翻译类论文模板
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
英语翻译毕业论文
英语翻译毕业论文English Translation of Graduation Thesis (700 words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of technology, social media has become an integral part of people's daily lives. This study aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior. Through a literature review and data analysis, the study found that social media has a significant influence on consumer decision-making, product preference, and purchasing behavior. In addition, social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, have become important channels for consumers to obtain product information and make purchasing decisions. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for marketers to understand and utilize social media to enhance consumer engagement and improve business performance.Keywords: social media, consumer behavior, decision-making, product preference, purchasing behaviorIntroduction:Social media has revolutionized the way people interact with the world. It has become an essential tool for communication, entertainment, and information sharing. According to statistics, the number of social media users worldwide has reached billions, making it an important platform for companies to reach their target audience. Understanding the impact of social media on consumer behavior is crucial for businesses to develop effective marketingstrategies.Literature Review:Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the influence of social media on consumer behavior. Some studies have found that social media has a significant impact on consumer decision-making. For example, Lam et al. (2016) found that social media plays an important role in shaping consumer attitudes and perceptions towards a brand. Consumers tend to trust information obtained from social media platforms more than traditional advertising methods. This trust leads to increased brand loyalty and purchase intention.On the other hand, social media has also been found to influence product preference. Consumers often rely on social media recommendations and reviews to make purchase decisions. Lin et al. (2017) found that positive reviews and high ratings on social media platforms significantly increase consumers' willingness to purchase a product. This indicates that companies should actively engage with consumers on social media and encourage positive reviews to enhance product preference.Furthermore, social media has a direct impact on consumers' purchasing behavior. Research by Smith (2018) revealed that social media platforms have become important channels for consumers to obtain product information and make purchasing decisions. Consumers often scroll through their social media feeds and come across product advertisements or recommendations. These social media interactions directly influence their purchasing behavior, leading to increased sales for businesses.Methodology:To investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior, this study conducted a survey involving 300 participants. The survey consisted of questions related to consumer decision-making, product preference, and purchasing behavior. The data collected was analyzed using statistical methods to identify correlations and trends.Results and Discussion:The data analysis showed a strong correlation between social media usage and consumer behavior. A majority of the participants indicated that they regularly used social media platforms to gather product information and make purchasing decisions. Additionally, positive reviews and recommendations from social media influencers were found to significantly influence consumer purchasing behavior.Conclusion:This study concludes that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior. Companies should leverage social media platforms to engage with consumers, build brand loyalty, and enhance product preference. Strategies such as influencer marketing and encouraging positive reviews can effectively drive sales and improve business performance.。
