Power in Interruption1
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This paper is to be devoted exclusively to interruption and power, specifically, power imbalance as shown in interruption in Chinese criminal courtroom discourse, in terms of the following:
1.3.2 Power is discourse and discourse is power. ‘His work marks a radical departure from previous modes of conceiving power and cannot be easily integrated with previous ideas, as power is diffuse rather than concentrated, embodied and enacted rather than possessed, discursive rather than purely coercive, and constitutes agents rather than being deployed by them’ (Gaventa 2003: 1)
1.2 Definition and classification of interruption
1.2.1 Definitionቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Interruption is defined as intrusion by one participant in a social interaction into the turn of the current speaker in an attempt to obtain the floor.
accorded value in the acquisition of truth; the status of those who are charged with saying what counts as true’ (Foucault, in Rabinow 1991). Foucault is one of the few writers on power who recognise that power is not just a negative, coercive or repressive thing that forces us to do things against our wishes, but can also be a necessary, productive and positive force in society (Gaventa 2003: 2):
‘Truth is a thing of this world: it is produced only by virtue of multiple forms of constraint. And it induces regular effects of power. Each society has its regime of truth, its “general politics” of truth: that is, the types of discourse which it accepts and makes function as true; the mechanisms and instances which enable one to distinguish true and false statements, the means by which each is sanctioned; the techniques and procedures
(1) Amount of interruption and distribution (2) Patterns of interruption (3) Positions of interruption (4) Meta-interruptive speech acts and (5) Functions of interruption
(1) Interruption and gender
(Ferguson, 1977; Kollock et al., 1985; Hawkins, 1991; Mishler and Waxler, 1968; Robinson and Reis, 1989; Zimmerman and West, 1975).
‘metapower‟ or „regime of truth‟ that pervades society, and which is in constant flux and negotiation. Foucault uses the term „power/knowledge‟ to signify that power is constituted through accepted forms of knowledge, scientific understanding and „truth‟:
Power in Interruption
(中国法庭话语打断与权力)
Meizhen, Liao Central China Normal University Wuhan，China, P. R.
1. Introduction
1.1 The aim of the study
1.2.2 Classification
Interruption is divided into “simple interruption” and “overlap interruption” (Zimmerman & West 1975), with the only difference being that in the former there is no or almost no discernable overlap of the utterances by the interrupter and interruptee.
‘We must cease once and for all to describe the effects of power in negative terms: it „excludes‟, it „represses‟, it „censors‟, it „abstracts‟, it „masks‟, it „conceals‟. In fact power produces; it produces reality; it produces domains of objects and rituals of truth. The individual and the knowledge that may be gained of him belong to this production‟ (Foucault 1991: 194).
1.2 Nature: Interdisciplinary
（1）Sociolinguistics 1. Linguistics （2）Pragmatics （3）Critical discourse analysis 2. Law （4）（Micro）Legal sociology 3. Sociology （5）（Micro）Sciology 4. Semiotics （6）Semiotics
(1) Men interrupt more than women and women are interrupted more than men.
(2) Interruptions are symmetrically distributed in same sex dyads and asymmetrically distributed in opposite sex dyads with males interrupting females more than females interrupting males;
(2) Interruption and dominance (Zimmerman and West, 1975; Rodgers and Jones, 1975; Ferguson, 1977; Frances, 1979; Beattie, 1981; Kollock, 1985; Dindia, 1987; Roger and Nesshoever, 1987; Bilous and Krauss, 1988; Mulac, Wiemann, Widenmann & Gibson, 1988; Robinson and Reis, 1989; Hawkins, 1991; Holmes, 1991; Marche and Peterson, 1993; and FinneganMorenon, 1996),
1.3 Tree assumptions
1.3.1 Power is not a remote concept. It is not far away from us. It is everyday reality. Power is never metaphysic, but concrete. Power exists in details, to be exact, in linguistic details.
(3) Women have less assertive behaviors interrupted, interrupt less assertively, and respond less assertively to interruptions than men;
1.3 A brief view of previous studies of interruption
Interruption, both as a very interesting conversational phenomenon and as an important indicator of power, has drawn the attention from the fields of sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and pragmatics. So far, main scholarly concerns are:
(3) Conceptualization and measurement of Interruption (Okamota, Rashotte and Smith-Lovin, 2002; and Li, Krysko, Desroches and Deagle, 2004).
