翻译技巧——褒贬译法
实用翻译教程--换形褒贬
• The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his carefulness in his homework. • 这个男孩因功课做得仔细认真 仔细认真而受到所有 仔细认真 老师的赞赏。 • In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research work. • 事实上，正是因为他的谨小慎微 谨小慎微，他的研 谨小慎微 究工作得不到任何进展。
• 他买了二十四本 二十四本杂志。 二十四本 • He has bought two dozen magazines.（？ He has bought twenty-four magazines.） • 他将离开两个星期 两个星期。 两个星期 • He is going away for a fortnight. （？He is going away for two weeks. • 在过去的十年里，中国发生了翻天覆地的 变化。 • Great changes have taken place in China in the last decade.(? In the last ten years.)
• 第一季度的工作尚未完成。 第一季度的工作尚未完成。 • The work of the first quarter of the year has not yet completed yet. (?The work of the first season…) • 五百年来，中国的喜剧有了很大的发展。 五百年来，中国的喜剧有了很大的发展。 • The past five centuries witnessed great development in Chinese drama.(? The past five hundred years …) • 有三十位学生参加了考试。 有三十位学生参加了考试。 • One and a half score of students took part in the examination (two and a half dozen students …；？ ；？Thirty students took part in ） ；？
翻译方法：词义的选择
1. 词义的选择——误译举例
Translation Practice
Translate the following sentences.
Directions: Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English.
One of the essential points is that you should try to broaden your horizons.
5. 幽默感会有所帮助，有时讲个和自己有关的小笑话也会使谈话轻松 (lighten) 起来。
6. 只有当你愿意交谈并认真地听的时候，你才能成功地与周围的人交朋友。(only when… )
1. 词义的选择 ——根据词汇的褒贬确定词义
要做个好推销员一定要有闯劲才能成功。
侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。
2) A good salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.
1) Aggressive nations threaten world peace.
词是句子甚至整个语篇的基本构建单位，如何选择恰当的词义，是翻译过程中首先要碰到的问题。只有选择了恰当的词义，并在必要时加以恰如其分的引申，才能确保译文的通顺。英语和汉语的词汇都非常丰富，英语的一词多义，汉语的一字多义的现象十分普遍。译者只有在掌握词典基本释义的基础上，根据具体的语言环境和搭配习惯确定和选择词义，才能进行不同的翻译搭配，并确定词义。
1词义的选择
翻译方法：词义的选择
1. 通过词语的搭配选择 词的搭配关系主要是指词与词之间的横向组合关系，英语和汉语在长期的使用过程中，都形成了各自的组合规律或搭配习惯。因此，在翻译中，可以通过词之间的固定关系选择词及确定词义。以“run”为例：
大学英语六级翻译技巧全面解析
(一)词的翻译1.词义选择所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。
正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。
越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。
选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。
【原文】但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。
【译文】However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gatherfor the annual reunion dinner.【分析】“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭，为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯，这里用的是annual reunion dinner，理解起来更容易。
(二)词类转换词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。
汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。
英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。
在汉译英的过程中，适当转换词性，可以使泽文更符合英语表达习惯。
