微课第六期笔记-非谓语动词中的Ving形式

微课第六期笔记-非谓语动词中的Ving形式
Mr. Wilkins: Without grammar very littlecan be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.
英语的两个重要内容：词汇和语法。

今天我们要讲的内容是：非谓语动词中的Ving形式。

一．什么是非谓语动词
1. 句子的基本结构
1）主系表He is a boy.
2）主谓he studies.
3）主谓宾he plays football.
4）主谓双宾He gave me a book.
5）主谓宾补He helps me do my homework.
我们英语的所有句子，都不会超出上面的五个基本结构。

上面的五个结构中，只要动词不做中间的系动词或谓语动词，我们就把它叫作“非谓语动词”。

那我们能清楚的明白，这些非谓语动词主要是做主语，表语，宾语，宾补。

另外，状语和定语也是非谓语动词的重要语法功能。

那我们也能明白：只要这个Ving放在哪个位置，它就叫作相应的“......语”。

二．Ving动词的基本用法
初中阶段：
1. 作主语
Swimming is my hobby.
Ving形式作主语，有些可以用it作形式主语，常见于一些固定句型中，如：
It is no use doing sth.
It is no good doing sth.
强调：Ving形式作主语，此Ving肯定是动名词，不是现在分词。

2. 作表语
My hobby is swimming.
What he likes is making model planes.
上述Ving形式也是动名词，用来表示习惯性动作。

His job is interesting.
The movie sounds encouraging.
上述Ving形式则是起形容词作用的现在分词
要注意区分二者。

我们可以这样记忆：ving相当于名词时，表示习惯性动作的，就是动名词；如果是起形容词作用的，则为现在分词。

还有，可以用替换的方法，如下：
My hobby is collecting stamps. = Collectingstamps is my hobby.
My hobby is interesting. ≠ Interesting is my hobby.
也就是说：可以互换的即是动名词，否则，就是现在分词。

3. 作宾语（动词宾语，介词宾语）
Tom enjoys reading novels.
He keeps on studying.
注意①：此项目下有大量的短语，需要同学们在学习课本的时候总结记忆。

强调：作宾语的Ving均为动名词
4. 作宾语补足语
My mother keeps me studying hard.
注意①：此项目下有大量的短语，需要同学们在学习课本的时候总结记忆。

强调：Ving形式作宾补时，绝大部分均是现在分词
5. 作定语
a reading room
a reading boy
前者表示用途，为动名词；后者表动作进行，为现在分词
如果作定语的是Ving短语，则必须后置，如：
The man running on the road isrunning after a thief.
高中阶段
6. 作状语
强调：Ving形式作状语时:
如果作时间状语，原因状语，让步状语时，通常放在主句前面，相当于各自的状语从句
如果作伴随状语或结果状语，则通常放在主句后面，相当于并列结构或结果状语
1）表原因
a. Ving动作的时间和主要动词的时间同时或几乎同时，就用
一般式
Being so excited, he couldn’t helplaughing.
= Because he was so excited, he couldn’thelp laughing.
b. Ving动作的时间发生在主要动词的时间之前，就用完成式
Having been to the Palace Museum manytimes, he didn’t go last time.
= Because he had been to the Palace Museummany times, he didn’t go last time.
2）表让步
Ving 表让步状语时，常在前面+although, even though, even if 等。

Alth ough working hard, he still couldn’tearn enough money to support his family.
=although he worked hard, he still couldn’tearn enough money to support his family
3）表时间
a. Ving的动作一发生，主要动词的动作就立即发生，用Ving的一般式，也可以在ving前面加上介词On
Hearing the bad news, she could’t helpcrying.
= On hearing the bad news, she couldn’thelp crying
= When she heard the bad news, she couldn’thelp crying.
b. Ving的时间如果和主要动词同时或几乎同时发生，用Ving的一般式，也可用来表示主要动词发生于ving发生期间，可以在ving前面+ when或while来表示强调。

When cooking, she heard a big knock on thedoor.
When she was cooking, she heard a bid knockon the door.
c. Ving的动作发生在主要动词的动作之前，就用Ving的完成式，也常在ving形式前面+after
After having eaten breakfast, he went toschool.
= After he had eaten breakfast, he wen toschool.
4）表方式或伴随
Ving表示方式或伴随是常见的，通常用来作主要动词发生的背景，此时，ving所表示动作基本和主要动词同时发生，即并列情况。

The teacher came in the classroom, smiling.
= the teacher came in the classroom and hesmiled.
注意，此时，ving动作是次要的，因为句子更多的是强调“came in ”
5）表结果
表结果时，ving通常和前面的主句用“，”隔开，同时，为了突出这个动作是结果，常用thus来引导。

The train was held up by the breakout, thuscausing the delay.
= the train was held up by the breakout, soit caused the delay
三．Ving动词的时态和语态
1. 时态
一般式：Ving
完成式：having done
初中学的几乎全是一般式。

a. Ving的时间如果和主要动词同时或几乎同时发生，用Ving 的一般式
He stayed up late to the midnight,preparing for the exam.
When crossing the road, please be careful.
b. Ving的动作一发生，主要动词的动作就立即发生，也用Ving的一般式
Knowing that their son would go touniversity, the parents laughed.
c. Ving的动作发生在主要动词的动作之前，就用Ving的完成式
Having finished his homework, he went tobed.
He is scolded by his mother for not havinggot 100 marks in the exam.
强调：Ving的完成式不能作定语，主要用来作状语
2. 语态
一般式：being V过去分词
完成式：having been V过去分词
被动式的含义即：动作的逻辑主语是这个动作的承受者。

The homework being done is very important.
Having been caught by the police, the thiefcried loudly.
最后，给大家2个稍难的句子，供大家分析理解。

there has been little industry consensus onhow these security mechanisms should be implemented, leading to a fragmentedand complex environment for online authentication management.
students' vagueness of their future work ispartly due to being deprived of imagination by mentors' college plans.
需要练习题的朋友，私信Richard老师。

Richard老师简介：
国家资深笔译
16年中、高考辅导专家雅思、托福专业辅导老师。