无机非金属材料专业英语阅读教程 翻译
无机非金属材料工程专业英语 第2章
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
LearningObjectives
After careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following: 1. Name the two atomic models cited, and note the differences between them. 2. Describe the important quantum-mechanical principle （量子 理论）that relates to electron energies. 3. (a) Schematically plot attractive, repulsive, and net energies versus interatomic separation for two atoms or ions. (b) Note on this plot the equilibrium separation and the bonding energy. 4. (a) Briefly describe ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and van der Waals bonds. (b) Note what materials exhibit each of these bonding types.
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Covalent Bond(SiO2 B2O3)
无机非金属材料专业英语译文
第一部分无机材料物理化学第1单元晶体化学键类型离子键在有些晶体中，原子通常呈现这样一种状态，那就是它的电子结构同稀有气体的电子结构类似，它的最外层轨道要么失去多余的电子，要么被填满达到8个电子的稳定结构。
为了保持电中性，晶体中通常同时存在有些原子失去电子而有些原子得到电子。
前者形成带正电的阳离子，后者则形成带负电的阴离子。
离子所带电量是电子电量的整数倍。
这种晶体中离子之间的结合力是静电吸引力，这种类型的晶体被称为离子晶体。
由于离子的电场呈球型对称结构，所以离子键是各向同性的，也就是说离子键没有方向性而且每个离子都尽可能多的与其他离子之间成键，所以离子键具有不饱和性。
碱金属卤化物盐是典型的离子晶体，其原因是碱金属元素的最外层只有一个电子，而卤族元素的最外层恰好缺少一个电子而达到8个电子的稳定结构。
这种观念与化学键的概念完全相同，只是没有把晶体视为分子化合物，而把它看作一种均一的结构，对他而言化学式只表示元素的比值，而元素的几何排布是描述该物质必不可少的部分。
例如，化学式NaCl并不代表一个分子结构单元，因为在晶体中每个离子与很多个最近邻的异号离子接触，所以在NaCl晶体中每个Na+离子周围有六个等价的最近邻的Cl-离子，反之亦然。
共价键亥特勒和伦敦在1927年用量子力学精确地计算了氢分子模型，得出氢分子存在由原先的单原子状态构成的两种可能的最低能量状态，其中能量更低的这种对应于电子自旋反平行取向的单一态又称为零自旋能级。
两个单原子状态的与结合后的分子状态的能量差被称为两个原子共有的交换力（结合力），它的大小取决于电子波函数的重叠。
这种键合形式叫做相似极化或原子极化。
根据鲍林规则，成对电子中两个电子的自旋方向不同，具有更复杂电子结构的原子之间的共价键也具有这种特征。
原子轨道上的单电子波函数重叠形成了共有状态的波函数，键也就重新建立。
共价键的主要特征是饱和性而且当给定原子有多个共价键时，各个键之间具有相互取向性。
无机非金属材料工程专业英语 第6章
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Introduction
Many materials or components, e.g. road wheels of a car, when in service , are subjected to forces or loads. In such situations it is necessary to know the characteristics of the material and to design the member from which it is made such that any resulting deformation will not be excessive and fracture will not occur . The mechanical behavior of a material reflects the relationship between its response or deformation to an applied load or force. Important mechanical properties are strength, hardness, ductility, and stiffness.
in which l0 is the original length（原始长度） before any load is applied, and li is the instantaneous length（瞬时长 度）. Sometimes the quantity li－l0 is denoted as Δl, and is the deformation elongation or change in length at some instant, as referenced to the original length. Engineering strain (subsequently called just strain) is unitless （无量纲）, but meters per meter or inches per inch are often used.
无机非金属材料工程专业英语
无机非金属材料工程专业英语一、无机非金属材料概论中文英文无机非金属材料inorganic non-metallic materials 定义definition分类classification组成composition结构structure性能properties制备方法preparation methods应用领域application fields陶瓷ceramics玻璃glass耐火材料refractories水泥cement石膏gypsum石棉asbestos碳素材料carbon materials石墨graphite碳纤维carbon fiber碳纳米管carbon nanotube钻石diamond全氟聚合物fluoropolymer聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)聚偏氟乙烯polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)聚合物陶瓷polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs)氧化物陶瓷oxide ceramics氧化铝alumina (Al2O3)氧化锆zirconia (ZrO2)氧化镁magnesia (MgO)氧化钛titania (TiO2)非氧化物陶瓷non-oxide ceramics氮化硅silicon nitride (Si3N4)氮化铝aluminium nitride (AlN)碳化硅silicon carbide (SiC)碳化钨tungsten carbide (WC)碳化钛titanium carbide (TiC)二、物理化学中文英文物理化学physical chemistry物质matter结构structure组成composition性质properties变化规律laws of change分子运动论kinetic theory of molecules分子molecule原子atom离子ion气体gas液体liquid固体solid理想气体ideal gas真实气体real gas相平衡phase equilibrium相phase相图phase diagram相规则phase rule单元系unary system二元系binary system三元系ternary system溶液理论solution theory溶液solution溶剂solvent溶质solute浓度concentration摩尔分数mole fraction理想溶液ideal solution非理想溶液non-ideal solutionRaoult定律Raoult's lawHenry定律Henry's law三、无机材料科学基础中文英文无机材料科学基础fundamentals of inorganic materials science 无机材料inorganic materials结构structure性能properties结构-性能关系structure-property relationship晶体结构crystal structure晶体系统crystal system点阵类型lattice type空间群space group单胞参数lattice parameters基元胞primitive cell单位胞unit cell四、热工基础中文英文热工基础thermal engineering fundamentals热力学thermodynamics传热学heat transfer流体力学fluid mechanics热工学科thermal engineering disciplines 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力系统thermodynamic system系统边界system boundary系统状态system state状态方程equation of state过程process循环cycle工作物质working substance理想气体ideal gas气体常数gas constant温度temperature压力pressure体积volume内能internal energy热容heat capacity比热容specific heat capacity焓enthalpy熵entropy自由能free energy吉布斯函数Gibbs function卡诺循环Carnot cycle热效率thermal efficiency 反向卡诺循环reversed Carnot cycle制冷系数coefficient of performance传导传热heat conduction傅里叶定律Fourier's law热导率thermal conductivity热阻thermal resistance稳态传热steady-state heat transfer非稳态传热transient heat transfer对流传热heat convection对流换热系数convection heat transfer coefficient 力对流forced convection自然对流natural convection努塞尔特数Nusselt number辐射传热heat radiation斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律Stefan-Boltzmann law黑体blackbody发射率emissivity吸收率absorptivity反射率reflectivity透射率transmissivity灰体graybody视域因子view factor流体静力学fluid statics流体fluid密度density粘度viscosity表面张力surface tension液压hydrostatics帕斯卡定律Pascal's law流体运动方程equations of fluid motion质量守恒方程continuity equation动量守恒方程momentum equation能量守恒方程energy equation雷诺数Reynolds number理想流体ideal fluid实际流体real fluid层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow边界层boundary layer阻力drag升力lift伯努利方程Bernoulli's equation皮托管Pitot tube五、无机非金属材料物理性能中文英文无机非金属材料物理性能physical properties of inorganic non-metallic materials 电学性能electrical properties磁学性能magnetic properties光学性能optical properties声学性能acoustic properties热学性能thermal properties电导率electrical conductivity电阻率electrical resistivity电容率electrical capacitance介电常数dielectric constant压电效应piezoelectric effect热电效应thermoelectric effect光电效应photoelectric effect半导体性质semiconductor properties铁电性质ferroelectric properties磁导率magnetic permeability磁化率magnetic susceptibility磁滞回线hysteresis loop铁磁性质ferromagnetic properties反铁磁性质antiferromagnetic properties顺磁性质paramagnetic properties抗磁性质diamagnetic properties光学常数optical constants折射率refractive index反射率reflectance吸收率absorbance透射率transmittance色散现象dispersion phenomenon双折射现象birefringence phenomenon声速sound velocity声阻抗acoustic impedance。
