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Long-Term Monitoring Shows Hepatitis B Virus Resistance to Entecavir in Nucleoside-Naı¨ve Patients Is Rare Through5Years of Therapy Daniel J.Tenney,Ronald E.Rose,Carl J.Baldick,Kevin A.Pokornowski,Betsy J.Eggers,Jie Fang, Michael J.Wichroski,Dong Xu,Joanna Yang,Richard B.Wilber,and Richard J.Colonno*Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection who develop antiviral resistance losebenefits of therapy and may be predisposed to further resistance.Entecavir(ETV)resistance(ETVr)results from HBV reverse transcriptase substitutions at positions T184,S202,or M250,which emerge in the presence of lamivudine(LVD)resistance substitutions M204I/V؎L180M.Here,we summarize results from comprehensive resistance monitoring of patients with HBVwho were continuously treated with ETV for up to5years.Monitoring included genotypicanalysis of isolates from all patients at baseline and when HBV DNA was detectable by polymer-ase chain reaction(>300copies/mL)from Years1through5.In addition,genotyping wasperformed on isolates from patients experiencing virologic breakthrough(>1log10rise in HBVDNA).In vitro phenotypic ETV susceptibility was determined for virologic breakthrough iso-lates,and for HBV containing novel substitutions emerging during treatment.The results over5years of therapy showed that in nucleoside-naı¨ve patients,the cumulative probability of geno-typic ETVr and genotypic ETVr associated with virologic breakthrough was1.2%and0.8%,respectively.In contrast,a reduced barrier to resistance was observed in LVD-refractory patients,as the LVD resistance substitutions,a partial requirement for ETVr,preexist,resulting in a5-yearcumulative probability of genotypic ETVr and genotypic ETVr associated with breakthrough of51%and43%,respectively.Importantly,only four patients who achieved<300copies/mL HBVDNA subsequently developed ETVr.Conclusion:Long-term monitoring showed low rates ofresistance in nucleoside-naı¨ve patients during5years of ETV therapy,corresponding with potentviral suppression and a high genetic barrier to resistance.Thesefindings support ETV as aprimary therapy that enables prolonged treatment with potent viral suppression and minimalresistance.(H EPATOLOGY2009;49:1503-1514.)A pproximately400million people worldwide havechronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infections,with arisk for chronic,life-threatening liver disease.1 Antiviral therapy for HBV can provide suppression of viral replication and halt disease progression.2,3However, therapeutic benefits are diminished with the emergence of drug-resistant virus,which occurs most often with pro-longed therapy and incomplete viral suppression.4 Resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide antivirals arises through substitutions in the HBV polymerase reverse transcriptase domain(RT),that arise spontaneously through low-fidelity replication and are enriched through drug-selective pressure.2,3Antiviral therapies are charac-terized by their barrier to resistance,which includes three components:(1)the potency of the antiviral in suppress-ing viral replication,(2)a“genetic barrier”,i.e.,the num-ber of genetic changes required to effectively reduce drug susceptibility that results in virologic breakthrough,and (3)the replicationfitness of the resistant virus.These factors act together to determine the levels of resistance which emerge during therapy.Other factors related to the particular binding site or mechanism of activity also con-tribute to determining the overall barrier to resistance. Lamivudine(LVD)resistance(LVDr)arises with changes in the HBV RT tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-Abbreviations:ADV,adefovir;ADVr,adefovir-resistant;AS-PCR,allele-spe-cific,single-nucleotide polymorphism polymerase chain reaction;EC50,median ef-fective concentration;ETV,entecavir;ETVr,entecavir-resistant,entecavir-resistance;HBV,hepatitis B virus;LVD,lamivudine;LVDr,lamivudine-resistant,lamivudine-resistance;nucleoside-naı¨ve,nucleoside-treatment-naı¨ve;RT,reversetranscriptase domain of the HBV polymerase;WT,wild type;YMDD,tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate.From Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Research and Development,Wallingford,CT.Received August20,2008;accepted December25,2008.*Present address for Richard Colonno:Presidio Pharmaceuticals Inc.,San Fran-cisco,CA.Address reprint requests to:Daniel J.Tenney,Ph.D.,Bristol-Myers SquibbPharmaceutical Research Institute,5Research Parkway,Wallingford,CT06492.E-mail daniel.tenney@;fax:203-677-6088.Copyright©2009by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.Published online in Wiley InterScience().DOI10.1002/hep.22841Potential conflict of interest:The studies were performed at Bristol-Myers Squibbby employees of Bristol-Myers Squibb.Study participants have been informed ofpotential conflicts of interest.Drs.Wilber,Eggers,Colonno,Baldick,Tenney,Pokornowski,and Xu own stocks in Bristol-Myers Squibb.1503aspartate(YMDD)nucleotide-binding motif,inϳ20%of treated patients annually.5Because virologic break-through can occur subsequent to emerging genotypic re-sistance,rates of resistance with virologic breakthroughare typically lower.Telbivudine resistance also arises atthe YMDD motif and has been reported in the context ofvirologic breakthrough,at22%and9%over2years inpatients who are positive and negative,respectively,forthe hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg).6,7YMDD motifchanges reduce susceptibility to LVD or telbivudine by Ͼ100-fold.8Adefovir(ADV)resistance(ADVr)arises through HBV RT A181and N236changes9and occursin29%of patients who are HBeAg-negative after5years.ADVr in patients who are HBeAg-positive was reportedin the context of virologic breakthrough and occurred in25%of patients followed for110-279weeks of therapy.9For LVD,ADV,and telbivudine,the genetic barrier toresistance in antiviral-naı¨ve patients can be as low as asingle substitution.Several factors contribute to the high barrier to resistancewith entecavir(ETV).ETV is potent,resulting in a higherproportion of patients achieving undetectable HBV DNAthan those treated with LVD10,11or ADV.12Marked(Ͼ70-fold)reductions in ETV susceptibility requires substitutionsat residues T184,S202,or M250in LVDr HBV withchanges at M204I/VϮL180M.13,14Thus,the genetic bar-rier to ETVr involves multiple substitutions.In vitro studiesdemonstrated that the highest levels of phenotypic resis-tance,leading to virologic breakthrough,require both theM204V and L180M LVDr substitutions with at least oneETVr substitution.13,15Additionally,ETVr HBV exhibitsimpaired replicationfitness.14Thus,thefinding that ETVrhas been rarely observed in nucleoside-naı¨ve patients16,17islikely due to a combination of a high genetic barrier,potentviral suppression,and reducedfitness of resistant viruses.The development of viral resistance often predisposes pa-tients to resistance for subsequent antivirals.LVDr substitutionsM204V/IϮL180M result in complete functional