美国文学简史5
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记5
History And Anthology of American Literature（5）PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学Ⅰ. Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-19721.埃兹拉·卢米斯·庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。
他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给T·S·爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot.2.庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特别是欧洲大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格 both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture.3.《向塞克斯图·普罗佩提多斯致敬》”Homage toSextus Propertius”; 《人物》（或《面具》）”Personae”or “Masks”;1920年《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》被看作是有关一战战争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World WarⅠ;1917年开始创作《诗集》，截止1959年总首数已达109首，有点象但丁的《神曲》，也是由三个部分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时期缺乏信用所至”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems. The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dante’s“Divina Commedia”in three sections, butrepresenting a comedy human, not divine, dealingwith the wreck of civilizations by reason of theinfidelity of mankind in the three epochs-the ancientworld, the Renaissance, and the modern period.4.二战期间，庞德代表意大利政府，运用广播形式对美国军队进行强烈的谴责。
美国文学史简述五篇范文
美国文学史简述五篇范文第一篇：美国文学史简述A Short Summary of the History of American LiteratureIn American Literature, Colonial and Revolutionary period, American Romanticism, The Realistic Period and American Modernism are the four important periods.During 17C and 18C is the American colonial and Revolutionary Period.Puritanism is the main school of this period, which is the practices and belief of puritans.The American puritans accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.Jonathan Edwards was one of the great writers of the Puritanism, his works include The Freedom of the Will, The Nature of True Virtue and so on.Philip Freneau is “a poet of the American Revol ution” and “the father of American Poetry”.The Rising Glory of American and The Wild Honey Suckle are his famous works.Puritanism gradually declined at the end of 18C.As a result of the impact of European Literary Romanticism, there rapidly came into being the rise of romanticism in American.The American romanticism flourished from 1815 to 1865, which advocated importance to individual dignity and value, and they shared some characteristics— moral enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive perception.Transcendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history.It laid emphasis onspirit, individual and nature.Washington Irving is a writer of this period, who has been called “the father of American Literature”.He wins the international fame for The Sketch Book, which marked the beginning of American Romanticism.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the New England Transcendentalist.Nature, his famous work, is regarded as the “manifesto of Am erican Transcendentalism”.American industrialization was one of the important factors of the development of American Realistic Literature, which was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age” from 1865 to 1914.American Realism came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.It turned from an emphasis on the faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic.Realists looked for truth in any place.William Dean Howells is the champion of realism.He writes about the rising middle class and the way they live.The Rise of Silas Lapham, his masterpiece, is a fine example of the American realism.Mark Twain is a great literary artist and social critic.He writes about the story of the low class and is famous for his colloquial style and localism.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is his famous fiction, which has been regarded as one of the greatest books of western literature and western civilization.After the WWI, some young writers wondered pointlessly and restlessly, while at the same time the y were called the “Lost Generation”.Then, there came into being the modernism from 1914 to 1945, it is used to show the literary art possessing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling, form and style after the WWI.It meanscutting off history and a sense of despair and loss.It refused to accept the traditional ideological influences.F.Scott Fitzgerald is widely regarded as one of the 20th century’s greatest writers.This Side of Paradise is his first novel, it became immensely popular for the simple reason that it caught the tone of the age.Ernest Hemingway is the famous writer of this period.He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.A Farewell to Arms is his masterpiece in which the author deals with the war directly.This is what I want to say about the history of American literature.第二篇：美国文学史梗概美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。
美国文学简史American Literature Poetry
American Literature: PoetryINTRODUCTIONAmerican Literature: Poetry, verse in English that originates from the territory now known as the United States. American poetry differs from British or English poetry chiefly because America’s culturally diver se traditions exerted pressure on the English language, altering its tones, diction, forms, and rhythms until something identifiable as American English emerged. American poetry is verse written in this form of English.The term American poetry is in some ways a contradiction. America represents a break with tradition and the invention of a new culture separate from the European past. Poetry, on the other hand, represents tradition itself, a long history of expression carried to America from a European past. American poetry thus embodies a clearly identifiable tension between tradition and innovation, past and future, and old forms and new forms. American poetry remains a hybrid, a literature that tries to separate itself from the tradition of English literature even as it adds to and alters that tradition.American poetry could be defined differently, however, especially if it is not limited to poetry in English. Without that qualifying term, American poetry has its origins in the rich oral traditions of Native American cultures. Each of these cultures developed complex symbolic tales of the origins and history of its people, akin to epic poems in the European tradition. These tales were performed as part of rituals and passed on through memorization from one generation to the next. Some of them have been translated into English. Yet these works tend to vanish from most histories of American poetry because they were part of ongoing performances based in spoken rather than written language. Moreover, their rhythms and sounds are bound to the native languages in which they evolved.Other cultures have contributed to the rich