无机非金属材料 英语阅读教程单词
A brasion 磨损，擦伤，刮除accelerate 加快…之速度，变快accelerated period 加速期acoustical 声音的，声学的activator 活化剂，催化剂additive 添加剂admixture 混合，混合物aggregate 聚集，凝结，骨料air-entraining agent 加气剂alkali sulfate 碱硫酸盐alkali 碱，碱性alloy 合金alumina Al2O3 矾土aluminate 铝酸盐ambient 周围的，外界的ammonium sulphate 硫酸铵amorphous 无定形的非结晶的anhydride 无水石膏anhydrite 硬石膏，硫酸铁矿approximately 近似地，大约artificial 人工的，人造的asset财产，资产available 可获得的，可利用的B auxite 矾土，铝矾土，矾土矿beneficiate 富集bind 使凝固binder 粘合剂，粘结剂blended 混合的，融合的blending 掺和，混合brittle 易碎的，脆弱的bulk 体积，主体，凝结，块状burning 煅烧burnt clay 粘性土C alcareous 石灰质的，钙质的calcium 钙calcium aluminate 铝酸钙calcium aluminoferrite 铁铝酸钙calcium carbonate 碳酸钙calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙calcium oxide 氧化钙calcium silicate 硅酸钙calcium sulphate 硫酸钙calorific 热量的，含热量的capacity 容量，智能，才能capillary 毛状的，毛细作用carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cast iron 铸铁caution 小心cementing property 胶结能力cementitious 似水泥的ceramic 陶瓷chalk 白垩characteristics 特性，特征chemical admixture 化学外加剂chlorine 氯气circumference 周长clay 粘土clinker 水泥熟料，炉渣coal ash 煤灰commensurate 相等的，均匀的comparable 可以比较的comparably 可比较低compatible 协调的，一致的comply 遵守，遵循component 成分，组成物composite 合成的，复合的composition 构造，组成，作品compound 混合物compressive strength 抗压强度concrete 混凝土consecutive 连续的，连贯的consistency 链接，结合，浓度，密度consolidation 巩固；加强constituent 成分，要素constitute 构成，组成consumption 消费，消耗contaminate 沾染，污染conversion 变换，转化convert 使转变，转换coral reef 珊瑚礁corrective 矫正的，改过自新corrosion 腐蚀，侵蚀，受损creep 蠕变，徐变criteria 标准，准则cross section 横截面，横断面crystalline 晶体的，晶体状的cube 立方体curing 养护，湿治cylinder 圆筒D ecade 十年decarbonation 碳酸盐分解deflection 偏斜，偏转，偏差deformation 变形，扭曲变形denote 指示表示density 密度，比重deposit 堆积物，沉淀物designated 指定的，派定的deterioration 消耗，磨损，变坏detestable 可恨的，可厌恶的detrimental 有害的diatomaceous earth 硅藻土dicalcium silicate 硅酸二钙C2Sdiffusion 扩散，弥漫dimension 尺寸，尺度dissolution 分解，分离dissolve 溶解，液化distinguish 区分，辨别distort 歪曲，曲解distribute 分发，分配，散步dolomite 白云石dormant period 潜伏期，静止期dry process 干法ductility 延展性，韧性durability 耐久性，耐用性E lastic 弹性的，可自由伸缩的electrolytic 电解的eliminate 消灭，消除，排除elongation 伸长，延长，伸长率embed 使插入endurance 忍耐energy consumption 能源消耗enhance 增强，增加era 纪元ettringite 钙矾石evolution 开展，发展excess 过度的，额外的excessive 多的，过分的，极端的exothermic 放热的，方能的exotic 吸引人的，异乎寻常的F atigue 疲劳ferrite 铁酸盐ferrosilicon 硅铁，高硅铸铁fertilizer 化肥，肥料fibre 纤维，构造，纤维制品fibrous 纤维制的，纤维状的fineness 细度flash furnace 快速分解炉flexural 挠性的，弯曲的flexure 弯曲，歪度floatation 浮选fluidity 流动性，流质fluidized-bed 流化床，流动层fluorine 氟flux 流动，通量，流量fly ash 粉煤灰，飘尘foreign ion 杂质离子formation 形成，构成fracture surface 断裂面froth 起沫，发泡fuse 熔化fusion 融合，熔化G auge 标准度量，程度gehlenite 钙黄长石generic name 属名glassy 玻璃状的，透明的granulated blast furnace slag：粒化高炉矿渣granulated 颗粒状的grate 炉格；摩擦gravel 砂砾grinding stage 研磨阶段ground 粉磨，粉碎，研磨gypsum 石膏H ammer 捶打hardening 硬化heat curing 热养护hematite 赤铁矿hexagonal 六角形的，六方晶系的high-carbon steel 高碳钢high-limed 高(氧化)钙的homogeneous 同类的，均一的hot exit gas 热废气humidity 湿气，潮湿，湿度hydrate 水合物，氢氧化物hydration 水合，水合作用hydraulic 水力的，水压的I dentical 相等的相同的impact 冲打，碰撞，影响impetus 刺激，动力，原动力impracticable 不能实行的impurity 不纯净物incorporation 结合，合并；掺和indentation 穴孔，压痕induction period 诱导期inferior 次等的劣等的ingredient 组成，成分initial 最初的，开始的，初期的initially 开始地，起初initiate 开始innovation 革新inorganic binder 无机粘结剂insoluble 点燃，发火，着火manufacture 制造intergrind 共同粉磨，互磨interlock 使连接intermediate 中间的intermix 混合，混杂interstitial space 胞间隙，空隙intimately 密切的ion 离子ionic 离子的iron ore 铁矿铁矿石iron oxide 氧化铁L atent 潜在的，潜伏的laterite 红土，红泥limestone 石灰石，石灰岩liquid phase 液相longitudinal 经度的，纵向的loot 抢劫掠夺low-carbon steel 低碳钢M agnesium oxide 氧化镁magnetite 磁铁矿malleable 可锻的，可压制的marl 泥灰岩mechanical 机械的，机械性的member 构件mesh 目，筛，网眼metallurgy 冶金术，冶金学metric ton 公吨microcrystalline 微晶的micrometer 测微计，千分尺microscopical 显微镜的microsilica 硅灰，微硅粉mineral 矿物，矿物质minimum 最少的，最小的mix 混合物mixture 混合物mobility 易变性，灵活性；流动性modulus 模数，模量molar ratio 摩尔比monitor 监视器，监控monolithic 块体的，整体浇注的mortar 灰浆，灰泥，胶泥mullite 莫来石N egligible 可以忽略的nodule 结节，小结nonferrous metals 有色金属nonferrous 非铁的non-reactive不起反应的惰性的nonrenewable 不能再生的noticeable 明显的，重要的O btainable 可以获得的offset 弥补，抵消opening 筛孔optimize 使最优化oxide 氧化物oyster 牡蛎P acking 堆积，填料，密封parameter 限制因素；界限partial 部分的particle 颗粒penetration 渗入，进入performance tests 性能测试periclase 氧化锰permeability 渗透，渗透性pertain 属于，适合于pharmacy 制药业phase 状态，阶段，相phosphorous oxide 五氧化二磷plague 瘟疫，祸患plastic 塑胶的plasticity 塑性plasticizer 增塑剂，增韧剂platy 板状的，扁平状的polymer 聚合物，高聚物polymorph 多型，多晶型pore 毛孔，孔隙portion 部分portlandite 氢氧钙石possess 占有，拥有，持有potassium oxide 氧化钾pozzolana 火山灰pozzolanic 凝硬性的，火山灰的precipitation 沉淀，析出preheating 预热pre-induction period 初始水解期prerequisite 首要的，必备的prestress 给…预加应力prominent 著名的，卓越的pronounced 显著的，断然，明确的proportion 比例，均衡pulp 柔软的材料；木浆Q ualify 具有资格，证明资格quantitative 定量的，与量有关的quarry 采石场quench 熄灭，淬火R apture 破裂，断裂ratio 比，比率raw feed 生料喂入reactivity 反应能力，活性refractory 耐火的，耐火材料reinforce 加强，增援，加固reinforcement 增强，加固resilience 弹性，弹力，回弹respectively 分别的，各个的retardation 减速，延缓reverse 相对，相反rheological property 流变性质rheology 流变能力rigidity 坚硬，讲话roam 闲逛，无目的地漫游rod mill 棒磨roller