e k k de k k i i p q +=Δ (4)If e and de are fuzzy variables, (3) and (4) become a fuzzy control algorithm. Then, the centre of area method is selected for defuzzify the output fuzzy set inferred by the controller:∑∑==Δ=Δn i ini q i q i i i 11)(ηη (5) Where i η is the membership function, which takes values in the interval [0, 1].Knowledge BaseThe knowledge base of fuzzy logic controller is composed of two components, namely, a database and a fuzzy control rule base. The well-known PI-like fuzzy rule base is used in this paper (Table 1). The surface of rule base is shown in Fig. 2. It allows fast working convergence without significant oscillations and prevents overshoots and undershoots.TABLE 1 FUZZY RULE BASENM nl nl nm nm ns ze psNS nm nm nm ns ze ps psNZ nm nm ns ze ps ps pmPZ nm ns ns ze ps pm pmPS ns ns ze ps pm pm pmPM ns ze ps pm pm pl plPL ze ps pm pl pl pl plFigure 2. The surface of rule baseTuning StrategyFuzzy logic design is involved with two important stages: knowledge base design and tuning. However, at present there is no systematic procedure to do that. The control rules are normally extracted from practical experience, which may make the result focused in a specific application. The objective of tuning is to select the proper combination of all control parameters so that the resulting closed-loop response best meets the desired design criteria.In order to adapt servo system to different disturbances, the scaling factors should be tuned. The controller should also be adjusted with characteristics representing the scenario to be controlled. These adjustments can be made through the scaling factors, usually applied in any PI controller. S.T. Lin et al. [10] proposed an adjustment where the scaling factors are dynamic and thus they have been adjusted along the task. In this paper, the scaling factors are set to appropriate constant values, achieved by the method of trial and error.ExperimentThe apparatus for the experiment contains three major parts and some data transferring buses, as shown in Fig. 3. These three major parts are: 1) a PC and a PCI with sampling time equal to 1ms; 2) AC servo drive using a DSP plus a FPGA, where DSP TMS320F2812 mainly accomplishes position, velocity and torque control, and FPGA EP2C8Q208C8N is responsible for the analysis and realization of absolute ruler and NCUC-Bus protocols; 3) PMSM with the parameters described in Table 2. Through the PCI controller, PC sends the speed commandand control parameters to servo drive, and receives expected torque current and feedback velocity from servo drive for the model identification.Figure 3. The apparatus for the experimentTABLE2MOTOR PARAMETERSMotor RatingTorque coefficient0.75Nm/ARated speed1000r/minRated Torque4.5NmFriction