Verbal Communication
跨文化 Verbal Communication
5.2 The nation and types of verbal communication 1Definition of verbal communicationVerbal communication refers to how people communicateby verbal means,i.e.through the oral use of words or in a written way. 2The elements and featuresVerbal communication has three elements:the participants of communication,the purpose of the communication andthe setting.(1)participants:verbal communication can happenbetween a speaker and a listener or a speaker and a groupof listeners.(2)the purpose:any verbal communication is made tofulfill certain communicative purposes.(3)setting:setting includes temporal and spatial as well asany background information about the speakers such astheir psychology,their age,education level.3The elements and featuresVerbal communication has following features:1.It is dynamic.Oral communication,as an important type of verbal communication,is always dynamic.The speakerexpresses his thoughts through words,which aretransmitted to the listener's ears.The whole process isalways changing and cannot be repeated.2.It is interactive.Verbal communication happensbetween speakers and listeners.The two sides interact with each other to achieve communicative purposes.3.It is restrained by social context.Verbal communication takes place in certain context.Ifwe cannot adjust our communication to context,it willresult in communicative failure.4.It is irreversible.Once taking place,a verbal communication cannot be reversed.简写The elements and featuresVerbal communication has following features:1.It is dynamic.2.It is interactive.3.It is restrained by social context.4.It is irreversible.4The principlesPrinciple(1):cooperative principleWhile making verbal communication,the participants should follow certain principles to fulfill the communicative purposes.One of the important principlesis cooperative principle.Specifically,we should pay attention to the following points:(1)Accuracy of the information.The speaker should provide the accurate information and the listener tries to get the accurate information.(2)True information.The information transmitted should be true,otherwise the communicative attempt will be a failure.(3)Relevance of the information.The speaker and listener revolve around a relevant rather than rrelevant topics.Principle(2):politeness principlePoliteness principle has different realizations in different cultures.But its essence is to be polite to and show your respect for your partner so that the verbal communication can go on smoothly.简写The principlesPrinciple1 :cooperative principle(1)Accuracy of the information.(2)True information.(3)Relevance of the information.Principle2 :politeness principle5Culture difference in verbal communication(1)dragon(龙)Since the ancient times,龙has been regarded by the Chinese as the incarnation of their ancestor.They like to address themselves as the offspring of龙.In China,the traditional symbols of royalty are the dragon and phoenix. To Westerners,however,the dragon is often a symbol of evil.In Bible,the devil,is called“the great dragon. When the word is used to refer to a person,it is always inderogatory sense.E.g.she is a bit of dragon around the place.(2)phoenix(风凰)In Chinese mythology,the“phoenix‘is regarded as the king of birds.The phoenix is considered by Chinese as a creature of good omen.As the traditional symbol of royalty,the phoenix stands for the queen.The phoenix is also used in metaphors,standing for something rare and precious,for example,“凤毛麟角”The phoenix,in Western mythology,is associated with rebirth and resurrection.According to Greek legend,the phoenix lives a certain number of years-500by one account.At the end of the period,it makes a nest,sings a death song,and then sets fire to its nest by flapping his wings.The phoenix is burned to ashes,but from these ashes emerges a new bird.E.g.like the legendary phoenix,it will rise from the ashes in new splendor.(3)bat(蝙蝠)To Chinese,the bat is a symbol of good fortune,well-being,and happiness-all positive qualities.The reason for such associations is probably that the name of the creature is pronounced the same as the word“福”Thus the traditional design that shows the batand the deer together is very popular in China,because“蝠鹿，is pronounced the same as福禄，good fortune,happiness,wealthand position.In the Western countries,the bat is usually associated withnegative qualities.As blind as a bat,crazy as a bat,he is a bitbatty(他有点反常)are typically expressions of the negative associations.简写Culture difference in verbal communication(1)dragon(龙)(2)phoenix(风凰)(3)bat(蝙蝠)5Culture difference in verbal communicationDifferences in individual sounds1)Chinese sounds are not distinguished by length,but English sounds are2)Sounds may occur in one language but not the other.So people tend to replace the sounds with the ones in their own language,resulting in com municative failure.3)English sounds are pronounced differently in different contexts,but Ch inese sounds are not.So his words will sound foreign and unnatural to a native English speaker's ear when a Chinese ignores the sound variants.Verbal Communication Styles-1 Language is an important way of communication.We can communicate successfully if we master the language.Five communication stylesDirect and indirect stylesElaborate, exacting and succinct stylesPersonal and contextual stylesInstrumental and affective stylesself-enhancement and self-effacement stylesrecognize differences in communication stylesunderstand cultrual differencesavoid intercultural communication failure。
unit-4-verbal-communication
Cultural-Loaded words
Same word, different connotation 龙：龙颜、龙袍、龙椅、龙心大喜
dragon: monster
知识分子: in China, it refers to those people including college teachers, college students, middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers, interpreters who have had a college education.