cross resis-tance(Ͼ100-fold)to L-nucleoside analogs LVD,telbivudine,emtricitabine,and clevudine.8,15,18-21However,nucleotidephosphonates ADV and tenofovir are not cross-resistant toM204YMDD mutant HBV.Nevertheless,ADVr is morelikely to emerge in patients with LVDr HBV,at rates of18%and25%after1and2years,respectively.22-24Recently,evi-dence for cross-resistance of ADV and tenofovir with LVDrHBV with A181V or T substitutions was reported.25LVDr also reduces the barrier to resistance with ETV.ETV exhibitsϳ8-fold reduced potency against LVDrHBV.13,21Although48weeks of ETV therapy in LVD-refractory patients suppressed HBV DNA by a mean of5.1log10copies/mL,26,27this potency was reduced relativeto that in naı¨ve patients.10,11Additionally,because LVDr M204substitutions are a subset of the changes required for ETVr,8the genetic barrier to ETVr is reduced with LVDr HBV relative to wild-type virus.Previous analyses showed ETVr is rare in nucleoside-naı¨ve patients,but increases over time in LVD-refractory patients.15,16,28,29Here,we report a comprehensive assess-ment of resistance in both patient populations treated for up to5years with ETV.Patients and MethodsPatients.Patients from six phase2and3clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of ETV were moni-tored for resistance through Year5(week240).Serum samples were obtained from patients in studies ETV-02211 ( identifier:NCT00035633)and ETV-02710(NCT00035789)of nucleoside-naı¨ve HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients with compensated liver disease,respectively,as well as in LVD-refractory pa-tients(those with continued viremia or identified resis-tance while on LVD)in phase3study ETV-02627 (NCT00036608)and phase2study ETV-01426in pa-tients with compensated liver disease,and phase2study ETV-01515in orthotopic liver transplant recipients.All pa-tients provided written informed consent,and study proto-cols conformed to the1975Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by appropriate Institutional Review Boards. Patients initially randomized to treatment with the approved ETV daily dosages(0.5mg for nucleoside-naı¨ve and1.0mg for LVD-refractory)were eligible for inclusion in the resistance sur-veillance.Patients from naı¨ve trials ETV-022and ETV-027, conducted in patients who were HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative,respectively,were treated from1to2years,depending on the clinical response at week48.10,11Patients whose HBV DNA was suppressed below the limit of detection by the branched DNA assay(0.7MEq/mL)and were either HBeAg-negative(for HBeAg-positive patients)or had normalized ala-nineaminotransferase(forHBeAg-negativepatients)atweek48 were to discontinue treatment at week52.Patients whose HBV DNA was less than0.7MEq/mL but did not lose HBeAg or normalize alanine aminotransferase were allowed to continue treatment through week96.Patients who did not achieve either endpoint were offered alternative therapy in the rollover study ETV-901.All patients who remained on treatment were trans-ferred to the rollover study at week96.Most of the555patients who left the studies,therefore,did so as protocol-defined Re-sponders,and89%hadHBVDNAϽ300copies/mLbypoly-merase chain reaction(PCR),and therefore were unlikely to develop genotypic resistance and/or virologic breakthrough. Because the ETV-901study was blinded and included patients rolling over from both ETV and LVD arms of other studies,they initially received the combination of1504TENNEY ET AL.HEPATOLOGY,May2009100mg LVD and1.0mg ETV.Subsequently,a protocol amendment changed ETV-901to monotherapy with1.0 mg ETV.Results from the nucleoside-naı¨ve resistance cohort reflect the use of1.0mg ETV for147of149 patients in Year3,and all patients in Years4and5,rather than the0.5mg dosage.Patients who received extended therapy in study ETV-901were included in the resistance cohort if they received “continuous treatment,”with interruptions ofՅ35days between the end of dosing in the original study and the start of dosing in ETV-901.When treatment gaps ex-ceeded35days,the end of dosing in the primary study was considered the last on-treatment observation,and their subsequent virologic profile was excluded from the long-term resistance survey.Annual visits for Years1through5occurred at48-week intervals.These timepoints were“windowed”to in-clude annual patient visits collected betweenՆ42to Յ58weeks for Year1,betweenՆ90toՅ102weeks forYear2,betweenՆ132toՅ156weeks for Year3,between Ն180toՅ204weeks for Year4,and between Ն228toՅ252weeks for Year5of therapy.All patients receiving ETV forՆ24weeks were mon-itored for resistance using HBV DNA quantification and nucleotide sequence analysis.HBV DNA quantification used the Roche COBAS Amplicor PCR(version2,lower limit of quantification300copies/mL;57IU/mL).Base-line and on-treatment isolates from patients with PCR-detectable HBV DNA(Ն300copies/mL)at the end of each yearly interval or at end of dosing within each year were sequenced.These included patients experiencing a virologic breakthrough(defined as aՆ1log10increase in HBV DNA from the on-treatment nadir,confirmed by two sequential measurements,or unconfirmed when it was the last on-treatment assessment in each year).When multiple samples were available at the end of the yearly interval,the sample closest to the end of each year was used(i.e.,weeks48,96,144,192,and240). Genotyping.The HBV RT was PCR amplified from pa-tient serum HBV DNA,sequenced directly,and analyzed.15,16 Phenotyping.Phenotypic ETV susceptibility was de-termined for HBV with novel emerging substitutions as well as for paired baseline and breakthrough isolates from patients experiencing a virologic breakthrough.Virus sus-ceptibility assays used either patient RT population qua-sispecies or individual isolates cloned into a laboratory HBV genotype D expression plasmid.Susceptibility was determined by quantification of nucleocapsid-associated HBV DNA released from transfected HepG2cells,in the presence of0.2nM to15M ETV.15Cumulative Probabilities.The cumulative probabil-ity of resistance was calculated2using the formula P Totalϭ1Ϫ(1ϪP yr1)ϫ(1ϪP yr2)ϫ(1ϪP yr3)ϫ(1ϪP yr4)ϫ(1ϪP yr5),where Pϭprobability yr(i)ϭ(number of pa-tients with events at Year i)/(number of patients at risk at Year i)for iϭ1,2,3,4,5.A resistance“event”was defined as genotypic ETVr or genotypic ETVr with viro-logic breakthrough,in a yearly interval.Patients“at risk”were those during Year i who did not develop resistance during Year(i-1).Patients who discontinued ETV treat-ment in Year i were assumed to be in follow-up for the entire year.ResultsResistance Surveillance in Nucleoside-Naı¨ve Pa-tients Treated with ETV.In Year1,663nucleoside-naı¨ve patients treated with ETV were monitored for resistance(Table1).At the end of Year1,HBV DNA was successfully amplified and sequenced from243patients, including those128of the663(19%)patients with PCR-detectable HBV DNA,and a subset of the535patients with undetectable virus,who were analyzed because the patients’HBV DNA status was blinded at the time of analysis.ETVr substitution S202G with LVDr M204VϩL180M changes were detected in a single HBeAg-negative patient at week48(patient#16).De-spite being nucleoside-naı¨ve,baseline virus from patient #16harbored34%LVDr HBV(L80L/I,M204M/I),and subsequently developed L180M,M204V,and ETVr sub-stitution S202G at the time of virologic breakthrough (Table3).16Eight other nucleoside-naı¨ve patients had baseline LVDr,detected in three patients using standard nucleotide sequencing and in the otherfive using a moreTable1.Nucleoside-Naı¨ve Patients in ETV Resistance CohortStudy(Patient Population)*Treated and Monitored PatientsYear1Year2Year3Year4Year5ETV-022(HBeAg Positive)345234********* ETV-027(HBeAg Negative)31844865All Treated and Monitored663278149121108 No.