高考英语 重点语法范例归总十三类

第一周派生词
在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中，有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。

此外，新考纲要求考生掌握3 000多个英语单词。

因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。

一、名词后缀
1．动词＋­ion/­tion /­sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程)
correct v．改正；纠正correction n．改正
celebrate v．庆祝celebration n．庆祝；庆祝会
conclude v．完成；结束conclusion n．结论；结束
2．动词＋­er/­or→名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人)
drive v．驾驶开车；驱赶driver n．司机；驾驶员
gather v．聚集；采集gatherer n．收集者；采集者
conduct v．指挥；管理conductor n．指挥；售票员
3．动词＋­ment→名词
punish v．惩罚punishment n．惩罚
4．动词/形容词＋­th→名词
warm adj.温暖的warmth n．温暖
grow v．生长growth n．生长
5．形容词＋­y→名词
difficult adj.困难的difficulty n．困难
honest adj.诚实的honesty n．诚实
6．形容词＋­ness→名词
kind adj.善良的kindness n．善良
7．动词＋­ance→名词
annoy vt.使烦恼annoyance n．生气；烦恼
8．­ship结尾的名词(表示身份；关系；资格)
member n．成员；会员membership n．会员资格
professor n．教授professorship n．教授身份
9．­ing结尾的名词
garden n．花园gardening n．园艺
greet v．打招呼；问候greetings n．问候
[针对训练]
语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
A
From the 1.expression (express) on Mary’s face, he knew he left a bad 2.impression (impress) on her and if she won the 3.election (elect) to become chairman of the Environment anization (organize), he could not get her 5.permission(permit) to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6.pollution (pollute) and to help people enjoy a better earth.When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation, he got 7.inspiration (inspire) from his wife’s words.Yes, he should try his best to win the election and become chairman himself with his 8.determination (determine) to work for the organization.“My dear, you are really a wonderful 9.helper (help)！I’m sure I will be the 10.winner (win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.
B
It was really a hard time when Li Ping first came to the United States.His 1.earnings (earn) could hardly cover the expenses, so when his wife gave 2.birth (bear) to their second daughter, they could not afford enough nutrition food.Soon, poor nutrition caused the 3.death (die) of the poor baby.4.Loneliness (lonely) was another problem because they had no 5.relations (relate) or friends there.Thanks to his 6.bravery (brave) and 7.perseverance (persevere), he managed to gain the 8.citizenship (citizen) of the United States and in the end he had his permanent 9. settlement (settle)．He always tells his children like this: Perseverance leads to
10.happiness (happy) and success.
二、形容词后缀
1．常见形容词后缀
(1)名词＋­al→形容词(表示“有……属性”，“与……有关”)
agriculture n．农业agricultural adj.农业的
(2)动词＋­ive→形容词
decide v．决定；下决心decisive adj.决定性的；关键的
(3)动词＋­able→形容词(表示“能够”，“适于”，“值得”)
change v．变化；兑换
changeable adj.易变的；变化无常的
(4)名词＋­ful→形容词
care n．小心；关心careful adj.小心的；仔细的
(5)名词＋­less→形容词(意思与原名词相反)
care n. 小心；关心careless adj.粗心的
(6)名词＋­ly→形容词
friend n．朋友friendly adj.友好的
(7)名词＋­y→形容词
dirt n．污物；脏物dirty adj.脏的
(8)名词＋­ous→形容词
danger n．危险dangerous adj.危险的
2．复合形容词的构成
(1)形容词＋­ing分词easy­going 随和的
(2)形容词＋名词＋­ed kind­hearted 善良的；好心的
(3)名词＋­ed分词water­covered 被水覆盖的
(4)副词＋­ed分词well­written 写得好的
(5)数词＋名词＋­ed three­legged 三条腿的
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列句子，写出画线单词的意思
1．It feels like an unbelievable stroke of luck —of fate, really.(2012·四川高考阅读C)
( )
2．The good working condition in this city is attractive.( )
3．You can rely on him because he is reliable.( )
4．Her words struck fear into her heart so that she was sleepless all night long, afraid of being killed unexpectedly some day.( )
5．It was a frosty cold morning when he set off for the remote village.( ) 答案：1.不可思议的；难以置信的 2.吸引人的 3.可依赖的；靠得住的 4.没有睡觉的；不眠的 5.有霜的
Ⅱ.语篇填空
A：用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文