mill 辊磨机，立磨rotary kiln 回转窑rotate 转动S and shale 砂页岩saturation 饱和，饱和度scratching 刮伤，刻，搔semiconductor 半导体sensor 传感器serrated 边上呈锯齿状的serviceability 有用性，适用性setting time 凝结时间setting 凝固shaft kiln 立窑shearing stress 剪应力，切应力significantly 重要地，重大地silica fume 硅粉silica 二氧化硅，硅石simultaneous 同时发生sinter 烧结烧成slag 矿渣，炉渣sludge 污水烂泥slump 混凝土坍落度slurry 泥浆sodium oxide 氧化钠span 跨度，跨距specification 说明，技术规范，规格spherical 球的，球形的stationary 固定的，静止的steam-curing 蒸汽养护steelwork 钢铁架stiffness 刚变，刚性，稳定度strength development 强度增进stringent 严厉的，严格的strut 支柱柱子subsequent 后来的，并发的substandard 标准以下的，不合规格的substantial 很多的，大量的substantially 实际上，很多地sufficient 足够的，充分的superconductor 超导体superplasticizer 超塑化剂supplementary 增补的，补充的suspension 悬吊，悬浮sustenance 实物，饮料，营养swirl calciner 涡流分解炉T ensile strength 抗拉强度tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AFthermal 热的，热量的，热学的timber 木料torsion 扭，扭转，扭力，扭矩transition zone 界面过渡层tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙C3Strigger 扳机，引发U ltimately 最后，最终，基本undergo 经历，遭受，忍受undesirable 不符合要求的undesirably 不合要求的不理想uniformity 一致，均匀utilize 利用V ariation 变异，差异，变种vertical kiln 立窑viscosity 粘度，粘滞性Y ield point 屈服点yield 生出，生产；产生。
无机非金属材料工程专业英语-第1章
Contemporary 当代 Stimulus 激励，刺激 Opaque 不透明 Translucent 半透明 Transparent 透明 Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深层的 Existence 存在, 实在, 生活, 存在物, 实在物 Sophisticated 复杂的 Forerunner 先驱(者), 传令官, 预兆 Intimately 密切地
These include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
ceramics
porcelain
The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Elaboration 解释，阐述 Stepwise楼梯式的, 逐步的 Recreation 消遣, 娱乐 segment段, 节, 片断 Deteriorative 恶化，变质，
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability （利 用）of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute.
无机非金属材料英语阅读教程单词
A brasion 磨损，擦伤，刮除accelerate 加快…之速度，变快accelerated period 加速期acoustical 声音的，声学的activator 活化剂，催化剂additive 添加剂admixture 混合，混合物aggregate 聚集，凝结，骨料air-entraining agent 加气剂alkali sulfate 碱硫酸盐alkali 碱，碱性alloy 合金alumina Al2O3 矾土aluminate 铝酸盐ambient 周围的，外界的ammonium sulphate 硫酸铵amorphous 无定形的非结晶的anhydride 无水石膏anhydrite 硬石膏，硫酸铁矿approximately 近似地，大约artificial 人工的，人造的asset财产，资产available 可获得的，可利用的B auxite 矾土，铝矾土，矾土矿beneficiate 富集bind 使凝固binder 粘合剂，粘结剂blended 混合的，融合的blending 掺和，混合brittle 易碎的，脆弱的bulk 体积，主体，凝结，块状burning 煅烧burnt clay 粘性土C alcareous 石灰质的，钙质的calcium 钙calcium aluminate 铝酸钙calcium aluminoferrite 铁铝酸钙calcium carbonate 碳酸钙calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙calcium oxide 氧化钙calcium silicate 硅酸钙calcium sulphate 硫酸钙calorific 热量的，含热量的capacity 容量，智能，才能capillary 毛状的，毛细作用carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cast iron 铸铁caution 小心cementing property 胶结能力cementitious 似水泥的ceramic 陶瓷chalk 白垩characteristics 特性，特征chemical admixture 化学外加剂chlorine 氯气circumference 周长clay 粘土clinker 水泥熟料，炉渣coal ash 煤灰commensurate 相等的，均匀的comparable 可以比较的comparably 可比较低compatible 协调的，一致的comply 遵守，遵循component 成分，组成物composite 合成的，复合的composition 构造，组成，作品compound 混合物compressive strength 抗压强度concrete 混凝土consecutive 连续的，连贯的consistency 链接，结合，浓度，密度consolidation 巩固；加强constituent 成分，要素constitute 构成，组成consumption 消费，消耗contaminate 沾染，污染conversion 变换，转化convert 使转变，转换coral reef 珊瑚礁corrective 矫正的，改过自新corrosion 腐蚀，侵蚀，受损creep 蠕变，徐变criteria 标准，准则cross section 横截面，横断面crystalline 晶体的，晶体状的cube 立方体curing 养护，湿治cylinder 圆筒D ecade 十年decarbonation 碳酸盐分解deflection 偏斜，偏转，偏差deformation 变形，扭曲变形denote 指示表示density 密度，比重deposit 堆积物，沉淀物designated 指定的，派定的deterioration 消耗，磨损，变坏detestable 可恨的，可厌恶的detrimental 有害的diatomaceous earth 硅藻土dicalcium silicate 硅酸二钙C2Sdiffusion 扩散，弥漫dimension 尺寸，尺度dissolution 分解，分离dissolve 溶解，液化distinguish 区分，辨别distort 歪曲，曲解distribute 分发，分配，散步dolomite 白云石dormant period 潜伏期，静止期dry process 干法ductility 延展性，韧性durability 耐久性，耐用性E lastic 弹性的，可自由伸缩的electrolytic 电解的eliminate 消灭，消除，排除elongation 伸长，延长，伸长率embed 使插入endurance 忍耐energy consumption 能源消耗enhance 增强，增加era 纪元ettringite 钙矾石evolution 开展，发展excess 过度的，额外的excessive 多的，过分的，极端的exothermic 放热的，方能的exotic 吸引人的，异乎寻常的F atigue 疲劳ferrite 铁酸盐ferrosilicon 硅铁，高硅铸铁fertilizer 化肥，肥料fibre 纤维，构造，纤维制品fibrous 纤维制的，纤维状的fineness 细度flash furnace 快速分解炉flexural 挠性的，弯曲的flexure 弯曲，歪度floatation 浮选fluidity 流动性，流质fluidized-bed 流化床，流动层fluorine 氟flux 流动，通量，流量fly ash 粉煤灰，飘尘foreign ion 杂质离子formation 形成，构成fracture surface 断裂面froth 起沫，发泡fuse 熔化fusion 融合，熔化G auge 标准度量，程度gehlenite 钙黄长石generic name 属名glassy 玻璃状的，透明的granulated blast furnace slag：粒化高炉矿渣granulated 颗粒状的grate 炉格；摩擦gravel 砂砾grinding stage 研磨阶段ground 粉磨，粉碎，研磨gypsum 石膏H ammer 捶打hardening 硬化heat curing 热养护hematite 赤铁矿hexagonal 六角形的，六方晶系的high-carbon steel 高碳钢high-limed 高(氧化)钙的homogeneous 同类的，均一的hot exit gas 热废气humidity 湿气，潮湿，湿度hydrate 水合物，氢氧化物hydration 水合，水合作用hydraulic 水力的，水压的I dentical 相等的相同的impact 冲打，碰撞，影响impetus 刺激，动力，原动力impracticable 不能实行的impurity 不纯净物incorporation 结合，合并；掺和indentation 穴孔，压痕induction period 诱导期inferior 次等的劣等的ingredient 组成，成分initial 最初的，开始的，初期的initially 开始地，起初initiate 开始innovation 革新inorganic binder 无机粘结剂insoluble 点燃，发火，着火manufacture 制造intergrind 共同粉磨，互磨interlock 使连接intermediate 中间的intermix 混合，混杂interstitial space 胞间隙，空隙intimately 密切的ion 离子ionic 离子的iron ore 铁矿铁矿石iron oxide 氧化铁L atent 潜在的，潜伏的laterite 红土，红泥limestone 石灰石，石灰岩liquid phase 液相longitudinal 经度的，纵向的loot 抢劫掠夺low-carbon steel 低碳钢M agnesium oxide 氧化镁magnetite 磁铁矿malleable 可锻的，可压制的marl 泥灰岩mechanical 机械的，机械性的member 构件mesh 目，筛，网眼metallurgy 冶金术，冶金学metric ton 公吨microcrystalline 微晶的micrometer 测微计，千分尺microscopical 显微镜的microsilica 硅灰，微硅粉mineral 矿物，矿物质minimum 最少的，最小的mix 混合物mixture 混合物mobility 易变性，灵活性；流动性modulus 模数，模量molar ratio 摩尔比monitor 监视器，监控monolithic 块体的，整体浇注的mortar 灰浆，灰泥，胶泥mullite 莫来石N egligible 可以忽略的nodule 结节，小结nonferrous metals 有色金属nonferrous 