A new broom sweeps clean. Many hands make light work. Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today. Killing two birds with one stone.
Haste makes waste. Beauty is just skin deep. Give a person a dose of his own medicine. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Where there’s smoke there’s fire. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.
Strike while the iron is hot. Out of sight, out of mind. Birds of a feather flock together. Look before you leap. Where there is a will, there is a way. All good things must come to an end.
verbal_communication
----Sometimes we think about this but talk about that.
Significance
Significance
• Verbal communication differentiates humans and makes them unique from all creatures.
Verbal communication
definition significance forms/styles cultural differences in verbal communication
Definition
Definition
• definition in our book:Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
In U.S
In Asian China Japan Moderate uncertainty avoidance, high context Low uncertainty avoidance, low context High uncertainty avoidance, high context High power distance, collective, high context Low power distance, individualistic, low context Collective, high context Individualistic, low context
跨文化交际unit6 verbal communication-精品课件
❖ Language: a system of arbitrarily chosen, conventionalized, vocal, graphic or gesture symbols serving the needs of communication among the members of a given community.
❖ 2) connotation: refers to the emotional or stylistic associations that a word or phrase suggests in one’s mind. It is the implicit, supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word or phrase.
❖
15、一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计 ，莫如 树木； 终身之 计，莫 如树人 。2021年6月2021/6/292021/6/292021/6/296/29/2021
❖
16、提出一个问题往往比解决一个更 重要。 因为解 决问题 也许仅 是一个 数学上 或实验 上的技 能而已 ，而提 出新的 问题， 却需要 有创造 性的想 像力， 而且标 志着科 学的真 正进步 。2021/6/292021/6/29J une 29, 2021
between Chinese and English verbal communication and learn to make crosscultural comparisons and analysis in the following aspects. ❖ 1. cultural differences in the attitude towards voiced and unvoiced communication. ❖ 2. cultural differences on the lexical level; ❖ 3. cultural differences on the syntactical level; ❖ 4. cultural differences on discourse level; ❖ 5. cultural differences on the pragmatic level ❖ 6. translation problems and language understanding
《跨文化交际与礼仪》教学课件—Verbal Communication
3.2 Forms of Address
3.1 Introduction--- Verbal Communication
Definition of VC
VC refers to the communication that is carried out either in oral or in written form with the use of words.
Learn how to address people Learn how to make a conversation Learn how to be a visitor/host Proper way to show gratitude and apology Learn the differences between Chinese and English compliments
3.2 Forms of Address
Summary of addressing people
Chinese
English
Formal Relationship/ Situation
Surname+Title
Title+Surname
Neutral Relationship/ Situation
VC takes place when
people are chatting with their friends, discussing an issue in a group, or making a public speech. VC takes placVeCwthaeknes place
when university students are composing an article, finishing a professor’s assignment on campus, the employees are writing a report t to their managers in a company by email.
北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit 3-4 verbal communication
Example: Father
A male parent of a child or animal: a person who is acting as a father to a child (These are the denotation of father) Sometimes when we think about “father”, we remind of the responsibility, qualities, respecting, stern. (These are the connotation of father).
Cultural differences in denotative meaning
Each culture creates certain vocabulary to describe environments in those contexts, so the absence of certain objects, events, concepts or state in one culture will result in the absence of the necessary vocabulary to refer to them. 炕，节气，关系，太极拳，功夫，德 育，红卫兵，三纲五常。 Thanksgiving Day, parliament, motel.
Cultural equivalence
a) Green associated with Plants & Spring At பைடு நூலகம்he sight of green, our first reaction may be plants and vegetables. Therefore, we have a lot of words relating “green” to trees, vitality, spring etc. For example, --a person with a “green finger/thumb” must be skillful at gardening; -- “green winter” is a warm winter with no snow.
daily_verbal_communication 跨文化交际
Addressபைடு நூலகம்ng
Differences in Pronouns of Address
Differences in FN and LN
Differences in Extension of Kinship
terms
Differences in kinship terms
In Chinese, are there other forms of address to He
Family, relatives or close neighbors:
In China: 二哥, 三姐, 四婶, 王大伯 In America: Given names
Think about it:
Why do kin terms are extensively used by Chinese?