Most important conclusions
Foucault challenges the idea that power is wielded by people or groups by way of „episodic‟ or „sovereign‟ acts of domination or coercion, seeing it instead as dispersed and pervasive. „Power is everywhere‟ and „comes from everywhere‟ so in this sense is neither an agency nor a structure (Foucault 1998: 63). Instead it is a kind of „metapower‟ or „regime of truth‟ that pervades
1.3.2 Power is discourse and discourse is power. ‘His work marks a radical departure from previous modes of conceiving power and cannot be easily integrated with previous ideas, as power is diffuse rather than concentrated, embodied and enacted rather than possessed, discursive rather than purely coercive, and constitutes agents rather than being deployed by them’ (Gaventa 2003: 1)
1.2 Definition and classification of interruption
1.2.1 Definitionቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Interruption is defined as intrusion by one participant in a social interaction into the turn of the current speaker in an attempt to obtain the floor.
accorded value in the acquisition of truth; the status of those who are charged with saying what counts as true’ (Foucault, in Rabinow 1991). Foucault is one of the few writers on power who recognise that power is not just a negative, coercive or repressive thing that forces us to do things against our wishes, but can also be a necessary, productive and positive force in society (Gaventa 2003: 2):
‘Truth is a thing of this world: it is produced only by virtue of multiple forms of constraint. And it induces regular effects of power. Each society has its regime of truth, its “general politics” of truth: that is, the types of discourse which it accepts and makes function as true; the mechanisms and instances which enable one to distinguish true and false statements, the means by which each is sanctioned; the techniques and procedures
(1) Amount of interruption and distribution (2) Patterns of interruption (3) Positions of interruption (4) Meta-interruptive speech acts and (5) Functions of interruption
(1) Interruption and gender
(Ferguson, 1977; Kollock et al., 1985; Hawkins, 1991; Mishler and Waxler, 1968; Robinson and Reis, 1989; Zimmerman and West, 1975).
‘metapower‟ or „regime of truth‟ that pervades society, and which is in constant flux and negotiation. Foucault uses the term „power/knowledge‟ to signify that power is constituted through accepted forms of knowledge, scientific understanding and „truth‟:
Power in Interruption
(中国法庭话语打断与权力)
Meizhen, Liao Central China Normal University Wuhan，China, P. R.
1. Introduction
1.1 The aim of the study
1.2.2 Classification
Interruption is divided into “simple interruption” and “overlap interruption” (Zimmerman & West 1975), with the only difference being that in the former there is no or almost no discernable overlap of the utterances by the interrupter and interruptee.
‘We must cease once and for all to describe the effects of power in negative terms: it „excludes‟, it „represses‟, it „censors‟, it „abstracts‟, it „masks‟, it „conceals‟. In fact power produces; it produces reality; it produces domains of objects and rituals of truth. The individual and the knowledge that may be gained of him belong to this production‟ (Foucault 1991: 194).
1.2 Nature: Interdisciplinary
（1）Sociolinguistics 1. Linguistics （2）Pragmatics （3）Critical discourse analysis 2. Law （4）（Micro）Legal sociology 3. Sociology （5）（Micro）Sciology 4. Semiotics （6）Semiotics
(1) Men interrupt more than women and women are interrupted more than men.
(2) Interruptions are symmetrically distributed in same sex dyads and asymmetrically distributed in opposite sex dyads with males interrupting females more than females interrupting males;
(2) Interruption and dominance (Zimmerman and West, 1975; Rodgers and Jones, 1975; Ferguson, 1977; Frances, 1979; Beattie, 1981; Kollock, 1985; Dindia, 1987; Roger and Nesshoever, 1987; Bilous and Krauss, 1988; Mulac, Wiemann, Widenmann & Gibson, 1988; Robinson and Reis, 1989; Hawkins, 1991; Holmes, 1991; Marche and Peterson, 1993; and FinneganMorenon, 1996),
1.3 Tree assumptions
1.3.1 Power is not a remote concept. It is not far away from us. It is everyday reality. Power is never metaphysic, but concrete. Power exists in details, to be exact, in linguistic details.
(3) Women have less assertive behaviors interrupted, interrupt less assertively, and respond less assertively to interruptions than men;
1.3 A brief view of previous studies of interruption
Interruption, both as a very interesting conversational phenomenon and as an important indicator of power, has drawn the attention from the fields of sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and pragmatics. So far, main scholarly concerns are:
(3) Conceptualization and measurement of Interruption (Okamota, Rashotte and Smith-Lovin, 2002; and Li, Krysko, Desroches and Deagle, 2004).
Most important conclusions
Foucault challenges the idea that power is wielded by people or groups by way of „episodic‟ or „sovereign‟ acts of domination or coercion, seeing it instead as dispersed and pervasive. „Power is everywhere‟ and „comes from everywhere‟ so in this sense is neither an agency nor a structure (Foucault 1998: 63). Instead it is a kind of „metapower‟ or „regime of truth‟ that pervades