非铁的non-reactive不起反应的惰性的nonrenewable 不能再生的noticeable 明显的，重要的O btainable 可以获得的offset 弥补，抵消opening 筛孔optimize 使最优化oxide 氧化物oyster 牡蛎P acking 堆积，填料，密封parameter 限制因素；界限partial 部分的particle 颗粒penetration 渗入，进入performance tests 性能测试periclase 氧化锰permeability 渗透，渗透性pertain 属于，适合于pharmacy 制药业phase 状态，阶段，相phosphorous oxide 五氧化二磷plague 瘟疫，祸患plastic 塑胶的plasticity 塑性plasticizer 增塑剂，增韧剂platy 板状的，扁平状的polymer 聚合物，高聚物polymorph 多型，多晶型pore 毛孔，孔隙portion 部分portlandite 氢氧钙石possess 占有，拥有，持有potassium oxide 氧化钾pozzolana 火山灰pozzolanic 凝硬性的，火山灰的precipitation 沉淀，析出preheating 预热pre-induction period 初始水解期prerequisite 首要的，必备的prestress 给…预加应力prominent 著名的，卓越的pronounced 显著的，断然，明确的proportion 比例，均衡pulp 柔软的材料；木浆Q ualify 具有资格，证明资格quantitative 定量的，与量有关的quarry 采石场quench 熄灭，淬火R apture 破裂，断裂ratio 比，比率raw feed 生料喂入reactivity 反应能力，活性refractory 耐火的，耐火材料reinforce 加强，增援，加固reinforcement 增强，加固resilience 弹性，弹力，回弹respectively 分别的，各个的retardation 减速，延缓reverse 相对，相反rheological property 流变性质rheology 流变能力rigidity 坚硬，讲话roam 闲逛，无目的地漫游rod mill 棒磨roller mill 辊磨机，立磨rotary kiln 回转窑rotate 转动S and shale 砂页岩saturation 饱和，饱和度scratching 刮伤，刻，搔semiconductor 半导体sensor 传感器serrated 边上呈锯齿状的serviceability 有用性，适用性setting time 凝结时间setting 凝固shaft kiln 立窑shearing stress 剪应力，切应力significantly 重要地，重大地silica fume 硅粉silica 二氧化硅，硅石simultaneous 同时发生sinter 烧结烧成slag 矿渣，炉渣sludge 污水烂泥slump 混凝土坍落度slurry 泥浆sodium oxide 氧化钠span 跨度，跨距specification 说明，技术规范，规格spherical 球的，球形的stationary 固定的，静止的steam-curing 蒸汽养护steelwork 钢铁架stiffness 刚变，刚性，稳定度strength development 强度增进stringent 严厉的，严格的strut 支柱柱子subsequent 后来的，并发的substandard 标准以下的，不合规格的substantial 很多的，大量的substantially 实际上，很多地sufficient 足够的，充分的superconductor 超导体superplasticizer 超塑化剂supplementary 增补的，补充的suspension 悬吊，悬浮sustenance 实物，饮料，营养swirl calciner 涡流分解炉T ensile strength 抗拉强度tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AFthermal 热的，热量的，热学的timber 木料torsion 扭，扭转，扭力，扭矩transition zone 界面过渡层tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙C3Strigger 扳机，引发U ltimately 最后，最终，基本undergo 经历，遭受，忍受undesirable 不符合要求的undesirably 不合要求的不理想uniformity 一致，均匀utilize 利用V ariation 变异，差异，变种vertical kiln 立窑viscosity 粘度，粘滞性Y ield point 屈服点yield 生出，生产；产生。
无机非金属英语重点词汇及段落讲解
英语考得很简单，最后的翻译千万不要空着。
只要填上，老师就会给分，去年我们班有个孩子直接空着，老师都没办法通融。
Chapter 1 The Development of Modern Ceramic Technology1.1 Definitionfictile[‘fiktail]（可塑性的,陶土制的）clay and bat（油页岩,泥质页岩), such as brick, tile, clay pipe and all fire-proofs(耐火物器）Ceramics is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products which are subjected to an high temperature during manufacture or use and which are produced with natural mineral materials and/or synthetic materials and/or chemical products as raw materials. refractory[ri’fræktəri]耐熔的, 难熔炼的monolithic[,mɔnə’liθik]整体的,块体的products are used in iron and steel, non-ferrous metals有色金属blown glass吹制(dinnerware),abrasive[ə’breisiv] 耐磨材料,磨料garnet[‘ɡɑ:nit]金刚砂, diamond金刚石polishing, lapping抛光、擦光、研磨enamels[I’næməl]搪瓷vt.涂瓷釉于; 给…上瓷漆; 给…上彩饰stoneware 炻器once-fired 一次烧成biscuit fired 素烧glazed firing 釉烧feldspars 长石chalk白垩White-ware: a general term for all those varieties of pottery thatusually have a white body, e.g, tableware, sanitary ware and wall tiles.Glaze: A thin glassy layer formed on the surface of a ceramic product by firing on applied coating, a glaze may be partially crystalline.Porcelain: thin shiny material of very fine quality, of which cups, dishes etc., may be made, and which is produced by baking a clay mixture.瓷器China: in USA, A STM-C242 defines the word as any glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic white-ware used for non-technical purposes, e.g. dinnerware, sanitary-ware and art-ware, provided that they are vitreous. 精细瓷器China, a hard white substance made by baking fine clay at high temperature- compare porcelain.1.2 Classification of ceramicsAdvanced ceramics can be classified as Engineering Ceramics and Functional Ceramics by their propertiesTypical engineering ceramics now widely used are alumina [ə’lju:minə]n.氧化铝, zirconia[zə:’kəuniə]氧化锆, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride etcFunctional ceramics includes bioceramics,electronic ceramics, magnetic ceramics, optical ceramics,nuclear and environmental ceramics, super-conducting ceramics, electro-optic ceramics etc.1.3The history of Chinese ceramicsPorcelain derived from pottery. Scholars differ on 持不同意见exactly how and when pottery-making began.prehistory史前Porcelain was a great invention of ancient ChinaAfter 1,000 years, mature celadons [‘selədən]灰绿色,青瓷色were manufactured in Eastern Han. Eastern Han was in important milestone in Chinese ceramic history.For example, North Xin邢were white ceramics ‘‘silver-alike, snow-alike’’, Southern Yue were celadons ‘‘jade-alike, ice-alike’’, two series of wares "north white, South celadon ‘‘formed.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed[‘ʌndəɡleiz]釉下的red porcelain and egg white porcelain.People invented another new way to make ceramics which mixed porcelain stones and kaolin.bronze red 铜红delicate[‘delikit]精美的,雅致的elegant优美的the opium war 鸦片战争breaking out, China reduced to the status of semi-colonial[kə’ləunjəl], semi-feudal[‘fju:dl]封建的society with weak national power.Being the peak of Chinese ceramics history, the ceramics industry of Ming and Qing Dynasty had a great influence upon modern Chinese ceramics industry.sites of遗址the Neolithic age, commodities日用品, pottery figurine雕像. clay-strip building method （泥条筑成型方法）throw clay method（拉坯成型）, side-fired kiln（侧烧窑）and shaft kiln （立窑）ground firing （园烧）. firing temperature烧成温度Kiln[kiln]窑: A high temperature installation used for firing ceramic ware or for calcining or sintering.shaft kiln（立窑）: vertical kiln charged at the top and discharged at the bottom.Celadon: An art ware glaze of a characteristic green colour, which is obtained by introducing a small percentage of iron oxide into the glaze match and firing under reducing conditions so that the iron is in ferrous state亚铁态.Aging(陈腐): A process, also known as souring, in which moistened clay, or prepared body, is stored for a period to permit the water to become more uniformly dispersed.filtration滤泥, washing, pugging mullering练泥, aging 陈腐were omitted. Body bareness （秃釉）and glaze flow（流釉）combination between body and glazeScaling（脱釉）seedtime（萌芽期）In this period, the society was turbulent（动荡）, truceless（战乱）. Buddhism[‘budizəm] 佛教all-time (有史以来）exquisite（优美的）.