翻译类英语作文写作模板
翻译类英语作文写作模板Translation of English Composition Writing Template。
Writing a good English composition can be challenging, especially if you are not a native English speaker. However, with the right approach and some helpful tips, you can improve your writing skills and produce high-quality compositions. In this article, we will provide you with a comprehensive template for writing an English composition, along with some useful strategies to help you express your ideas effectively.Introduction。
The introduction is the first part of your composition and sets the tone for the rest of the piece. It should grab the reader's attention and provide a brief overview of the topic you will be discussing. You can start with a thought-provoking question, an interesting fact, or a relevant quotation. In this section, you should also clearly state the main idea or argument that you will be exploring in your composition.Body Paragraphs。
英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）
英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular, everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorec alltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsabo utthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethin gs.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,they wanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhav ingpities.Ofcoursemovieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostp eoplehaveworkedsohardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeup somepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperienc e.Weshouldnot bemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabright future.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。
英语专业翻译方向论文完整版 (1)
石河子大学毕业论文题目：如何处理英翻汉中的省略How to Deal with Ellipsis inEnglish-Chinese Translation院（系）：外国语学院专业：英语班级：20095学号：2009051431姓名：指导教师：完成日期： 2013年5月6日ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Literature Review (2)III. The Principles of Ellipsis (4)A. Omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works. (5)B. The meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test. (5)C. Omitted words are self-evident. (5)IV. The functions and application of ellipsis (5)A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression (6)B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression (6)1. Ellipsis of Articles (6)2. Ellipsis of Prepositions (7)3. Ellipsis of Pronouns (7)a. Ellipsis of Personal Pronouns (7)b. Ellipsis of Impersonal Indefinite Pronouns (8)c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns (8)4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions (9)a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions (9)b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions (9)5. Ellipsis of Rhetorics (9)V. Conclusion (10)Works Cited (11)AbstractWith the development of globalization, the world's political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Meanwhile, the role of translation cannot be ignored. Due to language and cultural disparity, reasonable translation is particularly important. How to deal with ellipsis in translation is one of the important aspects. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipsis of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve the purpose of smoother and clearer communication among China and English-speaking countries.Key words: cultural disparity; translation; ellipsis摘要随着全球化的不断发展，各国之间的政治、经济、文化交流日渐频繁。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
优秀翻译模板英文作文
