(完整版)2013汉英翻译谓语选择
汉英翻译---谓语的选择 (1)
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Selection of Predicates
Chinese-English Translation
汉英翻译之“谓语的选择”
翻译要点1:找到主谓结构
• 主谓结构&主次分明 • 翻译时应注意: • 1. 找到主谓结构,就确定了句子的中轴
• 孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。
翻译要点3:注意主谓搭配
• 3. 注意主谓搭配 • Improve the following sentences:
• 1. 你的教学科研取得了很大的进步。 • Your teaching and research has made great progress. • 2. 现在人们的生活离开不了电视。 • Now people’s life can’t leave TV.
• 我今天又累又失望。 a ___________________________ long and rather disappointing day, so… • I’ve had
根据主语调整谓语
• 我今天的糟糕表现可能是功夫史上之 最了。也是中国历史之最,糟糕历史 之最! proபைடு நூலகம்ably sucked more today than anyone in • I ____________________________ the history of Kung Fu… _____________________________ in the history of China…. in the history of sucking.
Movie Lines Translation
Kong Fu Panda
根据主语调整谓语
汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定
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Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
句子翻译之谓语确定
英汉谓语之比较
英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当; She was smiling. He likes translation. They have become health-conscious. John is at home. We gave him advice. We consider that plan wonderful. He has put the salt on the table. The children might have been playing in the garden. I agree with you on that point. In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.
学校教育不仅要抓智育,更要重视德育。 Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.
2 汉语动词无时态变化,时态概念通过词汇手段来
大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。 Already, the university’s role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized. 我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。 Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful. 他在会上说的话非常正确,非常有说服力。 What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive. 他们ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。 They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
2013 汉英翻译 主语的选择
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• 沉默呵,沉默呵!不在沉默中爆发,就 在沉默中灭亡。--《纪念刘和珍君》
• Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!
1. 2. 2 主语必须是句中应该突出的信息
1. 这次国家调动了 160 万军队去帮助守护大堤, 将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded.
Determining the Subject of a Sentence
主语的选择
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
钱你不用还了。 这锅饭能吃十个人。 这匹马骑着两个人。 被人缠上是件讨厌的事儿。 老子打儿子, 天经地义。 上面坐着主席团。 从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。 说的是古代的一个老头,名叫愚公。
七大主要英语的主语
1. 施动主语 (agentive subject): Susan is growing flowers. 2. 受动主语 (affected subject): Her books translate well. 3. 工具主语 (instrumental subject): A stone broke the glass. 4. 地点主语 (locative subject): The jar contains h重主题的语言”(topic-prominent language) ,是话题评论式的。 汉语:话题+评论/说明 英语是“注重主语的语言”(subject-prominent language )。英语的主谓是施事行为式的。 英语:主语(施事者或受事者)+谓语(行为)
汉英翻译中的主谓一致问题笔记
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汉英翻译中的主谓一致问题Subject-verb Concord汉语句子中谓语成分复杂,而英语句子的谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语承担。
汉译英时,有时可选择与原文相对应的谓语,但多数情况下我们不能照搬原文主语和谓语,需作调整或另觅新语。
谓语的确定与主语的选择密切相关。
谓语的选择和确定,需兼顾表意和构句的二重需要,即考虑英语语法规范,搭配习惯和逻辑关系等问题。
指选择谓语时,除考虑该词语本身能否准确传达原文意义外,还要关照其与主语的语义关联,亦即逻辑的关联,以及主谓词语的搭配。
此外,谓语动词和宾语的搭配,联系动词和表语的搭配,以及这两种搭配产生的修辞效果,也都影响和制约谓语的选择。
1.考虑谓语表意的需要时,首先要看它能否准确传达愿意,表意是否贴切。
1) 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.(克制自己不去干预)b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.(从不干预也不想干预)2) 中国的经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
a. The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.(消没在……之中)b. The economy of China will converge with that of the world economy.(与……融合在一起)3) 这事到了现在,还是时时记起。
a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.(时时记起,更加贴切)b. Even now, I still often think about it.2.考虑谓语表意的需要时,还要关照其与主语的语义关联,以及主谓词语的搭配。
(完整版)2013汉英翻译谓语选择
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谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当
1. 抓紧施肥
1. pay close attention to or attend
2. 取得成就
to the task of manuring
2. 今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。
Some things were said here tonight that ought not to have
been spoken.