Ͻ300copies/mL HBV DNA(%)†535(81)232(83)132(89)109(90)100(93) *Included time points in rollover study ETV-901as outlined in Patients and Methods.†Time point nearest to each year end window or the end-of-dosing.HEPATOLOGY,Vol.49,No.5,2009TENNEY ET AL.1505sensitive single-nucleotide polymorphism allele-specific(AS) PCR assay(Fang et al.,manuscript submitted).Two patients developed LVDr on ETV that was not detected at baseline; one breakthrough patient in Year1with11substitutions emerging,who left the study before confirmation of the changes;and one patient with LVDr emerging at the last treatment visit in Year5.Neither exhibited phenotypic resis-tance seen for patients with ETVr(see below).Aside from patient#16,none of the nucleoside-naı¨ve patients with LVDr at baseline subsequently developed ETVr. Fourteen patients treated with ETV experienced viro-logic breakthrough during Year1,six with HBeAg-posi-tive HBV and eight with HBeAg-negative HBV.The HBV DNA rise was confirmed in sequential visits in only two patients,one of whom was ETVr patient#16. Among the384patients discontinuing treatment at the end of Year1(and who were not included in the long-term resistance monitoring),92%(352)had HBV DNAϽ300copies/mL.A total of278nucleoside-naı¨ve patients were moni-tored in Year2,with the majority(232,83%)achievingHBV DNAϽ300copies/mL.Genotyping was successful in44of the46patients with detectable HBV DNA. ETVr(M204VϩL180M and S202G)was detected in one patient who was HBeAg-positive at week84(patient #23);this patient discontinued treatment at week97with 3.7log10copies/mL HBV DNA,without having experi-enced a virologic breakthrough.All three resistance sub-stitutions appeared simultaneously and sequencing of cloned isolates showed that all three resistance substitu-tions were genetically linked and that viruses with subsets of resistant substitutions were not detected.AfterϾ7 weeks without therapy,this patient’s HBV DNA reached 6.7log10copies/mL and ETV treatment was reinitiated; however,HBV DNA levels were not suppressed.Eight patients in Year2experienced unconfirmed vi-rologic breakthroughs.One had LVDr substitutions only at the time of breakthrough;however,the patient’s base-line isolate also harbored low levels(0.13%)of LVDr HBV by the AS-PCR method.Resistance at LVDr or ETVr residues was not found in any other patient.Of the129nucleoside-naı¨ve patients discontinuing in Year2,107(83%)hadϽ300copies/mL HBV DNA.A total of149patients continued therapy into Year3and were monitored for resistance.At the end of Year3,17 patients(11%)had HBV DNAՆ300copies/mL and genotyping was successful on15patient isolates.Two patients exhibited confirmed virologic breakthrough in Year 3.One patient(#44)had genetically linked M204VϩL180M and S202G resistance emerge at week 139and experienced virologic breakthrough at week148 and the addition of a T184T/I change.This patient had rolled over into study ETV-901at week100and com-pleted16weeks of combination treatment before resis-tance emerged with breakthrough.No ETVr or LVDr was found in any other patient.Of the28patients who discontinued without resistance prior to therapy in Year4,25(89%)had undetectable HBV DNA(Ͻ300copies/mL).A total of121nucleoside-naı¨ve ETV patients received therapy and were monitored for resis-tance in Year4.Twelve(10%)had HBV DNAՆ300cop-ies/mL and genotyping was successful in10of these patients. One patient experienced a virologic breakthrough.Analysis of these patients failed to detect resistance.Of the14patients who discontinued without resis-tance prior to therapy in Year5,12(86%)had undetect-able HBV DNA(Ͻ300copies/mL).Among108 nucleoside-naı¨ve ETV patients monitored in Year5,eight (7%)had HBV DNAՆ300copies/mL and genotyping was successful for seven patients.No ETV-resistance was found in these patients,including two who experienced virologic breakthrough.The overall results in nucleoside-naı¨ve patients are summarized in Fig.1.Through5years of ETV therapy, the cumulative probability of developing genotypic ETVr or genotypic ETVr accompanied by a virologic break-through was1.2%and0.8%,respectively.Cell culture susceptibility testing also showed that22of the27breakthroughs experienced by nucleoside-naı¨ve ETV patients through Year5were unrelated to resistance,because resistance substitutions were not detected and ETV suscep-tibility was relatively unchanged from the wild type(Fig.2). Isolates from the two patients with virologicbreakthroughs Fig.1.Cumulative probabilities of ETVr in nucleoside-naı¨ve patients. Bars indicate the cumulative probabilities of genotypic ETVr(open)and genotypic ETVr with virologic breakthrough(filled)that occurred over the course of5years.1506TENNEY ET AL.HEPATOLOGY,May2009associated with ETVr substitutions (patients #16and #44)showed decreased ETV susceptibility of 2790-fold and 32-fold,respectively.LVDr isolates were only 2.1-fold to 26.2-fold less susceptible than the wild type (Fig.2).This correlates with the finding that the two patients with LVDr who were further treated with ETV achieved HBV DNA Ͻ300copies/mL on continued ETV.LVD-Refractory Patients.The LVD-refractory resis-tance cohort included 187patients with documented resistance or recurrent/persistently detectable HBV DNA (Ͼ300copies/mL)whilereceivingLVD(Table2).Baselinesequenceevidence of genotypic LVDr was detected in 84.5%of patients.As re-ported,5%ofthesepatientsalsoharboredETVrsubstitutionsat T184,S202,or M250at study entry.15Emerging ETVr at T184,S202,and/or M250was observed by nucleotide sequencing in 11,12,16,6,and 2patients during Years 1through 5of ETV,respectively.Virologic breakthrough with ETVr,including those resis-tant at baseline,occurred in 2,14,13,9,and 1patients in Years 1through 5,respectively.Importantly,through Year 5,only three LVD-refractory patients achieving Ͻ300copies/mL HBV DNA on ETV subsequently de-veloped ETVr,and only two of them experienced a sub-sequent virologic breakthrough.The presence of ETVr did not always result in virologic breakthrough because only 68%(39of 57)of ETVr pa-tients experienced a virologic breakthrough through Year 5.Various substitutions were found (Table 3).Substitu-tions at residue I169emerged in 13of the 57(22%)patients with ETVr.All the I169changes occurred sub-sequent to or simultaneously