指导学生理解词义的几种方法-模板
指导学生理解词义的几种方法
[作者] 李晓红
[内容]
学习能力直接影响学习活动的效率，在从应试教育向素质教育转轨的今天，教给学生一定的学习方法，培养其学习的能力，是我们每一个教师责无旁贷的义务。因此在教学中我注意了在培养学生学习能力前提下的方法指导，现以词的教学为例，谈几点我的做法：对于低年级的学生来说理解词义是一个重点，同时也是难点，为了帮助学生突破这一难点，我将理解饲义归纳为以下四种方法。
1、查字典法。在学骚习音序和部首查字法之后，让学生充分利用字典，及时查阅不理解的词，这样既培养了他们的动手能力，又巩固了查字典的方法，同时还使学生清楚了词与句的关系。因为在学生查字典理解词时，往往一个词在字典中有多种解释，这时就告诉学生，理解词语要放到特定的句子中去，要放到语言环境中体会词语的意思。例如：《翠鸟》一文中的一句“翠鸟长着一双透亮灵活的眼睛”，“灵活”一词在字典中有两种含义①敏捷、不呆板。②善于随机应便。引导学生理解，“灵活”在这一句中是对“眼睛”的描写，那么只能选第①种解释。使用这种方法关键是要让学生结合句子理解词义。
2、拆拼法。所谓“拆讲法”，就是将一个词中的几个词素先分别解释，然后再将每个词素的含义结合起来，组成这个词的意思。这一方法适用于词素含义较简单的词。
如“深情”?一词，?“深”是深厚的意思。“情”是感情。将词义合并起来就是“深厚的感情”。这个词义的解释就完成了。
3、找词眼法。有些词从表面上看深奥难懂，学生会出现不安和急燥的情绪，这时老师引导学生分析一下，就会发现这些词中有的词素是我们常见的，因此我们只需借助字典找出那些既不易理解又是这个词里比较重要的词素的含义就行了。如“和蔼”一词的重点在“蔼”字上，它就是这个词的词眼，它在字典中的解释是“和气、态度好”，因此，“和蔼”的含义就是“和气，态度好”。经过反复练习，学生体验到了成功的喜悦，激发了学生的学习兴趣。
4、找近、反义词法。对于一些较简单的，容易找出近、反义词的词语来说，可引导学生用找近、反义词的方法来理解。?如“钢强”?就是“坚强、顽强”的
意思，“冷淡”就是“不热情”的意思。
词是文的基础，只有正确理解词语的含义，才能为阅读及作文打好坚实的基矗而学生掌握了解词的方法就好象得到了一把打开词语宝库的金钥匙，对他们扩大阅读量，积累词语作好了充分的准备。
阅读理解之猜测词义
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猜测词义题型阅读解题技巧(技巧总结)
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高考英语阅读理解词义猜测题附答案
III词义猜测 【命题特点】考查根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查对语境的分析和把握的能力。【常见考法】 1. The underlined word “…”probably means____. 2. The word “…”used in paragraph “…”refers to/suggests____. 3. The phrase “…”in the sentence can be replaced by ____. 4. Which of the following is the cl osest in meaning to the word “…”? 5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “…”? 6. By saying “…”, we mean_____. 7. What do you think of the expression “…”stands for? 8. The meaning of word “…”in the passage is related to_____. 一．通过定义或解释推测语义 有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义 （1）定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指。。）等。 （2）解释则常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is（to say）, in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。 （3）有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。 （4）还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. (无法察觉的，感觉不到的) 2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-----men and women were allowed only one spouse （配偶） at a time. （一夫一妻制） Exercises: 1. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. ____默剧，哑剧_______ 2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. _____人类学______ 3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. ____门厅_______ 4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks（脸颊）. ___胡须______ 5. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people. ____人工智能_______ Test1 There is no cure（治愈）for Alzheimer’s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms（症状）. 61. What is ARICEPT？（C） A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer’s B. A medicine to delay signs of aging. C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. D. A medicine to cure brain damage. Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces. （1）According to the passage, The Pines is a ______. （D） A. place in which you can see many mobile homes