heritage of American poetry. Spanish-language poetry has been produced in America from the time of the earliest Spanish explorers to current Hispanic and Chicano and Chicana poetry. American poetry traditions also have thrived in many other languages, from Chinese to Yiddish, as the result of centuries of immigration to the United States.But most people mean by American poetry those rhythmic, memorable, and significant verse forms composed in English in the United States or in lands that became the United States. This overview of more than 300 years of American poetry tracks the creation of a national literature identifiably different from that of any other nation. In the 1600s colonial poets responded to the challenges of their new world and expressed the hopes and fears of Europeans who settled there. In the years following the Declaration of Independence (1776) American poets created a patriotic poetry as a defining literature for the new nation. A powerful new kind of poetry flowered in the mid- and late 19th century among the first poets to be born and raised as actual citizens of the United States. American modernist poetry emerged in the first half of the 20th century, as many writers sought to subdue nationalist impulses in their poetry and define themselves as part of an international advance in the arts. Finally, in the second half of the 20th century a multiplicity of diverse voices redefined American poetry. For information on American prose or drama, see American Literature: Prose; American Literature: Drama.I I BEGINNINGS: 1600S THROUGH THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION(1775-1783)From the beginning until well into the 19th century, widespread agreement existed that American poetry would be judged by British standards, and that poetry written in America was simply British poetry composed on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. Yet in responding to British styles, American poetry took inspiration from the new physical environment and the evolving culture of the colonies. In the process it recorded a subtle shift from poets who were dependent imitators to poets who spoke for and in the language of the new nation.A New England PuritanPoetryPuritans who had settled in New England were the first poets of the American colonies. Most Puritan poets saw the purpose of poetry as careful Christian examination of their lives; and private poems, like Puritan diaries, served as a forum where the self could be measured daily against devout expectations. Puritan leaders deemed poetry a safe and inspiriting genre, since they considered the Bible itself to be God’s poetry. Thus poetry became the literary form that allowed devout believers to express, with God’s help, divine lessons. Other genres, such as drama and fiction, were considered dangerous, capable of generating lies and leading to idle entertainment instead of moral uplift.Puritan poets had grown up in England during a period when Christian epic poetry—culminating in Paradise Lost (1667) by John Milton—was considered the highest literary accomplishment. When they came to America they maintained their cultural allegiances to Britain. Anne Bradstreet looked to British poets Sir Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser; Edward Taylor looked to poets George Herbert and John Donne.Bradstreet was the first poet in America to publish a volume of poetry. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America was published in England in 1650. Bradstreet had lived in England until 1630, when at the age of 18 she arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, where she spent the rest of her life. Although Bradstreet wrote many poems on familiar British themes and produced skilled imitations of British forms, her most remarkable works responded directly to her experiences in colonial New England. They reveal her attraction to her new world, even as the discomforts of life in the wilderness sickened her. Her poetry contains a muted declaration of independence from the past and a challenge to authority.Although Bradstreet’s verses on the burning of her house in 1666 and poems on the death of three grandchildren end by reaffirming the God-fearing Puritan belief system, along the way they also question the harsh Puritan God. Further, Brads treet’s work records early stirrings of female resistance to a social and religious system in which women are subservient to men. In “The Prologue” (1650), Bradstreet writes, “I am obnoxious to each carping tongue / Who says my hand a needle better fits, / [than] A poet’s pen.…” Bradstreet’s instincts were to love this world more than the promised next world of Puritan theology, and her struggle to overcome her love for the world of nature energizes her poetry.Taylor, a poet of great technical skill, wrote powerful meditative poems in which he tested himself morally and sought to identify and root out sinful tendencies. In “God's Determinations Touching His Elect” (written 1680?), one of Taylor’s most important works, he celebrates God's power in the triump h of good over evil in the human soul. All of Taylor’s poetry and much of Bradstreet’s served generally personal ends, and their audience often consisted of themselves andtheir family and closest friends. This tradition of private poetry, kept in manuscript and circulated among a small and intimate circle, continued throughout the colonial period, and numerous poets of the 17th and 18th centuries remained unknown to the general public until long after their deaths. For them, poetry was a kind of heightened letter writing that reaffirmed the ties of family and friends. Taylor’s poems remained unpublished until 1939, when The Poetical Works of Edward Taylor appeared. Many of Bradstreet’s most personal poems also remained unpublished during her lifetime.Public poetry for the Puritans was more didactic or instructive in nature and often involved the transformation into verse of important biblical lessons that guided Puritan belief. Poet and minister Michael Wigglesworth wrote theological verse in ballad meter, such as The Day of Doom (1662), which turned the Book of Revelation into an easily memorized sing-song epic. Puritan poetry also included elaborate elegies,or poems honoring a person who had recently died. Puritans used these poems to explore the nature of the self, reading the character of the dead person as a text and seeing the life as a collection of hidden meanings.B SouthernSatireColonial poets of the 18th century still looked to British poets of their time, such as Alexander Pope and Ambrose Philips. Both were masters of pastoral verse—poetry that celebrated an idealized English countryside and rural life—and of satirical verse. Initially, this satiric tone was more prevalent in the southern colonies than in New England.Two