with primary ETVr at T184,S202or M250.Only 9of 39(23%)breakthrough isolates had I169changes.Three patients with I169changes did not experience breakthrough,and one breakthrough pa-tient developed an I169substitution after breakthrough.This,along with the finding that I169substitutions do not consistently alter the phenotypic susceptibility to ETV,8suggests that the I169change is an adaptive or accessory substitution and not a primary ETVr change.In general,only a subset of ETVr changes was found in patients experiencing virologic breakthrough,including T184A/C/F/G/L/M,S202G,or M250V.Other substitu-tions at T184,S202,or M250were found in breakthrough isolates,but only as part of a combination with these re-stricted changes.Occasionally,further therapy resulted in an evolution of the ETVr changes to other residues (unpub-lished observations).Patients with T184I/S,S202C,or M250I/L tended not to experience virologic breakthrough unless these substitutions shifted to a more highly resistant substitution listed above.Often there was a delay between the appearance of genotypic ETVr and virologic break-through (unpublished observations),consistent with obser-vations that ETVr variants are replication impaired.8,14Through 5years of therapy with 1.0mg ETV in LVD-refractory patients,the cumulative probabilities of genotypic ETVr substitutions and virologic breakthrough with ETVr increased to 51%and 43%,respectively (Fig.3).The phenotypic ETV susceptibility of virologic break-through isolates from the LVD-refractory patients is sum-marized in Fig.4.In contrast to the results with most nucleoside-naı¨ve breakthrough patients (Fig.2),break-through isolates from LVD-refractory patients consisted predominantly of ETVr genotypes and exhibited substan-tial reductions in ETV susceptibility relative to the wild type (285-fold median [range ϭ29-4464]).A range of susceptibilities were observed due to differences in the proportions of resistant viruses in the quasispecies and from the different ETVr changes present;however,82%(32of 39)had median effective concentration (EC 50)forTable 2.LVD-Refractory Patients in ETV Resistance CohortsStudy*Treated and Monitored PatientsYear 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5ETV-01440201691ETV-01599720ETV-026138117574132All Treated and Monitored 187146805233No.Ͻ300copies/mL HBV DNA (%)†38(20)38(26)27(34)24(46)20(61)*Included time points in rollover study ETV-901as outlined in Patients and Methods.†Time point nearest to each year-end window or theend-of-dosing.Fig.2.Phenotypic analysis of isolates from nucleoside-naı¨ve patients experiencing virologic breakthrough.Each diamond ({)represents the ETV susceptibility of the population isolate at baseline and is paired with a circle (E )representing the susceptibility of the virologic breakthrough population isolate for the same patient.Shapes are filled according to resistance genotype,as indicated.The wild-type (WT)/LVDr and LVDr/ETVr indicate mixtures.Susceptibility levels are expressed relative to the mean of 10WT HBV populations with no substitutions (EC 50ϭ1.5nM),tested in parallel.Breakthrough isolates with ETVr from patients #16and #44are the filled circles in Year 1and Year 3,respectively.HEPATOLOGY,Vol.49,No.5,2009TENNEY ET AL.15071508TENNEY ET AL.HEPATOLOGY,May2009Table 3.ContinuedHEPATOLOGY,Vol.49,No.5,2009TENNEY ET AL.1509Table 3.Continued1510TENNEY ET AL.HEPATOLOGY,May 2009ETV greater than 100nM,which is Ͼ66.7times the EC 50of the wild type.No changes other than those at T184,S202,or M250,in association with LVDr substitutions at M204I/V ϮL180M,emerged as candidates for primary ETVr substi-tutions during the 5-year resistance monitoring.We iden-tified 92other novel substitutions at 76positions in nucleoside-naı¨ve patients,and 22novel changes at 20Table 3.Continued1BL,baseline or on-treatment isolate at the last genotyped timepoint (treatment weeks)or,if the patient experienced a virologic breakthrough (VB),at the breakthrough timepoint.2HBV RT substitutions associated with resistance.Mixtures of substitutions (#/#)are ordered based upon the predominance in the sequencing chromatograph or using individual cloned isolates.X denotes a mixture of residues in the population that made it impossible to determine the identity of the aminoacids.Fig.3.Cumulative probabilities of ETVr in LVD-refractory patients.Bars indicate the cumulative probabilities of genotypic ETVr (open)or genotypic ETVr accompanied by a virologic breakthrough (filled)that occurred over the course of 5years.Fig.4.Phenotypic analysis of isolates from LVD-refractory patients expe-riencing virologic breakthrough.Each diamond ({)represents the ETV sus-ceptibility of the population isolate at baseline and is paired with a circle representing the susceptibility of the breakthrough population isolate from the same patient.Shapes are filled according to resistance genotype,as indicated.The wild-type (WT)/LVDr and LVDr/ETVr indicate mixtures.Sus-ceptibility levels are expressed relative to the mean of 10WT HBV popula-tions with no substitutions (EC 50ϭ1.5nM),tested in parallel.The WT baseline isolate results from one Year 4patient are shown without their on-treatment breakthrough isolate,which was unable to be amplified.An-other Year 3patient whose on-treatment breakthrough isolate was also unable to be amplified,and their baseline (WT)isolate,are both not shown.HEPATOLOGY,Vol.49,No.5,2009TENNEY ET AL.1511residues in LVD-refractory patients without primary ETVr;however,none of these occurred inϾ3patients (Ͻ2%),and none correlated with virologic responses or reproducibly reduced phenotypic ETV susceptibility, similar to results after2years of ETV.15,16One variant contained an F88Y substitution in a LVDr M204I/ VϩL180M background(Fig.4,Year4,second patient) and exhibited elevated ETV EC50levels;however,this change did not reproducibly confer resistance in other cloned isolates from the same patient or when the change was engineered into laboratory background viruses.Alto-gether,these analyses suggested that various novel changes emerging on ETV resulted from random genetic drift rather than resistance selection.A181Substitutions.A181substitutions are associated with both LVD-resistance and ADV-resistance,as well as resis-tance to LVD and ADV combination therapy.25,30Fifteen pa-tients in the long-term resistance cohort had A181substitutions at some time during ETV therapy,two from study ETV-022, 12from ETV-026,and one from ETV-015.These include changes of A181to C,G,S,T,or V.Seven of the15patients had baseline A181substitutions.Baseline A181substitutions disappeared during ETV therapy in four patients,two others achieved and maintained undetectable HBV DNA,and the A181substitution was maintained in one patient(data not shown).Eight other patients had A181changes emerge on ETV.These substitutions disappeared on continued therapy in three patients,three others achieved and maintained undetect-able HBV DNA,and the substitutions remained in two pa-tients.As reported,15,16phenotyping of the