1998年考研英语真题(张剑)
1998年考研英语真题及解析
1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C],and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man.But they insisted that its3results during the period from1750to1850were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population.5 contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650to1750,when England was still a6agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,7,is generally thought to be wrong.Specialists8history and economics,have9two things:that the period from1650to1750was10by great poverty,and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1.［A］admitted［B］believed［C］claimed［D］predicted2.［A］plain［B］average［C］mean［D］normal3.［A］momentary［B］prompt［C］instant［D］immediate4.［A］bulk［B］host［C］gross［D］magnitude5.［A］On［B］With［C］For［D］By6.［A］broadly［B］thoroughly［C］generally［D］completely7.［A］however［B］meanwhile［C］therefore［D］moreover8.［A］at［B］in［C］about［D］for9.［A］manifested［B］approved［C］shown［D］speculated10.［A］noted［B］impressed［C］labeled［D］markedSectionⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40points)Text1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.But to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind.Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assertthemselves.Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended.The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left--all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet,the myth of controlling the waters persists.This week,in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams.But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile,in India,the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction.The benefits are for the powerful,but they are far from guaranteed.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper, or scientific.It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan.You don’t need a dam to be saved.11.The third sentence of Paragraph1implies that________.[A]people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B]the blind could be happier than the sighted[C]over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D]fascination makes people lose their eyesight12.In Paragraph5,“the powerless”probably refers to________.[A]areas short of electricity[B]dams without power stations[C]poor countries around India[D]common people in the Narmada Dam area13.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A]They bring in more fertile soil.[B]They help defend the country.[C]They strengthen international ties.[D]They have universal control of the waters.14.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.[A]“It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B]“More haste,less speed”[C]“Look before you leap”[D]“He who laughs last laughs best”Text2Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that,if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by1.2%since1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.And since1991,productivity has increased by about 2%a year,which is more than twice the1978-87average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training.Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.First,some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done.Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes,says that much“re-engineering”has been crude.In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.His colleague, Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish--“the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15.According to the author,the American economic situation is________.[A]not as good as it seems[B]at its turning point[C]much better than it seems[D]near to complete recovery16.The official statistics on productivity growth________.[A]exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B]fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C]meet the expectation of business people[D]fail to reflect the true state of economy17.The author raises the question“what about pain without gain?”because________.[A]he questions the truth of“no gain without pain”[B]he does not think the productivity revolution works[C]he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D]he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A]Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B]New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C]The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics --but no longer.As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University;and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in1995,and“Science in the Age of(Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people.Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity.Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia.But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics.The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed,some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term‘anti-science’can lump together too many,quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19.The word“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)in the context probably means________.[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation[D]contempt20.Paragraphs2and3are written to________.[A]discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B]show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C]explain the way in which science develops[D]exemplify the division of science and the humanities21.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A]Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B]Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C]The“more enlightened”tend to tag others as anti-science.[D]Tagging environmentalists as“anti-science”is justifiable.22.The author’s attitude toward the issue of“science vs.anti-science”is________.[A]impartial[B]subjective[C]biased[D]puzzlingText4Emerging from the1980census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development--and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the historyof the nation’s head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the1970s by23.2million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only11.4percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states--Florida,Texas and California--together had nearly10million more people in1980than a decade earlier.Among large cities,San Diego moved from14th to8th and San Antonio from15th to10th--with Cleveland and Washington.D.C.,dropping out of the top10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom”generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon:More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people,too.Some instances—■Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate--37.1percent since1970in a vast area with only5percent of the US population.■Among states,Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all:63.5and53.1percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas,the top10in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5 million people--about9per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added3.7million to its population in the1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West.Often they chose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the1970s,to18.5percent--little more than two thirds the1960s’growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980census provided,Americain1970s________.[A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B]witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D]brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A]it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B]it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C]it reveals the Americans’new pursuit of spacious living[D]it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that________.[A]California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B]the top10states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C]cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D]Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)most probably means________.