Lucy likes talking and everybody says she is municative (communicate)．She is 2.active (act) in answering the teachers’ questions and from time to time her classmates find her answers quite 3.impressive (impress) and 4.acceptable (accept). Of course, not every student likes her, but she has many friends who think Lucy is a 5.creative (create) and 6.helpful (help) girl.For example, she once led a 7. homeless (home) child to her home and made the child her younger sister.Besides, she spent 8.countless (count) hours caring for a sick neighbor until she was well again.She is 9.friendly (friend) to those who have difficulty with their subjects.All in all, Lucy is the most 10.famous (fame) girl in her school.
B：运用所学构词知识完成下列短文
Our journey was far­reaching amongst snow­covered/capped (雪封的) mountains where no English­speaking (说英语的) people live.The local people are good­looking (相貌好看的), easy­going (随和的) and hard­working (勤劳的)．Our hostess was old­aged (年老的)，white­haired (白发苍苍的) and sun­burnt (被太阳晒伤的)．She gave me home­made (自家做的) yaks milk cake, looking self­satisfied (自足的) as I enjoyed this rare treat although very well­known (著名) and wide­spread (广泛流传) around here.I was exhausted when I fell into the ready­ma de (准备好了的) bed she prepared for me.
三、动词词缀
1．前缀­en＋形容词→动词
enrich v．丰富enlarge v．变大；增大；扩大
2．形容词＋­en→动词
shorten v．缩短widen v．加宽
3．­fy结尾的动词
simplify v．简化classify v．归类
4．­ize结尾的动词
realize v．认识到popularize v．普及
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列句子，写出画线部分的意思
1．Extracurricular activities enable the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.( )
2．The two countries are trying their best to normalize_their_relationship.( )
3.Some think that studying abroad can broaden_their_horizons.( )
4．You will horrify the baby if you speak too loudly.( )
答案：1.使能够 2.使关系正常化 3.拓宽视野 4.使惊惧
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Try your best to memorize (memory) these new words.
2．The question must be simplified (simple) so that we can find out a solution to it.
3．It costs a lot of money if we plan to purify (pure) the waste water.
4．He quickened (quick) his steps to arrive home earlier.
5．You can enlarge (large) your vocabulary if you keep on memorizing some new
words every day.
四、否定词缀
1．表示否定意义的前缀
un­ 不，非unable不能够unlucky 不幸的
dis­ 不，非dishonest不诚实的discontinuous 不连贯的
in­ 不，非inactive不活跃的incorrect 不正确的
im­ 不，非impatient不耐烦的impossible不可能的
ir­ 不，非irregular 不规则的irresponsible不负责任的
il­ 不，非illogical 不合逻辑的illegal 非法的
non­ 不，非nonexistent不存在的nonstop 直达的；连续不断的
mis­ 错误mislead 误导misunderstand 误解
dis­＋动词(意义相反) dislike不喜欢disagree 不同意
un­＋动词(意义相反) uncover 揭开undress 脱衣服
2．表示否定意义的后缀
名词＋­less→否定意义的形容词
use n. 用处；用途useless adj.无用的
hope n. 希望hopeless adj.没有希望的；绝望的
home n．家homeless adj.无家可归的
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.阅读下列短文，写出画线单词的意思
A 1.misconception was that the high temperature caused the big fire.However, Miss Wang knew it was not the true story.So she insisted that the government should make the truth known to the public.When Miss Wang knew that her appeal was 2.disallowed,_ she felt rather 3.disappointed.She decided to 4.disclose the truth: it was human errors that were to blame for the terrible disaster.She wanted to tell the public about the coldness of some officials.She believed that the truth must be 5.uncovered now.
1．____________ 2.____________ 3.____________
4．____________ 5.____________
答案：1.错误观念 2.驳回；不准许 3.失望的；沮丧的
4．揭露 5.揭露；揭发
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
The speech seemed to be 1.nonstop (stop) and the listeners became very 2.impatient_ (patient)．When the speaker said that oil was 3.non­renewable (renew)
and that the best way to solve the problem was not to make cars and buses to force people to go to work or school on foot, the audience thought it was 4.impractical_ (practice) and 5.unbearable_ (bear) to listen to him any longer.They 6.disbelieved_ (believe) that the world would go smoothly without these modern transportations.They also thought that the speaker was 7.irresponsible (responsible) to make such a statement without thinking it carefully and his speech would cause some 8.misunderstandings (understand)．So most of the listeners chose to leave, shouting loudly and angrily.
五、正确使用派生词
1．动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词类后一般接名词或动名词。