coefficient0.0008Nms/radInertia0.0028Nms2/radPoles3In the experimental tests without applied load torque, a trapezium-type speed command, the maximum speed of which is 1000r/min, is applied. To evaluate the control performance, a fixed PI controller is considered. Fig. 4 shows the speed response with PI controller, it indicates that the maximum speed error is about 34r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuation is about 7r/min at the constant speed stage. Speed response with fuzzy-PI controller is shown in Fig. 5, it has better speed tracking performance with the maximum speed error is about 15r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuations is about 3r/min at the constant speed stage.In the experimental tests without applied load torque, a trapezium-type speed command, the maximum speed of which is 1000r/min, is applied. To evaluate the control performance, a fixed PI controller is considered. Fig. 4 shows the speed response with PI controller, it indicates that the maximum speed error is about 34r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuation is about 7r/min at the constant speed stage. Speed response with fuzzy-PI controller is shown in Fig. 5, it has better speed tracking performance with themaximum speed error is about 15r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuations is about 3r/min at the constant speed stage.Time (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n)Time (s)S p e e d e r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 4. The speed response with PI controller (no load torque)Time (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n)Time (s)S p e e d e r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 5. The speed response with fuzzy-PI controller (no load torque)In the experimental tests with changed applied load torque, a slope-type speed command, the maximum speed of which is 1000r/min, is applied. When s t 2=, the applied load torque is 2Nm. When s t 5=, the applied load torque is suddenly became to 8Nm. To evaluate the control performance, a fixed PI controller is also considered. Fig. 6 shows the speed response with PI controller. When s t s 52<≤, the maximum speed error is about 95r/min at the acceleration stage and marked speed overshoot at the constant speed stage. When s t s 105<≤, it is clear that the maximum speed error fluctuation is about 50r/min and the tracking response does not meet the design specifications.Speed response with fuzzy-PI controller is shown in Fig. 7. When s t s 52<≤, the maximum speed error is only about 48r/min at the acceleration stage and unobvious speed overshoot at the constant speed stage. When s t s 105<≤, it is clear that the maximum speederror fluctuations is only about 8r/min. servo system with