3. 众所周知,中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。
It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
After-class practice for last lecture
1. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.
2. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement,
After-class practice for last lecture
5. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.
6. Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.
英语翻译学谓语的选择
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一想到要出国深造,他就激动不已 – The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited. • He felt greatly at the thought of going abroad for further study
• 原文若为有形式标志的被动式,译文中也 用被动式作谓语
鼎湖山整个地区为热带、亚热带森林所覆盖, 气候独特。 • Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate.
家家房顶上都装上了供沐浴用的太阳能热水 器。 • A solar heater is installed on the roof of every house, providing warm water of the shower.
据说,核电站正在筹建中。 • Nuclear power plants are said to be under preparation for construction.或It’s said that nuclear power plants are under preparation for construction.
从这次讲座中,我们学到了许多美国历 史方面的知识。
• We obtained much knowledge of American history from the lecture.
•
The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
汉英翻译中谓语及其主从关系
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汉英谓语及其他成分的翻译问题1.1 汉英谓语对比谓语(predicate)是对主语的陈述,说明主语的情况。
汉语谓语的独立性很强,没有形态变化,丝毫不受主语的支配;其意义是完整的,可以独立成句。
汉语主语的句法功能很弱,构成很复杂,在分析句子时,可先找出谓语,因为谓语是汉语句子的核心,确定谓语,可有助于识别主语及其它成分。
英语的谓语形态也很稳定,按语法常规,它绝对受主语支配。
例如(1). 她大大的眼睛,皮肤白皙,很是甜美可人。
(2)我取笑他人小鬼大。
I teased him for young as he was he dared a great mischief.(3)他请假回家看望父母。
英语的谓语比较单一,只能由动词和动词短语充当,当系动词作谓语,则需名词、形容词或副词作补足语。
英语的主谓关系有三种:(1)施动者与动作的关系;语言结构表现为“主谓一致”上(2)受动者与动作的关系;语言结构表现在语态上(3)主题与述题的关系;语言结构体现在系动词to be 的使用上1.2 谓语的翻译汉译英时,有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语,但是大多数情况下,我们往往既不能照搬原文主语,也不能照搬原文谓语,而需作调整,或另觅主谓。
1.2. 1.谓语英译时,要考虑搭配、习惯表达方式、逻辑语法关系等多种因素。
词语间的恰当搭配是写作的基本要求之一,也是翻译时要考虑的因素之一。
搭配要考虑语义,符合逻辑,又有很强的习惯性。
英语中的动词与名词,动词与介词,动词与副词,形容词与名词之间,同样要求搭配适当。
例如,动物的叫声,因主语的不同需用不同的动词表示,狮叫(to roar)、虎叫(to growl)、狼叫(to howl)、狗叫(to bark)、猫叫(to mew)、鸭叫(to quack),等。
虎啸猿啼:the tigers roar and monkeys cry.她们逐渐镇定下来,有了自信。
a.they gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence,b.They gradually calmed down, regained self-confidence.1.2. 2.注意汉英语言“动”“静”的转化。
中译英技巧-谓语动词的选择
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2.
3.
科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存 在着巨大的潜力。 在着巨大的潜力。 The application of science and technology to agriculture points to huge potential in the development. development. 这一证书课程分三年学完。 这一证书课程分三年学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years. years.
7.
“ 跳竹竿 ” 每年从开春之日起 , 直至 跳竹竿” 每年从开春之日起, 元宵,几乎夜夜灯火通明, 元宵,几乎夜夜灯火通明,欢跳不息 热烈气氛充溢着山坡村寨。 ,热烈气氛充溢着山坡村寨。 The “bamboo dance” starts from the very beginning of the year and lasts until the Lantern Festival, during which time villages where lights are on and dance continues throughout the night are vibrant with festivity. festivity.
3.
5.
我的态度,你现在骂我玩世不恭也好,不负责 我的态度,你现在骂我玩世不恭也好, 任也好,我告诉你, 任也好,我告诉你,我盼望这一次是我们最末 一次谈话了。 一次谈话了。 My attitude, you may now call it flippancy or irresponsibility. irresponsibility. But to be honest with you, I hope this will be our last conversation. conversation.