poets from the Maryland Colony, Ebenezer Cook and Richard Lewis, wrote accomplished satirical poems based on British pastoral models. But their poems cleverly undermine those models by poking fun at the British. Cook’s The Sot-Weed Factor (1708) is a long narrative poem written in rhyming couplets that mocks Americans as a backward people but aims its satire most effectively at the poem’s narrator, who is a British snob. Americans may be laughable, Cook suggests, but they are not as ridiculous as the British with their ignorance and prejudice about Americans.C Revolutionary Era PatrioticPoetryA penchant for satire continued in the American Revolutionary era, when American poetry was centered on Connecticut and a group of poets known as the Connecticut Wits (or Hartford Wits). This group, most of whose members were associated with Yale University, included David Humphreys, John Trumbull, and Joel Barlow. Along with other writers they produced The Anarchiad (1786-1787), a mock epic poem warning against the chaos that would ensue if a strong central government, as advocated by the Federalists, was not implemented in the United States. American poets used the British literary model of the mock epic as a tool to satirize and criticize British culture. Trumbull’s mock epic M’Finga l (1775-1782) lampooned the British Loyalists during the Revolution.Revolutionary-era poets composed more than satire, however. They felt an urgency to produce a serious—even monumental—national poetry that would celebrate the country’s new democratic ideals. Epic poems, they believed, would confer importance and significance on the new nation’s culture. Educated in the classics, these poets were also lawyers, ministers, and busy citizens of the new republic. They did not bother with the question whether a new nation required new forms of poetry, but were content to use traditional forms to write about new subjects in orderto create the first truly American poetry. Whereas traditional epics celebrated past accomplishments of a civilization, American epics by necessity celebrated the future. Examples of such epics include Barlow’s The Vision of Columbus(1787), later revised as The Columbiad (1807); Greenfield Hill (1794) by clergyman Timothy Dwight; and The Rising Glory of America (1772) by Philip Freneau. All offered the prospect of America as the future culmination of civilization.Freneau, the most accomplished patriot poet, was not associated with Connecticut. He was born in New York City and later lived in a variety of places. His range of experience and clarity of expression made him a very popular poet, widely regarded as the first poet who spoke for the entire country. Much of his poetry focused on America’s future greatness, but he also wrote on other subjects, including the beauties of the natural w orld. Such lyric poems as “The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) and “On a Honey Bee” (1809), can be seen as the first expressions in American poetry of a deep spiritual engagement with nature.D Early BlackVoicesSlavery was the great contradiction in the new nation that had affirmed in its Declaration of Independence a basic belief that “all men are created equal” and have “inalienable” rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Many of the country’s early leaders believed that African slaves were intellectually inferior to whites. Phillis Wheatley, a Boston slave, challenged those racist assumptions early on. Brought to America as a young girl, Wheatley was educated by her masters in English and Latin. She became an accomplished poet, and her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral(1773) was published in England. Like the white patriot poets, Wheatley wrote in 18th-century literary forms. But her highly structured and elegant poetry nonetheless expressed her frustration at enslavement and desire to reach a heaven where her color and social position would no longer keep her from singing in her full glory.Wheatley’s poetry, along with that of other slaves, begins a powerful African American tradition in American poetry. In 1746 Lucy Terry, a slave in Massachusetts who was also educated by her owner, wrote the first poem to be published by a black American: 'Bar's Fight.' The poem, which was not published until 1855, describes the victims and survivors of a Native American raid against settler s. It was followed by Jupiter Hammon’s biblically inspired, hymnlike verse, “An Evening Thought; Salvation by Christ, with Penitential Cries” (1761).Born at the time of the founding of the nation, African American poetry retained its concern with the burning issues of the American Revolution, including liberty, independence, equality, and identity. It also expressed African American experiences of divided loyalties. Just as white Americans experienced divided loyalties in the republic’s early years—unsure whether their identity derived from the new country or from their European past—so too did African Americans, who looked always to their African past and to their problematic American present.I IITHE 19TH CENTURYThe 19th century began with high hopes for poetic accomplishment. The first comprehensive anthologies of American poetry appeared in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s. In the first half of the century poets sought to entertain, to inform, and to put into memorable language America’s history, myths, manners, and topography, but they did not seek to forge a radical new poetic tradition. Their poetry built upon tradition, and they met the first great goal of American poetry:that it be able to compete in quality, intelligence, and breadth with British poetry. But just as they achieved this goal, poetic aspirations began to change. By the mid-19th century the new goal for American poetry was to create something very different from British poetry. Innovative poets, particularly Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, led the way.A The FiresidePoetsWilliam Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and John Greenleaf Whittier constituted a group sometimes called the Fireside Poets. They earned this nickname because they frequently used the hearth as an image of comfort and unity, a place where families gathered to learn and tell stories. These tremendously popular poets also were widely read around the hearthsides of 19th-century American families. The consensus of American critics was that the Fireside Poets first put American poetry on an equal footing with British poetry.Bryant gained public recognition first and is best remembered for “Thanatopsis,” published in 1821 but written when he was a teenager. Still widely anthologized, this poem offers a democratic reconciliation with death as the great equalizer and a recognition that the “still voice” of God is