12-1
Communication Barriers
• Language Barriers • Cultural Barriers • Perceptual Barriers
12-2
12-3
A Chinese mother, Mrs. Zhang, was seeing her son and her American daughter-in-law, Susan, off at the airport. They would fly back to New York. Now Susan was talking with her motherin-law. Since Mrs. Zhang doesn’t know any English and Susan can speak little Chinese, Susan’s husband had to act as the intepreter for them.
跨文化交际主要名词解释
1.verbal communication1.言语交际V erbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。
2.非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communication refers to intertional use of non-spoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。
（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。
municative context;Communicative context is more likely to affect our communication with those who have different culture from ours or hold our language as their second language.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. It’s the information that surrounds an event, it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.4.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
verbal communication
Asian writing style
Approach by indirection. 迂回的方式 Paragraph development goes in a widening circle The subject is described in terms of what it is not rather than what it is. It is never looked at directly. This results in what is perceived as a lack of clarity and directness.
Kaplan, Robert. (1966) Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education. Language Learning 16 (1-2), 11-25
English essay structure
Introduction states your premise, then you use facts and examples to back it up, sometimes with subdivisions, and then you draw a conclusion. All to usually prove or argue a point. This is linear thinking. 线性思考
The divine land of China has its rivers flowing across; the brilliant culture of China has its roots tracing back long…The light-some dragon-boats appear on the river as though the stars twinkle in the Milky Way. The richly decorated pleasure boats look like a scene of mirage. The splendid awnings in green and gold chain into a palace of crystal. Is this a fairyland or a mere dream? Looking above, you can see the beautiful doves flying about. Looking below, you can see the sailing lamps glittering. Cracking are the fireworks, which present you a picture of fiery trees and silver flowers. Circling are the lantern-dancers, who present you a variation of exquisite manner. Over there the motor boats are plowing the waters, thus a tide stirs up. Over there the marksmen are shooting to their targets, thus colorful beads whirl around. Besides, the birds' chirping, the potted landscape's charm, the exhibition of arts and painting, all claim a strong appeal to you. Therefore, we should say, XXX is a city of no night; its Dragon-boat Festival a gathering of heroes.
Verbal Communication
Definition Significance Examples
Definition
a) definition in the book:
Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
Significance
• Good good study; day day up – 好好学习，天天向上（work hard and improve daily,do better every day ） • People mountain; people sea – 人山人海（crowded conditions） • Morning three night four – 朝三暮四（change one’s mind often） • No care three seven two ten one – 不管三七二十一（regardless of the consequences）
Significance
• Heart flower angry open – 心花怒放（be wild with joy） • American Chinese not enough – 美中不足（a flaw in an otherwise perfect thing）
Example
• A speech form (phrase or expression) that is grammatically peculiar and cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements
Verbal communication
2.significance
significance
Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face. Verbal communication has many purposes, but its main function is relaying a message to one or more recipients. It is vital to teaching and learning, as well as forming bonds and building relationships with other people. We use verbal communication to inform, whether it is to inform others of our needs or to impart knowledge. Clarification is a key component of verbal communication. Verbal communication helps to clarify misunderstandings and provides missing information.
3 Forms/styles 4 Cultural differences
• Interpersonal communication and public speaking are the two basic types of verbal communication. • There are also 3 main forms of verbal communication including : • 1.Oral Communication, • 2.Written Communication, • 3.Mediated （介导） Communicatiication
Verbal Communication
★ His last movie was a real turkey. 他最后的那部影片一塌糊涂.
Turkey
talk `turkey (infml.口 esp. US)
talk frankly and bluntly 说话坦率. cold `turkey (sl. 俚 esp. US) （a） way of treating a drug addict by suddenly stopping all his doses of the drug instead of gradually reducing them 使有毒瘾者突然停用 毒品而不是逐渐减少剂量的处理方法. （b） frank statement of the truth, often about sth unpleasant 直言不讳; 照实说: ★ talk cold turkey to/with sb 对[与]某人直言不 讳.itish old lady went to an American hotel
for her holiday. She called the receptionist to arrange a morning call. “Could you please wake me up at 6:00 knock up arouse, tomorrow morning?” awaken “Sure, I will knock you up then.” (US); make The woman ran into rage and shouted, a woman pregnant “I beg your pardon?”
萨丕尔－沃尔夫假说
语言反过来对文化和思维也产生影响。最早提
出语言对思维方式有影响的是萨丕尔和沃尔夫 。他们认为语言的作用不仅是传递信息。而且 在实际生活中塑造了我们对客观现实的感知， 即语言结构能举鼎使用该预言者的思维方式， 各种不同语言的结构导致使用这些语言的人以 不同的方法去观察世界。 “语言相对论” 或 “语言决定论” 至今没有足够的依据可以证实萨丕尔－沃尔夫 假说
跨文化交际--Unit-5-verbal-communication
Idioms习惯用语
• It’s raining cats and dogs. - It’s raining heavily.