A181substitutions emerging in patients without ETVr showed no reduced suscep-tibility in the wild-type or LVDr HBV.All these results argue against a role for A181substitutions in ETV susceptibility or resistance.DiscussionThis report details the results of long-term HBV resis-tance monitoring over5years of ETV treatment.Our study methods closely adhered to recent guidelines2,31and in-volved genotypic analysis of patients with detectable HBV DNA by a sensitive PCR method(limit of quantification 300copies/mL)and phenotypic susceptibility testing of iso-lates from all patients experiencing virologic breakthrough or novel emerging amino acid substitutions.The most compellingfinding was that a high barrier to resis-tance was maintained through5years of ETV therapy in nucle-oside-naı¨ve patients,where the cumulative probability of genotypic ETVr and virologic breakthrough due to ETVr was 1.2%and0.8%,respectively.This barrier to resistance likely results from(1)potent suppression of viral replication,because 93%ofpatientsachievedundetectableHBVDNA(Ͻ300cop-ies/mL)during this5-year period,(2)a high genetic barrier to resistance,and(3)impaired replication of the ETVr variants.In the end,through5years,ETVr substitutions were detected in only three nucleoside-naı¨ve patients(3of663),with one patient having preexisting LVDr at baseline.There are particular strengths of our resistance study,such as the long-term observation period,the global enrollment of a large number patients in whom all relevant HBV genotypes were represented,and the practice of genotyping all patients with PCR-detectable virus,as well as the phenotyping of viro-logic breakthrough isolates irrespective of recognizable geno-typic resistance substitutions.Study limitations include the loss of patients over time due to protocol design,which mandated treatment discontinuation when patients met certain response definition.10,11Nevertheless,a high percentage of patients (89%)had undetectable HBV DNA(Ͻ300copies/mL)at the time of treatment discontinuation.Observation of those pa-tients who continued on treatment despite not achieving these patient management endpoints suggests that the patients who discontinued would have had a low potential for developing resistance had they continued therapy.Through5years of sur-veillance,one nucleoside-naı¨ve patient developed genotypic ETVr after achieving HBV DNAϽ300copies/mL,and only three LVD-refractory patients did.Another limitation of our resistance surveillance was introduced by the increase in ETV dosage from0.5to1.0 mg daily when the patients entered the ETV-901rollover study.Importantly,the results of a parallel survey of sur-veillance conducted in Japan in which nucleoside-naı¨ve patients received the0.5mg dosage of ETV for3years yielded only one of66patients who developed genotypic resistance(1.7%).17The three nucleoside-naı¨ve study patients,with emerging ETVr,all developed M204VϩL180M and S202G sub-stitutions.Two of these patients with wild-type virus at baseline developed M204VϩL180M and S202G simulta-neously,and these resistance substitutions were linked genet-ically,in that individual clones did not have different subsets of changes.This indicates that ETVr did not emerge in a stepwise manner;which would have resulted in a subset of the viral population with LVDr changes only,accompanied by a proportion with additional ETVr substitutions.Simul-taneous emergence of all three resistance substitutions has been noted in other reports of ETVr.32The requirement to simultaneously develop multiple resistance substitutions in the nucleoside-naı¨ve population most likely contributes to the high genetic barrier to ETVr.Although LVDr substitutions reduce ETV susceptibility, our results do not suggest that ETV selects for LVDr substi-tutions de novo.Instead ETV probably maintains or enriches LVDr variants that are already present.In all but two pa-tients,LVDr that was found during ETV treatment could be detected at baseline.The observation that LVDr was de-1512TENNEY ET AL.HEPATOLOGY,May2009。
Removed_和心 聚力 燃情 创优、17Microsoft Word 文档 (2) 2

和心聚力燃情创优——黄崖子明德小学2012-2013学年第二学期学校工作总结 我校坚持以科学发展观统领全校工作,以德育为首、教学为中心、教学质量为生命线,以“和心”为主题,紧紧围绕“质量立校、教研兴校、特色强校”的发展理念和“规范化、科学化、精细化、人文化”的管理理念:结合我校的实际情况,我校做了以下几个方面工作: 一、理念创新,系统顺畅。
我校全面实施“和心”理念,“和心”的方法是“五双”,即:“达到师生双方共同最大愉悦;达到师生双方共同最大减负;达到师生双方共同最大互助;达到师生双方共同最大成功;达到师生双方共同最大发展。
”提出“①全方位的“以人为本”理念。
②全方位的“研教结合”理念。
③全方位的“师生和心”理念。
④全方位的“最优共享”理念。
⑤全方位的“持续成功”理念。
⑥全方位的“关注全体”理念。
⑦全方位的“荣辱与共”理念。
”有效整合教育资源,以实力吸引生源,以和心团结一切力量,以正轨成一流队伍,以文化蕴一流形象。
作为一所农村小学,学生数逐年渐少,从实际出发,因地制宜,进一步改善办学条件,努力提高办学质量和效益。
尽最大限度地创造优势,并把教育资源的优势发挥出来。
思路畅,法门广——校园面貌,杂而有致,大而和谐,庞而灵活。
二、规范正行,人性和心。
1、严格执行国家基础教育课程改革,课程标准,开足课程,开齐课时,严格按指定的教材选用,规范教辅管理,严格执行规范的学校作息时间。
2、彰显人性,以人为本。
把教师当主人。
生活上,为他们安排好宿舍,安排好伙食,买来护嗓药茶,探望有病教师,排解家庭矛盾;业务上,努力为教师减负增效;政治上,多听信他们,重用其所长;感情上,把他们当亲人。
任人唯贤,以人为亲,使学校师生,去之爱来,来之爱留,留之爱做,做之易成,成之共赏,赏心悦目。
三、以校为家,彰显和心。
1、我们这家,得好好过。
家,有钱要过,没有钱就更要好好过。
在这个家独立半年多,我们添置了这样几个温馨家当:【1】跟别人要来了四个垃圾箱,既美化了校园,又方便了学生投放垃圾;【2】要来了1000斤融雪剂,使背阴操场上的厚厚的积雪融化,也化掉了积在那里的安全隐患;【3】邵主任弄来了铁篦子,男教工一起安放到楼前,楼里再没有那么多的碎石泥土了;【4】要来15棵榆叶梅,大家动手栽上美化了校园;【5】我联系了15大汽车沥青,硬化了所有土操场,我和教工们忙碌了几天,又叫侄子免费用大铲车平了两个半天,并且约好让交通局压路机给轧平;【6】从两所学校找来破就的多媒体,我和何寄存、李建军、王志军四人一起,废寝忘食,研究拼凑、组合、安装及调试,使所有小学阶段班级都有了多媒体设施,为教师减负做出了贡献;【7】在无材料无经验的情况下,创建了校园文化体系,并完成文化上墙入心工程。
2016 Microsoft Office Word 文档 (2)

刘楼一中2016年校本教研计划一、指导思想:我校校本研修工作将以“促进师生共同发展、提高教育教学质量”为中心,以课程实施过程中教学所面对的各种具体问题为研究对象,以教师为研究的主体,以科研为先导,通过校本研修,提高校本研修管理水平和校本研修质量,不断提升学校办学理念和办学水平。
二、总体目标:通过开展校本研修,使教师们领悟教育思想,更新教育观念,树立科学的教育价值观、现代教育观,解决教师在教学中遇到问题或困惑,使教师熟悉课程标准和各学科之间的联系,提升教师驾驭课堂能力,促进教师向专业化方向发展。
三、总体思路:将学习与交流相结合,教研与科研相结合,学习与考核相结合,教育理论与教学实践相结合,点上突破与面上推进相结合,促进教师教育观念与教学行为的转变以及教师课堂教学能力、教研水平和科研能力的提高。
四、主要工作措施:立足提高课堂教学的有效性,建立以“自我反思、同伴互助、专业引领”为核心要素,以“理论学习、集体备课、主题教研、反思交流”等活动为基本形式的校本研修制度。
1、加强管理,抓好常规落实。
围绕提高课堂教学效率,全面落实学校教学常规管理规范,严抓教学常规的管理,做好教学常规的落实和督查,实行周抽查、月检查制,做到教学常规管理精细化、长效化。
2、立足课堂,加强校本研修。
(1)加强对教师的理论知识、专业知识、教学技能和教学基本功培训。
①提高教师的理论素养。
采取集中培训和自主学习相结合的形式。
自主学习:要求教师充分借助网络、教学杂志等课程资源,进行学习。
对重要的内容要做好摘抄,记好自学笔记,并结合自己的教学实践写出读书心得,总结和反思自己教育教学中的实际问题,在读中悟,学中改,不断地积累教学经验,以谋求更大的发展。
要求每月记自学笔记两次,教导处每两月检查一次。
每学期8次读书心得累计字数不少于2000字。
集中培训:安排好每月一次的业务学习,每月一次的专题讲座,每两月一次骨干、青年教师的培训学习。
专题讲座由教学主管领导、市级骨干教师、学校青年骨干教师等人承担。
2016年中山大学各学院(系)复试及录取情况总览表

339
接收院内调剂
4 人录取为化学工程(学), 4 人化学工艺,1 人应用化 学,2 人调剂录惠州研究
院化学工程(专业学位)
录取至测试中心化学工程 309
(专业学位) 录取至测试中心化学工程 370
(专业学位) 录取至测试中心化学工程 356
(专业学位) 录取至测试中心化学工程 365
(专业学位)
药学硕士
360 369
中国社会经济史
1
隋唐史与敦煌学
2
宋辽金史
1
中国近代史
11
世界地区国别史(东 1
南亚史)
专门史
6
专门史(中西经济文 1
化关系史)
专门史(国际关系史) 1
专门史(中美关系史) 1
世界古代中古史
1
世界地区国别史(英 1
国史)
文物与博物馆
16
应用经济学
12
管理科学与工程
13
马克思主义哲学
4
中国哲学
剂至本部化学工程(专业
357
学位)6 人,8 人调剂至惠
州研究院化学工程(专业
学位)
其中材料物理与化学 4 人,高分子化学与物理 10 人,13 人调剂至本部化学 365 工程(专业学位),2 人调剂 至测试中心化学工程(专 业学位),4 人惠州研究院
化学工程(专业学位)
340
含 1 人调剂至无机化学
床学
地球化学
3
构造地质学
3
岩土工程
7
2
379/425
4
368/400
3
401/438
3
365/406
社会学与人类学学院
9
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生命是永恒不断的创造,因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力,它不断流溢,越出时间和空间的界限,它不停地追求,以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。