1、动词→名词一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原来应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。
【原文】各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。
【译文】Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.【分析】原句中“欢度”是动词，但是如果译文中也用动词来表达，则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦，不够整洁，所以译文中用了“celebration”来表达，使得整个甸子更匀称、清晰。
2、动词→介词介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁出现。
褒贬翻译
跨文化交际中情感功能词汇翻译策略窦汝芬（德州学院外语系，山东德州253023）摘要：语言不仅是思维工具，而且是反映和表达情感的工具。
词汇蕴涵着丰富的感情色彩，词汇的情感意义的理解和翻译是比较复杂，因为这样的词汇会因人、因地、因时间不同而不同，并因民族、信仰、观点、职业、个人经历等的不同而不同。
这样的词语的理解和翻译在跨文化交际中显得尤为重要，如何准确的转译感情色彩的词汇以及在转译过程中值得注意的问题是值得我们去思考和探索。
本文就情感词汇理解及翻译的方法作初步探讨。
关键词：词汇；情感意义；翻译策略语言不仅是思维工具，而且是反映和表达情感的工具。
在语言中，词汇蕴涵情感的方式有两种：一是词汇本身对情绪或情感的概括，是大脑对客观事物进行抽象思维的结果；另一是词在使用中附带的情感成分，这种情况在语言学上称之为感情色彩。
词汇具有指示意义（denotation ）和隐含意义（connotation ），语言学中的隐含意义是源于形形色色的、丰富多彩的词义，人们带有一定感情接受和运用这些词语，这样的词往往是指那些（charged words ）带有感情色彩的词语，它们或有褒义（commendatory ）或有贬义（derogatory ），即具有一定程度的隐含意义的词语，这样的词语的理解和翻译在跨文化交际中显得尤为重要，如何准确的转译感情色彩的词汇以及在转译过程中值得注意的问题是值得我们去思考和探索。
在上世纪七十年代，英国著名语言学家Geoffery Leech 在Semantics一书中对语义进行了综合研究，他把词语的意义分为七种：理性意义（Conceptual meaning ）、内涵意义（Connotative M ）、社会意义（Social M ）情感意义（Affective M ）关于讲话人的感情和态度的意义、反映意义（Reflected M ）、搭配意义（Collcative M ）和主题意义（Thematic M ）。
英汉笔译策略和技巧
增词
practice 1. Schooling is compulsory in most states to the age of 16. 2. The American people are always on the move --- from one part of the country to another, from one city to another, from farm to city, from the city to the suburbs.
表达意义的变通
practice: 1. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. 2. Those who wish may become private patients, paying for their treatment, but they still pay their contributions to the national insurance and health schemes.
English to Chinese
LOGO
翻译策略和技巧
什么是翻译技巧（Techniques）？
所谓翻译技巧则指的是翻译的具体手段，即翻译 SL时在某些场合需要对TL做哪些相应的调整和改 变。 翻译技巧一般包括: 改变词类（conversion） 选词用字（diction） 词序调整（inversion） 省略（omission） 增词（amplification） 重复（repetition） 反译法（negation） 分译法（division）等
词类转换法
• 英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据 需要将具有动作性的名词转换为 汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念 的动词转换为汉语名词。
英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧练习（二）
英汉翻译常⽤的⽅法和技巧练习（⼆）⼀、翻译句⼦，注意right 在句中的词类来确定它的词义1. it is not right for children to sit up late 孩⼦们睡得晚不好adj2. the plane was right above out heads 飞机正好在我们头上⾯ adv3. in the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed照⽚底⽚上，左右⿊⽩与正⽚恰好相反n4. she tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery她尽⼒为她丈夫被控抢劫伸冤v⼆、翻译句⼦，注意根据上下⽂及搭配关系来确定斜体词的词义account for1. he is ill; that accounts for his absence.他病了，这就是他缺席的原因2. In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy他在这场战⽃中消灭了五个敌⼈3. i want you to account for every cent you spent我要你把花费的每分钱都交代清楚make up1. if the stove isnt't made up, it will go out如不添煤，炉⼦就会熄灭2. there isn't any girl called Clementine. he's just made her up根本没有个叫。