embodied in all processes of nature. During a busy life as a lawyer and editor of the New York Evening Post, Bryant wrote accomplished, elegant, and romantic descriptions of a nature suffused with spirit.Longfellow was the best known of the Fireside Poets, and it was with him that American poetry began its emergence from the shadow of its British parentage. His poetic narratives helped create a national historical myth, transforming colorful aspects of the American past into memorable romance. They include Evangeline (1847), which concerns lovers who are separated during the French and Indian War (1754-1763), and The Song of Hiawatha (1855), which derives its themes from Native American folklore. No American poet before or since was as widely celebrated during his or her lifetime as Longfellow. He became the first and only American poet to be honored with a bust in the revered Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey in London, England.The accomplishments of the other Fireside Poets were various. Lowell’s Biglow Papers (1848) added to the American tradition of long satirical poems. Holmes wrote several memorable short po ems such as “The Chambered Nautilus” (1858). Whittier became best known for Snow-Bound (1866), a long nostalgic look at his Massachusetts Quaker boyhood, when the family gathered around the fireside during a snowstorm.B AbolitionistPoetryDuring the 19th century, black and white poets wrote about the abolition of slavery and the emancipation of slaves. George Moses Horton, a North Carolina slave, was the first Southern black poet. Joshua McCarter Simpson was a black poet from Ohio whose memorable songs of emancipation were set to popular tunes and sung by fugitive slaves. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper wrote passionate abolitionist and early feminist poems that called both blacks and whites to action against oppression. James M. Whitfield wrote powerful poems criticizing America for its failure to live up to its ideals. In his long poem “America” (1853), he writes: “America, it is to thee, / Thou boasted land of liberty,— / It is to thee I raise my song, / Thou land of blood, and crime, and wrong.”Black poets at this time appropriated the language and style of the predominantly white, mainstream patriotic America. In using mainstream language, these black poets showed their white audiences how differently songs of liberty and freedom sounded from the perspective of those who had been left out of the “all men are created equal” equation. Black poets also often expressed themselves with irony and ambiguity so that different audiences heard different intonations and meanings, a double voicing that would become central to later African American writing.White abolitionist poets, from their more privileged social position, could afford to be more confrontational about the issue of slavery. Whittier was a fiery abolitionist whose numerous antislavery poems were collected in Voices of Freedom(1846). Longfellow’s Poems on Slavery (1842) forms a long-forgotten but illuminating contribution to the tradition of American political poems. Lowell also was an ardent abolitionist.C WaltWhitmanA newspaper reporter and editor, Whitman first published poems that were traditional in form and conventional in sentiment. In the early 1850s, however, he began experimenting with a mixture of the colloquial diction and prose rhythms of journalism; the direct address and soaring voice of oratory; the repetitions and catalogues of the Bible; and the lyricism, music, and drama of popular opera. He sought to write a democratic poetry—a poetry vast enough to contain all the variety of burgeoning 19th-century American culture.In 1855 Whitman published the first edition of Leaves of Grass, the book he would revise and expand for the rest of his life. The first edition contained only 12 untitled poems. The longest poem, which he eventually named “Song of Myself,” has become one of the mos t discussed poems in all of American poetry. In it Whitman constructs a democratic “I,” a voice that sets out to celebrate itself and the rapture of its senses experiencing the world, and in so doing to celebrate the unfettered potential of every individual in a democratic society. Emerging from a working class family, Whitman grew up in New York City and on nearby Long Island. He was one of the first working-class American poets and one of the first writers to compose poetry that is set in and draws its energy from the bustling, crowded, diverse streets of the city.Whitman later added a variety of poems to Leaves of Grass. They include “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” (1856), in which Whitman addresses both contemporary and future riders of the ferry, and “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1860), a reverie about his boyhood on the shores of Long Island. Other poems were about affection between men and about the experiences and sufferings of soldiers in the Civil War (1861-1865).Whitman’s work was initially embraced more fully in Britain than in the United States. An influential 1872 anthology, American Poems, published in England and edited by English literary critic William Michael Rossetti, was dedicated to Whitman and gave him more space than any other poet. From then on American poetry was judged not by how closely it approximated the best British verse, but by how radically it divorced itself from British tradition. Rough innovation came to be admired over polished tradition.D EmilyDickinsonEmily Dickinson, along with Whitman, is one of the most original and demanding poets in American literature. Living her whole life in Amherst, Massachusetts, Dickinson composed nearly2,000 short, untitled poems. Despite her productivity, only a handful of Dickinson’s poems were published before her death in 1886. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years.Dickinson’s intensely private poems cover a wide range of subjects and emotions. She was fascinated with death, and many of her poems struggle with the contradictions and seeming impossibility of an afterlife. She carries on an argument with God, sometimes expressing faith in him and sometimes denying his existence. Many of her poems record moments of freezing paralysis that could be death, pain, doubt, fear, or love. She remains one of the most private and cryptic voices in American literature.Because of Dickinson’s prominence, it sometimes seems that she was the only female poet in America in the 19th century. Yet nearly a hundred women published poetry in the first six decades of the 1800s, and most early anthologies of American poetry contained far more women writers than appeared in anthologies in the first half of the 20th century. Dickinson’s work can be better understood if read in the context of these poets.Lydia Huntley Sigourney was a popular early-19th-century poet whose work set the themes for other female poets: motherhood, sentiment, and the ever-present threat of death, particularly to children. She developed, among other forms, the same hymn stanza that Dickinson used, although she experimented with fewer variations on it than Dickinson, and her poetry was simple and accessible. The work of Sigourney, along with that of Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Frances Sargent Locke Osgood, Alice and Phoebe Cary, and Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt, was dismissed by most 20th-century critics until feminist critics began to rediscover the ironic edge to what had before seemed to be conventional sentimentality. The work of these and other women poets offers a window into the way 19th-century culture constructed and understood such concepts as gender, love, marriage, and motherhood.Poe, Melville, andOthersOther poets who tried out distinctive new forms included Edgar Allan Poe and Herman Melville. Poe devoted great effort to writing poetry that was unlike anything before it. A careful craftsman, he examined in detail the effects that his every poetic choice had. Poe’s poetry earned little respect from his contemporaries, who dismissed him as “the jingle man.” He had, said Whitman, “the rhyming art to excess.” Yet Poe’s nightmarish scenes, unnerving plots, and probings of abnormal psychology gave his poetry, as well as his tales, a haunting, memorable quality that makes him one of the most admired innovators in American literature. The opening lines of his best-kno wn poem, “The Raven” (1845), demonstrate Poe’s love of rhyming and his use of varying rhythm: “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore.”Melville, though much better known as a novelist, nonetheless wrote powerful poetry about the Civil War, collected in Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866). He later wrote a long and mysterious poem, Clarel (1876), about his search for faith, his struggle with doubt, and his anxiety about the decline of civilization.Lesser-known innovators of the 19th century include Jones Very, Sidney Lanier and Henry Timrod. Very was a Massachusetts poet who produced strikingly original religious sonnets. Lanier was a Georgia poet who sought to reproduce in language the effects of music. Timrod, a Southern poet who was known as “the laureate of the Confederacy,” wrote some notably original and dark poetry in the 1860s.Toward the 20thCenturyWhitman had hoped that his work would generate new energy in American poetry. But when he died in 1892, the American poetic scene was relatively barren. Most of the major poets had died and no successor to Whitman was emerging. William Vaughn Moody, a poet born in Indiana, wrote The Masque of Judgement(1900), which was the first in a series of verse dramas about humanity’s spiritual tortures and eventual spiritual victory. Stephen Crane, best known for his novels, published two volumes of poetry, The Black Riders and Other Lines (1895) and War Is Kind and Other Poems (1899). In their tone and fragmented form, his grim poems anticipate the concerns of many modern writers. But neither poet lived far into the 20th century.I VTHE 20TH CENTURYBy 1900 the United States was far different from the new nation it had been a hundred years earlier. Westward expansion, waves of immigration, and increasing urbanization all combined to create a physically larger, more populous, and far more diverse country than its founders could have imagined. These changes are tracked mor e visibly in America’s fiction than in its poetry, but the nation’s growing diversity is evident in the diverse voices of 20th-century American poets. American poetry in the opening decades of the century displayed far less unity than most anthologies and critical histories indicate. Shifting allegiances, evolving styles, and the sheer number of poets make it difficult to categorize 20th-century poetry.A RegionalismIn the last decades of the 19th century, American literature had entered a period of regionalism, exploring the stories, dialects, and idiosyncrasies of the many regions of the United States. Dialect poetry—written in exaggerated accents and colorful idioms—became a sensation for a time though it produced little of lasting value. However, one major poet who rose to fame on the basis of his dialect poems was Paul Laurence Dunbar, a black writer from Ohio. Dunbar’s dialect poems, which romanticized the life of slaves in the pre-Civil War South, were extremely popular. His volumes Oak and Ivy (1893) and Majors and Minors(1895) brought attention to African American literature, although the dialect poems later embarrassed many black poets. Dunbar also wrote many nondialect poems, and through his work initiated an important debate in African American literature about what voices and materials black writers should employ.Other regions and groups developed their own distinctive voices. Kansas-born Edgar Lee Masters achieved success with Spoon River Anthology(1915). His poetic epitaphs (commemorations) capture the hidden passions, deceits, and hopes of Midwesterners buried in the fictional Spoon River cemetery. Edwin Arlington Robinson explored the lives of New Englanders in his fictional Tilbury Town through dramatic monologues—poems written entirely in the voice。
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(5-8章)【圣才出品】
第5章霍桑•麦尔维尔5.1复习笔记I.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors,and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life,so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。
他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格党人而臭名昭著。
另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。
家族渐渐走向没落。
霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的恶性，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此他的一生心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
2.Ideas（思想）(1)He was haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life,therefore we see“black vision”in his works—the power of blackness.Evil seems to be man’s birthmark.In almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discussed sin and evil.(2)He rejected the Transcendentalists'transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature.(3)Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.In his opinion,evil educates.(4)He believed that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnished the soil on which his mind grew to fruition.(5)Hawthorne had a negative attitude toward science.(1)霍桑一生心中都萦绕着罪恶感，因此我们可以在他的作品中感受到“黑色视觉”——邪恶的力量。
美国文学简史【疏通美国文学史脉络必备!】
美国文学美国文学表现为平民化、多元化，富阳刚之气，热爱自由，追求以个人幸福为中心的美国梦。
美国文学大致出现3次繁荣：19世纪前期形成民族文学，一、二战后，美国文学两度繁荣，并产生世界影响，已有近10位作家获诺贝尔文学奖。
●简介美国文学（American literature或Literature of the United States）指在美国产生的文学（也包括建国前殖民时期文学）。