2013二专英汉翻译 - 2英汉语言对比 - 下(1)
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2)用作虚义词,代替的主语是难以言明的现象或情形,如用以表示自然现 象、时间、空间以及用于惯用语之中:
理据: 英语语言中的思维注重客观事物对人的作用和影响,以认知
自然为视觉焦点,崇尚自然、认识自然、探索自然,最终 征服自然,主宰宇宙。在语言上表现为英语多用无生命的 名词作主语,主动和被动两个范畴始终泾渭分明。 汉语语言中的思维往往以人为中心,认为只有人才能做出有 意识的动作,因而对思维的主体和客体不加区分,在语言 上表现为汉语常以有生命的名词作主语。 也就是说,英语较常用物称表达法,即不用人称来叙述,而 让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,让作者与读者均有置身其 外的感觉,这在正式文体中很常见。 请看一则图书馆通告:
汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配,根据汉人的思维习惯,人 或社会团体才有这类有意识、有意志的行为,非人类的、无生命的事 物一般只能有一些无意识、无意志的状态、运动或变化。汉语“无灵 主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常用作一种修辞手段——拟人化:
北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 Beijing has witnessed many great historical events. 星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。 The light from the stars started on its journey long
It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of others students. Penalties for overdue books will in future be strictly enforced.
(完整版)句子翻译之谓语的确定
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(关照译文表达)
瞻前顾后
词语本身表意是否准确、贴切
中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The Central Government has refrained from
intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The Central Government has never
世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。
At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. (英语表达习 惯---敏感度)
(一个世纪以来,中国人民在前进道路上经历 了三次 历史性的巨大变化……)第一次是辛 亥革命,……第 二次是中华人民共和国的成 立,……第三次是改革开放……
The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911 … The second change was marked by the founding of the People’s Republic of China … The third change was featured by the reform, opening up …
7)原文由连动词组或兼语词组充当谓语,译文则选一个主 要动词作谓语,其他动词用非谓语动词形式或介词短语等。
基于表意的需要
词语本身表意是否准确、贴切 (关照原文)
谓语与主语的语义逻辑关联以及主谓词语的搭 配 (collocation with subject)
汉译英——谓语的确定
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• 原文若是形容词,名词,数量词或介词短 语做谓语,译文常用系表结构作谓语. 你们一定知道,这种打字机轻便高效, 经久耐用又经济实惠,适合高中学生使 用. • You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.
• 与主语在逻辑上搭配得当. • 1. 这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或 西安. • The tour will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an. • 2. 这一证书课程分在三年中学完. • This certificate course of studies will spread over three years.
• 原文若同时有几个动词出现,(句中的谓 语由连动词组或兼语词组充当),译文应 选择一个主要动词做谓语,其他动词用其 他形式(非谓语动词,介词短语等) 第二天早晨,她腋下夹着几本书回来了. • The next morning, she came back home with some books under her arm.
• 经过多年努力,我们国家用仅占世界百分 之七的耕地,养活了占世界百分之二十的 人口,使十一亿人民基本解决了温饱问题。 • China has, through many year’s efforts, basically solved the problem of feeding and clothing its 1.1 billion people, which make up 22 percent of the world’s total population, though it tills only 7 percent of the world’s total cultivated land.