如果所给单词是其他词类，就要将其改为名词，并注意名词数的变化。

(1)Do you know the depth (deep) of the river?
(2)His carelessness (careful) resulted in the terrible accident.
(3)He is one of the scientists (science) who support this theory.
2．动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词。

所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式。

如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。

如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。

此外，如果所给动词有名词形式，就要看其后有无宾语。

如果后有宾语，用动名词形式；后无宾语，则用名词形式。

(1)Please pay attention (attend) to your handwriting.
动词attend本身有名词形式attention, 所以不用动名词attending。

(2)His arrival (arrive) made the situation worse.
动词arrive本身有名词形式arrival, 所以不用动名词arriving。

(3)The teacher was angry at my coming (come) late.
动词come没有名词，所以用动名词coming。

(4)Thank you for your help (help)．
Thank you for helping (help) me.
(5)I was happy because of his appreciation (appreciate)．
I was happy because of his appreciating (appreciate) my speech.
上面两组句子中，helping与appreciating后都带有宾语，故用动名词。

help与appreciation后没有宾语，故用名词形式。

3．动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。

如果所需词为副词时，还要考虑副词级的变化。

(1)The boy ran quickly (quick) to school.
(2)“What’s that？” Father shouted angrily (angry)．
(3)The little girl is extremely (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam.
(4)Your composition is badly (bad) organized.Please do your writing exercise more attentively (attend) next time.
(5)You’re driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more slowly (slow)?
4．名词前面一般可有形容词修饰语。

如果所需词为形容词时，还要考虑形容词级的变化。

(1) What’s the widest (width) river in the world?
(2)The stronger (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Mary was very sad at the news, so she looked sadly at her husband, her eyes full of sadness.(sad)
2．He played football very well and he was one of the best players in yesterday’s football match.(play)
3．Look！How happily Kate is laughing！She seems to be the happiest girl in the world.(happy)
4．To our satisfaction,_ the headmaster was very satisfied with our report.(satisfy)
5．Edison was a great inventor.During his life he had many inventions.(invent) 6．I should simplify my task and make it simpler/simple to finish it.(simple) 7．The boy having the appearance of being half starved disappeared,_ never to be seen again.(appear)
8．The police discovered the pot and uncovered a plot against the President.(cover)
9．You are so kind to help me. Thank you for your kindness.(kindly)
10．Everything is becoming more_expensive than before and many college students had to work to make some money for their college expenses.(expend) Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1.safes (safety)．
They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2.equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3.security (secure) guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.
One 4.investigator (investigate) described the 5.robbery (rob) as a “6.professional (profession) job”．The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday
and left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the 7.neighbouring (neighbour) building, digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of 80cm thick to get into the bank, which was having building works at the time.
When they left, the robbers set the place on fire to 8.remove (move) any trace of evidence, switching on the anti­fire system and flooding the building.9.Fortunately (fortune), the guard escaped 10.unharmed (harm)．It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the bank’s clients (储户) know the content of their private safes.
第二周动词的时态和语态
一、动词的时态
1．一般现在时
(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。