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58.中山大学地理科学与规划学院计算机程序语言设计2003试题资料下载159.中山大学岭南学院微观经济学和宏观经济学2003试题资料下载160.中山大学岭南学院微观经济学和宏观经济学2002试题资料下载161.中山大学岭南学院管理学2003-2004(均有答案)试题资料下载162.中山大学岭南学院微观经济学和宏观经济学2004试题资料下载163.中山大学岭南学院管理学(统考)2005(2005有答案)试题资料下载164.中山大学岭南学院(单考)微观经济学与宏观经济学2005(2005有答案)试题资料下载165.中山大学地理科学与规划学院遥感与地学应用2005试题资料下载166.中山大学岭南学院经济学基础理论2003(2003有答案)试题资料下载167.中山大学工学院信号与系统2003试题资料下载168.中山大学工学院信号与系统2005试题资料下载169.中山大学工学院信号与系统2004试题资料下载170.中山大学工学院理论力学2005试题资料下载171.中山大学工学院理论力学2003试题资料下载172.中山大学工学院理论力学2004试题资料下载173.中山大学护理学院护理综合2003试题资料下载174.中山大学工学院电子技术2003试题资料下载175.中山大学护理学院护理综合2004试题资料下载176.中山大学护理学院护理综合2005试题资料下载177.中山大学护理学院生理学(护理学院)2003试题资料下载178.中山大学岭南学院中级微观经济学2001-2002(均有答案)试题资料下载179.中山大学护理学院生理学(护理学院)2004试题资料下载180.中山大学护理学院生理学(护理学院)2005试题资料下载181.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院中西政治思想2004-2005试题资料下载182.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院人口统计学2003-2005试题资料下载183.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院人口理论2003-2005试题资料下载184.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院中西政治思想(古代、近代部分)2003试题资料下载185.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院公共关系学2005试题资料下载186.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院传播学2005试题资料下载187.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院公共管理2004-2005试题资料下载188.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院国际关系史2003-2005试题资料下载189.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院国际政治概论2003-2005试题资料下载190.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院土地资源管理2004-2005试题资料下载191.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院政治科学2003-2005(2003-2004有答案)试题资料下载192.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院社会学概论和理论2003-2005试题资料下载193.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院社会工作实务2005试题资料下载194.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院社会研究方法和社会统计学2003-2005试题资料下载195.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院行政管理学2003-2005(2003-2004有答案)试题资料下载196.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院(公务员单考)行政管理学2005试题资料下载197.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院(单考)行政管理学2005试题资料下载198.中山大学教育学院中共党史2004-2005试题资料下载199.中山大学工学院电子技术2004试题资料下载200.中山大学教育学院中外教育史2004-2005(2004-2005有答案)试题资料下载201.中山大学教育学院体育管理学2004-2005试题资料下载202.中山大学教育学院学校体育学2004-2005试题资料下载203.中山大学教育学院政治学原理2004-2005试题资料下载204.中山大学教育学院心理学研究方法2003-2005(2003-2004有答案)试题资料下载205.中山大学教育学院思想政治教育理论与方法2003-2005试题资料下载206.中山大学教育学院教育学(代码335)2005试题资料下载207.中山大学教育学院教育学(代码358)2003-2005试题资料下载208.中山大学教育学院教育管理学2003-2005试题资料下载209.中山大学教育学院普通心理学2003-2005(2003-2005有答案)试题资料下载210.中山大学教育学院运动训练学2004-2005试题资料下载211.中山大学教育学院马克思主义理论2003-2005试题资料下载212.中山大学数学与计算科学学院一元微积分2004-2005试题资料下载213.中山大学教育学院高等教育学2003-2005试题资料下载214.中山大学数学与计算科学学院信息计算科学专业基础2004(代码814)试题资料下载215.中山大学数学与计算科学学院基础数学综合考试2003-2004试题资料下载216.中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院社会工作概论2005试题资料下载217.中山大学数学与计算科学学院数学分析与高等代数2003-2005试题资料下载218.中山大学数学与计算科学学院应用数学专业基础考试2004(代码813)试题资料下载219.中山大学数学与计算科学学院抽象代数2003试题资料下载220.中山大学数学与计算科学学院数学初试综合考试2005试题资料下载221.中山大学数学与计算科学学院概率论与数理统计专业基础2004试题资料下载222.中山大学数学与计算科学学院计算科学基础2003-2004试题资料下载223.中山大学法学院刑法学基础2003试题资料下载224.中山大学法学院刑法学基础2004试题资料下载225.中山大学法学院刑法学基础2005试题资料下载226.中山大学法学院国际法学基础2003试题资料下载227.中山大学法学院国际法学基础2004试题资料下载228.中山大学法学院国际法学基础2005试题资料下载229.中山大学法学院宪法学与行政法学基础2003试题资料下载230.中山大学法学院宪法学与行政法学基础2005试题资料下载231.中山大学法学院宪法学与行政法学基础2004试题资料下载232.中山大学法学院民商法学基础2005试题资料下载233.中山大学法学院民商法学基础2004试题资料下载234.中山大学法学院法学理论基础2003试题资料下载235.中山大学法学院法学理论基础2004试题资料下载236.中山大学法学院法律史基础2003试题资料下载237.中山大学法学院法律史基础2004试题资料下载238.中山大学法学院法律史基础2005试题资料下载239.中山大学法学院法理学2003试题资料下载240.中山大学法学院法理学2004试题资料下载241.中山大学法学院法理学2005试题资料下载242.中山大学法学院经济法学基础2003试题资料下载243.中山大学法学院经济法学基础2005试题资料下载244.中山大学法学院经济法学基础2004试题资料下载245.中山大学法学院诉讼法学基础2003试题资料下载246.中山大学法学院诉讼法学基础2004试题资料下载247.中山大学法学院诉讼法学基础2005试题资料下载248.中山大学数学与计算科学学院离散数学2003-2005试题资料下载249.中山大学法学院(单考)法理学2005试题资料下载250.中山大学法学院(单考)经济法学基础2005A试题资料下载251.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心中级微观经济学2001试题资料下载252.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心中级宏观经济学2002试题资料下载253.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心中级宏观经济学2001试题资料下载254.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心中级微观经济学2002试题资料下载255.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心微观经济学与宏观经济学2005试题资料下载256.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心微观经济学和宏观经济学2002试题资料下载257.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心微观经济学和宏观经济学2003试题资料下载258.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心微观经济学和宏观经济学2004试题资料下载259.中山大学法学院法学理论基础2005试题资料下载260.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心微观经济学和宏观经济学1999试题资料下载261.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院无机化学1996-1998,2003-2005(1996有答案)试题资料下载262.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院普通物理(二)2003-2005试题资料下载263.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院普通物理(含力学、热学、电磁学、光学、原子物理)2003-2005试题资料下载264.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院水力学2003,2005试题资料下载265.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院固体物理2003-2005试题资料下载266.中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心(单考)微观经济学与宏观经济学2005试题资料下载267.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院物理化学(含结构化学)2003-2005试题资料下载268.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院理论力学2003-2005试题资料下载269.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院理论力学(二)2004-2005试题资料下载270.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院计算机网络技术2003-2005试题资料下载271.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院金属学2003-2005试题资料下载272.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院(单考)469水力学2005试题资料下载273.中山大学物理科学与工程技术学院高等数学(A)2003-2005试题资料下载274.中山大学环境科学与工程学院天气学与动力气象学2003试题资料下载275.中山大学环境科学与工程学院天气学与动力气象学2005试题资料下载276.中山大学环境科学与工程学院交通工程导论2005试题资料下载277.中山大学环境科学与工程学院天气学与动力气象学2004试题资料下载278.中山大学环境科学与工程学院水力学2003试题资料下载279.中山大学环境科学与工程学院污染气象学2003试题资料下载280.中山大学环境科学与工程学院水力学2005试题资料下载281.中山大学环境科学与工程学院污染气象学2004试题资料下载282.中山大学环境科学与工程学院污染气象学2005试题资料下载283.中山大学环境科学与工程学院河口动力学2003试题资料下载284.中山大学环境科学与工程学院河口动力学2005试题资料下载285.中山大学环境科学与工程学院环境化学2004试题资料下载286.中山大学环境科学与工程学院环境化学2005试题资料下载287.中山大学环境科学与工程学院环境学导论2005试题资料下载288.中山大学环境科学与工程学院环境工程学2004试题资料下载289.中山大学环境科学与工程学院环境工程学2005试题资料下载290.中山大学环境科学与工程学院理论力学2003试题资料下载291.中山大学环境科学与工程学院理论力学2004试题资料下载292.中山大学环境科学与工程学院理论力学2005试题资料下载293.中山大学环境科学与工程学院生态学2003试题资料下载294.中山大学环境科学与工程学院生态学2004试题资料下载295.中山大学环境科学与工程学院生态学2005试题资料下载296.中山大学环境科学与工程学院高等数学(B)2003-2005试题资料下载297.中山大学生命科学学院微生物学2003-2005试题资料下载298.中山大学生命科学学院动物学2003-2005试题资料下载299.中山大学生命科学学院微生物药物学2005试题资料下载300.中山大学生命科学学院数据结构(生命科学院)2003-2005试题资料下载301.中山大学生命科学学院普通动物学2004-2005试题资料下载302.中山大学生命科学学院植物学2004-2005试题资料下载303.中山大学生命科学学院普通生物化学2004-2005试题资料下载304.中山大学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2016图文

第一类 图画类 方法:仔细观察画面,辨清画面上的背景与人、物, 人的服饰、动作、表情,物的地理位置、特征,画的 标题以及其他文字信息等,结合注释 ( 文字、符号 ) 理 解画面。 第二类 徽标类 方法:仔细观察图标的细节与整体,善于揣摩作者的 构思,将图标主题与图标结合起来思考,适当考虑与 主题有关的内容的拼音、汉字等因素。
【考题1】(2014年全国新课标卷Ⅰ)下面是我国颁布 的“中国环境标志”,请写出该标志中除文字以外 的构图要素及其寓意,要求语意简明,句子通顺, 不超过70个字。
________________________________________ ________________________________
【 解析 】①无牙的大象和小象的背影占据中心构图, 对比鲜明,凸显主旨;②咆哮体文字结构醒目,反 复的文字表现了小象的惊喜;③妈妈的无语沉重揭 示了现实;④文字的省略让人们看到了背后的惨景。
【答案】 (1) 示例:购买就等于杀戮,对象牙制品说 “不”! (2)①人格化的表现方式使整个公益广告打动人心, 小象的话以孩子的口吻说出,不仅能引起人们的同 情,还能促使人类反思自己的行为。②构图简洁, 图片与文字搭配巧妙,能激发人们的联想 —— 它们 的未来将通向何方?