汉译英谓语的选择与翻译
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汉译英谓语的选择与翻译作者:张立恒来源:《科学与财富》2015年第33期摘要:汉语动词句英译时,常需要转化为系动词或虚义动词谓语结构句,动词谓语转译为译句的补语、主语或宾语。
谓语动词的转换翻译一般使译句正式庄重,语域提高,且适应不同的语用要求:转译为系动词谓语结构补语,是从语言而非言语角度,对语义内容作概括表述;转译为主语,是为恰当表述论述主题,或便于上下文的衔接和照应;转译为宾语名词,虚义动词结构为修饰语提供了自由的句法框架。
关键词:谓语动词;转换;系动词结构;虚义动词结构;汉英翻译一、引言主语和谓语在句子中起着“主心骨”的作用。
句子的主语和谓语就像一棵树的主干,只有恰当的确定了主语和谓语,整个句子的结构关系才能脉络分明。
在分析句子时是如此,在将句子译成英文时亦是如此。
汉语的谓语喝英文的谓语差别很大。
前者的范围非常宽泛,可以用来充当谓语的成分也多种多样,因而汉语主谓搭配的形式复杂多变。
英语的谓语则只能由动词来充当,其形态比较稳定,对于非谓语动词,英语赋予它们已非常严谨的非定式形态。
二、英语被动句的翻译方法具体来说,汉语谓语与英语谓语的差别表现在以下几个方面:1. 汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化,不管主语是单数还是复数,不管主语是第几人称,谓语的语态都不变。
而英语的谓语有人称和数的变化,其单、复数和人称要依据主语来定。
例如:(1)我来自上海。
I am from Shanghai./ I come from Shanghai.(2)你来自北京。
You are from Beijing./ You come from Beijing.从上面三个句子可以看出,不管主语是第几人称,汉语中作谓语动词用来的“来”都没有形态上的变化,但英译文中与之对应的部分分别以am或come(主语为第一人称单数)、are或come(主语为第二人称单复数均可)和is或comes(主语为第三人称单数)译出。
很明显,汉译英时,译者必须时时考虑到英语中的谓语动词与主语在人称和数上的一致性。
第四章 句子的翻译 (主语的确定-谓语的选择) (1)
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(3) 在汉语中,动词也可以直接充当主语,英语 的动词原形则不能,必须要使用这个动词的动名词 形式或者不定式形式。
帮助真正的穷人,要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价 值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来, 符合所有人的利益。
Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.
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为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发 展,我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。
The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated (stepped up) to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.
e.g. 希望今后北京能够与更多的外国城市结为友好 城市。
It is hoped that Beijing will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
2
e.g. 我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。 I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out
cause. • A series of victories have been won for our
cause.
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1.确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语
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汉英主谓结构的差别
汉语的分析型(analytic)语言VS. 英语的综合型(synthetic)语言 汉语的复杂谓语成分VS.英语的 单一谓语成分 汉语谓语的多主动式VS.英语谓 语的多被动式
分析型语言VS综合型语言 汉语分析型语言典型特征: 1. 无词尾屈折变化 (inflection) 2. 词没有阳性和阴性的变化,没有表阳性和阴性的词
汉语句子中的谓语可以是一个主谓词组,而英语 的句子不可以用主谓词组充当谓语.例如:
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直. The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.
武汉这个地方,我认为比深圳好. I think WuHan is better than Shenzhen.
谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性
1. Her fiancéis already 60 years old. 2. He wants to eat at the Macdonald’s. 3. Fast food is not wholesome, after all. 4. Samsung Brand cell phones look beautiful. 5. History is made by the people. 6. He is good for nothing but hijacking vehicles
2. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement,
3. but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.
4. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide.
and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.
原文若是形容词短语,名词短语,数量词或介词 短语作谓语,译文中常常采用系表结构作谓语.
你们一定知道,这种打字机轻便高效,经久耐用 又经济实惠,适合高中学生使用.
You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.
After-class practice for last lecture
1. 不同的人对退休持不同的态度。 2. 有些人认为退休后可享受晚年的生活。 3. 但真的退下来了,他们则有点失望。 4. 看到自己就要被抛到废物堆里,他们不甘认命,设法另找事干来发
挥自己的余热,以继续得到收入。 5. 另一些人则对一生中这样一个重大变动早有准备。 6. 他们一生为工作操劳,现在筋疲力尽了,渴望退休后能放松拉紧的
弦,好好休息。 7. 由于不再需要每天早晨去赶公共汽车了,不再要为晋级忧虑。 8. 就可以有足够的时间去追求童年时的梦想,如写写书、画画图、种
种花、周游各地。AftFra bibliotekr-class practice for last lecture
1. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.
缀 英语综合型语言有丰富的屈折变化形式: 1. table/tables 2. run/ran/run
3. the boy‘s
4. She sings beautifully. 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness),英语语法呈外显 性(overtness)
谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性
1. 她的未婚夫都60了。 2. 我想吃麦当劳。 3. 快餐食品并不健康! 4. 三星的手机外观很漂亮。 5. 历史是人民创造的。 6. 他就会持枪劫车杀人越货。
谓语的多主动式VS多被动式
金杯牌汽床垫工艺先进,结构新颖,造型 美观,款式繁多,舒适大方,携带方便.
The “Golden Cup” brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology. With novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns , they are comfortable and convenient to carry.
After-class practice for last lecture
5. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.
6. Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.
7. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion,
8. they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around.