优秀翻译模板英文作文英文：As a professional translator, I believe that a good translation should not only convey the meaning of the original text accurately, but also capture the tone and style of the author. To achieve this, it is important to have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural context in which the text was written.One key aspect of a good translation is the ability to capture the nuances of the original text. This means not only translating the words themselves, but also the underlying meaning and intent. For example, if a text contains idiomatic expressions or cultural references that may not be familiar to the target audience, the translator should find an equivalent expression or provide a brief explanation to ensure that the meaning is not lost.Another important factor is the tone and style of the author. A good translator should be able to capture the author's voice and convey it in the target language. For example, if the original text is humorous or sarcastic, the translator should strive to maintain that tone in the translation. Similarly, if the text is written in a formal or academic style, the translator should use appropriate language and syntax in the target language.In addition to linguistic and cultural knowledge, a good translator should also have strong research skills. This may involve consulting reference materials, conducting interviews with experts, or doing background research on the topic of the text. By doing so, the translator can ensure that the translation is accurate and reflects the author's intended meaning.Overall, a good translation requires a combination of linguistic, cultural, and research skills. By paying attention to the nuances of the original text and capturing the author's tone and style, a translator can create a translation that is both accurate and engaging.中文：作为一名专业的翻译人员，我认为一个好的翻译不仅要准确传达原文的意思，还要捕捉到作者的语气和风格。
长江大学毕业论文外文翻译模板
毕业论文(设计)
外文翻译
题目: ×××××××××
学生：×××××
学院(系)：管理学院
专业班级：×××××
指导教师：×××
辅导教师：×××
时间：2009年11月15日至2010年6月1日
关于外文翻译的注意事项
1.单独装订成册；
2.装订顺序：译文在前，原文在后；
3.译文不少于3000汉字；
4.封面中的“题目”是译文题目；
5.本册的页眉：译文用译文题目，原文用原文题目。
不需要分奇偶页。
6.译文排版：
（1）字号——宋体、小四；
（2）行距——固定值22磅；
（3）段前、段后一律为0行。
7.原文排版：
（1）字号——TimesNewRoman；
（2）行距——固定值22磅；
（3）段前、段后一律为0行。
【此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考，感谢你的支持！】。
关于英汉翻译论文
关于英汉翻译论文翻译的过程不仅涉及语言的转换,还涉及不同特征的文化的转换。
汉英两个民族连同它们的语言在思维方式、价值标准、审美取向、哲学传统、民族心理等方面都存在巨大差异。
下面是店铺为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文，供大家参考。
关于英汉翻译论文范文一：英汉文化差异及翻译策略【摘要】语言和文化密不可分，它是文化的载体，是文化的最直接的最重要的外在表现形式。
然而，语言是一种抽象的概念，我们如何通过它来了解不同国家文化的异同呢?本论文用对比的方法，对英汉基本颜色的语义及象征意义进行比较，并剖析其产生差异的原因，让大家更深入的了解英美民族与汉民族文化，从而帮助来自不同文化背景的人们更好地进行沟通交流。
这对从事跨文化交际及不同语言翻译的工作者也有所裨益。
由于地域，习俗，政治，宗教和价值观的不同，不同的颜色词往往代表着不同的含义。
【关键词】英汉文化;文化差异;翻译策略1 英汉颜色差异的表现1.1 历史传统的差异在英国人心目中白色是上帝、天使、幸福、纯洁的象征。
“西方人举行婚礼时，新娘要穿白色的婚纱，这源自于英国国家的宗教故事magi和draids在基督复活时穿着白色的衣服。
因此白色在西方国家被广泛地用在婚礼上。
而白色在中国则是丧色。
自古以来亲人死后家属要穿白色孝服，办“白事”，胸襟上别着白色的小花，以此来表达对死去亲人的哀悼和敬意。
红色在中华民族的传统心里中是一种喜庆色，它象征着吉祥、如意，使人联想到幸福与健康。
过新年时贴上红对联、举行婚礼时新娘都要穿上红色喜服，墙上、门上、窗上都贴上红喜字，客人送的礼金或长辈给的红包，都要用红纸包着，以示喜庆。
但在以英语为母语的英美民族眼中，红色则意味着流血、恐怖和危险，甚至会使人联想到淫荡、低级趣味。
如现代西方城市有很多red light district/红灯区，英语的scarlet有“鲜红的、淫荡的、罪名昭彰”之意。
由此可见，因历史传统的不同，英汉两民族对待颜色的态度也大相径庭。
翻译英语毕业论文范文3篇
翻译英语毕业论⽂范⽂3篇英语毕业论⽂:论功能翻译理论摘要：中国传统翻译理论只有宏观的论述，缺乏⽅法论，操作性不强。
本⽂简述了功能翻译理论，详细地探讨了该理论的理论基础，并⽤关联理论予以论证，丰富了它的内容。
关键词：功能翻译理论；基础理论；阐释Abstract:Chinesetraditionaltranslationtheoryconsistsonlyoftranslationprincipleswithoutconcretemethodologyanditcannotbeappliedtopracticaltranslating.Thispapergivesabriefaccounttofunctionaltranslationtheory,prob Keywords:functionaltranslationtheory;basictheory;exposition功能翻译理论强调，翻译是⼀种特殊的交际形式，涉及三种⽂本：原语⽂本、译者的图式⽂本和译语⽂本。
对于原语⽂本，最重要的是抓住作者的修辞功能正确理解原语的修辞功能，是产⽣理想的图式⽂本的关键。
⽽正确把握原⽂的认知图式⼜是正确理解原⽂修辞功能的基础。
理想的图式⽂本来⾃原⽂的认知图式，来⾃对原⽂作者的修辞意图的准确把握。
在这个图式⽂本的基础上，产⽣怎样的译语⽂本，除了修辞功能等值之外，还应该考虑翻译的⽬的和读者对象。
⼀、功能翻译理论简述（⼀）、功能翻译理论的要点根据杂志上发表的论⽂、学术会议上宣读的论⽂、学术报告和出版的专著，功能翻译理论的要点简述如下：1、分析概念段（conceptualparagraph，具有明确主题意义⼀个或多个⾃然段）和句⼦的修辞功能，使修辞功能的形式重现，从形式的等同中求得功能的等值，意义的等值，这种翻译叫做功能翻译。
翻译应该是在修辞功能等值的前提下，遵守“信、达、X”规范；⽂体不同，翻译的⽬的不⼀样，X不⼀样。
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文（2）
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文(2)英语翻译的论文篇3浅谈职业教育商务英语翻译人才的培养模式0 前言目前对商务英语的培养我们主要是以相关的课程辅导为主，比如说“商务英语翻译”主要阐述的是一些国家的基本的商务模式，以及语言习惯问题，主要是提高人才的商务能力和翻译能力，保障商务英语专业人才能够正确传达客户之间的交流信息，保障双方的利益。
然而由于长期受传统的培养模式的影响，商务英语人才的培养并没有那么容易。
基于这种情况，研究出一套好的商务英语翻译人才培养的方案是很重要的。
1 商务英语人才在培养过程中常见的一些问题以及解决方法就目前而言主要有下列一些问题：人才在培养的过程中教学知识太过于宽泛，缺乏职业的明确性，没有很强的职业观念。
另一类问题就是在教学的过程中太过于书面化缺少实践的锻炼，同时在人才的考核方面也存在很多缺陷，例如考核的标准太过于单一缺少综合性的体现。