[A]people in favor of the trend of democracy[B]advocates of migration between states[C]scientists engaged in the study of population[D]conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText5Scattered around the globe are more than100small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface;on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes.The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.Africa and South America,for example,are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth,provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question.From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past30million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot,the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome.As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates theformation of a new ocean.Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).27.The author believes that________.[A]the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B]the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C]the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D]the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A]the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B]they have been found to share certain geological features[C]the African plate has been stable for30million years[D]over100hot spots are scattered all around the globe29.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining________.[A]the structure of the African plates[B]the revival of dead volcanoes[C]the mobility of the continents[D]the formation of new oceans30.The passage is mainly about________.[A]the features of volcanic activities[B]the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C]the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D]the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some15billion light-years from earth.31)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed15billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected:the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite--Cobe--had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosionthat has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion froma single mass of energy).32)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars, plants and eventually,even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.They shouldn’t have long to wait.33)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.34)If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second,propelled by a sort of antigravity.35)Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31.________32.________33.________34.________35.________Section V WritingDirections:[A]Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than150words.[B]Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2.Give your commentsn.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年答案及解析PartⅠCloze Test1.A2.B3.D4.A5.D6.D7.A8.B9.C10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.C12.D13.D14.CPassage215.A16.B17.B18.APassage319.C20.D21.A22.APassage423.B24.C25.D26.CPassage527.B28.B29.C30.CPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(完整版)考研英语真题1998年
1998年Part Ⅰ Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not be Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.A. a species'B. for survivingC. areD. to succeeding12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.A. keepsB. whichC. so muchD. to receive13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.A. will not acceptB. shall haveC. the cashD. would be14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.A. Having beenB. offC. notD. very much15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.A. will beB. thatC. theirD. practices16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A. suchB. separatesC. onD. far - scattered17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.A. intellectual inferiorB. andC. aD. energies18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.A. TheB. more thanC. destroyingD. over19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.A. removeB. wouldC. thatD. it20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.A. could best beB. firstC. with authoritiesD. technicalSection CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caughta ______ of him.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in returnfor certain services.[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amountsPart Ⅱ Gloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42)man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points )Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigationare possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mererubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ______.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction[C] separation [D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate --37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states [C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whetherone continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ______.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70. The passage is mainly about ______.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart Ⅳ English - Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese . four translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. ( 15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip at enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71 But even more important, it was farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the。
考研英语真题1998年
1998年Part Ⅰ Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.A. a species'B. for survivingC. areD. to succeeding12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.A. keepsB. whichC. so muchD. to receive13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.A. will not acceptB. shall haveC. the cashD. would be14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.A. Having beenB. offC. notD. very much15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.A. will beB. thatC. theirD. practices16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A. suchB. separatesC. onD. far - scattered17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.A. intellectual inferiorB. andC. aD. energies18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.A. TheB. more thanC. destroyingD. over19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.A. removeB. wouldC. thatD. it20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.A. could best beB. firstC. with authoritiesD. technicalSection CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caughta ______ of him.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in returnfor certain services.[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amountsPart Ⅱ Gloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42)man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points )Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigationare possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by % since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mererubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain" because ______.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction[C] separation [D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: and percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states [C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whetherone continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ______.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70. The passage is mainly about ______.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart Ⅳ English - Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese . four translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. ( 15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip at enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71 But even more important, it was farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the。
1998年考研真题(英一)
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Text 1
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
1. [AJ 2. [AJ 3. [AJ 4. [AJ 5. [AJ 6. [AJ 7. [AJ 8. [AJ 9. [AJ 10. [AJ
admitted plain momentary bulk On broadly however at manifested noted
[BJ believed [BJ average [BJ prompt [BJ host [BJ With [BJ thoroughly [BJ meanwhile [BJ in [BJ approved [BJ impressed
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 1 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its_3_ results during the period from 15 7 0 to 15 8 0 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.