的姑娘，全是他捏造出来的3. half the roads in the rigion are still to be made up这地区的路⾯有⼀半还没有修好4. society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.社会是由具有迥然不同的能⼒的⼈组成的figure1. the foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures对外贸易的数字由了空前的增长2. dr. elion was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning。
褒贬译法与换序译法
Part I：翻译技巧——褒贬译法Commendation & derogation•commendation: referring to those words that tend to give appraisal or praise to sb. or sth. or behavior, etc.•neutrality: referring to those words that have no distinctively-positive or -negative view towards sb. or sth. ora behavior, etc.derogation: referring to those words that tend to cause sth. or sb. to seem inferior, or detract from sth.; or tend to show a hostile, or critical attitude to sb., etc.)•在翻译中要注意：•a)原文措词本身的语义特征;•b) 作者的写作手法/风格；•c）作者的表达意图；•d）原文所描写的人物关系及人物说话的语用意图，等等。
•褒贬译法之一：褒•一、英语中有些词有明显的褒义特征，翻译时应译出褒义特征，包括整句中与此相关的单位：1）He was a man of renown.（fame）•他是位有名望的人士。
（他是个……的人）例2）He tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.•他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。
例3）“He was polite and always advise willingly”, she recalled.•她会说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。
”•二、英语中有些词有明显的贬义特征，翻译时应译出贬义特征，也包括整句中与此相关的语言单位：•His notoriety as rake did not come until his death.•他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来。
词义偏移与翻译中的褒贬分寸
Ｏ Ｈ ａ ３ ａ Ｃ Ｔ ａ Ｈ ｅ Ｔ Ｈ ａ ｃ Ｈ ａ Ｋ ｐ ｅ ｃ Ｔ ｏ Ｂ Ｏ ｈ ．我跟你 们说 过 ， 天气马
电影我本 来是 不爱 看的 ， 可 昨天 不知 怎 么居 然 觉得 好 看， 显然， 是赶 上堑 了。
上要 变， 要 抓 紧赶 路 ， 不然 ， 我 们在 十 字 驿站 会遭 遇 风
２ ．偏 向积极 意义 的 词义及 翻译
人们感知、 认识 世界 的首选 目标 ， 常常不是标准
现象 ， 而是偏 移 标 准 的异 常现 象 ， 处 于 偏 移 标 准 正 反 两 个极 端位 置 的异 常现象 ， 通 常是 人们 的实 践 兴趣 所 在（ Ｃ ｓ ｎ Ｈ ｐ １ ９ ８ ５ ： ４ ７ ） 。首选 正反 两 个 极 端 的心 理规 律 制约语 言 的 词 汇 构 成 。反 映 异 常 现 象 的词 汇 在 自然
于相应 的形容词 上。词义偏移 多偏向积极意义 。词义偏移为解决 俄汉翻译 中词义 的褒贬提供 了语义 学方面 的理论依
据， 词义偏移在一定语境中有程度深浅、 强弱之分， 翻译中应该结合语境， 恰当地处理词义的褒贬分寸， 再现原文的交际
艺术价值 。
关键 词 ： 语义学 、 句法学 、 翻译学 、 词义偏移 、 词义 褒贬
［ 中图分类号］ＨБайду номын сангаас３ ５
［ 文献标识码］ Ａ
［ 文章编号］ １ ０ ０ ２ — ５ ５ １ ０ （ ２ ０ １ ３ ） ０ ４ — ０ ０ ７ ５ — ０ ５
例， 积极意义的形容词有 ： Ｂ ｅ ｃ § Ⅱ ０ ｅ ， ｎ ｐ 衄。 且 职Ｔ ０ ｅ ， ６ ０ 皿 一
１ ．引言
（ 张家骅 等 ２ ０ ０ ３ ： １ ０ ９ ） 。 ｔ Ｉ Ｈ Ｏ ｅ ， ｙ Ｈ ｍ Ｊ ｉ ｏ ｅ ， Ｔ ｓ Ｈ ４ ｅ Ｊ Ｉ Ｏ ｅ 等； 而说 明常 规 一 般 心情 （ 心
褒贬正反译法音译意译移译
英语的显性否定表达法:
名词 a lack of, absence of , vacancy, exclusion, deprivation 动词 avoid, ban, call off, cancel, deny, deprive, exclude, escape, evade, forbid, fail, hate, ignore, lack, lose, miss, neglect, prohibit, quit, refuse, rid, stop.