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed red porcelain and egg white porcelain.jigger 辘轳车wheel jiggering 旋坯成型,又称压坯成型,或样板刀成型（template forming),是将可塑泥料置于旋坯机上旋转的石膏模具中,泥料受到样板刀剪切和挤压,在模子表面形成坯体的可塑成型方法。
无机非金属材料的英文介绍
无机非金属材料的英文介绍Title: Introduction to Inorganic Non-metallic Materials.Inorganic non-metallic materials play a crucial role in various industries and applications. These materials are essential for the development of modern technology and are used in a wide range of products, from constructionmaterials to electronic devices.One of the most common inorganic non-metallic materials is silicon dioxide, also known as silica. Silica is widely used in the production of glass, ceramics, and cement. Its high melting point and resistance to chemical corrosion make it an ideal material for these applications.Another important inorganic non-metallic material is carbon. Carbon exists in various forms, including graphite, diamond, and carbon nanotubes. Each form has unique properties that make it suitable for different applications. For example, graphite is used as a lubricant and in theproduction of electrodes, while diamond is valued for its hardness and is used in cutting and grinding tools.In addition to silica and carbon, inorganic non-metallic materials also include materials such as boron nitride, alumina, and various types of polymers. These materials have diverse properties, including high thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and chemical resistance, making them valuable for a wide range of applications.In the field of electronics, inorganic non-metallic materials are used in the production of semiconductors, insulators, and dielectric materials. These materials are essential for the manufacturing of electronic devices such as transistors, integrated circuits, and capacitors.In conclusion, inorganic non-metallic materials are indispensable in modern industry and technology. Their diverse properties and applications make them essential for the development of new materials and products. As technology continues to advance, the demand for thesematerials is expected to grow, driving further research and innovation in this field.。
无机非金属材料专业英语
被铝取代的氧O2-ion replaced by Al3+比热specific heat波函数wave function玻璃态的vitreous玻璃组成glass composition 不完整的配位incomplete coordination长石feldspar成对电子paired electrons 初晶相the primary phase 磁光效应magneto-optic effect缔合缺陷associated defects 电导conductivity电光效应electro-optic effect电子空穴electron holes电子排布electronconfiguration断裂韧性fracture-toughness二价阳离子divalentcation钙铝硅酸盐玻璃calcium-aluminateglass刚性体rigid body锆英石zircon共沉淀和过饱和coprecipitationandsupersaturation共价键covalent bonds固体电解质Solid electrolyte硅铝酸盐alumina-silica红外投射infraredtransmission互溶体mutual solution化学方程式chemical formulate碱金属alkali metal碱金属硅酸盐玻璃alkali silicateglass碱金属卤化物hailde of alkalimetals角连接的硅氧四面体[SiO4]tetrahedrawith shared corners介电常数、强度、损耗dielectricconstant、strength、losses紧密堆积结构closed-packedstructure近似立方紧密堆积nearly cubicclose-packedstructure净化工艺purificatinprocedures颗粒尺寸分布particle sizedistribution颗粒的重排和团聚particlerearrangement andagglomerate快离子导体Fast ion conductor冷却速率cooling rate离子键ionic bonds链状排列chain arrangement莫来石mullite母体玻璃parent glass钠钙硅玻璃soda-lime-silicaglass配位数coordinationnumber喷雾干燥和煅烧spray-drying andcalcination缺乏absence of缺陷化学defect chemistry热历史the thermal history热能thermal energy热膨胀系数thermal expansioncoefficient熔点melting point软化范围softening range三元系统the ternary system受控结晶controlledcrystallization水软化water softener四面体tetrahedron体积核化volume nucleation退火玻璃annealing glass退火和烧结温度annealing andsinteringtemperature网络结构network structure网络条整体network modifier相图phase diagram学说theory学说解释account for压敏电阻和热敏电阻varistor andthermistor亚原子粒子subatomicparticles衍生结构derivationstructure阳离子cation氧化锆陶瓷zirconia-basedceramics氧离子oxygen ions液相温度liquidustemperature一价阴离子univalent anion异质核化heter ogeneousnucleation阴离子anion阴离子空位vacant anion sites有效电荷effective charges折射率和色散index of refractionand dispersion中间体intermediate转变温度transmissiontemperatureact as作为，冲当aggregation of finepowder细粉团聚alumina-silica铝硅酸盐as compared to与…比较ball-milled powers球磨粉末be based on以…为基础be regarded as被认为是chanrgedinterstitial site带电间隙位chemical formulate化学方程式cohesive fore内聚力commence with从……开始effectivelyneutral charge有效中性点荷fireclay products黏土烧制产品framework框架结构glassy andcrystalline grainboundary phases玻璃相和晶界相hexagonalclosed-packedstructure六方紧密堆积结构host lattice主晶格hot uniaxialpressing单轴热压hybridization ofthe atomic orbitals原子杂化轨道in particular of特别尤其in spite of尽管isotronic均质的isotrophicsubstitution均匀取代layed structure层状结构Low temperaturemodifications低温变体non-metal非金属octahedral hole八面体空隙olivine minerals橄榄石矿物on the basis of 以…为基础point defects点缺陷quantum mechanics 量子力学shrinkage and densification收缩和致密化solid solution固溶体tetrahedral coordinations四面体配位tetrahedral site 四面体位置Three dimensiona models三维结构模型transmission of light beams透过光束transparency、translucency、opacity透明、半透明、不透明universal acceptance普遍认可vacancy pair空位对Van der Waals forces范德华力vice versa反之亦然。