考点三 漫画类图文转换
漫画是一门通过讽刺与幽默的方式表达哲理与反映 现实的艺术,它以寥寥数笔捕捉人、事、物的本质 特征,且多用夸张,具有强烈的针对性。一幅漫画 主要由标题、主体、注释三部分构成,标题即题目, 往往告知人们漫画的主题思想,主体是画面各因素 构成的情景,注释是注意要求:除 文字以外的构图要素及其寓意。还要认真观察图片: 中间有山、水、太阳,外围是十环,体会它的象征 意义。
【答案】图形由中心的青山、绿水、太阳及周围的 十个环组成。图形的中心结构表示人类赖以生存的 环境,外围的十个环紧密结合,环环紧扣,表示公 众参与,共同保护环境;同时十个环的“环”字与 环境的“环”同字,其寓意为“全民联系起来,共 同保护人类赖以生存的环境” 。
读书活动记录表

读书活动记录表家的阅读惯和喜好,为今后的阅读活动提供参考。
活动效果:通过此次活动,学生们增强了阅读兴趣和能力。
提高了语文素养,拓宽了知识面,培养了思想品质,增强了班级凝聚力和集体荣誉感。
同时。
也为今后的阅读活动提供了经验和参考。
我们相信,在读书的路上,我们会越走越远,收获越来越多。
本次读书交流会在班主任的组织下成功举行。
活动中,老师们通过讲故事、名人读书小故事、考察读书知识、学生讲自己的读书故事、诗朗诵、小品表演、学生演唱、读书格言、好书推荐等多种形式,激发了学生的读书兴趣,使他们养成了博览群书的好惯,开阔了视野,增长了知识,发展了智力,陶冶了情操。
班主任在总结中强调了读书的重要性,并安排了下一步工作,鼓励学生自主选择阅读材料。
时间:10月8日主持人:___主题:快乐阅读参加人:六一班班全体学生活动记录:1.老师讲读书故事。
2.名人读书小故事(学生介绍自己知道的名人读书小故事)。
3.考察读书知识(1.四大名著与作者的连线题。
2.名著人物猜测)。
4.我的读书故事(学生讲自己的读书故事)。
5.诗朗诵《书之歌》。
6.小品表演《借书》。
7.学生演唱《读书郎》。
8.读书格言(同学一一上来介绍读书格言)。
9.好书推荐。
10.活动结束参加人数:35人活动效果:通过此次活动的开展,学生们开阔了视野,了解到更多有关读书的小故事,知道了读书的重要性,以及读书的乐趣。
学生还在交流中了解到很多自己不曾阅读的书籍,提出了更多的读书计划。
时间:6月8日主持人:___主题:我读书,我快乐参加人:五一班班全体学生活动记录:第一章:爱读书。
1.老师介绍读书的重要性。
2.学生分享读书的体会。
3.诗朗诵《我爱读书》。
第二章:读好书。
1.学生讨论什么样的书适合小学生读。
2.老师介绍好书推荐。
3.活动结束。
参加人数:43人活动效果:本次活动让学生们了解到读书不仅能带来知识,更能带来乐趣。
学生们还讨论了适合小学生读的书籍,并在老师的推荐下,提高了阅读的兴趣和能力。
20160820367

《山核桃》校报第22期卷首语:让灵动的文字浸润着生命人生几何,每个生命都似流星划过。
应该留下的,不仅是其人格魅力,还有那浸润生命,淡淡芳馨的文字。
任由生命逝去后的世界,慢慢品味。
生命存在的意义,不单是为了自己,而是需要为世界增添一份美丽,在尘世间留下一份记忆。
笔下的文字,也恰如生命一样,美丽的文字感动着世界,高尚着灵魂;而糟粕的文字只能忧伤了人间,锈浊着心灵。
我一直敬畏那些美丽的文字。
每每感受那些唯美的时刻,心情会时时悸然而动。
因为美丽才觉着距离,觉着灵魂的差别,以至于,不忍打开一本美丽的书,不忍破坏那么美丽的情境。
好的文章,是可以荡涤灵魂的清泉。
它可以为我们洗去心上的浮尘;可以美丽一天的心情;可以忘却所有的忧伤;可以像那夜色中的灯火,照亮迷茫中的心灵。
每每被美丽的文字感动着,思想着;每每陷在其中久久的浑然,直到失去自己;每每因为文字而忧伤,而动容;每每因为感悟而叹息,而深思;每每因为那些睿智的思想,而豁然开朗。
时常陷在一些美丽的文字里,不能自拔。
那是纯粹的心灵之美,生命之美。
不忍因为误读而曲解纯洁的文字,所以我总是认真地读,深深的想。
想到黯然神伤,想到傻笑释然,执著不悔。
的确,好的书,好的字,可以净化心灵,可以让人自清,让人自爱,让人觉得,世界,是那么的需要用心灵去感受!人生,如果要做春蚕,就不要到死都吐着怨恨的丝;如果要作蜡烛,也不要永远流着悲伤的泪。
是啊!幸福,其实是生活中的花草,粗心的人,践花而过;细心的人,怜香惜玉;怨恨的人,把它当作残局,饮尽辛酸;达观的人,却懂得欣赏,懂得守护。
生活中,很难坚持心灵的纯净。
只有让自己的内心平静如无波之湖,才可以明亮清澈的心情来照见这个无边复杂的世界,在一切的优美,败坏,清明,和污浊之中找到智慧,找到美丽,寻求快乐。
人随心动。
在人间寻求智慧,最要紧的是我们要有一颗柔软的心灵。
柔软,可以让我们因为看到一片树叶的飘零,因为看到一叶花瓣的飘落,而动容颤抖,知悉生命的意义。
20160820395

《山核桃》校报第53期卷首语:读书的四种境界古人说,凡是成大事业、大学问者,罔不经过三种境界:“昨夜西风凋碧树。
独上高楼,望尽天涯路。
”此第一境也。
“衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴。
”此第二境也。
“众里寻他千百度,蓦然回首,那人却在灯火阑珊处。
”此第三境也。
此三境,是晚清大学者王国维《人间词话》中的三句话。
这里他引用古人词句,形象地道破了“成大事业、大学问者”必经的三境界。
由此让人想到,读书虽无止境,然而读书作为生命的需求,作为一种修身养性,陶冶情操,充盈内心的方式,读书是有境界的,读书有四种境界。
“孤舟蓑笠翁,独钓寒江雪。
”此乃第一境也。
读书,要静心而读,守住心灵深处的宁静和纯真,耐住寂寞,甘于孤独,要潜心铸剑,专心致志,聚精会神,心无旁鹜。
柳宗元诗云:“真源了无取,妄迹世所逐”,“淡然离言说,悟悦心自足。
”在明媚的春光里,小桥流水,白云悠悠,在树荫下,就是一本书,一把椅子,一杯清茶,读起来,你感到是那样的清静,那样的优雅;在寒冷的冬夜中,夜阑人静、万籁俱寂,在书房里,就是一本书,一个人,一盏孤灯,手不释卷,你又觉得是那样的幽静,那样的惬意。
这是一种“板凳甘坐十年冷”的读书境界。
“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。
”此乃第二境也。
读书不仅要坐下来,还要能读进去。
书间如梦,一尊还酹明月。
书读进去了,就会沉醉其中,废寝忘食,乐而忘忧,真可谓时光现在最佳,江山如此多娇,风景这边独好。
春风得意马蹄疾,一日看尽长安花,阅遍人间春色,人与书就会融为一体。
这是一种“书人合一”的读书境界。
“会当凌绝顶,一览众山小。
”此乃第三境也。
古今中外多少事,一切都付书本中。
书籍犹如巍峨的高山,绵延不尽,读书到一定的程度,就会高屋建瓴,对事物的认识就会更深更透,人的心胸就会无限宽阔,显示一种博大的胸怀和宏伟的气魄。
这是一种超越自我、超越现实、超然物外的“天人合一”的至高至上的境界。
让我们的心灵在读书中升华自由之境。
“欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。
2020-2021学年高一语文下学期期中试题 (III)