全音译
Vitamin 维他命 shock 休克 Boeing 波音 Sauna 桑拿
全音译
Cartoon 卡通 Jazz 爵士 Amitobha 阿弥陀佛 Tatami 榻榻米
全音译
Dumas 杜马 Latin 拉丁语 Hollywood 好莱坞 smart 时髦 system 系统
全音译
Sonar 声纳 Pepsi Cola 百事可乐 Engine 引擎 Hacker 黑客
全音译
Bandage 绷带 Utopia 乌托邦 pump 泵 Copy 拷贝
全音译
brandy 白兰地 Carat 克拉 Ton 吨
正意反说
How can the machine work in the absence of electricity? 没有电，机器怎么运转？ Their explanation is far from being satisfactory. 他们的解释不能令人满意。 In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year. 在高海拔地区， 冰雪常年不化。
词法翻译(二)_褒贬译法-词类转译
褒贬译法；词类转译法
5．词义的褒贬—褒贬译法
带褒义的词： • noble（高尚的） • heroic（英雄的） • sacrifice（牺牲） • polite（有礼貌的） • brave（勇敢的） • kindness（仁慈）
带贬义的词: • accomplice（帮凶） • cheat（欺骗、骗子） • cruel（残忍的） • die-hard(顽固的) •人赞成放弃这项计划。
The first speaker was for abandoning the
project.
4）尽管机票昂贵，还是有成千上万的人乘坐飞
机旅行。 Though plane tickets are expensive, there
are still thousands upon thousands of
people who travel by air.
3. 英语形容词与汉语动词相互转译
英语句子中用作表语的形容词属于动态形容词，常常表 示知觉，情欲，愿望等心理状态，它们往往可以与表 示知觉、情感等心理活动的汉语动词相互转译。
1) He was jealous of his friends’ reputation.
2) She flared up at the sight of her husband walking with another woman.
她一看到自己的丈夫和另一个女人走在一起就勃然大
怒。
C-E
3) 一提到钱，那陌生人就全神贯注起来。
At the mention of money, the stranger
2.英语介词与汉语动词相互转译
英语有大量的介词和介词词组，极大地丰富了英语的表达法。汉 语则多用动词，少用介词。在英汉互译中，英语介词和汉语动 词常常需要相互转译。
翻译学之英语词语翻译技巧(朱云汉)
（一）单词、词组和成语英译汉时具体译法的译例： 1) transportation 运输→运输工具 2) advertisement 广告→广告资料 3) propaganda 宣传→宣传机关 4) translation 翻译→翻译作品 5) government 政府→政府官员 6) family 家庭→家庭成员 7) class 班级→全班学生 8) committee 委员会→委员会成员 9) press 出版→出版物；报纸；杂志；出 版社 10) retirement 退休→退休处；幽静地方；偏僻 地方
谚语：
31) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 32) Make hay while the sun shines. 趁热打铁。 33) There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。 34) Ill news travels fast. 恶事传千里。 35) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 36) 欲速则不达。 More haste, less speed. 37) 出门一里，不如家里。East and west, home is best. 38) 拉入篮里就是菜。All is fish that comes to the net. 39) 皇天不负苦心人。Everything comes to him who waits. 40) 小巫见大巫。The moon is not seen when the sun shines.