句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。

Works of popular writer s often have a lot of readers.(2013·北京高考)
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(2013·陕西高考)
(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。

“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to sa y，“because every step shows.”(2012·新课标全国卷)
—So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.(2013·北京高考)
(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。

My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for Africa.
(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。

如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。

The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.
2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。

I didn’t realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)
Michael’s father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone
happier.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)
I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)
(2)注意句型：was/were about to do ... when ...中when后从句的动词用过去式。

I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
3．现在完成时
常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, once/twice/three ...times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since等。

主要用于以下几种情况：
(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

—Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.
—Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.(2012·江西高考)
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.
Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.(2013·北京高考)
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。

①It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句
This (That/It) is the first (second ...) time＋that从句
This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.(2009·陕西高考)
②在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。

—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we have finished our plan.(2010·四川高考)
4．过去完成时
(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。

过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。

常与for, since等构成的时间状语连用。

He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all, he had had it for a very long time.(2013·辽宁高考)
We first met on a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.
(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。

这类动词常见的有：hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等。

I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train.
(3)在特殊句式hardly/scarcely ...when ...; no sooner ...than ...中，主句常用过去完成时，该句式意为“一……就……；刚……就……”。

Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.
5．将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。

—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.(2012·上海高考)
6．现在进行时
表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。

You are always studying in the library.Why not have a picnic this afternoon?
7．过去进行时
(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。

—Did you catch what I said?
—Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.(2012·四川高考)
—Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?
—No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday.(2010·新课标全国卷)
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。

—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
—I’m so sorry. But I was doing my homewor k.(2013·湖南高考)
8．现在完成进行时
(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。

The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice
a week over the last three years.(2013·福建高考)
(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。

Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.
9．将来进行时
将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。

将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。

这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。

—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five？(2012·陕西高考)
二、动词的语态
英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。

判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。

被动语态的构成(以write为例)
They got married last week.
He fell and got hurt.
2．主动形式表被动意义
(1)系动词look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn等＋形容词/名词。

The dish tastes delicious.
His plan proved (to be) practical.
(2)表示主语的某种属性的词：read, write, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, shut等，其主语往往是物。

—What about the books?
—Books of this kind sell well.
The door won’t open.
The pen writes smoothly.
(3)be worth后常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting.
(4)need, want, require, deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