考研英语1998阅读真题解析
考研英语阅读真题解析（1998）Text 1核心词汇capture［5kAptFE］v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占（capt+ure动词后缀→抓住毛病→逮捕）cement［si5ment］n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强civilize［5sivilaiz］v.使文明,开化（civil市民→文明+ize动词后缀→文明化）complex［5kCmpleks］a.复杂的；综合的；联合体（com共同+plex重叠→全部重叠→复杂的）conflict［5kCnflikt9 kEn5flikt］n.战争;冲突(con共同+flict打击→共同打→冲突)deprive［di5praiv］vt.剥夺,夺去,使丧失（de去掉+prive→从个人身边拿走→剥夺），priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），使某物离开个人→剥夺drought［draut］n.旱灾,干旱go ahead n.批准，允许hydroelectric［5haidrEi5lektrik］a.水电的(hydro水+electric电→发电的)imagination［i9mAdVi5neiFEn］n.想象（力）；空想，幻觉；想象出来的事物（imagin想象+ation→想象）irrigation［9iri5geiFEn］n.灌溉；冲洗;水利mercy［5mE:si］n.仁慈,怜悯,宽恕myth［miW］n.神话;神话（总称）；想像的、虚构或不可能存在的事物、人persist［pE:5sist］v.（in）坚持,持续（per始终，完全＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底）proper［5prCpE］a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的resolve［ri5zClv］v.决心;（使）分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心（困难）（re再+solve→再松开→解决）。
同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solvespill［spil］v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下symbol［5simbEl］n.（符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”wrong headed a. 执迷不悟的难句剖析难句1：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.［分析］此句是一个强调句型，基本结构是“it is... that...”，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，句子的主干是“Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating”。
考研英语真题1998年
1998年Part ⅠStructure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.A. a species'B. for survivingC. areD. to succeeding12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.A. keepsB. whichC. so muchD. to receive13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.A. will not acceptB. shall haveC. the cashD. would be14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much ininternational political terms.A. Having beenB. offC. notD. very much15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.A. will beB. thatC. theirD. practices16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A. suchB. separatesC. onD. far - scattered17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.A. intellectual inferiorB. andC. aD. energies18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.A. TheB. more thanC. destroyingD. over19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.A. removeB. wouldC. thatD. it20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.A. could best beB. firstC. with authoritiesD. technicalSection CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ______ of him.[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amountsPart ⅡGloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42) man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedPart ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points ) Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ______.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction[C] separation [D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate --37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ______.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70. The passage is mainly about ______.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart ⅣEnglish - Chinese TranslationDirections:。
张剑1986-1999年考研英语试题解析 打印版
1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Close Test一、文章结构分析本文记叙了一位女士一次购物的经历。
第一段总述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都进城购物。
二至四段具体讲述了她某一次的购物经历。
二、试题具体分析1. ［A］so这么，那么［B］more更多［C］else其他的，别的［D］another另外一个本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配+副词用法。
［快速解题］空格所在部分For an hour or 1 是句子的时间状语，考生要判断选项中哪个副词代入能符合这一结构并使文意通顺。
…or so 是固定搭配，用在数字之后，表示“…左右，…上下”，for an hour or so指“一个小时左右”，说明了时间，符合文意。
因此选［A］so。
［篇章分析］文章第①句总说，交待人物（Annie）、时间（每周三下午）、地点（城镇）、活动内容（购物）。
②③具体讲述活动内容：首先购买所需物品（②句），然后到家具店“橱窗购物”（③句）。
句间通过On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour 时间链条，in the market—up and down between the stalls—（leave the market）for the streets—furniture shop地点链条实现衔接。
［空格设置］此处考查so用作副词的一个惯用语…or so，表示约指，例句：There were 20 people or so there.那儿差不多有20个人。
［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的副词。
else用于疑问句或nothing，something，everybody等之后，如：What else did he say?他还说了些什么？or else意为“要不然，否则”，是连词词组，引导句子，如：Hurry up or else you’ll be late.快点，否则你就要迟到了。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题试题精解-推荐下载
了；其次 believed 和 claimed 都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有 admitted 可
以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从
长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。"
2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人 [B] average（man）平民，普通人
二、试题具体解析
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电通，力1根保过据护管生高线0产中不工资仅艺料可高试以中卷解资配决料置吊试技顶卷术层要是配求指置，机不对组规电在范气进高设行中备继资进电料行保试空护卷载高问与中题带资22负料，荷试而下卷且高总可中体保资配障料置各试时类卷，管调需路控要习试在题验最到；大位对限。设度在备内管进来路行确敷调保设整机过使组程其高1在中正资，常料要工试加况卷强下安看2与全22过，22度并22工且22作尽2下可护1都能关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编工.写况保复进护杂行层设自防备动腐与处跨装理接置，地高尤线中其弯资要曲料避半试免径卷错标调误高试高等方中，案资要，料求编5试技写、卷术重电保交要气护底设设装。备备4置管高调、动线中试电作敷资高气，设料中课并3技试资件且、术卷料拒管中试试调绝路包验卷试动敷含方技作设线案术，技槽以来术、及避管系免架统不等启必多动要项方高方案中式；资，对料为整试解套卷决启突高动然中过停语程机文中。电高因气中此课资，件料电中试力管卷高壁电中薄气资、设料接备试口进卷不行保严调护等试装问工置题作调，并试合且技理进术利行，用过要管关求线运电敷行力设高保技中护术资装。料置线试做缆卷到敷技准设术确原指灵则导活：。。在对对分于于线调差盒试动处过保，程护当中装不高置同中高电资中压料资回试料路卷试交技卷叉术调时问试，题技应，术采作是用为指金调发属试电隔人机板员一进，变行需压隔要器开在组处事在理前发；掌生同握内一图部线纸故槽资障内料时，、，强设需电备要回制进路造行须厂外同家部时出电切具源断高高习中中题资资电料料源试试，卷卷线试切缆验除敷报从设告而完与采毕相用，关高要技中进术资行资料检料试查，卷和并主检且要测了保处解护理现装。场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.CPart Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary Section A1.the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught【句意】昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。