fuzzy-PI controller has better speed tracking performance and can suppress the load torque well.Time (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n )Time (s)S p e e d E r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 6. The speed response with PI controllerTime (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n )Time (s)S p e e d E r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 7. The speed response with fuzzy-PI controllerConclusionsThis paper has presented an adaptive fuzzy-PI speed control scheme for PMSM drive. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was proved through experiments, showing that the hybrid control improves significantly servo performance, making servo system more human-like, flexible and with capacity to make decisions. Substantially, the fuzzy-PI controller can occur a small overshoot against a large overshoot when using the PI controller. Furthermore, in some situations the fuzzy-PI controller showed to be a better solution to reach the set-point faster.。
Interface Shear Tests on FRP Composite Piles毕业翻译
1.摘要传统桩材料在严酷环境下使用的相关问题包括混凝土恶化、钢筋腐蚀和蛀虫对木桩的咬蚀。
据估计美国每年花费超过十亿美元在维修和替换滨水区的打桩系统。
如此高的维修和更换成本已经导致一些北美高速公路机构和人员调查使用纤维增强聚合物复合装和钢管桩等玻璃钢桩的可行性。
这些桩，如果被发现是可行的，可以提供优势如提高耐用性和降低寿命周期成本。
然而，复合桩具有相对较短的性能记录，并且很少有容易得到的证据充分的使用玻璃钢复合桩的项目。
、玻璃钢复合材料和钢筋混凝土不同在以下性能非均向性、低刚度、低表面硬度和不同的表面粗糙度。
因此，现有桩设计方法可能不能直接适用于玻璃钢复合材料成桩。
本文的重点主要是在玻璃钢复合桩的表面摩擦特性。
本文总结了沙复合桩界面剪切测试两种类型玻璃钢的结果，测试结果是与那些沙混凝土测试相比较，讨论了界面剪切强度对组合桩轴向应力的影响。
2.介绍传统的桥梁基础桩材料包括钢筋、混凝土和木材。
这些桩材料当被用在恶劣的海洋环境中寿命有限维修成本高。
降解问题包括氯攻击，混凝土钢筋腐蚀以及海虫的咬蚀。
据估计，修理和修理和更换打桩系统成本在美国超过每年10亿美元。
维修和更换成本高导致北美公路机构和研究人员调查了在运输和土木工程结构包括桥梁桩基础中使用复合材料的可行性，纤维增强聚合物（FPR）被认为是有吸引力的对于海洋和其他恶劣环境，因为他们能抵抗降解机制。
1980年以来，许多美国销售商已经开始销售选择桩产品成为“复合桩”。
术语“复合桩”通常是由玻璃钢，回收塑料或混合材料组成。
一些商用复合桩如图1所示。
到目前为止，复合桩使用一直仅限于海洋防撞桩，轻结构承重桩和一些实验测试桩。
组合桩尚未被土木行业广泛接受的原因主要是由于缺乏一个长期跟踪的性能记录。
然而，玻璃复合桩在严酷环境中可能出现的生命周期增长和耐久性提高，呈现出降低成本的大幅潜力。
玻璃钢复合材料与钢筋混凝土有明显的不同，是由于它的非均向性、低刚度、低表面硬度,和不同的表面粗糙度。
毕业论文英语翻译
毕业论文英语翻译Graduation Thesis- English Translation(700 words)Title: Impact of Social Media on Youth: A Comparative Study of China and the United StatesAbstract:This graduation thesis aims to explore and compare the impact of social media on youth in China and the United States. With the rapid development of technology, social media platforms have become an integral part of the daily lives of young people across the globe. This research focuses on understanding the extent to which social media influences their behavior, mental health, interpersonal relationships, and overall well-being. By conducting a comparative study between China and the United States, this thesis seeks to highlight the cultural differences and similarities in the utilization and effects of social media on youth in the two countries. Through the use of