这些都是目前所存在的一些问题，针对这些问题我们提出了一些相对应的措施：首先是加强职业观念的培养，要能够做到专业与职业对口，其次就是要加强实践的力度，可以把一些基本的工作任务分配给学生作为教学的主要内容。
最后就是在人才的考核过程中，我们要实现考核的多样化，提高考核的标准，让能力优先者能够有一个好的平台发挥自己的能力。
1.1 人才培养模式的构建人才的培养最终是服务社会的，所以说在人才培养模式的构建过程中我们需要时刻关注社会的动态与走向，以便培养出来的人才能够更好地服务于社会。
人才培养模式的构建需要我们教师通过多年的教学经验和方法的总结才能构建出来的，长时间地比较各种方法，最后留下高效有用的学习方法。
人才培养模式的构建是需要教育者一起来共同努力的。
在培养的过程中我们要以学生为中心，主要是围绕学生展开一系列的教学活动，力求学生能够在短时间内能够学到大量有用的知识。
以职业能力的培养为主导思想，定义专业的能力标准。
教学主要是以实践任务为主，旨在提高人才的职业能力。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
英语翻译论文范文
英语翻译论文范文In the contemporary era, the role of technology in education is undeniably significant. The integration of digital tools and platforms has transformed the way educators teach and students learn. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of technology on modern education, focusing on bothits advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has democratized access to education. With the proliferation of online learning platforms, students from diverse backgrounds can access a wealth of educational resources. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have made it possible for individuals to learn from renowned professors without the constraints of geographical location or financial limitations.Secondly, the use of technology in classrooms has enhanced the interactive and collaborative nature of learning. Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and virtualreality (VR) are some of the tools that have made learning more engaging and immersive. These tools not only cater to different learning styles but also promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where unequal access to technology can exacerbate existing educational disparities. Additionally,there is a risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology, potentially neglecting the development of essential skills such as critical reading and analytical thinking.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement presents challenges for educators. It requires continuous professional development to stay abreast of new tools and pedagogical approaches. The balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-assisted learning must be carefully considered to ensure that the educational experience remains holistic and well-rounded.In conclusion, technology has undeniably reshaped the landscape of modern education. While it offers numerous opportunities for enhancing learning experiences, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. The key lies in harnessing the power of technology to supplement, not supplant, the educational process, ensuring that it serves as a tool for empowering students to become lifelong learners.。
四种翻译类型英语作文模板
四种翻译类型英语作文模板1. Literal Translation Type English Essay Template: The Benefits of Reading。
Reading is an activity that has numerous benefits. It can improve your vocabulary, enhance your critical thinking skills, and expand your knowledge on various topics. Additionally, reading can also reduce stress and improve your overall well-being. In this essay, we will explore the benefits of reading and how it can positively impact your life.First and foremost, reading can significantly improve your vocabulary. When you read, you come across new words and phrases that you may not have encountered before. This exposure to a wide range of vocabulary can help you become more articulate and expressive in your communication. Additionally, a strong vocabulary can also enhance your writing skills, allowing you to effectively convey your thoughts and ideas.Furthermore, reading can enhance your critical thinking skills. When you engage with a piece of literature, you are required to analyze and interpret the content. This process of critical thinking can help sharpen your analytical abilities and improve your problem-solving skills. By constantly challenging your mind through reading, you can develop a more agile and discerning intellect.In addition to improving your vocabulary and critical thinking skills, reading can also expand your knowledge on various topics. Whether you are reading