(新)教给学生多种理解词语的方法
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阅读理解专题③——猜测词义(教师版)
（教师版） 一、目标预设 通过本节课学习，提高学生阅读理解猜测词义的解题能力。 二、知识梳理 （一）猜测词义常用的十种方法 在阅读中，我们会经常遇到一些生词，需要根据上下文猜测它们的词义。此类问题考查考生紧扣原文，根据上下文语境判断单词、短语或短句意义的能力。 1．根据定义或解释猜测词义 这类定义或解释通常由生词后的同位语（从句）或定语从句引出。 例：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing. 析：同位语意思是，stethoscope是用来听病人心脏跳动和呼吸的仪器，即“听诊器”。 2．根据对比关系猜测词义 当句中含有but, however, yet, though, although, on the other hand, instead，in contrast等表示转折意义的词时，前后句含有对比意义，据此可以猜测生词的词义。 例：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I knew. His brother, in contrast, is quite modest. 析：in contrast对比之下，supercilious与modest意义相对应，我们便能猜出supercilious 意为“傲慢的；目空一切的”。 3．根据因果关系猜测词义 表示因果关系的信息词有：because, so, therefore, thus, so…that等。 例：I found I was paying too much attention to the job and thus sacrificing my study time. 析：thus是信息词，因为我对工作过分注意，因此失去了许多学习的时间，这样就得知sacrifice意为“牺牲；失去”。 4．根据同等关系猜测词义 表示同等关系的信息词有：and, or, or rather, to be more exact, namely, that’s to say, in other words，that is等。 例：His secret for a living and healthy life has been well publicized---no alcohol, no cigarette and no anger. 析：由a living and healthy life以及同类名词cigarette可推测alcohol意为“酒精”。 5．根据同义词、近义词或反义词猜测词义 这类同义词、近义词或反义词往往有and, or, but, however等信息词作暗示。 例：In our competitive world of today, examinations have a highly selecting or filtering role. 析：句中selecting 与filtering含义相近，可由selecting（挑选）推测filtering 意为“筛选；选拔”。 6．根据标点符号猜测词义 这类标点符号通常为括号、冒号、破折号、逗号等。 例：You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning. 析：根据冒号后面所举例子可知periodicals意为“magazines published at regular times”，即“期刊”。
阅读理解过程中如何正确猜测词义-教学设计
Teaching Plan Teacher: Guo Bin School: Shanghai Beihong Junior High School Students: Grade 8 Date: October 29, 2014 Student analyses The students who will watch the video are from Grade 8, Beihong Junior High School. In reading, the students are quite good at scanning information from the passage but they are relatively poor at guessing the meaning based on the context. Learning aim: After learning the video clip, the students are expected to: use the four common ways to guess the new words correctly in reading comprehension. Learning procedure: 1. Before learning the video clip (1) Think about the biggest problem in reading comprehension. 2. Learning the video clip (2) Learn the four common ways to guess the meaning of new vocabulary with the typical examples. 3. After learning the video clip (3) Summarize the key points of the video. Homework: Finish the reading exercises for more practice.