surveys, interviews, and analysis of existing literature, the research findings provide valuable insights to inform policymakers, educators, and parents on how to address the challenges and harness the opportunities presented by social media.Introduction:Social media platforms, such as WeChat, Weibo, Facebook, and Instagram, have become an integral part of daily life for young people around the world. With the increasing prevalence of smartphones, young people have unprecedented access to these platforms. This thesis focuses on understanding the influence ofsocial media on youth, as it has both positive and negative effects. For instance, social media has allowed young people to stay connected with friends, express themselves, and gain access to information. On the other hand, excessive use of social media can lead to mental health issues, cyberbullying, and reduced face-to-face social interaction.Methodology:To achieve the objectives of this thesis, a mixed-methods approach is adopted. A quantitative survey will be conducted among a sample of Chinese and American youth to collect data on their social media usage, behavioral changes, mental health, and relationship dynamics. Additionally, qualitative interviews will be conducted to gain deeper insights into their experiences and perceptions of social media. The analysis of existing studies and literature on social media will complement the primary data collected.Findings:Preliminary analysis suggests that Chinese and American youth have differing patterns of social media use. While Chinese youth tend to use platforms like WeChat and Weibo predominantly for communication, American youth often utilize platforms like Facebook and Instagram for personal expression. Moreover, Chinese youth show a higher inclination towards comparing themselves to others on social media, whereas American youth tend to engage in cyberbullying and online harassment more frequently. Both Chinese and American youth report experiencing anxiety and depression as a result of their social media use, albeit for different reasons.Conclusion:This research provides valuable insights into the impact of social media on the youth population in China and the United States. The comparative analysis highlights the cultural differences in social media usage and effects. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions and policies to address the challenges posed by social media, such as cyberbullying and mental health issues. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of digital literacy education for young people to navigate the complexities of social media in a responsible and informed manner. Keywords: social media, youth, China, United States, comparative study。
武科大外文翻译封面