fiction or non-fiction, you are exposed to different perspectives, ideas, and information. This broadening of knowledge can help you become more well-rounded and informed, allowing you to engage in meaningful discussions and debates on a wide range of subjects.Moreover, reading can also reduce stress and improve your overall well-being. Many people find solace and relaxation in reading, as it provides an escape from the pressures of everyday life. Engaging with a good book cantransport you to different worlds and experiences, providing a much-needed break from the stresses and anxieties of the real world. This mental and emotional rejuvenation can have a positive impact on your overall well-being.In conclusion, reading has numerous benefits that can positively impact your life. From improving your vocabulary and critical thinking skills to expanding your knowledge and reducing stress, reading is an activity that can enrich your mind and soul. So, pick up a book and start reading today – your mind and body will thank you for it.2. Free Translation Type English Essay Template: The Importance of Exercise for a Healthy Lifestyle。
关于英汉翻译论文范文
关于英汉翻译论文范文英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英汉翻译论文范文篇1浅谈英汉翻译、英汉语言特点对比【摘要】在当今日趋全球化的时代里，翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。
事实上，翻译已经成为了一种普遍性的活动，当今的人们直接或者间接都有意或无意地从事着翻译活动。
【关键词】翻译语系形合意合英语和汉语分属于不同语系，英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European language Family)，是拼音语言，而汉语属于汉藏语系(Chinese-Tibetan language family)，是表意的语言(ideography)，所分属的语系不同也就导致了英汉两种语言的差别。
对于广大应试四、六级的考生来说，如果平时学习中了解英汉语言特点，在翻译应试中能满足翻译标准――“信、达、雅”即忠实准确、通顺流畅和贴切原文，这对于想要取得较高翻译分数会有很大帮助，下面本文就将对英汉语言的特点从下几个方面作对比。
一、英语的形合和汉语的意合相对于汉语来说，英语是一种更加注重形式化的语言，主要体现在运用词汇来联系各个分句，如我们熟知的“and”用来表示并列连接;“if”用来表示假设条件关系;“because”用来表示因果关系，虽然说汉语句式也有一定数量的连接词连接，但是使用频率较之英语小得多。
在汉语中，我们通常不用或者少用连接词来表达意思，英汉两种语言的这种区别就是我们所说的形合――强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明;意合――强调内容和表意的完整性，靠语意的逻辑将句子串起。
为了更加清楚明了，我们试举几个例句：(1)跑得了和尚，(但是)跑不了庙。
The monks may run away，but the temple cannot run awaywith him.(2)Althoughhe has aged physically，he remains young at heart.(尽管)他人老(但是)心不老。
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文
翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，英语翻译，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。
下文是为大家整理的英语翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译的论文篇1文化空缺与英汉翻译摘要：不同民族的语言产生于不同的文化背景，所承载的文化也不尽相同，这就必然导致两种语言在表达方式上存在很多相异之处，文化空缺就是这些差异的极端表现，它是一个民族语言和文化与其它民族语言和文化的异质性的充分体现，这无疑增加了翻译的难度。
所以文化空缺的翻译不仅是语言的迁移，更是文化的传播。
关键词：文化空缺英汉翻译翻译作为人类最早进行的交流活动之一，一直在不同的语言集团间沟通信息，对人类社会的发展和进步有非常重要的作用。
正是由于翻译所起的中介作用，民族间才可以互通有无、互相学习、共同发展。
跨文化交际学和文化语言学的兴起与发展，为语言与文化的研究带来了勃勃生机。
而作为跨文化交际的翻译，也因此而更加受到重视，对它的研究也呈现出多角度、多侧面、开放性的特点。
翻译作为不同语言之间人们交流思想和文化不可或缺的手段，在传播文化信息、促进不同民族间的相互了解与民族融合的过程中的重要作用已日益凸显。
翻译界对翻译理论研究的重心从译意到译信息再到以文化为导向的翻译，正说明翻译实质是文化的翻译。
如Banet&ameacroagreatmanoungfriend，2Brightanddiigent，3Doeceedingweintudie，4buttheareratherweainChinee，5evencan’，the’athearenotinteretedinChinee请看张培基先生的译文：Ihavecomeacroagreatmanbrightanddiigentoungfriendwhoha vedoneeceedingweintheirtudie，，theaidthewerenotinteretedintheChineeanguage英语的从句前必须根据其语法功能用when，where，who，that，的一种表现。
本科毕业设计(论文)英文翻译模板
本科毕业设计（论文）英文翻译论文标题(中文)学院******姓名***专业*******班级**********大气探测2班学号*************** 大气探测、信处、两个专业填写电子信息工程。
生物医学工程、电子信息科学与技术、雷电防护科学与技术As its name implies, region growing is a procedure that groups pixels or subregions into larger regions based on predefined criteria. The basic approach is to start with a set of “seed ” points and from these grow regions by appending to each seed those gray level or color).be used to assignpixels to regions during the centroid of these clusters can be used as seeds.… … …左右手共面波导的建模与带通滤波器设计速发展之势，而它的出现却是源于上世纪本研究提出了一种新型混合左右手（CPW ）的独特功能。
目前这种有效电长度为0°的新型混合左右手共面波导（CRLH CPW ）谐振器正在兴起，这种谐振器工作在5GHz 时的体积比常规结构的谐振器缩减小49.1%。
有关图、表等表格和图片必须有说明，宋体五号公式：公式的编号用括号起写在右边行末，其间不加虚线。
图、表、公式等与正文之间要有6磅的行间距。
文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章连续编号。
如：图2-5，表3-2，公式（5-1）等。
若图或表中有附注，采用英文小写字母顺序编号，附注写在图或表的下方。
翻译论文的英语作文模板
翻译论文的英语作文模板Title: Translation of Academic Papers。