• put one’s foot in one’s mouth - someone blunders by saying something he should not have.
的
– never-ending: everlasting 不停的
Synonyms
• 区分下列同义词：
同义词
– job
– vocation: job的正式用语
– profession: 脑力劳动者的职业
– field: 广义的职业“领域”
– occupation: 与vocation意思相近
– specialization: 具体的一个专长
UNIT 5
Verbal Communication
在全球化时代，要达到更高的成功几率，须努 力成为具有全球视野的国际化人才。学好至少一 门外语是必要的，但国际化人才最基本的素质是 跨文化沟通能力。 这是一种能够超越本族文化， 跨越不同文化鸿沟，穿透不同文化壁垒，在多元 文化的环境中游刃有余的能力。因此，你的外语 语言能力必须建立在理解不同文化的价值观体系 和行为规范模式之上， 其最终表现是能够适应、 掌控和化解多元文化环境中的矛盾和冲突。
• keep one’s hand in: • do activity in order to remain skilled at
it. • within arm’s reach; • sth.which you can reach easily. • ask for a woman’s hand; • to propose marriage. • put one’s finger on sth.: • to identify an error, or cause of a
跨文化商务交际Chapter_2_verbal_communication
Analysis
Here turkey, as the American explained, is a
large North American bird. But it can also refer to a person considered inept （不适当的, 无能的, 不称 职的） or undesirable. As 火鸡 in Chinese has no such association, it makes difficult for the Chinese to understand the real meaning of the word used in the last sentence.
CASE STUDY
CASE TWO In the United States, Bomb means that something is a massive failure, e.g. “The project was a bomb.” But in Britain if you said, “The project went a bomb.” you would be saying it was a huge success.
语言 是由声音和意义结合而成的符号体系，比如：汉语、英语、法
语等。任何一种语言都是由语音、词汇和语法等组成的一个完整 的符号体系。-- langue 言语 是指人们对语言的运用，指人们在运用语言的过程中说的话和 书写的文字。(语言的实际运用)-parole
Difference between langue & parole
Language as a reflection of the environment 语言反映人们生活的自然环境 Words sometimes have different connotational meanings because of the different geographical environment. For instance, the English word “zephyr” (the west wind) reflects the specific culture of UK. To British people the west wind is warm and gentle, because UK is on the brink of the Atlantic and the wind blows from the ocean. In the famous poem “Ode to the West Wind”, Shelly, a brilliant poet of Britain eulogizes the warm and gentle wind. However, in the eyes of Chinese people, what the west wind brings them is not warmth but frigidity. There is a saying in China, “it’s the east wind that brings warmth.” Therefore, the trucks produced in China No.2 Automobile Manufacturing Plant use “East Wind” as the trademark, while Zephyr is used as the trademark for British-manufactured automobiles.
跨文化交际(Verbal Communication)PPT
The significance of words in different languages
• E.g. In Arabic, the camel plays significant roles in people’s life, so there are more than 40 words for “camel”.
Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭 know: The relation between words and their meanings are arbitrary. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context.
E.g. The best fish swim near the bottom. （好鱼居水底）比喻“有价值的东西不会 轻易得到”. He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet. （要像抓鱼就不能怕弄 湿衣。比喻意义与汉语谚语“要吃龙肉， 就得亲自下海”相似）
Language as a Reflection of the Environment
Language reflects the environment in which we live and we label the things that are around us.
E.g. people in the Amazon area do not have a word for snow. Most Americans use terms such as snow, powder snow, sleet, slush, blizzard, and ice.
跨文化交际第2章
Connotational meaning (隐含意义)
Example: The Color of Red In Chinese red implies “happy, joyous, auspicious, flourishing.” The Chinese use red lanterns, red antithetical couplets, red dresses, red candles, red flowers and the like when we are in celebration. In English, red is usually associated with sth. undesirable, e.g., “red flags” denotes “danger”, “in the red” means “deficit in finance.”
Strength Faith Truth
Arabic countries
Business Implications
International businesspersons may encounter problems with such connotational meanings of colors. International marketers need to know what associations certain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design, packaging, and advertising messages.
Word Meaning and Culture
topic 5 verbal communication
Look at two more examples that happened during the Second World War: During World War II, the British government asked the United States for thousands of bushels of ―corn‖ to feed liberated populations. The British really wanted wheat, and this language blunder cost a few million dollars to repair. The British term for corn is ―maize‖ or ―Indian corn‖.