词义选择、引申与褒贬
2012商务英语1班 自主实践商务英语翻译竞赛——————词义选择、引申与褒贬 12010401003厉雪 12010401004付思宇
目录 第一部分内容简介 (1) 第二部分翻译技巧归纳及译例分析 (2) 一、词义的选择 (2) 二、词义的引申 (4) 三、词义的褒贬 (8) 第三部分小结 (10) 第四部分句子翻译 (11) 第五部分短篇翻译 (13) 一、原文及译文 (13) 二、解析 (14) 第六部分参考文献 (16)
第一部分内容简介 词语是翻译活动的基本单位，无论是句子、段落还是语篇，都是由单词构成的，因此，在翻译过程中，译者在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，符合译文习惯说法。翻译一定要把语言和环境、语言和表达、语言和情感结合起来，注意词义的选择、引申和褒贬这三方面的问题。 词义选择要求我们能够在繁多的词义中选出最符合语境的词义，选择词义时，我们可以从以下几个方面着手：1.根据词性确定词义2.根据场合与上下文确定词义 3.根据词的搭配关系确定词义。 词义引申就是根据上下文的内在联系，通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里，进行恰如其分的引申，运用一些符合汉语习惯的表现法，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。词义引申可以归为四大类：分别是逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞性引申和概念范围的调整。其中逻辑引申又可以分为具象化引申和抽象化引申。 英语中存在大量具有浓烈感情色彩的词汇，翻译时需要我们根据具体语境做出相应的表达，这就是词的褒贬作用。.有些词本身就有明确的褒义或贬义，汉译时做相应的表达; 某些英语词语汇集褒义和贬义于一身，汉译时要根据原句的上下文和语境来确定这些词汇的褒贬意义;有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或者贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味. 下面我们将就每一项进行详尽的解释。
小学语文理解词语的18种方法
小学语文理解词语的18种方法 一、近义词解释法： 用找词语的近义词或同义词进行解释的方法。如： 增添：增加 陌生：生疏。 恬静：安静、宁静 矜持：庄重、严肃、拘谨、拘束 慷慨：大方。 遨游：漫游，游历。 纯熟：（很）熟练。 眷恋：（深切地）留恋。 渺小：（非常）微小。 二、反义词解释法： 用找词语的反义词，在前面加“不”（或“没有”）进行解释的方法。如： 紧张：不镇定。 懦弱：不勇敢。 缓慢：不快速。 崎岖：不平坦。 陌生：不熟悉。 慷慨：不吝啬。 朦胧：不清楚。 隐藏：不暴露。 三、归类解释法： 对一些比较简单但又不好解释的词语采用把词语进行归类的方法进行解释的方法。如：苹果——一种水果 机枪——一种现代兵器 芬芳：一种香气。玫瑰——一种花朵 火车——一种交通工具 喜鹊：一种飞鸟。 四、比喻解释法： 将词语和一些常见的、具体的事物联系起来用比喻句式进行解释的方法。如：红色：像鲜血一样的颜色 绿色：像树叶一样的颜色 血洗：像用血洗了一样，形容残酷的杀人。 人声鼎沸：人声嘈杂喧闹，像水在锅里沸腾一样。 车水马龙：车子象流水，马好象游龙。形容来往车马连续不断，非常热闹。
五、功能解释法： 对词语的使用功能进行解释的方法。“形容……”是常见形式，如：马虎：形容做事不认真。 人山人海：形容人非常多。 斩钉截铁：形容说话态度坚决果断。 震耳欲聋：形容声音非常的大（都快把耳朵震聋了）。 水泄不通：形容十分拥挤或围得非常严密。泄，排出。 六、扩词解释法： 将词语所组成的字进行逐个扩词（组词）而对词语进行解释的方法。如：恳求：诚恳地请求。 疾驰：飞快地奔跑。 教导：教育指导。 幽香：清幽的香味。 幽静：幽雅寂静。 圣洁：神圣而纯洁。 诚实守信：为人诚实、遵守信用。 德高望重：品德高尚，名望重（大）。 轻捷：轻快敏捷。 七、串字解释法： 有些词的词义，就是这个词中各个语素（字）的意思的总和。例如：肆虐：肆，任意地干；虐，残暴。肆虐：任意地干残暴的事情。 肃立：肃，恭敬地，庄严地；立，站着。肃立：恭敬、庄严地站着。 不毛之地：毛，草木；之，的；地，地方。不毛之地：不长草木的地方。 致敬：致以敬意（表达敬意）。 遥望：遥，远处；望：看。遥望：向远处看。 暴毙荒野：暴，突然；毙，死；荒野，荒郊野外。暴毙荒野：突然死在荒郊野外。 八、以旧带新法： 有些词是以几个旧字组合而成的，可通过对旧字的理解带出新词的含义。如： 无价之宝：无价，没有价钱。之，的。宝，宝贝。合起来意思是：用多少钱也买不到的宝贝，指极为稀有的珍贵东西。 九、重新组合法： 对互文词进行重新组合理解的方法。如： 心满意足：心意满足。 翻山越岭：翻越山岭。 风平浪静：风浪平静。
阅读理解---词义猜测 (公开课)
阅读理解―词义猜测题 Step 1: Warming-up---guess the meanings of the underlined words. 1. The company?s profits are decreasing year by year due to mismanagement. 2. She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 3. If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 4. It will be very hard but also very brittle —that is, it will break easily. Step2: 词义猜测题基本方法：___________; __________ ●构词法 1. Valentine?s Day is a time of happiness for lovers. Boys like to give girls flowers as presents. That day, he came to see me with a forget-me-not in his hands. 2. When he reached the place with his army, he found an impassable river in front of him. 构词法通常考虑_________和_____________ ●语境法常利用以下技巧 利用同义（向）关系：and，also，or（或者）… 3. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. ?Which of the following words can replace “detrimental”? ____ A. helpful B. useful C. harmful D. meaningful 4. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. ?What does the underlined phrase “die hard” probably mean? ____