Most house plants require regular watering.
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．(2013·安徽高考) I’m calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise) the other day.Could you tell me more about it?
2．(2013·北京高考)—Do you think Mom and Dad will_be (be) late?
—No, Swiss Air is usually on time.
3．(2013·北京高考)Hurry up! Mark and Carol are_expecting (expect) us.
4．(2013·湖南高考)“What do you want to be？” asked Mrs.Crawford.“Oh，I will_be (be) president，” said the boy, with a smile.
5．(2013·湖南高考)Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers (bother) us.
6．(2013·湖南高考)If nothing is_done (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
7．(2013·湖南高考)—Have you heard about the recent election?
—Sure, it has_been (be) the only thing on the news for the last three days.
8．(2013·江苏高考)Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.
9．(2013·江苏高考)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?
—Sure.I will_be_writing (write) a report at home.
10．(2013·江苏高考)“Never for a second，” the boy says, “did (do) I doubt that my father would come to my rescue.”
11．(2013·江苏高考)—What about your self­drive trip yesterday?
—Tiring! The road is being widened, and we had (have) a rough ride.
12．(2013·江西高考)I was_coming (come) to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
13．(2013·辽宁高考)At no time did (do) they actually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.
14．(2013·辽宁高考)We are confident that the environment will_be_improved (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution.
15．(2013·山东高考)I didn’t think I’d like the movie, but actually it was (be) pretty good.
16．(2013·陕西高考)Jim was_watching (watch) a late­night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.
17．(2013·上海高考)Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn’t enter the
house, for he had_left (leave) his key at school.
18．(2013·上海高考)The school board is made up of parents who have_been_elected(elect) to make decisions about school affairs.
19．(2013·四川高考)Hurry up, kids! The school bus is_waiting (wait) for us!
20．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)We were_leaving (leave) very early so we packed the night before.
21．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)If we don’t_act (not act) now to protect the environment, we’ll live to regret it.
22．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I have_changed (change) my mind.
23．(2013·浙江高考)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has_increased (increase) sharply.
24．(2013·重庆高考)I felt very tired when I got home, and I went (go) straight to bed.
25．(2013·重庆高考)A Midsummer Night’s Dream opens(open) at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)
A
It was getting dark when I 1.got (get) home.It was cold and I 2.was_wearing (wear) a coat.I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out the key, but I couldn’t find it.I suddenly remembered that I 3.had_left (leave) it on my desk in the office.It really didn’t make any difference.I knew my wife 4.was (be) at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I 5.knocked (knock) at the door.There was no answer.I 6.continued (continue) knocking at the door for some time.I 7.was_getting (get) angry.Then I remembered something the office boy 8.had_told (tell) me at noon.He said that my wife 9.had_phoned (phone) saying that she 10.would_go (go) shopping in the afternoon with the children.It seemed that nothing 11.could_be_done (can do) and I 12.would_be_shut (shut) out of my house.
B
Welcome to our school.I’d like to introduce plans for our school to you. A lot of work 1.has_been_done (do) in the past few years. The library 2.has_been_completed (complete) and is ready for use.But we’ll still have to do more work.A new biology lab 3.is_being_built (build) this year.But we don’t have enough money for the equipment. Students in all grades 4.are_collecting (collect) money.The money which
is collected 5.will_be_spent (spend) on new equipment.At present, a plan 6.is_being_made (make) for a party at the end of the term, at which wonderful performances 7.will_be_put (put) on.
The gardens of the school 8.are_being_improved (improve) this year.New trees
9.are_being_planted (plant) which will soon give shade in summer.The whole school
10.is_going_to_be_painted (paint) during the summer holidays.In fact, our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
第三周情态动词和虚拟语气
一、情态动词
1．can 和could的用法
(1)表示“能力”。

Even a child can operate the computer, let alone an adult.
(2)表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。

How could you do such a silly thing?
(3)表示可能。

It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
(4)cannot ... too/enough表示“无论……也不过分”；“越……越好”。

I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.(2012·陕西高考)
2．may和might的用法
(1)may和might表示“许可、可能性、祝愿”等意义。

①在给予别人许可时，常用can，但有时也用may。

不能用might。

—May I take the book out?
—I’m afraid not.(2010·四川高考)
②“may as well＋动词原形”意为“最好；倒不如”。

We may as well stay where we are.
(2)may作“可以”讲时，其否定式常用“mustn’t”表示“禁止”；must作“必须”讲时，其否定式是“needn’t”，表示“不必”。

—May I take this book out of the reading room?
—No, you mustn’t. You read it in here.(2010·陕西高考)
3．must的用法
(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)。

The new law states that people mustn’t drive after drinking alcohol.(2012·上
海高考)
(2)表示“偏执；固执”。

If you must go, at least wait until the sto rm is over.(2011·辽宁高考)
4．shall的用法
(1)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。

—What time shall I pick you up at your house tomorrow, sir?
—I haven’t decided on the time.But I will call you.
(2)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。

No driving electric motor bikes in some areas is a rule that you shall obey in Fuzhou.
5．will和would的用法
作情态动词的will, would与作助动词的will, would的各种形式相同。

(1)表示自愿做或主动提出做什么，如意志、愿望或决心等。

would用于过去的情况。

—Goodbye, John. Come back again sometime.
—Sure. I will.(2012·四川高考)
—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.(2011·重庆高考)
(2)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。

Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
(3)would 可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式，但没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。

When we worked in the same firm several years ago, we would often go to the cinema together.
6．情态动词＋have＋过去分词
(1)can/could have done表示“本来可以做，而实际上未做”或者“过去可能”，疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为表示怀疑或不肯定，其中can’t have done多用于语气强烈的否定，意为“不可能做过”。