2020-2021学年高一语文下学期期中试题 (III)满分:150分考试时长:150分钟注意事项:1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分,满分150分,考试时间为150分钟。
2.考生应将答案填涂或书写在答题卷上,考试结束后只交答题卷。
第Ⅰ卷(阅读题,共70分)一、现代文阅读(35分)(一)论述类文本阅读(本题共3小题,9分)阅读下面的文字,完成1~3题。
刘熙载在《艺概》中说:“诗人之忧过人也,诗人之乐过人也。
忧世乐天,固当如是。
”《红楼梦》中,神瑛侍者意欲下凡造历幻缘,则宝玉的精神中似有乐天之意;而绛珠仙子则欲随之下世为人,以一生所有眼泪还报其甘露之惠,则黛玉的精神中似更多忧世之心;宝玉喜聚,而黛玉则在聚时即以平静的心态准备迎接散的结局。
这里包含着一个相反相成的人生命题。
从“好一似食尽鸟投林,落了片白茫茫大地真干净”的结局来看,全篇笼罩在对人生宿命般的悲剧性感受和大忧患中。
鲁迅谈到《红楼梦》时说:“悲凉之雾,遍布华林,然呼吸而领会之者,独宝玉而已。
”诚然如此。
不过,那应该是指黛玉逝后。
比起林黛玉,宝玉应是后知后觉者。
《红楼梦》是一曲悲歌。
从第五回离恨天、灌愁海和痴情、结怨诸名目,从《红楼梦引子》曲文:“趁着这奈何天,伤怀日,寂寥时,试遣愚衷”,从四春之“元、迎、探、惜”及“千红一窟”、“万艳同杯”的谐音中,我们听到的是啼血的杜宇那声声的悲鸣。
而那杜宇便是曹雪芹,也便是林黛玉。
黛玉前身是绛珠仙子,她的知心丫环叫紫鹃。
紫鹃的寓意就是啼血的杜鹃,绛珠也就是红色的血泪,黛玉正是泣血的杜鹃,而曹雪芹也是泣血的杜鹃,他寄哭泣于黛玉,寄哭泣于《红楼梦》。
黛玉善泣,《枉凝眉》曲中有“想眼中能有多少泪珠儿”之句。
黛玉的悲泣非同凡响,感应花鸟,通于自然。
第二十六回中写黛玉:“独立墙角边花阴之下,悲悲戚戚呜咽起来……不期这一哭,那附近柳枝花朵上的宿鸟栖鸦一闻此声,俱忒楞楞飞起远避,不忍再听。
”《红楼梦》是一部痛史。
黛玉的歌哭即曹雪芹的歌哭。
年度顺德阅读之星评分表.doc

4.能利用现代传媒和网络通道,学习各类信息教育。
5
5.积极参加各级各类与读书相关的专题讲座活动。
10
阅读
创作
(15分)
1.有较好的阅读创作习惯。如有摘录或经常撰写较为具体、真实、生动的阅读心得、读后感、读书笔记等。
10
2.有公开发表的论文或作品。(按刊物级别给分)每篇作品给分标准:本单位1分、镇街2分、区级3分、市级4分、省级以上5分。
5
2. 有较好的文化知识素养,能与时俱进,不断学习吸纳新知识、新文化。获得各项等级证书、各类荣誉证书、学历证书等。
5
阅读实践(80分)
阅读
学习
(45分)
1.能经常利用图书馆、图书室等公共文化服务阵地进行阅读(参考2016年度公共图书馆记录的借阅量)。
20
2.有相当数量的藏书及藏书空间。
5
3.有一定的阅读时间,阅读范围广,内容多样化。
附件2
2016年度“顺德阅读之星”推荐表
姓 名
内容
推荐标准
得分
分值
自评
镇
街
评
区评
材料完整(10分)
1.推选材料完整、齐全。
5
2.能反映本人的读书情况、场景生动活泼的照片3张,要求是画面清晰度高、品质好的数码照片,其中一张需为正面照,5M以上。
5
综合素质(10分)
1.材料内容能反映读者重视读书活动。家庭学习氛围浓厚,有一定文化投入。
5பைடு நூலகம்
阅读
推广
(20分)
1.积极组织策划群众性读书活动。
5
2.积极参加班级、学校、镇街、区开展的读书交流活动,协助活动开展,并能提出改良意见或有益的活动方案。
自主 学习诊断表

自主学习诊断表五年级语文第二单元学科整合主题课张家洼中心小学高萍一、整合内容语文第二单元主题《祖国在我心中》和民族常识中第四单元《知我民族,爱我中华》相整合二、激趣导入,引出主题播放《祖国在我心中》的歌曲说说在听歌后的感觉。
2、揭示主题。
从今天开始,我们要开展一次新的综合性学习-- 祖国在我心中谈谈你对这次综合性学习的期待,或者说你希望在这次活动中能开展哪些活动。
教师要认真倾听学生的想法,尽可能的纳入到即将制定的活动计划中去。
二、浏览课文,验证主题1、生自读单元导语,要求读通顺,读准确。
2、小组讨论:(1)本组教材对我们的总体要求是什么?3、班上交流。
三、围绕主题,形成体系1、采取自己喜欢的方式读活动建议,快速浏览阅读材料。
2、小组内讨论:(1)本单元可以开展哪些活动?(2)在活动时,我们可以参考哪些资料?怎样去获取这些资料?2、班上交流。
四、单元活动,拓展延伸阅读民族常识中第四单元10-12课1、查阅我国的少数民族的生活习俗传统节日(每组查阅三到五种组长负责分工)72、搜集民族英雄资料搜集、3、查找、调查或其他活动收集并整理资料。
4、、读《假如给过三天光明》教学反思:自主学习诊断表自主学习诊断表自主学习诊断表自主学习诊断表自主学习诊断表自主学习诊断表自主学习诊断表评价措施:通过小组自主诊断,为单元自主学习表现好的同学照个人照片,打印出来发放给他。
连续二次表现突出的同学,进行宣传表扬。
把照片打印张贴在学校的壁报栏中。
聚焦“中山大学新生暑期读《弟子规》

聚焦“中山大学新生暑期读《弟子规》作者:山东孟迎新来源:《作文成功之路·上旬刊》 2013年第11期山东孟迎新【事件点击】今年7月,中山大学新生网挂出公告,提醒新生报到时提交读《弟子规》的感想,内容如下:今年考上中大的同学注意了,新生入学时须向院系辅导员提交“公益囊”和“悦”读感。
公益囊是指暑假期间本人参与公益活动的客观记录;“悦”读感则是指暑假期间本人阅读《弟子规》的经历和感想。
“我们希望新生暑假别太闲,实践公益,读点书。
”中大学生处负责人说。
为何取名“悦”读感?校方说希望这是一个愉悦的阅读过程。
学生收到录取通知书的同时,会发现一张读后感表格,表格列出了读书时间、和谁共读、阅读感受等,“欢迎和父母、朋友一起赏析,在轻松的气氛中交流传统经典在当下的意义。
”针对新生的暑假作业,中大哲学系知名教授袁伟时撰文《中山大学的新“笑剧”》,发出反对的声音,提出尖锐的批评。
一时间,在全国范围内掀起大学生该不该读《弟子规》以及如何读书的热论。
中山大学的新“笑剧”袁伟时8月15日,来自全国各地的8000新生到中山大学报到,一纸“悦读感”自然少不了。
“中大学生处负责人说,在传统经典中独独相中《弟子规》,是因为它可操作性强,明确指出为人处世应具备的礼仪与规范。
”(《新快报》2013年8月16日A19版)“经典”?一本17世纪的蒙学教材,一下子上升为大学生必读的“经典”,力度太大了。
不过,需要考证一下,新中国成立以前,对中国传统文化有较深研究的学者会承认它是经典吗?这不过是儒学传播中的又一小笑话吧。
“可操作性强”,那就更好玩了。
“事虽小,勿擅为;苟擅为,子道亏。
物虽小,勿私藏;苟私藏,亲心伤。
”培训奴性十足的驯服工具,还是培养独立自主的公民,这是前现代教育和现代教育的分水岭。
“君为臣纲,父为子纲”的专制时代,当然要事事请示尊长。
不过,现代社会,尊重每个人的独立人格和尊严,平等相处,是不可逾越的原则;即使是未成年人也要逐步学会自主选择,对自己的行为负责。