小学阅读 理解词语和句子含义
阅读方法指导 从书面获得信息的过程叫阅读。阅读是搜集处理信息、认识世界、发展思维、获得审美体验的重要途径。如果你的阅读仅从体会作者蕴含在字里行间的情感出发，那么这样的阅读，将是一种浅层次的阅读。如果你能在阅读时既探究作者的思想感情，又有意识地把自己的感情融入文章，你就能与文章对话，与作者沟通，因为你的阅读不仅是读文字，而是一种思想碰撞。阅读既能扩大知识面、活跃思维。陶冶情操，又能增强听说读写的能力。 词句的阅读 1.理解词义的方法 理解词义的方法很多，其中最基本的有以下两种： （1）借助字典和词典，联系上下文，弄清词语的意思。如：齐国人怎么这么没出息，干这种事？出息一词在现代汉语词典 中有四个义项：○1指发展前途或志气；○2长进；○3培养 使有出息；○4收益。根据具体语言环境这里的出息选第一 个意思. 结合句子或上下文，在语境中理解词义。 理解词义不能脱离语言环境，孤立的就词解词，应结合句子或联系上下文揣摩词义。如:科技人员废寝忘食，夜以继日地实验、攻关，经过两百多次的失败，世界上第一座大型高原制氧站建立了！” 句子的“废寝忘食”，从字面意思可理解为做事勤奋专心。但这样理解还远远不够，我们还应联系上下文来理解这词语。“废寝忘食”
在文中指科技人员夜以继日地为攻克世界级难题勤奋工作。 2.理解句子含义的方法。 所谓句子含义，指的是有些句子除了能够表达出字面所具有的意思之外，还在字里行间表达出更深刻的意思。 理解句子含义，主要包括： ○1体会作者的写作目的及所要表达的思想感情； ○2这句话所要说明和揭示的道理； ○3它与全文思想内容的关系； 这句话对表现中心思想的作用等。 理解句子含义，主要有以下几种方法 （1）结合时代背景。如：1905年，清政府任命詹天佑为总工程师，修筑从北京到张家口的铁路。消息一传出来，全国都轰动了， 大家说这一回咱们可争了一口气。为什么一个中国工程师在 自己国土上修铁路会引起这么大的反响呢？联系当时的时 代背景，就很容易理解了，当时中国饱受外国人的欺压，这 一次清政府敢于任命自己国家的工程师，而詹天佑敢于接受 这项艰巨的任务这就是为中国人争了一口气，所以全国都轰 动了。 （2）抓关键词语，理解句子含义。 有些句子抓住了关键词语，弄清这些词语的意思，句子的含义也就理解了。所谓词不离句，句不离词就是这个意思。如：老师暗示大家先不管他，开始上课。理解时我们抓住“暗示““暂时”
阅读理解猜测词义练习案
高考阅读理解之： 猜测词义练习案 Excise1 1. Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 2. It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily. 3.They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 4. We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.— this week. 5. Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? 6.The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 7.Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 8. She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. Excise2 A Plagiarism is one of the most serious problems in schools and colleges. It has occurred as lon g as there have been teachers and students, but the recent growth of the Intenet has made it much worse. Recent studies show 30% of all students may be plagiarizing on every written homework th ey’ve done. What is plagiarism? It is using others' ideas and words without clearly mentioning wh ere the information is from. Q: The word "plagiarism" means ________. A. cheating in the exams B. putting others' words in quotations C. rewriting others' articles D. stealing others' ideas or words B Both warm-blooded and cold-blooded desert animals have ways to escape the desert heat. Wa rm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest during the day, often staying in cool underg round burrows. At night they search for food. Animals that are out during the day, such as cold-blo oded lizards and snakes, are active only for short