山西省阳高县高中英语Unit4AstronomythescienceofthestarsPeriod

Unit4 astronomy: the science of the stars
Period 4 Grammar
学习目标：
1. 了解并掌握主语从句的相关概念；
2. 完成与主语从句相关的练习；
学习重点：it作形式主语的各种句式及虚拟语气的使用。

学习难点：主语从句引导词的正确选择。

预习案
课文原句分析(P25-26)
1. was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
2.The earth became so violent that it was not clear -
3. is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
4.It was not immediately obvious
5. is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and sea s.
6. still remains a mystery.
7.So will depend on whether this problem can be so lved.
探究案
主语从句：在复合句中充当主语的句子，通常放在主句的谓语动词之前, 或由形式主语it代替，而从句后置放在句子末尾。

句子结构：引导词 + 句子 + 主句谓语 + 主句其他成分
一、主语从句的引导词
从属连词 that (无意义、无成分、不可省), whether（有意义、无成分、不可省）
连接代词 who(ever), whom(ever), what(ever), which(ever), whose(ver)（有意义、有成分、
不可省）
连接副词 when(ever), where(ver), why, how(ever) （有意义、有成分、不可省）
That Tom didn’t pass the exam made his mother very worried.
Whether we will have a meeting tomorrow hasn’t been decided.
What is the most important for us students is studying hard.
There are 5 books here. Whichever you will choos e is Ok.
When and where we will go camping hasn’t been decided.
It is not clear why he was absent from school.
How we can get enough money is still a problem.
二、如何确定主语从句的引导词
原则：“缺什么补什么”（成分、意义）
1. 如果从句中缺主语、宾语、表语，指人时用who(ever)，whom(ever) 或 which(ever) (有选择范围），指物用what(ever) 或 which(ever) (有范围）；
2. 如果从句中缺状语用when(ever)，where(ver)， why， how(ever)；
3. 如缺定语，用what，which或者whose（修饰名词或代词）；
4. 什么都不缺，用that（无意义）或 whether （有意义“是否”）。

三、形式主语it
有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免“头重脚轻”, 常用 it 作形式主语, 把主语从句放在主句的后面。

例如: It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:
1. It is + n. + 从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that………是事实
It is an honor that………是非常荣幸的
It is common knowledge that………是常识
2. It is + adj. + 从句
It’s certain that………是肯定的
It is likely/possible/probable that... 很可能……
It is unlikely/impossible/improbable that... 不可能……
It is clear/obvious that…很明显……
It is necessary/important /natural/... that…+(should) do
3. It + 不及物动词 + 从句
It happened that... 碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
It seems/appears that…似乎……
4. It + be + 过去分词+ 从句
It is said that...
It is reported that...
It is believed that... “据.......”
It is known to us all that...
四、主语从句中的虚拟
1. 在“It is requested / ordered / suggested + that 从句”中，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。

2. 在“ It is necessary / important / natural /... that从句”中，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。

五、疑问词-ever与 no matter + 疑问词
1. 两者都可以引导状语从句
Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.
2. 引导名词性从句只能用“疑问词-ever”
whoever相当于anyone who
whatever相当于 anything that
whichever “无论哪个；无论哪些”既可指人，也可指物，既可以单独使用，也可以修饰名词，也可以跟of 短语连用。

Whoever breaks the rule will be punished.
Whatever you do must be done well.
Whichever book you choose is none of my business.
六、主语从句需注意的问题
1. 主语从句无论是用连接代词引导，还是用连接副词引导，总是用陈述语序。

但应注意的是：有时连接代词既作引导词，又作从句的主语，从句本身已是陈述语序，不需要再进行语序的调整；
Who did it is unknown. 不知道谁做了这件事。

What pleased the parents most is that their son has passed the test. 最让父母高兴的是，他们的儿子通过了考试。

2. 主语从句后主句的谓语动词一般情况下用单数，但当主语从句为what, who所引导时，主句谓语动词的单复数须依句子的内容而定；
Tha t they haven’t phoned is strange. 真奇怪，他们还没有打电话。

What we need are books.
What we need is water.
3. that引导的主语从句时，that不能省略。

训练案
一、【常见错误展示】下列各句均有一处错误，请改正并分析错误的原因。

1. Light travels faster than sound is common knowledge.
2. If she’s coming or not is not very important.
3. That the professor said is very important.
4. Where will the trees be planted has not been decided.
5. No matter who shares my interest will be my friend.
6. It was requested that everyone made a speech at the meeting.
7. That he likes books of this kind are very interesting.
二、单项填空
1.Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ___ the problem itself is.
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. Why
2. _____ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A. Which
B. What
C. That
D. Whom
3. It was never clear ______ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A. that
B. how
C. when
D. why
4. It is by no means clear ____ the president can do to end the strike(罢工).
A. how
B. which
C. that
D. What
3. _____ made the school proud was______ more than 90％ of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because
B. What ; that
C. That ; what
D. That ; because
4. ______ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where
5. _______ that they can pass the written exa m this time.
A. That is hoped
B. It is hoped
C. It hopes
D. That hopes
6.________ you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
A. Whether
B. Who
C. That
D. If
7._______ annoys me is that Cindy never returns the books she borrows on time
A. This
B. It
C. What
D. That
8.The foreign minister said, “ ________ our hope that the two sides will walk towards peace.”
A. This is
B. There is
C. It is
D. That is
9.____ we’ll go traveling abroad next year depends on how much we have earned.
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where
10.______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There
B. This
C. That
D. It
11._____ in the newspaper that the price of food will go up.
A. It says
B. It is said
C. It has said
D. He is said
12._____ surprised me most was _____ they had finished it so quickly.
A. What; what
B. That; that
C. What; that
D. That; what
13._____ they will stay this night has not been clear. It is 8 o’clock p.m. Now.
A. When
B. How
C. That
D. Where
14.______ the Chinese team got 51 gold medals in the 29th Olympics ______ all Chinese people.
A. What; excited
B. That; excited
C. What; exciting
D. That; exciting
15.______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who
B. The one
C. Whoever
D. Anyone。