二、具体译法
Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我好欺骗吗？ （# a green hand） We Zanzibar would like to build a coloured society where all men can have equal opportunity. 我们桑给巴尔人愿意建立一个机会均等而肤色人种不同的 社会。 The battlefield became something holy. It was not touched. 这个战场几乎已成为一个圣地了，它仍然保持着当年的旧 观。 The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing. 对于大多数去北京的外国游客，万里长城是必不可少的游 览项目。
项目4 商标翻译与英汉翻译技巧之词义的引申和褒贬
_____ 3. Casio
_____ 4. Colgate _____ 5. Lego _____ 6. Nivea _____ 7. Chrysler _____ 8. Hello Kitty _____ 9. Braun
C. 乐高
D. 妮维雅 E. 凯蒂猫 F. 爱普生 G. 家乐福 H. 博柏利 I. 卡西欧
(一) 商标的定义 商标(Trademark)是企业、事业单位和个体工商业者对其生产、制造、加 工、拣选或经销的商品所使用的标志。一般用文字、图形或其组合注明在商 品、商品包装、招牌、广告上。 商标俗称“牌子”、“品牌”、“牌”、“货牌”、“商牌”等。 注册商标(Registered Trademark)或者TM® 在出口商品商标的翻译中，既要考虑中西方文化差异，还要考虑到符合国
青岛(山东—城市，一啤酒商标)
学习任务
二、商标语言的构成
(二) 普通词汇 普通词汇为商标的设计提供了更大的创造性和选择余地，名词、动词、形 容词、数词单独或组合构成商标。这些词汇可以间接地提示或暗示商品的质量 及其实用功能和特点。相对于外国商标，中国商标更侧重于表达喜庆吉祥的意 思。
学习任务
二、商标语言的构成
学习任务
二、商标语言的构成
(三) 臆造词汇 4. 适度改变拼写，做到既不违反商标法，也能帮助消费者联想到商品的特 征。在中文的商标中则是采用谐音的办法。 Up2u —— (化妆品，up to you) 金雀 —— (手表，精确) 999 —— (药品，久久久)
学习任务
三、商标的翻译技巧
在国际商品贸易不断发展的今天，商标也日益具有国际性。商标的翻译既 要保留原文的精华，又要符合消费者的商标心理。 (一) 音译法 (二) 意译法 (三) 音意结合法 (四) 零译法 (五) 英语商标的动词化译法
Chapter 2 词法翻译技巧
二、汉语名词的转译
他的呼吸有股大蒜的味道。 His breath smells of garlic. 他是世上一切邪恶的化身。
personify vt. to be a (perfect) example of, be the living form of (some quality) 是…的化身
Father looked at him in disapproval.
我们必须广泛利用现代科学技术的新成就。 We must utilize the achievements of modern science and technology on a wide scale.
词法翻译的一般技巧 3
变名词为动词
He personified the evil that was in the world. 计算机的灵活性比较大，因此能做很多不同的工作。
Computers are more flexible, and can do a greater
variety of jobs. 就测量的精度和速度而论，似乎还没有其他的技术能
The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.
我们进行了长期不懈的努力。
We have made unremitting efforts for it.
合并译法
二、并列成分的省略
神不知，鬼不觉 取之不尽，用之不竭 攻无不克，战无不胜 主持公道，伸张正义 场场爆满，座无虚席 洗心革面，脱胎换骨 认真读书，刻苦学习 骨肉同胞，手足兄弟 精诚团结，上下一心 secretly / stealthily
英译汉翻译方法与技巧归纳
吴老师翻译工作室英译汉翻译技巧归纳一、词汇方面㈠.词义选择：大多数英语词汇是多义的，翻译时必须选择正确的词义。
词义选择的方法有五：根据词类选择、根据上下文的语境选择、根据词的搭配选择、根据词的专业领域选择、根据词的语法特征选择。
㈡.词义转换在理解英文词汇的原始意义基础上，翻译时根据汉语的习惯选择词的褒贬色彩，词的引伸义、或是进行抽象词与具体词的转换。
㈢.词性转换根据英语的静态语言的特点，将英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、形容词、介词、副词以及动名词、非谓语动词等，汉译时可将它们转换成动词。
㈣.增补词是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达，译文中需将这些含义补充进去，这样才更通顺易读，如：语义增补、语法增补、修辞增补。
㈤.省略是指原文中某些词在译文中省略不译，译后完全不影响译文意义的完整性。
如代词省略、冠词省略、连词省略、介词省略、某些动词的省略、某些名词复数的省略以及根据汉语语言的表达习惯的省略。
㈥.并列与重复英语在表达重复含义的并列结构中常采用共享（承前省或拖车）、替代、转换等形式来避免重复，而汉语却经常有意重复表达以加强文字的力度，故有同词重复和异词重复的翻译对策。
二、句子结构方面句子结构方面的翻译技巧，主要有三种类型：语序类、组合类和转换类。
㈠.语序类1. 顺译法与逆译法英语在表达原因、条件、时间、说明等定语从句、状语从句时位子很灵活，既可以先述也可以后述。
而汉语表达往往是按时间或逻辑或评论的顺序进行的，因此，顺译法也罢逆译法也罢，其实都是为了与汉语的习惯相一致。
英语表达与汉语一致的就顺译，相反的则逆译。
当然，有的时候顺译法与逆译法，两者皆可，依译者的爱好而定。
2. 前置法英语中较短的限定性定语从句、表身份特征或较短等的同位语在译成汉语时，往往可以提到先行词的前面。
3. 分起总叙与总起分叙长句子和句子嵌套现象在英语中比较普遍，这是因为英语的连词、关系代词、关系副词等虚词比较活跃、生成能力强，可构成并列句、复合句以及它们的组合形式。
第四章翻译技巧
• • • •
•
（1）It was Friday and soon they'd go out and get drunk. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩 酊大醉。
（星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读 者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝）
（2）While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cooke's excellent article. 我想给阿利斯太尔· 库克先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽 管这也许是为百合花上色，费力不讨好。 （在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，
他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.