【答案】B【考核知识点】非谓语动词【解析】动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作；分词表示一般容易”。
故应该选B。
2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn’t dress upB. did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress upD. needn’t have dressed up【句意】原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。
【答案】D【考核知识点】情态动词【解析】一般情况下，“do not need to do sth.”或“need not do sth.”意为“没有必要去做某事”，表示某事还没有做；“do not need to do sth.”中的“need”是行为动词，“need not do sth.”中的“need”是情态动词；“needn’t have done sth.”意为“原本没有必要做某事”，表示某事已经做了；根据“it turned out to be(原来是)”可知，我们已经参加了那个聚会，所以A、C不对；B的表达方式明显不对，应该为“did not need to have dressedup”。
考研英语1998年真题及解析
1998年考研英语真题精解精析1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1998年试题题型与1997年相比难度保持一致，但总体难度较往年略有上升。
翻译部分的文章难度加大。
所要求翻译的五个句子难度相当高，如果不仔细阅读原文，结合原文进行翻译将很难获得哪怕是一分的分值。
这也是1998年考题的一个显著特点。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
【英汉对照】41.[A]admitted(承认)[B]believed(相信，认为)[C]claimed(宣称，声称)[D]predicted(预测)42.[A]plain(平凡的)[B]average(普通的)[C]mean(平均的，卑鄙的)[D]normal(正常的)43.[A]momentary(片刻的，瞬息的)[B]prompt(及时的，迅速的)[C]instant(效果快速的，瞬即产生的)[D]immediate(直接的，立刻的)44.[A]bulk(绝大多数)[B]host(一大群，许多)[C]gross(总额，总量)[D]magnitude(大小)45.[A]On(关于)[B]With(随着)[C]For(为了)[D]By(通过……方式)46.[A]broadly(大体上，概括地，广泛地)[B]thoroughly(彻底地)[C]generally(广泛地，通常)[D]completely(完全地，全部地)47.[A]however(然而)[B]meanwhile(同时)[C]therefore(于是)[D]moreover(进而)48.[A]at(在……点)[B]in(在……方面)[C]about(关于)[D]for(为了)49.[A]manifested(表现，证明)[B]approved(同意，批准，赞同)[C]shown(指出，显示，说明)[D]speculated(指出，显示，说明)50.[A]noted(因……而著名)[B]impressed(被……留下深刻印象)[C]labeled(被视为……)[D]marked(具有……的特征)【核心词汇】abundance[E5bQndEns]n.丰富，充裕，大量critical[5kritikE]a.批评的,评论的;危急,紧要的;临界的,吹毛求疵的，批评严厉的；判断谨慎的（crit+ical形容词后缀→批判的）historian[his5tC:riEn]n.历史学家；史学工作者（history历史+ian→历史学家）majority[mE5dVCriti]n.多数,大多数,成年,法定年龄（major主要的+ity名词后缀→多数）misery[5mizEri]n.痛苦,悲惨,不幸，悲惨的境遇，贫苦（miser+y名词后缀→可怜）industrialization[in7dQstriElai5zeiFn]n.工业化（industrial工业的+ization）poverty[5pCvEti]n.贫穷,贫困；缺少,缺乏preceding[pri(:)5si:diN]a.在前的,在先的（preced+ing形容词后缀）prosperity[prCs5periti]n.繁荣,兴旺，发达，昌盛（prosper+ity名词后缀→繁荣）specialist[5speFElIst]n.专家；专科医生（special+ist人）【超纲词汇】populace[5pCpjulEs]n.百姓,平民【常用词组】in the long run从长远来看,终究speak of谈到,讲到;显示出……【答案与详解】41.答案→A考点→上下文语义+动词词义辨析解题技巧→文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。
考研英语真题及解析
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷Section I Cloze TestUntil recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man. But they insisted that its3results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population. 5contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a6agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists8history and economics, have9two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was10by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionText 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University。
1998年考研英语试题及参考答案（3）
Passage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a na- tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recom- mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial ques- tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro sug- gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions , although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific melhod"a substitute for imaginative thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ- ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them him- self, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indi- cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know ex- actly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls a-mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68 . The author asserts that sclentists __[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D]should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists__[A]have a keen interest in prediction[B]often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D]stick to "scientific method"70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected[B]can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D]are mostly underestimated by managementPart IV: English-Chinese Translation71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation ofhistorians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In thls search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the histo- rian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an un- ending process .72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questtons and providing rewarding ap- proaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a dis- cipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contempo- rary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 ) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. His-torians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tun- nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sci- ences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their ac- tivity with specific techniques.。