Introduction。
Translation of academic papers plays a crucial role in the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of research across different languages and cultures. Itinvolves the transfer of complex ideas, concepts, and findings from one language to another, ensuring that the original meaning and intent are preserved. In this article, we will explore the challenges and strategies involved in translating academic papers, as well as the importance of high-quality translation in the academic community.Challenges in Translating Academic Papers。
Translating academic papers presents a unique set of challenges that require careful consideration and expertise. One of the main challenges is the complexity of the content,which often includes specialized terminology, technical jargon, and discipline-specific concepts. Translators must possess a deep understanding of the subject matter in order to accurately convey the original meaning in the target language.Another challenge is maintaining the author's voice and style throughout the translation process. Academic papers are often written in a formal and authoritative tone, andit is essential for translators to capture the nuances of the author's writing while ensuring readability and coherence in the target language.Additionally, cultural and linguistic differences can pose significant challenges in academic paper translation. Certain concepts or references may not have direct equivalents in the target language, requiring translators to find creative and contextually appropriate solutions to convey the intended meaning.Strategies for Effective Translation。
翻译专业毕业论文
翻译专业毕业论文Translation Major Graduation Thesis (700 words)Title: The Impact of Technology on Translation Industry Abstract:With the rapid development of technology, the translation industry has undergone significant changes. This paper analyzes the impact of technology on the translation industry from the aspects of translation tools, machine translation, and online translation platforms. Through the analysis of relevant research materials, it is found that although technology has brought convenience and efficiency to the translation industry, it cannot replace human translation. The translator's expertise and linguistic acumen are still irreplaceable in accurately conveying the meaning and context of the source language. Therefore, translators should embrace technological advancements while continuously improving their own translation skills to adapt to the changing environment of the industry.Introduction:The translation industry plays a crucial role in promoting international communication and cultural exchange. With the rapid development of technology, translation tools, machine translation, and online translation platforms have emerged, which has greatly impacted the translation industry. This paper aims to analyze the impact of technology on the industry and explore how translators can adapt to these changes.1. Impact of Translation Tools:Translation tools, such as computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, have become an indispensable part of translation work. These tools can automatically extract text segments for translation, provide suggestions, and accurately count words and characters, greatly improving translation efficiency. Translators can also use translation memory tools to store and retrieve translated segments, which can significantly reduce repetitive work and maintain translation consistency. However, it is worth noting that the use of translation tools requires translators to have a certain level of computer literacy. Moreover, these tools cannot fully grasp the nuances and context of the source language, which still requires human intervention.2. Impact of Machine Translation:Machine translation (MT) technology has made significant progress in recent years. With the help of artificial intelligence (AI), machine translation engines can translate texts in seconds, making it a popular choice for quick and simple