用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分。
美国文学历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受封建贵族文化束缚。
美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供可能性。
美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念强烈。
美国是多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来本民族文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。
美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。
●殖民时期1、印第安人文化：欧洲人发现新大陆时，北美洲土著居民印第安人处于原始公社制度不同阶段。
印第安人在向大自然的斗争中创造自己的文化，主要是民间口头创作，包括神话传说和英雄传说。
没有文字，这些传说后得以整理问世，启发后世美国作家的灵感。
2、早期移民文化：移民刚到新大陆时忙于生存，故文学发展缓慢。
最早发表关于北美的作品是游记、日记类文字。
作者都是英国人。
英国殖民地建立后，统治者利用宗教，主要是清教作为控制殖民地思想意识的主要手段，因此许多出版物是关于神学的研究。
著名作家有科顿·马瑟（1663～1728）和乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703～1758）等。
随着工业、贸易和民族意识的增涨，宗教自由的呼声提高，清教主义的神权统治走向衰亡，为人本主义与自由民主等民族独立的意识所代替。
3、诗歌创作：北美出版首部诗集《海湾圣诗》以民歌形式写成。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃思（1631～1705）的诗全是解释加尔文教的教义，成了宗教性的普及读物。
美国文学简史
美国简史1、殖民时代的美国作家Benjamin Franklin生平介绍、作品的流畅、清晰、言简意赅的文风，受18世纪英国作家的影响。
作品中清教思想的反映及对后世美国文学的影响。
2、浪漫主义文学时期的美国作家1）Washington Irving生平介绍、对美国文学的突出贡献、对欧洲民间故事的移殖，使之成为美国文学的传统，作品的风格。
2）James Cooper生平简介、美国战争历史小说、海洋冒险小说以及边疆小说的开拓者、对小说艺术形式的贡献。
3）Edgar Allan Poe生平及创作简介，对法国象征诗人；对现、当代美国南方文学、对后世侦探作家的影响，文学理论以及对王尔德“为艺术而艺术”等唯美主义作家的影响。
4）Walt Whitman《草叶集》中歌颂自由、民主、平等、人的创造力以及对美国人民的赞颂和对现代科学技术的赞扬。
对美国诗歌的独特贡献以及对威廉斯、庞德、垮掉一代作家等的影响。
《草叶集》的创新及艺术风格。
5）Ralph Emerson超验主义哲学思想的核心。
爱默生超验主义思想在文学中的反映及对梭罗、惠特曼、弗罗斯特的影响。
６）Henry David Thoreau对超验主义者运动的贡献及其作品的影响。
７）Emily Dickinson作品的主题、对现代诗人的影响尤其对意象派的影响、作品的艺术内容。
８）Nathaniel Hawthorne介绍加尔文教、清教思想对霍桑的思想及其作品的影响、《红字》一书的艺术手法以及霍桑对人类心灵的探讨。
３、现实主义作家１）Mrs. Stowe介绍废奴文学、《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的社会意义以及黑人在美国社会所受不幸遭遇等。
２）Mark Twain介绍马克"吐温的生活经历在其文学作品中的反映，其作品的社会意义，对美国社会各种腐败现象的揭露，马克"吐温代表作的艺术手法。
马克"吐温的口语化语言对现、当代美国作品的影响。
马克吐温被誉为“美国文学之父”。
美国文学简史
一名词解释1.殖民地时期的美洲The colonial period of America2.压头韵Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3.自传Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generallywritten in narrative form and includes some introspection.4.戏剧独白Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks toone or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.5.挽歌Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a typeof lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.二回答问题1.《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatsby *作者Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 –December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s.*主题（1）The Decline of the American Dream in the 1920s（2）The Hollowness of the Upper Class *盖茨比失败的原因Gatsby fails since he is betrayed by the whole world. On the other side, Gatsby bases his pursuit on the green light, which is evidently a token of uncertainty as well as visionary. *思想意义In Gatsby's pursuit and destruction to the performance of "disillusionment USA dream", which exposes the "false essence America dream".2.自我诗歌的《草叶集》的分析Whitman’s self, which consists of three layers—the Individual Self, the American self and the universal self, is of indispensable importance in his poetry. These three aspects of the self form a complete and integrated whole and cannot be separated form each other. Each has its own peculiarities, sometimes contradictory and sometimes complementary. They together constitute the complete Self of Whitman in Leaves of Grass. His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized. The poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse” of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself.” As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation. In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality. Whitman’s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I”.“Song of Myself”-àIn this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.3.我不能停止死亡的象征意义in the poem, life is just like “a recycling process” and death keeps coming upon human. But one is for sure, that “life is towards eternity”.As a 19th-century women poet, Emily Dickinson is unique in ideas and unconventional in her way of writing. Full of images, she leads us to the unknown world of death. She pictures the scene when walking towards death and showers us with immortality in soul, which shows her unprecedented deep research for death。
美国文学史及作品选读Unit 5
Poe As a Critic
“isolated”, divorced from society; more interested in redeeming and refining language; called the “great literary engineer” The first writer in America to give so much concern to the form and art in literary works; The central belief: all literary work is the creation of beauty. [the heresy of the didactic] wrote over 1,000 essays, most of which were literary criticism
美国文学chapter 5
Major features of American Realism
1. Familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday
scenes 2. Stressing the function of environment in shaping
character, and taking characterization as the center of the story 3. Open ending 4. Focusing on commonness of the lives of the common people 5. Emphasizing objectivity 6. Presenting moral visions
Excerpts of The Cop and the Anthem
On his bench in Madison Square Soapy moved uneasily. When wild geese honk high of nights, and when women without sealskin coats grow kind to their husbands, and when Soapy moves uneasily on his bench in the park, you may know that winter is near at hand.
lowly as well as the marginalized • Moral values
The Age of Realism
William Dean Howells
O’ Henry Henry James
Sherwood Anderson
美国文学简史常耀信版讲义5
The Modern Period Section 1 The 1920s
Introduction The 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is
considered “the second renaissance” of American literature. The nicknames for this period: (1) Roaring 20s – comfort (2) Dollar Decade – rich (3) Jazz Age – Jazz music
Modern poetry
Robert Frost (1874-1963) T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
--- an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed themes from the early 1900s rural life in New England, using the setting to examine complex social and philosophical themes. A popular and often-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.
美国文学简史5PPT课件
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Morning at the Window
They are rattling breakfast plates in basement kitchens, And along the trampled edges of the street I am aware of the damp souls of housemaids Sprouting despondently at area gates.
• Believe that “localism alone can lead to culture.”
• There is poetry in everyday life.
• “The Red Wheelbarrow”
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Chapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore
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• Eliot’s poetry is difficult to read.
images and symbols disconnect; lot of learned quotations and allusions
• The essence of his thought lies in the interaction between the past, the present, and the future.