1998年全国硕士研究生考试试题及答案英语
这篇关于1998年全国硕⼠研究⽣考试试题及答案英语，是特地为⼤家整理的，希望对⼤家有所帮助！Part ⅠStructure and Vocabulary(每题0.5分，共20分)Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.［A］from［B］after［C］for［D］since The sentence should read, I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose ［D］. Sample Answer ［A］［B］［C］［D］ 1、I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time [] the last bus.（本题分值：0.5分）【正确答案】 B ［注释］本题考查⾮谓语动词的⽤法区别。
HARDLY HAVE TIME TO DO 需⽤不定式，不能⽤现在分词。
［A］项表⽰动作在主句动作之前发⽣，因此，也不对。
［A］to have caught ［B］to catch ［C］catching ［D］having caught2、As it turned out to be a small house party,we [] so formally.（本题分值：0.5分）【正确答案】 D ［注释］本题考查情态动词NEED的否定⽤法。
1998年考研外语考试真题及答案
1998年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Use of English1、Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 【B1】 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 【B2】 man. But they insisted that its 【B3】 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 【B4】 of the English population. 【B5】 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 【B6】 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 【B7】 is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 【B8】 history and economics, have 【B9】 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 【B10】 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.【B1】A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted2、【B2】A．plainB．average C．meanD．normal3、【B3】A．momentary B．promptC．instant D．immediate 4、【B4】A．bulkB．hostC．grossD．magnitude 5、【B5】A．OnB．WithC．ForD．By6、【B6】A．broadlyB．thoroughly C．generally D．completely 7、【B7】A．howeverB．meanwhile C．therefore D．moreover 8、【B8】A．atB．inC．aboutD．for9、【B9】A．manifestedB．approvedC．shownD．speculated10、【B10】A．notedB．impressedC．labeledD．marked11、 I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.having caught12、 As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.A.needn't dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn't have dressed up13、 I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD.might have offended14、 Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told15、 Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16、 Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroomtests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when17、 There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.A.howB.whereC.whatD.when18、 I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.A.aboutB.sinceC.tillD.with19、 He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered20、 ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A．Had it not beenB．Were it notC．Be it notD．Should it not be21、 The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.A．amendingB．fittingC．mendingD．renovating22、There were many people present and he appeared only fora few seconds， so I only caught a __________of him.A.glanceB.glimpseC.lookD.sight23、 I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.A．show upB．show outC．show inD．show off24、 The returns in the short ______ may be small, but overa number of years the investment will be well repaid.A．intervalB．rangeC．spanD．term25、 A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.A．acquisitionB．discriminationC．curiosityD．familiarity26、 She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.A．justifyB．testifyC．rectify27、 I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services.A．take awayB．cut outC．write offD．clear up28、 Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.A．explosionB．sensationC．exaggerationD．stimulation29、 According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all? A．shouldersB．possessesC．carriesD．shares30、 Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.B．reactionC．impressionD．comprehension31、 Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.A．restrainB．hinderC．restrictD．prohibit32、 Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.A.practicallyB.preferablyC.preciselyD.presumably33、 Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to34、 He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.A．expireB．exceedC．terminateD．cease35、 All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.A.sentimentalB.affectionateC.intimateD.sensitive36、 Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A．revoltB．revolveC．reverseD．revive37、 I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choicewas quite ______.A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable38、 The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.A.alteredB.convertedC.fluctuatedD.modified39、 The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.A．spurB．furtherC．induceD．