periods. As their body tem- perature rises, these r eptiles move into the shade in order to cool down. In the early evening, when the sun grows weake r, the reptiles become more active and begin their search for food again. Getting enough wate r to survive is a major problem for all desert animals. Q: The underlined word "burrows" in the first paragraph can be replaced by _______ A. holes B. caves C. rooms D. openings C Fishermen later killed and sold the shark after oceanographers confirmed that it was a whale s hark and therefore not under State protection. Q: The underlined word "confirmed "probably means ________. A. said B. believed C. thought D. made sure
阅读理解之词义猜测题
阅读理解之词义猜测题 一，词义猜测类题目常见提问方式 1，The underlined word “__”in the passage means ____ . 2，What does “___”in the third paragraph stand for ? 3，3.The word/phrase “____” most nearly means ____. 4，4The word/phrase “___” could best be replaced by ____. 5，The word/phrase “__” in Line…,Para …refers to__. 6，Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “____”? 7，What’s the meaning of “____” in Line …,Para …? 8，The author uses the word “____” to indicate（暗示）____? 二，技巧 技巧 1. 利用上下文，通过_________结构或________结构中的_____词、______词推测词义。反义词常见信号词有but 、yet 、while 、however、on the contrary 等。同义词常见信号词：and, or, namely, that is, that is to say,等。 1. Although the hazards of the trip were many --- for example , the unbearable heat , the lack of water, the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animal and poisonous snakes --- Collins nevertheless decided that she must go. A. safties B. destinations C. dangers D. pleasures 2. It will be very hard but also very brittle --- that is , it will break easily. A. breakable B. firm C. strong D. separate 技巧2 从句子或文段中找线索、信息词（如__________、________或________ 推测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as 等。 常用的解释性词提示词有that is, mean, stand for, namely, in other words, to be 等， 1. The herdsman , who looks after sheep , earns about 650 yuan a year . A. chief B. sheepherder C. merchant D. buyer 2. Japan has a problem many other countries would envy --- its workforce works too hard. Curing Japanese workers of disease "workaholism" is proving a difficult job , partly because many of them like work better than anything else , experts say. A. killer B. drinker C. jobnik D. secretary 技巧3 根据上下文___________结构(即___________句）及其语境，推断词义。文中常用解释性句子引出生词含义，有时用破折号，括弧来表示，或者用同位语、定语从句的形式出现。 1.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools ? A. co-operative educational B. separate educational C. boys and girls at the same school's educational D. individual educational 2. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor . Because of this , most people think that craft (手艺) no longer exists. A. large-scaled production B. small-scaled production C. bankrupt D. fortune hunting 技巧4 利用_______，巧解词义。