无机非金属材料工程英语 样本
无机非金属材料工程英语样本In the realm of engineering, particularly in the domain of inorganic non-metallic materials, there exists a vast expanse of linguistic intricacies and technical jargon that often bewilder even the most adept minds. The sheer complexity of this subject matter, coupled with its ever-evolving nature, renders it a perennial source ofperplexity and spontaneity for both novices and seasoned professionals alike.Navigating through the labyrinthine corridors of inorganic non-metallic materials engineering, one is immediately confronted with a plethora of terminologies, each more cryptic than the last. From the arcane depths of crystallography to the enigmatic realms of polymer science, the lexicon of this discipline is replete with terms that seem to dance on the precipice of comprehension, teasing the intellect with their elusive meanings.At the heart of this linguistic enigma lies the concept of material characterization, a process as intricate as it isindispensable. Through a delicate interplay ofspectroscopic analysis, electron microscopy, and mechanical testing, engineers endeavor to unravel the secretsconcealed within the molecular tapestry of inorganic non-metallic materials. Each sample, a testament to theingenuity of human endeavor, serves as a microcosm of the broader scientific inquiry into the properties andbehaviors of these enigmatic substances.In the realm of inorganic non-metallic materials, language serves not merely as a tool for communication, but as a conduit for understanding the very essence of matter itself. As engineers grapple with the complexities of composition and structure, they are compelled to forge new pathways of linguistic expression, crafting a lexicon that mirrors the intricacies of the materials they seek to comprehend.Yet, amidst the labyrinth of technical terminology, there exists a profound sense of wonder and discovery. With each sample meticulously examined and analyzed, engineers are granted a fleeting glimpse into the inner workings of the natural world, a glimpse that serves as both a humblingreminder of humanity's limitations and a testament to its boundless curiosity.In the realm of inorganic non-metallic materials engineering, spontaneity is not merely a byproduct of the creative process; it is a fundamental aspect of the journey towards enlightenment. As engineers grapple with the ever-shifting landscape of scientific discovery, they are constantly forced to adapt and innovate, drawing upon their ingenuity and resourcefulness to overcome the myriad challenges that lie in their path.In conclusion, the world of inorganic non-metallic materials engineering is a tapestry woven from the threads of curiosity, ingenuity, and perseverance. From the cryptic depths of crystallography to the boundless expanse of polymer science, it is a realm where language serves as both a barrier and a bridge, a testament to the indomitable spirit of human inquiry.。
无机非金属专业英语
无机非金属专业英语1、Solid ceramic bodies are generally produced by using the process of powder compaction followed by firing at high temperature. 固体陶胚体通常都是利用粉末压实而后在高温烧结的工艺来生产。
A.Precipitation from solutionB.Uniaxial pressingC.Hot uniaxial pressingD.Solid-state sintering(a) Precipitation from solution 溶液的沉淀析出2、Alumina occurs as the mineral bauxite and is refined in the Bayer process whereby ore is initially dissolved under pressure in sodium hydroxide so that solid impurities (SiO2, TiO2, Fe203) separate from sodium aluminate solution.氧化铝是以矿物质铝矾土的形式出现的，并且在精炼矾土工艺中得以精制。
这个工艺借以矿石最初是在压力下溶解在氢氧化钠中的因此固体杂质如二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化铁等就可以从铝酸钠溶液中分离出来。
This solution is either seeded with gibbsite crystals (a-Al2O33H2O) or undergoes autoprecipitation to bayerite (β-Al2O33H2O) after its neutralisation with CO2 gas. Temperature,alumina supersaturation and amount of seed affect particle size during crystallisation. 这种溶液要么是结晶出水铝矿晶体，要么是和二氧化碳气体中和后沉淀出三水铝石。
无机非金属材料工程专业英语 第8章
Why study failure?
Air plane or car crash, bridge breaking, machine breaking down are all, to some sense, related to the failure of engineering materials. The best way to prevent such in-service failures is to study the mechanics of the various failure modes and design the structures or components appropriately.
Key knowledge points:
INTRODUCTION The failure of engineering materials is almost always an undesirable event for several reasons; these human lives that are put in jeopardy (Risk of loss or injury; peril or danger), economic losses, and the interference with the availability of products and services. Even though the causes of failure and the behavior of materials may be known, prevention of failure is difficult to guarantee.
பைடு நூலகம்
无机非金属材料工程专业英语 第5章
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Materials of all types are often heat treated to improve their properties. The phenomena that occur during a heat treatment almost always involve atomic diffusion. Often an enhancement of diffusion rate is desired; on occasion measures are taken to reduce it. Heat-treating temperatures and times, and/or cooling rates are often predictable using the mathematics of diffusion and appropriate diffusion constants. The steel gear shown on this page has been case hardened (Section 9.14); that is, its hardness and resistance to failure by fatigue have been enhanced by diffusing excess carbon or nitrogen into the outer surface layer.