translations. However, the translation quality of machine translation is still far from satisfactory. It often produces translations that are grammatically incorrect or lack context. Therefore, machine translation is more suitable for informational purposes rather than for professional translation. Translators should be cautious when utilizing machine translation and make necessary revisions to ensure the accuracy and naturalness of the translation.3. Impact of Online Translation Platforms:Online translation platforms, such as Google Translate, have made translation accessible to a wider audience. Users can simply input text and receive a translation instantly. While these platformsprovide convenience to users in need of instant translations, the quality of translations varies. As professional translators, we should utilize these platforms as a reference or a starting point for our work, rather than relying solely on them. The professional judgment and linguistic knowledge of translators are still essential in producing high-quality translations.Conclusion:Technology has undoubtedly brought convenience and efficiency to the translation industry. Translation tools, machine translation, and online translation platforms have changed the way translators work and interact with clients. However, it is important for translators to recognize that technology cannot replace human translation. The translator's expertise and linguistic acumen are still crucial for accurately conveying the meaning and context of the source language. Therefore, translators should embrace technological advancements while continuously improving their skills to adapt to the changing environment of the industry.。
英汉翻译论文范文
英汉翻译论⽂范⽂ 英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段，只有在正确理解原⽂词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原⽂。
下⽂是店铺为⼤家整理的关于英汉翻译论⽂范⽂的内容，欢迎⼤家阅读参考! 英汉翻译论⽂范⽂篇1 探析英汉翻译陷阱 【摘要】英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，常常是句⼦或词语的表层结构与其要表达的真实含义相反。
为了避免落⼊英语陷阱，学习者对英语的某些词句、语义应克服表⾯化的理解，也不能简单照搬辞典上的释义，更不能望⽂⽣义;对中西⽂化差异也必须有深刻的了解。
只要对英语陷阱多注意、多分析、多体会，便可避免误⼊⼀些似是⽽⾮的“陷阱”。
【关键词】英汉翻译;陷阱;表层结构;深层含义 英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，对学习者来说的确是⼀个必须要注意的问题。
在英汉翻译中，初学者往往从语法⾓度对英汉两种语⾔做机械对⽐，有时还下意识地将词典释义不加斟酌，拿来就⽤。
在审查译⽂表达是否准确时，⼜习惯于将⾃⼰的母语思维定势⽤作衡量正误的标准。
这些做法实际上都很容易造成释义与原⽂真实含义的脱节，甚⾄南辕北辙，落⼊英语“陷阱”。
⼀、短语翻译中的陷阱 例⼦如下： 1、confidence man 误译：值得信赖的⼈ 正译：骗⼦ 2、sleep late 误译：睡觉很晚 正译：起床很晚 3、black tea 误译：⿊茶 正译：红茶 4、gas mask 误译：赌⽓⾯具 正译：防毒⾯具 5、mad-doctor 误译：发疯的医⽣ 正译：精神病医师 6、lightning rod 误译：闪电针 正译：避雷针 7、trouble man 误译：制造⿇烦的⼈ 正译：故障检修员 8、be in control 误译：被控制 正译：掌控……，控制…… 9、flu mask 误译：流感⼝罩 正译：卫⽣器具 10、fire engine 误译：点⽕机器 正译：救⽕车、消防车 11、fire wall 误译：着⽕的墙 正译：防⽕墙 对这些短语均须准确理解，否则便会落⼊陷阱之中。
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摘要（三号宋体，加粗，居中）语言和文化的关系近年来已成为研究热点。
二十世纪八、九十年代，文化教学研究在西方世界已获得大力发展。
受此影响，国内的外语文化研究也取得一些进展, 研究人员日益关注如何把对文化的理解和掌握贯穿于第二语言和外语的教与学中。
语言学家伊利欣克尔教授(Eli Hinkel)主编的《第二语言教与学的文化因素》一书讲述了关于第二语言文化的研究。
该书重点讲述文化因素在语言研究方面的应用及其研究成果在语言教学中的应用，并阐明了第二语言的学习以及人们的世界观是如何在第二语言和第二文化的背景中影响其学习、理解及交流的。
在该书引言部分，原作者简要介绍了文化研究与文化教学的重要概念和理论基础，并对每个章节加以评述，从而揭示了文化因素是如何影响第二语言学习的各个方面的。
第一章主要介绍了如何理解文化和语言的关系，并通过对香港大学学生课堂行为的研究, 追溯到东西方课堂文化差异的渊源。
另外，对苏格拉底与孔子有关教育和生活、教育目标、教育的作用、课堂活动的框架等内容进行了讨论。
本论文作者在对以上部分进行翻译与思考之后，得出这样一个观点和结论：学生的课堂行为与教师的期望存在差距，是源自不同的教学思想和哲学根源。
这就给外语教学提出了一个亟待重视和解决的问题，即要把对文化的理解和掌握始终贯穿在外语教学中。
（中文摘要内容不少于500汉字，为小四号宋体）关键词（小四号宋体、加粗）：（冒号）翻译；第二语言；教与学；文化因素；讨论（小四号宋体，关键词之间用分号分隔）（此处另起一页，方法：点出“插入”---分隔符---分页符---确定即可）Abstract（三号，Times New Roman，居中）In recent years, the relationship between language and culture has become hot in research, and culture in teaching research has achieved great development. Researchers have become increasingly aware of how to promote cultural understanding and mastery in foreign language teaching and learning. The language professor Eli Hinkel has published a book named Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning which gives advice about the research of foreign language culture. This book focuses on culture as it is applied to language research and the applications of its findings in language