在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪
闪发光。（前置词）
3) Like knows like.
[1][2][3][4][5]
4 词义的引申
• 词义的引申是指在一个词所具有的原始意 义的基础上，根据上下文和逻辑关系进一 步加以引申，选择适当确切的目标语词语 来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐句死译，使译 文更加通顺流畅。 • 由于英语词义对上下文的依赖性强，可变 性大，因此词义引申对英译汉尤为重要。 当然，词义的引申不得超出原始意义所允 许的范围。
音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释
• • 可采用 脚注，还可二者合用。例如： cartoon 卡通片 Hamburger 汉堡包 Benz 奔驰车 clone 克隆（一种无性繁殖方法） sauna 桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴）
英译汉常用的方法和技巧
英译汉常用的方法和技巧英译汉常用的方法和技巧引导语：英译汉常用的方法和技巧，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。
一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬1.一词多义(Polysemy)regularregular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasolinedelicatedelicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food2.注意有线词的词义He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.3.词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction conceptHis novel is a mirror of the times.The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific conceptIn two years, he was a national phenomenon.Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.4.词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.5.ExercisesI have no opinion of that sort of man.She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.The picture flattered her.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.二、词类转译法(一)转译成动词(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)My admiration for him grew more.He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.I am no drinker, nor smoker.The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.We are fortunate in our opponent.Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)He said the meeting was informative.They were news-hungry.It was a very informative meeting.(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.It has snowed over.Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?(二)转译成名词(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)She knows what’s what.They thought differently.TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.He roared, which threatened his enemies away.The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.(2)形容词转译成名词The new treaty would be good for ten years.The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.(三)转译成形容词名词转译成形容词Their physical experiment was a success.The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.(四)其他词类转译副词转译成名词The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.The image must be dimensionally correct.三、被动语态的`译法(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.(二)以by为着眼点，进行多种译文1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.2. It should be understood that to err is human.(四)汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.3. He was set upon by two naked men.4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.四、增词法(一)名词、动名词前增补动词1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.(二)英语抽象名词的翻译1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.2. Many changes take place during the transformation.3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词1. It was a Godsend to him.2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.(四)增添“概括”性的词1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen andnitrogen.5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.2. Those were the words that were to make the world blos som for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.(七)增补量词1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb,a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.(八)增补表示复数含义的词1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.【英译汉常用的方法和技巧】。