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武汉科技大学本科毕业设计(论文)基本规范(学生用)
南宋灭亡的历史典故贾似道(1213-1275)，字师宪，号悦生，南宋晚期权相。
浙江天台屯桥松溪人。
京湖制置使贾涉之子，生母胡氏是贾涉的小妾。
贾涉死时，贾似道年仅11岁。
yuwenmi小编分享一篇南宋灭亡的历史典故，欢迎欣赏!贾似道误国南宋灭亡蒙古、南宋联合灭掉金朝以后，南宋乘机出兵，想收复开封、河南一带土地。
窝阔台借口南宋破坏协议，进攻南宋。
打这以后，蒙宋双方不断发生战争。
到窝阔台的侄儿蒙哥即位后，派他弟弟忽必烈和大将兀良合台进军云南，控制了西南地区。
公元1258年，蒙哥分兵三路，进攻南宋。
他自己亲率主力进攻合州(今四川合川)，忽必烈攻打鄂州(今湖北武昌)，另一路由兀良合台率领，从云南向北攻打潭州(今湖南长沙)，准备三路会师后，直取临安。
蒙哥的军队进攻合州的时候，合州宋将王坚和全城军民奋起反抗，坚守合州东面的钓鱼城。
蒙古军把钓鱼城围了五个月还没有攻下来，蒙哥却在攻城的时候被炮石打中，受了重伤，回到大营不久就死了。
忽必烈正向鄂州进兵，还没过江，得到蒙哥的死讯，有人劝他赶快回到北方去争夺汗位。
忽必烈说：“我奉命来攻打宋朝，哪能空手回去?”忽必烈观察了沿江的形势，就派几百人的敢死队当先锋，强渡长江，宋兵没有防备，果然溃败。
蒙古兵就大举渡江，把鄂州围住。
警报一个接一个送到临安，把南宋王朝震动了。
宋理宗命令各路宋军援救鄂州;又任命贾似道担任右丞相兼枢密使，到汉阳督战。
新任丞相贾似道，原是个不学无术的浪荡子，靠他的姐姐是宋理宗的宠妃，才得了官位。
他当上官后，什么事都不干，经常带着一批歌女在西湖上喝酒作乐。
有一天晚上，宋理宗在宫里登高眺望，看到西湖上灯火通明，就对左右侍臣说：“这一定是似道这小子。
”侍臣知道宋理宗宠着贾似道，就凑趣说：“别看他年纪轻轻，喜欢玩乐，他的才能大着呢。
”这回，宋理宗要他上汉阳前线督战，他只好硬着头皮去了。
有一次，他听说前面有一队蒙古兵，吓得直打哆嗦，嘴里连声叫着：“怎么办?怎么办?”后来，蒙古兵抢了一些财物走了，贾似道才拍拍胸口，喘了口气。
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本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目（中文）： 学专院:业:机械自动化学院机械工程及自动化 2011 级 5班学号: 201103130195学生姓名:指导教师:潘海超李贵日期:二〇一五年三月一种能反映深拉深过程中加载和卸载影响的摩擦型模A friction model for loading and reloading effects in deep drawingprocessesD.K.Karupannasamy，J.Hol, M.B.de Rooij,T.Meingers,D.J.SchipperWear,2014, 318(1-2):27-39一种能反映深拉深过程中加载和卸载影响的摩擦型模D.K.Karupannasamy，J.Hol, M.B.de Rooij,T.Meingers,D.J.Schipper磨损杂志，2014年，318卷1-2期，页码：27-39摘要拉深是汽车车身部件金属板料成形使用最广泛的一种成形工艺。
为了模拟拉深成 形过程，有限元（FE ）方法被用来预测成形性。
有限元模拟的准确性取决于材料模型， 数值模拟技术和接触算法。
虽然，在成形过程中模具和板料的接触状态影响摩擦系数， 但实际上摩擦系数通常被视为一个常数，在有限元模拟中一般都采用库仑摩擦系数。
然而，基于局部接触条件和表面形貌的摩擦模型可以提高冲压成形预测的准确性。
现 在，对于接触模型用于表征有限元模拟中的摩擦本质表现出越来越大的兴趣。
在拉深 过程中，滑动接触主要发生在模具和板料的压边区域之间。
由于受模具几何形状的影 响，板料在成形过程中的材料流动和弯曲效应使得材料受到压缩，导致压边区的接触 力分别不均匀。
板料的表面在滑动时进行反复的接触从而影响局部摩擦条件。
本文的 目的是基于混合模式的表面变形开发一种滑动摩擦模型。
该摩擦模型考虑板料和模具 的表面粗糙度，以及板料流过凹凸区域的硬化过程。
此外，在正常载荷下，模具还会 对板料产生厚向挤压。
为了更加精确的描述载荷与摩擦之间的关系，本文采用一个椭 圆抛物面的形状来描述凹凸的几何形状特。
该模型已在旋转摩擦试验机上进行了多载 荷条件的实验，并对对数据进行了比较。
关键词：摩擦模型，拉深过程，凹凸平坦化，犁，边界润滑1. 引言1.1 拉深过程中的接触条件拉深过程涉及到金属板材成形为所需形状的模具和冲头。
当金属板材和模具之间 的模具圆角区域受弯曲和拉伸力 的合力时（如图 1 所示）复杂的接触状况就会发生。
当压边和模具圆角区域以及金属板材的表面在不同负荷下经历反复的接触时接触压力 会不均匀。
例如，当板材滑过模具圆角区（标记如 1–3 图 1）时板材表面局部会被加载 到很大的接触压力而其它部位是较低的接触压力。
在微观尺度上，表面之间的接触是离散的。
表面形貌是由微小的不规则形状组成，称为凹凸。
正如 Tabor 表明的那样微接触的连接形成由于施加的载荷影响摩擦。
连接理论得到了进一步的应用来开发解释表面接触变形过程的模型。
Greenwood ，Williamson 和 pullen ，Williamson已使用统 计方法来解释表面的变形过程。
金属塑性加工过程中表面变形是复杂的，接触模型已经发展到由 Wilson ，Sheu 和Sutcliffe [6] 在平面应力和应变的条件下利用楔状的凹凸解 释体积变形的过程。
各种实验技术也已发展到通过模拟拉深过程发生的条件来测量摩擦系数。
实验的选择取决于变形过程怎样控制。
以一个简单的拉深过程（例如拉深试[1][2] [3] [4] [5]验或U形条拉拔试验）作为测试方法，冲头力可以被测量来量化表面粗糙度和润滑的影响。
一个杯形件拉深过程有限元模拟的接触压力图1.拉深成形过程接触条件的有限元模拟然而对于表面变形的个别因素像正常加载，拉伸和反复接触的影响则不能量化。
带钢拉伸试验已被ter Haar[7]用来测量表面变形（由于正常的加载和预拉伸）和滑动速度对拉深过程的影响并且构建了Stribeck曲线。
摩擦几乎不受体积成形过程影响。
[8]roizard等人也用带钢拉伸试验测量金属板料成形的摩擦来研究重复接触和温度的影响。
他们发现，在反复接触的条件下摩擦系数因材料粘合剂转的移而增加。