就读于无机非金属材料工程英语
就读于无机非金属材料工程英语Studying Inorganic Non-metallic Materials Engineering is quite an exciting journey. It's not just about textbooks and equations, but also about exploring the wonders of materials that shape our world.One thing I love about this field is the variety of materials we study. From ceramics to glass, from composites to semiconductors, each one has its unique properties and applications. It's fascinating to see how these materials are used in everyday products, from smartphones to spacecraft.Labs are where the magic happens. We get to experiment with different materials, mix them, heat them, and see what happens. Sometimes, it's a bit like cooking, but with science instead of spices. And when you finally create something new, it's a rewarding feeling that's hard to describe.Another cool aspect is the collaboration with other fields. Engineers, chemists, physicists we all work together to push the boundaries of what's possible. It's a reminder that science is a team sport, and no one can do it alone.Studying inorganic non-metallic materials engineering also means staying up-to-date with the latest technologies and advancements. It's exciting to see how new materials are changing the.。
无机非金属材料专业英语作文
无机非金属材料专业英语作文In the realm of materials science, the field of inorganic non-metallic materials stands as a cornerstone of modern innovation, a testament to the enduring quest for materials that push the boundaries of what is possible. These materials, ranging from the ubiquitous ceramics to the cutting-edge composites, are the silent heroes in the construction of our world, from the skyscrapers that pierce the clouds to the microchips that power our digital lives.The essence of inorganic non-metallic materials lies in their unique properties—extreme durability, resistance toheat and corrosion, and the ability to be molded into a plethora of shapes and sizes. The versatility of these materials is only matched by the ingenuity of the scientists and engineers who harness their potential. From the development of advanced ceramics that can withstand therigors of aerospace applications to the creation of glassthat can bend light in ways previously thought impossible,the possibilities are as boundless as the human imagination.In the educational sphere, the study of inorganic non-metallic materials is a gateway to understanding the complex interactions between chemistry, physics, and engineering. Itis a field that demands a deep knowledge of atomic and molecular structures, as well as an appreciation for the intricate processes that transform raw materials intofinished products. Students who delve into this subject arenot just learning about materials; they are learning aboutthe very fabric of our technological society.As we look to the future, the demand for innovative materials that can meet the challenges of sustainability and efficiency is only set to increase. Inorganic non-metallic materials are poised to play a pivotal role in this narrative, whether it be through the development of new energy storage solutions, the enhancement of existing infrastructure, or the creation of materials that can withstand the harshest environments on Earth and beyond.In conclusion, the study and application of inorganicnon-metallic materials is more than just a scientific pursuit; it is a journey into the heart of what makes our world function. As we continue to explore the potential of these materials, we are not only expanding our knowledge but alsoour capacity to create a future that is as resilient and adaptable as the materials themselves.。
无机非金属材料专业英语
For example, in a paragraph describing a chicken egg, no transition could bridge the gap created by the inclusion of a sentence concerned with naval losses in the Civil War.
In other words, transitions can call attention to the topic relationships between sentences, but they cannot create those relationships.
2 Parallelism in a paragraph
The weather of Texas offers something for everyone. If you are the kind who likes to see snow drifting onto mountain peaks, a visit to the Big Bend area will satisfy your eye. If, on the other hand, you demand a bright sun to bake your skin a golden brown, stop in the southern part of the state. And for hardier souls, who ask from nature a show of force, the skies of the Panhandle regularly release ferocious springtime tornadoes. Finally, if you are the fickle type, by all means come to central Texas, where the sun at any time may shine unashamed throughout the most torrential rainstorm.
无机非金属材料工程专业英语 第4章
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Perfection n.完美 ↔ imperfection 缺陷 Impurity n. 杂质↔purity :clearness Irregularity n. 不规则↔regularity 规则 Geometry 几何学 lattice distortion 晶格畸变 solute 溶质↔ solvent 溶剂 stacking faults 堆垛层错 substitutional 置换的↔ interstitial间隙的 solid solution 固溶体 Misaligned: 错排的 mismatched