王昌龄
寒雨连江夜入吴， 平明送客楚山孤。 洛阳亲友如相问， 一片冰心在玉壶。 * An sinologist’s translation: Put a piece of icy heart in the vase of jade.
PowerPoint slides by GAO Yali
15
One word or idiom may have a different meaning and implication even in another culture that uses the same language.
PowerPoint slides by GAO Yali
6
Translation
a. 林黛玉的母亲是贾宝玉的姑母，贾宝玉的母亲是林黛玉的舅 母，又是薛宝钗的姨母。 b. Three cousins of the French Presidents were also to receive diamonds.
verbal communication
龟(tortoise)——in one hand, it means longevity, but in other hand, it means a call names vocabulary However, in foreign, it only a slow, miscegenation animals 蝙蝠(bats)——―福” So it mean a symbol of happiness, good luck and health While, in foreign, people will think of the image of ugly and evil, like vampire
• Translate the following ten Chinese idioms into English • 1.守口如瓶 button one’s lip • 2.打退堂鼓 draw in one’s horns • 3.大海捞针 look for a needle in a hay stack • 4.黔驴技穷 at one’s wits end
what topics should be avoided in initiating conversation in English . 1. political issues, particularly, some sensitive issues like Tibetan and Taiwan issues and other issues relating to national sovereignty. foreigners are not that into political issues when chating.
Idioms习惯用语
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Case 3
look out
Case 3
look out!
to stick your head outside of sth.(window/door) to take a look.
to be careful,especially when there is danger.
Culturally Loaded Words
male, female, she also acceptable male leopard, female panda , she wolf
副
副主席 vice-chairman 副教授 associate professor 副主任 deputy director 副秘书长 assistant secretary 副州长 lieutenant governor 副国务卿 undersecretary
Unit4 Verbal Communication
Case 1
Shoes for street walking
Shoes for street e in and have a fit.
English-speaking tourists
The Italian shop owner
case2
A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke
Roger was confused by Rosalita’s behavior .The misunderstanding was due to their different understanding of ”hustle”.
Some other substitutes: official, functionary, administrator, etc.
But none of these gets exact same meaning as Chinese word“干部”.
社会科学
Social Sciences in Chinese covers all the fields except the ones in the natural science and applied sciences. Same as the humanities in English.
Generic term chicken duck goose horse cattle/cow dog sheep deer pig
male cock/rooster
drake gander stallion
bull dog ram stag boar
female hen duck goose mare cow bitch ewe doe sow
A street walker? People walking on the road
To have a fit?
Have a try
The Italian shop owner
English-speaking tourists
In western culture, ”A street walker ” means a prostitute , while ” to have a fit ” does not to have a try , but to become suddenly and violently angry or upset.
What is loaded words?
Loaded words and phrases are those which have strong emotional Overtones（n.暗示，弦外音，寓意）or connotations（n.涵义，言外 之 意 ） and which evoke strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.
While in English, social sciences cover a smaller area of learning. lt includes political scieassified under the humanities) and sociology.
the young chick duckling gosling foal calf puppy lamb fawn shoat
bull, cow, cock or hen are frequently used to distinguish sex. Bull seal ,cock sparrow , hen sparrow
社会科学 social science?/the humanities?
Interpretations
龙---In Chinese culture, it is a totem with many royal associations,龙颜，龙床,龙袍，龙心大喜。 In western culture , dragon refers to horrible , disgusting monsters.
知识分子
• In CC, it refers to people including college teachers, college students,middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers,interpreters.
干部 a small group of people who are specially chosen and trained for a particular purpose.骨干队伍
a member of this kind of group.干部
In EC, many people don't know what it means. (not a common word)
• In EC,it refers to people of high academic status (college professors)-much smaller range of people.not always a complimentary term,sometimes used in derogatory sense.
S um m ary
A term in one language does not necessarily have a counterpart in the other language; (扁担) Words or terms in both language appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface , but actually refer to quite different things;(龙)
Can you find the equivalentw ords in E nglish forthese Chinese w ords?
Dragon 龙 干部 cadre 扁担 a carrying pole;
female horse?/mare? 母马 a shoulder pole
a book 一本书 知识分子 intellectual
Hustle---To force sb to make a decision before they are ready or sure
To work as a prostitute/romance or sex is hinted
This case reminds foreign language learners that they should pay special attention to the slang and idiomatic expressions used by native speakers Meanings will vary depending on the context which can be hard for foreign language learners to comprehend.
谢谢观看
the branches of learning that study human society, especially its organization and relationship of individual members to it.
Birds and animals/ male or female
Things or concepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, ie, finer distinctions exist in the other language; (社会科 学) Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other. (龙)