埃蒙斯 只 在正常载荷条件下用旋转摩擦试验机研究了表面粗糙度，润滑和各种组合材料的影响。
乔纳森等人 用拉伸弯曲试验使用不同材质的表面通过复制模具半径的变形区来测量 摩擦。
维柯兰德等人 也采用弯拉试验验证了在正常载荷和体积变形以及润滑影响的 条件下对于不同的表面材质和各种滑动速度的板材的一个摩擦模型。
现今有各种各样 的接触模型与已发展的实验被进行来解释拉深过程中的摩擦磨损行为。
模型和实验之 间的相关性仍然缺乏对个别影响因素的考虑。
本文着重于提高与正常加载和重加载表 面相关的已被发展的摩擦模型的预测能力。
由于表面粗糙度和弯曲力的分别变化，体 积变形复杂性增加了带钢拉伸试验以及拉伸弯曲试验的摩擦测量的困难性。
用接触模型来预测摩擦系数在 中被描述，此部分讨论了在正常负载和体积变形的凹凸平坦化，耕犁，第三体效应，边界润滑和混合润滑条件的影响。
但是板材表面的变形被认 为是刚塑性的。
目前的工作重点是改善用于加载和重加载条件下的混合变形模式的接 触模式。
1.2.接触模型模具和板材表面名义上是平的。
当两个名义上的平表面接触时，接触仅发生在一 定的点，如图 2 所示。
因此，通常实际接触面积比名义接触面积较小。
接触表面因粗 糙度水平的不同而不同。
模具表面通常比板材表面光滑。
在接触模型中，可以假定在 工件（板材）光滑粗糙尺度 是光滑的。
平滑的模具将使工件表面粗糙度降低。
当遇 到加载/卸载表面时凹凸表面将经历变形的混合模式。
Jamari 和 Schipper 的弹塑性接 触模型用来解释重新加载接触条件下工件的凹凸变形。
在一个较小的范围内（即，模 具表面粗糙度水平），模具凹凸缩进到扁平的工件。
在滑动过程中，收缩的模具凹凸在工件上产生耕犁。
在弹塑性接触条件下梅森等人 提出了一种模具压痕模型来计算 磨损过程。
摩擦系数的计算是基于由 Karupannasamy 等人 提出的模具凹凸的耕犁模型。
[9][10][11][12-21] [12][22][23] [13]图 2.拉深成形过程中模具和板材金属表面之间发生的接触1.3.凹凸表征表面是用一个像素高度的矩阵表示的。
随着接触载荷的增加，表面分离减少。
对 于一个已知的表面分离，接触斑位于高度矩阵。
接触斑通过连接像素的方法鉴别。
在 接触斑确定之后，其以椭圆抛物面为特征，使用由德罗阿等人 给出的接触斑的体积和面积。
这提供了一个更好的关于凹凸的描述相对于圆锥形或球形根据 。
该接触斑基底面积是使用半长和半短的椭圆来描述的，a 和 b 相对椭圆滑动方向的方向如图 2 所示。
椭圆抛物面体在长轴和短轴的方向用 RX 和RY 表示。
2.单粗糙峰变形模型一种凹凸的接触随着载荷的增加经历三种不同模式的变形，即弹性，弹塑性和塑 性变形。
当载荷增加到临界载荷超出弹性范围时，可塑性就会发生。
可塑性发生在表 面之下。
然而卸载后凹凸一部分变形区域仍保持弹性，而其余部分的变形得到了恢复。
由于塑性变形导致了凹凸的几何形状的变化。
因此刚性平面的半球状的凹凸变形的有 限元模拟模型由 Shankar 和 Mayuram[25] 提出。
最初，塑性变形区开始于凹凸中心下方一个小的包含区域。
由于压力是有限的在凹凸的顶端是静水压力状态的条件。
塑性变 形区的四周是静压核心和弹性变形区域正如约翰逊 所提出那样。
随着负荷进一步增 加，静压核心与弹性区域之间的塑性区会有所变化。
当达到一个全塑性变形阶段，静 压核心和弹性区被塑性区包围。
大量的努力已经投放到单粗糙峰 混合变形模式接触模型的研究中。
2.1. 凹凸的加载[24][14,23,24][26] [27-29]椭圆抛物面的凹凸负荷模型是在本节根据介绍的。
2.1.2.弹性接触从Hertz弹性理论，弹性接触面积和负载是就其凹凸的干涉及其几何形状来表示的。
弹性接触面积，椭圆抛物面的弹性接触面积Ae给出为：（1）平均有效半径R的粗糙被给出为：（2）对于弹性接触的情况下，无量纲参数分别为:(3)(4)(5)椭圆积分E（m)和K（m）近似为:（6)(7)其中:(8)(9)凹凸曲率比被定义为：[30][30](10)在弹性条件下椭圆抛物面的凹凸接触负荷被定义为：(11)对于给定的几何形状和材料性质出现塑性时主要的干涉的计算用赫兹接触理论。
平均接触压力给出为：(12)根据 Tabor 当平均赫兹接触压力超过接触压力因素时全塑性变形发生。
接触压力 的因素是与材料的硬度和硬度系数有关的：(13)与冯米塞斯材料的泊松比有关的硬度系数从剪切应变能准则根据 给出了相关计算公式：(14)可塑性的临界干涉从(12）-（14）的公式中给出：(15)2.1.2.完全塑性接触在完全塑性区，由凹凸表面造成的接触压力等于材料的硬度。
正如 Abbott 和Firestone 所描述那样对于塑性变形粗糙峰接触载荷和面积是通过简单的截断的粗糙 的几何形状获得的。
在全塑性条件下的椭圆抛物面粗糙峰接触面积为：（16）在接触条件下塑性载荷被给出为:（17）[2] [31] [32]对于干涉用一个确切的描述来实现完全塑性变形是人们所不知道的，他是通过采用约翰对于全塑性变形的标准来估计的。
根据约翰逊，在接触载荷等于400倍的第一塑性屈服负荷时全塑性变形发生。
首先通过再一次假设平均接触压力等于该材料的硬度来计算屈服载荷：（18）在求解方程（18）之后，对于全塑性变形的过渡干涉给出为：（19）参数CA为第一塑性屈服接触面积的临界接触面积比。
对于钢，C A= 160由Jackson 和Green给出。
对于球形钢接触（λ=1），过渡可以进一步简化为：（20）2.1.3. 弹塑性接触Zhao等人通过提供弹性和塑性接触区之间的平滑过渡给出了一种弹塑性接触模型（ZMC-模型）。
在弹塑性变形模式下，接触面积从一个完整的椭圆面积变化为半椭圆面积。
Zhao 等人使用了过渡干涉加入两渐近线的接触面积的多项式表达。
相对干涉被定义为:（21）接触区的塑性变形过程在弹性收缩后被给出为：（22）从平均接触压力和弹性–塑性变形过程中的接触面积性得到的弹塑料接触载荷为：（23）2.2.单粗糙峰接触卸载[26][33][29]武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译在拉深过程中，摩擦系数不仅受表面的载荷也受到反复作用下的荷载的影响。
当凹凸在一个接触压力变形和在一个较低的接触压力再次进行加载时，凹凸会弹性变形因为塑性变形已在第一次加载阶段发生。
这将影响变形体的接触面积和接触载荷。
在弹性变形模式下，接触载荷小于塑性载荷。