reinforce40、 In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.A.appliesB.accountsC.attachesD.amounts41、 According to Darwin, random changes that enhance (a species') ability (for surviving) (are) naturally selected and passed on (to succeeding) generations.A.a species'B.for survivingC.areD.to succeeding42、 Neither rain nor snow (keeps) the postman from delivering our letters (which) we (so much) look forward (to receive).A.keepsB.whichC.so muchD.to receive43、 If they (will not accept) a check, we (shall have) to pay (the cash), though it (would be) much trouble for both sides.A.will not acceptB.shall haveC.the cashD.would be44、 (Having been) robbed (off) economic importance, thosestates are (not) likely to count for (very much) in international political terms.A.Having beenB.offC.notD.very much45、 The message (will be) (that) neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of (their) uncontrollable (practices).A.will beB.thatC.theirD.practices46、 The logic of scientific development is (such) that (separates) groups of men working (on) the same problem in (far-scattered) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A.suchB.separatesC.onD.far-scattered47、 Yet not all of these races are (intellectual inferior)to the European races, (and) some may even have (a) freshness and vitality that can renew the 9energies) of more advanced race.A.intellectual inferiorB.andC.aD.energies48、 (The) (more than) 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample (destroying) every city in the world several times (over).A.TheB.more thanC.destroyingD.over49、 The universe works in a way so far (remove) from what common sense (would) allow (that) words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain (it).A.removeB.wouldC.thatD.it50、 The integration of independent states (could best be) brought about by (first) creating a central organization (withauthorities) over (technical) economic tasks.A.could best beB.firstC.with authoritiesD.technical参考答案：【一、Use of English】1~5ABDAD6~10DABCD11~50点击下载查看答案。
1998年考研英语真题阅读第123篇
1998年考研英语真题阅读第1篇一、词汇capture 夺得imagination 想象力giant 巨大的dam大坝mercy 仁慈fascinate 吸引人的blind 盲的threaten 威胁symbol 标志，符号assert 声称，断言cement 胶粘bid 出价，投标status 情形身份tend 照顾，倾向于deprive 剥夺，夺去fertile肥沃的silt electricity 电力myth 神话persist坚持troop 军队，一群complex 复杂的independence 独立meanwhile与此同时advisor 顾问guaranteed 保证的impact对。
产生影响resolve解决conflict 冲突irrigation 灌溉，冲洗monster 怪兽二、长难句1.Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.可能正是人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布使得人们将治理江河为我所用的理想如此令人痴迷2.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.例如阿斯旺水坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水但也使得埃及失去了洪水冲击过后的肥沃土壤，换来的却是疾病滋生的水库。
考研英语一真题1998
考研英语一真题1998IntroductionThe Chinese postgraduate entrance examination, commonly known as the "National Postgraduate Entrance Examination" or "考研" in Chinese, is a highly competitive and prestigious exam that determines the fate of thousands of students each year. The 1998 English Paper 1 of the exam provides us with an opportunity to explore the challenges and skills required to excel in this important test.1. Reading ComprehensionThe first section of the 1998 English Paper 1 consists of several reading comprehension passages. These passages cover a range of topics, from scientific research to literature and art. Understanding and interpreting these passages accurately is essential to answering the subsequent questions.2. Vocabulary and GrammarThe second section focuses on vocabulary and grammar. It tests the examinee's knowledge of synonyms, antonyms, idioms, collocations, as well as their understanding of English grammar rules. This section requires a solid foundation in English language skills and the ability to accurately identify and use words and phrases in various contexts.3. TranslationThe third section of the exam tests the examinee's translation skills. It requires the examinee to translate a Chinese passage into English, paying close attention to both the meaning and style of the original text. Thissection assesses the examinee's language proficiency and their ability to convey the nuances of the Chinese language accurately in English.4. Cloze TestThe fourth section is a cloze test, where examinees are presented with a passage containing multiple gaps. They must choose the most appropriate word or phrase to fill in each blank based on the context and their understanding of grammar and vocabulary. This section examines the examinee's ability to comprehend and apply their knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary in a given context.5. WritingFinally, the fifth section requires examinees to write an essay on a given topic. In this section, the examinee's ability to organize their thoughts, present a coherent argument, and use appropriate language and vocabulary is crucial. This section evaluates the examinee's overall English writing proficiency and their command over the language.ConclusionThe 1998 English Paper 1 of the Chinese postgraduate entrance examination provides a glimpse into the challenges and skills required to succeed in this highly competitive exam. From reading comprehension to vocabulary, grammar, translation, and essay writing, the exam tests a wide range of English language skills. Aspiring candidates must not only have a strong foundation in English but also possess the ability to think critically, analyze information, and express their thoughts effectively in writing.。