• “Anecdote of the Jar”
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Anecdote of the Jar
பைடு நூலகம்
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I placed a jar in Tennessee，
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美国文学简史
美国文学简史1. 前言美国文学是指在美国国内创作并流传的文学作品。
随着美国的发展和独立，美国文学在18世纪末至今逐渐形成独特的风格和流派。
本文将从殖民地时期到现代，概述美国文学的发展历程和代表作品，旨在带您了解美国文学的演变和贡献。
2. 殖民地时期（17世纪初-18世纪初）美国殖民地时期是美国文学的起源。
在殖民地时期，殖民者将英国文学的传统与新大陆的经历相结合，创作出了许多有代表性的作品。
2.1 《普利姆斯的历史》（《Of Plymouth Plantation》）《普利姆斯的历史》是由普利茅斯定居者的领导人威廉·布拉德福编写的历史记录。
这本书详细描述了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和发展，记录了殖民者在新大陆的艰苦生活。
它是美国文学中最早的非虚构作品之一，也是学习美国殖民地历史的重要参考书籍。
2.2 《普渡大学诗歌》（《The Bay Psalm Book》）《普渡大学诗歌》是美国第一本印刷书籍，由普渡大学教士翻译和编撰，于1640年出版。
这本书是使用英语将《圣经》诗歌翻译成韵文的作品。
它在美国文学中具有重要的意义，不仅是美国文学的开端，也标志着美国最早的文化实践之一。
3. 独立时期（18世纪中叶-19世纪初）美国在独立战争后建立了独立的政治体系，这对于美国文学的发展起到了积极的推动作用。
该时期的文学作品反映了对独立和自由的渴望。
3.1 《常识》（《Common Sense》）《常识》是由托马斯·潘恩在1776年匿名发表的一本政治小册子。
这本书通过简明易懂的语言向广大美国民众阐述了独立的理由和价值。
它对美国革命的推动作用极大，激发了人们追求自由和独立的火焰。
3.2 《自然》（《Nature》）《自然》是拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生于1836年发表的一篇论文集。
他通过对美国的自然环境的赞美和反思，提出了自然界与人类的和谐关系。
这对于美国的独立文化和民族精神有着重要的影响，成为了美国浪漫主义文学运动的先驱。
美国文学1-5
十九世纪以前概述美国是一个年轻的国家。
作为一个国家，它的历史只能从1776 年7 月4日算起。
作为历史中一个不可分割的组成部分的美国文学史，严格地说，也是从这一天开始谱写的。
哥伦布在1492 年发现新大陆之前，这块土地的主人是印第安人，他们的各个部落还处在原始公社制度各个不同的发展阶段，他们本身并没有发达的文学。
遭到殖民主义者的野蛮屠杀和驱赶之后，这个种族已处于濒临灭绝的境地，仅有的口头创作也几乎完全中断。
美国独立以前，北美大陆受欧洲人统治长达几个世纪。
由于残酷的殖民经治以掠夺财富和剥削廉价劳力为目的，因此，北美大陆既没有发达的经济，更没有发达的文化。
从这个意义上说，美利坚民族的文化，实际上是欧洲文化的移植，文学和艺术绝大数是欧洲的舶来品。
殖民地时期美国仅有的几位诗人和民间作家，由于历史条件的局限和自身生活的局限，也没有能写出具有美洲特色的作品。
独立之后，美国的文学虽然还处于襁褓之中，但它已经开始摆脱殖民文化的桎梏。
在民族独立的历史关头，美国人民，特别是作为当时站在革命斗争最前列的资产阶级左翼分子，已经认识到了建立民族文学的重要性。
一批年轻的诗人就曾预言，美国文学必将有一个灿烂的未来；他们满腔热情地为这个未来的灿烂文学增砖添瓦，贡献自己的聪明才智。
尽管如此，独立以后相当长的一段时间里，美国还不能很快摆脱在文化上依附英国的状况，不利于民族文学繁荣发展的条件依然存在。
首先，在取得政治上的统一以后，各地区在经济、文化上的发展并不平衡。
当时西部大部分还是处女地，那里除了民间故事外，一时还不可能出现反映西部开发业迹的成熟作品。
在愚昧落后的南部，真正的民族文化无从谈起。
思想意识异常顽固的大不列颠王国的臣民，对这个新生国家总是抱着一种不可名状的仇恨和敌视。
他们鄙视美国的一切，当然也包括美国年轻幼稚的文学。
面对英国的一片嘲笑和挖苦声，已经获得了独立的美国人民决心使自己的国家在政治、经济、文化等各个领域都拥有充分的发言权，他们需要有自己的工业、农业、科学和文化。
美国文学简史
美国文学简史第1章殖民地时期的美国1.1复习笔记I.American Puritanism（美国清教主义）The British began to immigrate to North America in the first half of the 17th century. The firstpermanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.In1620,the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts.Many early American immigrants were Puritans, and they came to the United States for a variety ofreasons.The Puritanism they believed in later took root in the New World and had a profound impacton American thought and American literature.英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。
英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。
1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。
很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。
他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。
Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）The Puritans believed in the doctrine predestination put forward by the theologian John Calvin,including original sin, complete depravity, and limited redemption.清教徒信奉神学家约翰·加尔文宣扬的预设定论，原罪，彻底的堕落，有限制的救赎等神学主张。
美国文学史PPT5
William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) was born in North Carolina. His father, Algernon Sidney Porter, was a physician. When William was three, his mother died, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother and aunt. William was an avid reader, but at the age of fifteen he left school, and then worked in a drug store and on a Texas farm. He moved to Houston, where he had a number of jobs, including that of bank clerk. After moving to Austin, Texas, in 1882, he married.
In 1884 he started a humorous weekly The Rolling Stone. When the weekly failed, he joined the Houston Post as a reporter and columnist. In 1897 he was convicted of embezzling money, although there has been much debate over his actual guilt. In 1898, unfortunately， he was kept in prison at Columbus, Ohio for three years in his thirties， though he had done nothing wrong. It was there that he began to write short stories to earn money to support his daughter Margaret. His first work, "Whistling Dick's Christmas Stocking" (1899), appeared in McClure's Magazine. After doing three years of the five years sentence, Porter emerged from the prison in 1901 and changed his name to O. Henry.
美国文学史第5部分
Social background The “Brahmins” refers to the famous group of aristocratic writers who lived in Boston in the 19th century. Most Brahmins came from rich, old Boston families. They considered Boston “ the thinking center of the (American) continent, and therefore the planet”. Their “ Saturday Club” met on Saturday a month for dinner. Their membership included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Lowell and the famous historians Prescott and Motley. In 1857, the club started its own magazine, the Atlantic Monthly. Through the magazine, Boston’s literary establishment tried to influence the intellectual life and tastes of the new American republic. For the next twenty or thirty years, it was leading intellectual magazine of the United States.In their time, the Boston Brahmins (as the patrician, Harvard-educated class came to be called) supplied the most respected and genuinely cultivated literary arbiters of the United States. Their lives fitted a pleasant pattern of wealth and leisure directed by the strong New England work ethic and respect for learning. Most of the Brahmin poets traveled or educated in Europe: They were familiar with the ideas and books of Britain, Germany, and France, and often Italy and Spain.