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Self-interstitial(填隙子) is another kind of point defects, it is such that an extra atom is crowded into an interstitial site，a small void space that under ordinary circumstances is not occupied.
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Words and Phrases
Defect n. imperfection / fault Point defect 点缺陷 vacancy 空位；interstitial atoms; impurity; solute linear defect 线缺陷 Grain boundary 晶界 interfacial defect 面缺陷 mixed dislocation 混合位错 dislocation line 位错线 Edge dislocation 刃位错 Screw dislocation 螺位错 Burgers vector 伯格斯矢量
无机非金属材料工程专业英语 第7章
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Slip 滑移 Slip system 滑移系 Recrystallization 再结晶 solid-solution strengthening 固溶强化 strain hardening 应变强化 strengthening by grain size reduction 细晶强化 annealing 退火 temper 回火 quench 淬火 ageing 时效
2. Basic concepts of dislocations
Plastic deformation corresponds to the motion of large numbers of dislocations. An edge dislocation moves in response to a shear stress applied in a direction perpendicular to its line. In an edge dislocation, localized lattice distortion exists along the end of an extra half-plane of atoms. The mechanics of dislocation motion are represented in Fig.7.1
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
natural ageing自然时效 artifical ageing人工时效 dislocation multiplication 位错繁殖 misorientation 位相差异 equiaxed grains 等轴晶粒 elongated grains 拉长晶粒
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自从工业革命，甚至是这从前的几百年里，一直有频繁的争论，不行的是，这些都伴随暴力。
在这样的背景下，材料被完全的忽视，尽管在过去和现在，材料经常引领着技术的进步，在未来材料也会继续这样。
材料大多数意味着结束，因而被认为是劣质的。
实际上，材料被理所当然的认为：他们对大多数人是不言而喻的。
二、波特兰水泥及其种类
水泥可以被定义成这样一种物质，可以结合两种或三种物质形成一个整体。
水泥是一种精细的粉末，当与水混合时，能发生凝固和硬化，也可以结合不同的组分形成一个机械强度高的结构，经常被应用于建筑工业上。
水泥可以用来作为砖块或不同尺寸固体颗粒的连结来形成一个整体。
波特兰水泥是由加热石灰石与粘土的混合物或其它类似体积密度的物质经过充分反应，最后在1450℃下生成。
发生部分融化，并产生熟料的结节。
熟料混合一小部分石膏，经过精磨，制成水泥，石膏控制凝固速率，也可部分的被硫酸钙的其他形式所代替。
有些系数指标允许在研磨阶段加入其他物质
铝硅酸盐相与普通波特兰水泥熟料的5%—10%。
铝硅酸盐相就是Ca3Al2O6，实际上就是通过结合外来离子，尤其是Si4+，Fe3+，Na+，K+，而在组成和结构上发生改变的Ca3Al2O6。
他与水迅速反应，引起不可控制的快速凝固，除非加入缓凝剂，通常是石膏。
铁酸盐相占普通波特兰水泥熟料的5%—15%。
铁酸盐相就是Ca2AlFeO5，实际上是通过改变Al/Fe比和结合外来离子而在组成上发生改变的Ca2AlFeO5。
或许是因为组成和其他特征的差异，铁酸盐相与水的反应速度似乎有些变动，开始时速度很快，在后期处于A相与B 相和水反应的两种速率之间。
全世界的绝大部分水泥是为常规建筑反应而设计的。
有很多的名字来命名水泥，例如英国的OPC，美国的1号水泥。
如果水泥中含有过多的硫酸盐，硫酸盐反应产生的破坏性膨胀不仅发生在后期工艺中，也发生在硫酸盐溶液对混凝土的侵蚀中。
这个反应涉及包含Al2O3相的快硬性水泥和抗硫酸盐的波特兰水泥。
通过降低铝硅酸盐相的比例，破坏性膨胀会被减少，有时会降为0。
这是通过减小原料中Al2O3的比例来实现的。
在美国，抗硫酸盐波特兰水泥被叫做4号水泥。
通过提高Al2O3与Fe2O3的比例来制得白波特兰水泥，它代表着与抗硫酸盐波特兰水泥完全相反的组成，普通黑色波特兰水泥是因为含有铁酸盐相，而在白水泥中一定要避免铁酸盐相的生成，使用完全不含Fe2O3和其他有助于成色的组分的原料，这是不切实际的。
通常，通过在还原气氛下生成熟料和快速冷却，可以降低这些组分的影响。
除了A矿、B 矿和铝硅酸盐相，也会生成玻璃相。
波特兰水泥与水的反应是放热反应，在有些情况下，它是一个有点，因为它会加速凝固，有时在其他情况下它是一个缺点，例如在大型水坝建筑中或在油井内衬中。
当水泥浆在高温高压下被远距离输送时，低热反应可以通过粗磨来获得，并且可以通过降低A矿和铝硅酸盐相的含量来降低总热量。
美标中包括Ⅱ号或中等硬化水平水泥的定义和一种更极端的Ⅳ号或。
Ⅱ号水泥还能抵制中等硫酸盐侵蚀，也就是对建筑上的一般使用是合适的。
三、波特兰水泥的制造
波特兰水泥是水硬性水泥的一个属名，它主要由高氧化钙的硅酸钙与少量的高氧化钙的铝酸盐和铁酸盐混合少许石膏研磨而成的精细粉末构成。
在硬化过程中，钙的混合物与水发生化学反应生成坚硬的成品。
波特兰水泥，即水和产物粘合剂来制成砂浆，然后凝结成块状产
波特兰水泥制造的主要趋于转向更加强调生产能源消耗的降低。
越来越多地用煤来代替煤气和油，煤气和油过去是煅烧熟料的主要燃料。
湿法的能源消耗是相当大的，因此，大多新的工厂均采用干法。
用这两种方法生产的最终产品的性能是没有任何差异的。
1957年值钱，世界上最大的窑炉每天可以生产7500吨的熟料（相当于6750公吨）。
普通窑每天可以声场1800吨（相当于1620公吨）。
最新的窑炉采用某种形式的预热系统，这一系统充分利用废气来给要进窑的原材料加热；另外，在原料进入回转窑之前通过使用辅助燃烧器赖在原料上进行石灰石的脱碳。
用以上的技术可以使较小的回转窑烧出和大回转窑想通的产品以节约能源。
由于这一发展，世界上最大的窑（长度为760英尺或228米，直径为25英尺或7.5米）或许会一直是最长的。
另外一中趋势是新型磨机，被叫做辊磨机。
这种磨机可以使用废热用于干燥，易于自动化，控制并且节约能源。
这种磨机每小时淹没辆高达400吨（360公吨），除了采石工，少数的几个工人就可以操作整个设备，通过电视监视器、传感器、电脑和自动连续的化学分析实现控制。
已经被通入使用或还处于开发中的其它类型的窑炉有垂直或立窑、流态床炉、涡轮分解炉。
这些都是静态形成的熔炉。
四、凝结和硬化
水硬性水泥的凝固和硬化是由于形成了包含水的混合物所引起的。
这种混合物的形成是水泥组分和水反应的结果。
这个反应和反应物分别叫做水化反应或水和相。
作为反应迅速开始的结果，最开始可以观察到轻微的变硬，但是随着时间的增加，硬化程度逐渐提高。
当硬化达到一定程度时，被叫做凝固的开始进一步的凝固被称为凝结，在此之后，相的硬化开始。
在一段时间内，材料的耐压程度逐渐增加，对超快水硬性水泥来说，这段时间为几天，对普通水泥来说为几年。
波特兰水泥和水混合后不久，一个简短、剧烈的水合作用开始。
硫酸钙完全溶解，碱硫酸盐几乎完全溶解，由于钙离子和硫酸根离子与铝酸三钙反应，在熟料颗粒表面形成了细小，呈六角形针柱状的钙矾石晶体。
接下来，首先可以观察到起源于铝硅酸三钙呈胶状的硅酸钙由于水和产物薄层在熟料表面的生成，最初的水合作用期停止。
当几乎没有反应发生时，诱导期开始，最初的水和产物太小以至于不能弥补熟料颗粒间的缝隙。
同时也不能形成坚固的微观结构。
因此，水泥粒子之间的流动性仅仅被轻微的影响，也就是水泥胶体间的结合度仅仅增大了一点。
大约1—3小时后，凝固开始在熟料表面形成最初的硅酸盐水合物。
在刚开始，这种水合物是非常细微的。
诱导期结束后，在熟料相之间发生一个进一步、剧烈的水合作用。
第三个阶段，（加速期）在大约4小时时开始，在12—24小时后结束。
在第三阶段。
基础微观结构形成：包括呈针柱状，叶状的硅酸钙和呈板状的氢氧化钙，还有纵向生长的钙矾石晶体。
由于结晶体生长，水泥颗粒间的缝隙日益变小，在进一步水化作用期间，水泥硬度逐步增加，但速度变慢，围观结构的密度增加，孔隙被填充：填充的孔隙导致了强度的增加。
五、混凝土，钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土
由于骨料有效地承载了压载负荷，混凝土具有很强的抗压力。
然而，在张力状态下，混凝土是不牢固的，这是因为在某些位置水泥结合固料会产生断裂，使结构破坏。
通过加入加强金属条、玻璃纤维、塑料纤维来承载张力负荷的钢筋混凝土就可以解决以上的问题。
钢筋混凝土的发展是从1900年开始的，从20世纪末期，工程师有足够的信心使新型钢筋混凝土应
用于日常生活中，这种新型钢筋混凝土被叫做预应力混凝土。
特殊用途的水泥（例如早期高强度水泥），特殊的骨料（例如各种各样的轻型或重型骨料），混合物（例如增塑剂、加气剂、硅粉、飞尘）和特殊的养护方法（例如蒸汽养护）能够获得更加广泛的性能。
混凝土是类似于石头结构的材料，它可以由水泥、沙子、粗砂和其他骨料以精确的比例混合并且加水硬化成理想的形状和尺寸而获得。
主要的材料就是细、粗骨料。
水泥和水发生化学反应使骨料颗粒凝固成固体块状。
除了上面的化学反应所加的水外，还应再加入水使混合物具有和易性，确保混合物在硬化之前注满模具并包裹住已埋入的钢筋。
可通过适当地调整材料组分的比例来获得具有广泛特性的混凝土。
这种性质很大程度上依赖混合物的比例，依赖于各种组分相互混合的完全性，依赖于混合物从注入模具到完全硬化它所保持的温度和湿度条件。
在放置之后，控制条件的过程被称为养护，为了避免人们无意识地生产不合格的混凝土产品，在整个过程中，从各个组分的比例的称量到混合、放置直至维护完成，高度熟练的控制和监控是必要的。
在19世纪下半期，为了弥补混凝土的缺陷，人们发现用具有高抗拉强度的钢筋来加固混凝土是可行的。
这以技术主要跟应用在低抗拉强度限制运载能力的领域。
在浇注混凝土值钱，把刚劲放入模具中，通常采用具有合适表面缺陷的圆棒、钢筋达到咬合的目的。