pedagogy. In addition, it focuses on second language learning and the ways in which people’s worldviews affect their learning, understanding and communication. Then, the author continues to introduce the main content of the two chapters translated.The introduction part mainly talks about some important conceptions and fundamental theories about culture and language in teaching research, and the original author’s comment. It points out how culture factors have influenced many different aspects of second language learning and using. Then Chapter One touches briefly on just a few of the studies that have contributed to an understanding of the relationship between culture and language, Through researches on students’ classroom behavior in Hong Kong University, the origin of the cultural differences has been explored. Besides, Chapter One also details the viewpoints of Confucius and Socrates in education and life, the role of education, teacher’s role, and arrangement of classroom activities. The conclusion can be made by the author of the thesis that t he reason why students’ classroom behaviors and teachers’ expectations disparate is that they have different teaching ideological and philosophical roots. This has caused a serious problem with the foreign language teaching --- culture has to run through foreign language teaching and learning practice all along.（英文摘要内容应与中文摘要内容相对应，小四号Times New Roman）Key words（小四号Times New Roman，加粗）:（冒号）translating; second language; teaching and learning; culture; discourse （与中文关键词对应，小四号Times NewRoman，关键词之间用分号分隔）（此处另起一页）Contents（三号Times New Roman，加粗，居中）（目录中文内容为小四号宋体，英文内容为小四号Times NewRoman）摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1引言:第二语言教学中的文化因素研究 (3)1.1文化与语言 (3)1.2文化的研究和社会语言学 (3)1.3当前观点......................................... 错误！未定义书签。
2.文化、交流与学习 .................................... 错误！未定义书签。
2.1苏格拉底和孔子的论述............................. 错误！未定义书签。
2.2教育目标......................................... 错误！未定义书签。
2.3教师的角色....................................... 错误！未定义书签。
参考文献 (4)（小四号Times New Roman）（此部分制作方式：先点击第4列的“插入”，再“引用”---“索引和目录”---“目录”---将“显示页码”、“页码右对齐”划钩，“制表符前导符”选“第二种”，即如上所示虚线，格式选“来自模板”，大纲级别选“3”.其他不动即可。
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1 Translation（一级标题，三号Times New Roman，顶格，加粗）1.1引言: 研究第二语言教学中的文化因素（二级标题，小三号宋体，顶格，加粗）1.1.1文化与语言（四号宋体，顶格，加粗）可以毫不夸张地说，几乎在对人类社会、群体、体系、行为以及人类活动进行的研究中，都有许多不同的对文化的……（正文：首行空两格，小四号宋体。
下同）Thomas （1983，P91）（正文中的注释内容，五号宋体。
下同）指出，教师……1.1.2文化的研究和社会语言学（四号宋体，顶格，加粗）2 Comment （一级标题，三号Times New Roman，顶格，加粗）Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning by Eli Hinkel, the professor of linguistics, culture and language project director of Seattle University, focuses on the impact of social and cultural factors on foreign language teaching and learning, and introduces the study of language and cultural interaction to foreign language teachers and linguists. In addition, it also notes that …（正文：首行空4个英文字符格，小四号Times New Roman。
）注：如果层次多，可参看具体说明。
层次说明一级标题三号宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题小三号宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题四号宋体，顶格，加粗四级标题小四号宋体，顶格，加粗五级标题首行空两格，小四号宋体正文首行空两格，小四号宋体；正文中的注释内容，五号宋体（另起一页，三号Times New Roman，加粗、居中）（参考文献内容为小四号Times New Roman）（格式采用“论文写作”课上讲过的APA格式或MLA格式，且全文统一使用一种格式。
）Bibliography[1] Hinkel, Eli. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. ShanghaiForeign Languages Education Press, 2000.[2] A.S.Hornby. The Oxford advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Trans.Shi Xiaoshu, et al. Ed. Sally Wehmeier. Oxford University, 1988[3] Lado, R. Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill,2000.[4] Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. Wong. Intercultural Communication. Oxford: Oxford:Blackwell, 2000.[5] 陈炳宗，展明朝编译.《英汉多功能词典》.外语教学与研究出版社，1996.[6] 陈俊森，樊薇薇，钟华. 《跨文化交际与外语教育》.华中科技出版社，2006.[7] 李勇康. “《第二语言教与学的文化因素》评述”. 《雁北学报》， 2004,20(3):82-83.[8] 孙薇. “文化因素对英语教学的影响与作用”. 《池州师专学报》,2004，18（5）：110-111.[9] 王伟华. “社会文化因素与外语教学”. 《外语学刊（黑龙江大学学报）》，1987，（2）：69-73.[10] 张炼.“社会文化因素与外语教学”. 《贵阳师范高等专科学校学报（社会科学版）》， 2003，（1）：63-66.。