(完整word版)美国文学简史中文版
美国文学简史什么是文学?文学是语言的艺术来实现识别的文艺气质，并传达有意义的信息。
第1章殖民时期一，项目背景：清教主义一，特点清教主义（1）宿命：神决定一切之前的事情发生。
（2）原罪：人类天生是邪恶的，并可以通过这种原罪了一代又一代。
（3）总的堕落（4）有限赎罪：※当选§可以保存。
2.Influence（1）A组每艰苦奋斗，勤俭节约,虔诚，庄重(认真周到的)影响了美国文学的优秀品质。
（2）它导致了永恒的神话.所有文献的基础上每伊甸园的神话。
（3)象征主义:美国的清教徒*隐喻模式的看法，主要是在调用的文学象征，这是典型的美国。
(4）关于他们的写作，风格清新，简单和直接的说辞是平原和诚实，不无淡淡的贵族往往可以追溯到“圣经"的直接影响.II。
文献综述1.型式的写作日记，历史,日记，信件，书籍,自传/传记，布道2。
writers的殖民时期（1）安妮邓白氏(2）爱德华·泰勒(3）罗杰·威廉斯(4）约翰伍尔曼（5）托马斯·潘恩(6）菲利普FreneauIII。
乔纳森·爱德华兹1。
life2。
works（1）自由的意志（2）大原罪的学说辩护（3）自然真德3.ideas每超验主义的先锋（1）精神的复兴运动（2)再生人(3）神*的存在（4）清教徒理想主义IV。
本杰明·富兰克林1.life2。
works(1)差理查德*年鉴（2)自传3。
contribution（1）他帮助了宾夕法尼亚州的医院和美国哲学学会。
（2)他被称为※新普罗米修斯偷火从天上（在这种情况下，电力）§。
（3)一切似乎都在这一个男人，以满足每※万事通§。
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔如此描述他※大师和掌握的没有§.第2章美国浪漫主义第1节什么是早期浪漫主义时期的浪漫主义呢?古希腊柏拉图的LAN的方法LA文学思潮：18C在英国(1798〜1832）lSchlegel兄弟I.预览：浪漫主义的特点1。
期末复习-美国文学简史汇总
Naturalism:
Benjamin Franklin
Stephen Crane
Philip Freneau
Theodore Dreiser
3. Democratic Period (1783-
1802)
4. Romanticism (1820-1861)
❖ The first settlement was established in Plymouth in 1620.
❖ Massachusetts Bay Colony was established in 1630.
A
8
Puritanism in America
Why did Puritans come to America?
8. American Drama
Eugene O’Neill
Arthur Miller
Tennessee Williams
9. The Post-war Scene
Saul Bellow Salinger
Poetry: Confessional Poetry Black Mountain Poets San Francisco Renaissance The Beat Generation The New York Poets
Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ Ｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ
A
1
按照时期分类
一、殖民时期（约1607—1765）
二、启蒙时期和独立革命（1765—18世纪末 ）
三、浪漫主义时期（1865—1918）
四、现实主义时期（1865—1918）
五、现代主义时期（1918—1945）
六、当代文学（1945— ）
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Carl Sandburg
• Mid-west prairie poet • Ideal in life was to be “the word of the people” • First volume: Chicago Poems • “Fog”
• • • •
New England landscape Spoken language Conversational rhythm Deeper and wider symbolic meaning
• Some famous poems: “Stoppning”
A Survey of American Literature
Chapter 12 T.S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams
• Eliot (born in America, settled down in England) • Major works:
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The Waste Land Hollow Man Four Quartets Murder in the Cathedral (play)
Chapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore
• Robert Frost (1874-1963)
long way to recognition; fresh voice; won the Pulitzer Prize four times; unofficial Poet Laureate; stood aside from the Modernist endeavor his time; retained a faith in the traditional forms of poetry
Anecdote of the Jar
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I placed a jar in Tennessee，
And round it was， upon a hill．
It made the slovenly wilderness Surround that hill．
• Eliot’s poetry is difficult to read.
images and symbols disconnect; lot of learned quotations and allusions
• The essence of his thought lies in the interaction between the past, the present, and the future.
• “Objective correlative”(客观对应物), impersonal theory ---using related objects, situations, events , all
external facts, to express emotions
1948，Nobel Prize winner
The jar was gray and bare．
It did not give of bird or bush， Like nothing else in Tennessee．
William Carlos Williams
• A physician, and a poet • Strongly disapprove of the Pound-Eliot bookish, “internationalist,” and intellectual brand of poetry • Believe that “localism alone can lead to culture.” • There is poetry in everyday life. • “The Red Wheelbarrow”
Morning at the Window
They are rattling breakfast plates in basement kitchens, And along the trampled edges of the street I am aware of the damp souls of housemaids Sprouting despondently at area gates. The brown waves of fog toss up to me Twisted faces from the bottom of the street, And tear from a passer-by with muddy skirts An aimless smile that hovers in the air And vanishes along the level of the roofs.
E. E. Cummings (1894-1963)
• A juggler with syntax, grammar, and diction, entirely regardless of any established conventions of poetry • Modern painter, fascinated with PostImpressionist and Cubist paintings and sculptures
The wilderness rose up to it，
And sprawled around， no longer wild．
The jar was round upon the ground And tall and of a port in air．
It took dominion everywhere．
Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
• As a business man and poet, he lives in the world of reality and the world of imagination. • A poet should find beauty and pleasure and excitement and meaning in the reality. • “Anecdote of the Jar”