—Do you know where David is？I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well.He can’t have gone far — his coat’s still here.
I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn’t have the right drugs with me at that moment.
(2)may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“可能做过”。

might所表示的可能性比较弱，语气较委婉。

此外might have done可表示“本可能做而实际上未做”。

Sorry, I’m late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
(3)must have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“一定；想必”，语气十分肯定。

Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago, as
a strong­willed man.(2010·安徽高考)
(4)should have done表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上却没有做；shouldn’t have done 表示过去本来不应该做某事而实际上却做了。

这一用法往往含有责备的意味。

I shouldn’t have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams.(2010·山东高考)
(5)ought to have done表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上却没有做；ought not to have done表示过去本来不应该做某事而实际上却做了。

这一用法与should相同，也往往含有责备的意味。

You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn’t you come?
(6)needn’t have done表示本来不必做某事而实际上却做了。

Mark needn’t have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.(2010·天津高考)
二、虚拟语气
1．非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法
We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn’t offered us a ride home.(2012·天津高考)
If it snowed/were to snow/should snow tomorrow, we would take photos.
[名师指津] 若条件句中有were, had, should, 可把if省略，而把were, had, should放在主语前，形成倒装结构，这种结构主要用于书面语中。

Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.(2010·浙江高考)
Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to cancel the football match.
2．错综时间虚拟条件句
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now.(从句指过去，主句指现在) 3．含蓄虚拟语气
有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表达，而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等来引导。

I was so busy then, otherwise I would have gone to help him.
I would have come sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.(2011·天津高考)
4．某些从句中虚拟语气的用法
(1)表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等含义的动词后宾语从句和同位语从句时用虚拟语气，形式为：(should＋)动词原形。

常这样用的动词有：advise劝告，demand要求，desire渴望，command命令，insist坚决要求，prefer宁愿，urge主张，order命令，recommend 劝告；建议，request要求，require要求，suggest建议，以及这些词的名词形式。

Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.(2010·福建高考)
(2)wish后跟宾语从句时用虚拟语气。

对现在情况的假设： wish＋主语＋动词过去式(be用were)
对过去情况的假设： wish＋主语＋had＋过去分词
对将来情况的假设： wish＋主语＋would＋动词原形
—How much of the foreign expert’s speech have you understood?
—Next to nothing. I wish I had worked harder at English.
(3)would rather后跟从句时用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。

George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he focused more on its culture.(2010·江苏高考)
(4)在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。

It is high time that people learnt/should learn English.
(5)在as if从句中，看语境是否与事实相反而选择是否使用虚拟语气。

It looks as if it’s going to rain.
She talked about it again and again as if she would never end.
(6)if only 引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。

Look at the trouble we’re in. If only we had taken our teacher’s advice!
[针对训练]
Ⅰ.在下列各句中填入适当的情态动词
1．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
2．(2013·四川高考)—Why are your eyes so red? You can’t have slept well last night.
—Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report.
3．(2013·陕西高考)My mom suggests that we should eat out for a change this weekend.
4．(2013·湖南高考)He couldn’t sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it.
5．(2013·安徽高考)It couldn’t be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.
6．(2013·重庆高考)—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I’m not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
7．(2013·江西高考)When I was a child, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.
8．(2013·北京高考)—You needn’t take an umbrella.It isn’t going to rain.
—Well, I don’t know.It might do.
9．(2013·辽宁高考)Harry is feeling uncomfortable.He must_have_drunk too much at the party last night.
10．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I can find the money.
11．(2012·辽宁高考)One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.
12．(2012·重庆高考)—Must you interrupt now? Can’t you see I’m on the phone?
—Sorry Sir, but it’s urgent.
13．(2012·江苏高考)Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but wouldn’t (not) say where he was.
14．(2011·新课标全国卷)They should have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
15．(2011·江西高考)We needn’t (not) have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.
16．—How’s your new babysitter?
—We couldn’t (not) ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much.
17．(2011·陕西高考) I couldn’t (not) have gone through that bitter period without。