褒贬译法group 6(1)
褒贬译法的三种情况
褒译法 贬译法 中性词转褒或贬
He is a helpful man. Hitler was the notorious war monger in the War World II 。 希特勒是第二次世界大战时期臭名昭著的战争 狂人。 狂人。
DIE
褒义： 就义 牺牲 献身 捐躯 殉职 千古 中性意义： 死亡 过世 去世 没了 老了 贬义： 完蛋 暴毙 丧命 一命呜呼 横死
Mr. Robert is an ambitious and aggressive young man. (褒义)罗伯特先生是一位雄心勃勃，富于进取 的小伙子 (贬义) 罗伯特先生是一个野心勃勃，咄咄逼 人的小伙子。
aggressive
Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 希特勒夺取政权后，就推行侵略政策。 John was aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 约翰是一个积极的推销员，他工作干得很出色。
中性词转褒或贬
当词汇本身褒贬不确定时，必须根据上下文以及 作者在整篇文中所持的立场和态度来确定其褒贬 含义，如果没有上下文，可以根据自己的理解去 翻译。
中性词转译贬义——表现人物语气 表现人物语气 中性词转译贬义
She is fidgety and restless. 她生性急躁好动 好动。 好动 As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. 真不凑巧，野餐那天下雨了。 真不凑巧
cunning
Those blackguards are as cunning as a fox. 这些流氓像狐狸一样狡猾。 这些流氓像狐狸一样狡猾。 His girl friend gave him a cunning smile while speaking. 她女友说着话，给他一个迷人的微笑。 她女友说着话，给他一个迷人的微笑。 With cunning hands the sculptor shaped the little statue. 雕刻家用灵巧的双手雕成了这座小巧的雕像。 雕刻家用灵巧的双手雕成了这座小巧的雕像。
英译汉常用的方法和技巧
LOGO
（二）前置词/介词转译成动词
（三）形容词转译成动词
（四）副词转译成动词
1) Spring is in at last. 春天终于来到了。
LOGO
2) The Democratic Party was then in. 当时是民主党执政。
LOGO
词类转译法（一）
一 转译成动词 （一）名词转译成动词 1) She has a firm conviction that she will overcome all the difficulties. 她坚信她会克服所有的困难。
1) My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 我建议他立刻戒烟。
LOGO
2) He has the assurance to ask me for money. 他竟然厚着脸皮向我要钱。
3) Jim was an aggressive engineer who did his job quite well. 吉姆是个有进取心的工程师，他工作干得很出色。
LOGO
3) That company was short of hands. 那家公司缺少人手。
4) We have the situation well in hand. 我们能把握好局势。
5)They give the film star a big hand. 他们鼓掌欢迎这位电影明显。
LOGO
4) … that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. 这个民有，民治，民享的政府，将不会从地球上消失。
翻译3.7：褒贬译法
6. 正译与反译——翻译练习
翻译练习
1）Her husband was a brave pilot during the Second World War.
她的丈夫是二战期间一位勇敢的飞行员。 2）These boys are big enough to be self-respecting. 这些男孩大了，应该有自尊心了。 3）He is respected by people for his foresightedness. 他由于富于远见而受到人们的尊敬。 4）The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people. 侵略者遭到了人们的顽强抵抗。 5）As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里刚巧没有人。
③ There must be something in it. 这里面必定有名堂。
④ “She is my horse, my dog, my anything,” the male chauvinist husband said. “她是我的马，我的狗，反正是属于我的东西，” 那个大男子主义的丈夫说。 ⑤ I am a mere nobody. 我是一个微不足道的无名小卒。
16）something /anything /nothing // somebody /anybody /nobody:
① It’s always something that you are the owner of so many wonderful books. 想想你拥有那么多好书，你就会感到欣慰。 ② He has a strong desire to be somebody. 他极想出人头地。
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褒贬译法之三: 褒贬译法之三:中性词转褒或贬
He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds deeds. 他欺骗了我,并且使我成了他的罪恶勾当 他欺骗了我,并且使我成了他的罪恶勾当 的工具. 的工具. As a demanding boss, he expected total royalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板,要求手下员工对他忠 他是个苛刻的老板, 苛刻的老板 心耿耿,鞠躬尽瘁. 心耿耿,鞠躬尽瘁.
Practice: Translate the following pair of English sentences into Chinese with the above said points involving commendation and derogation
1a) It was mid-August and the subject of discussion of the Allies was the future of Rommel and his Africa Corps. 1b) They predicted that the youth would have a bright future. 2a) John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 2b) Bill was an aggressive man and had very few friends. 3a) Hans was too obviously flattering the manager by saying he was the most responsible person he had ever seen. 3b) Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.
His notoriety as rake did not come until his death. 恶名是他死后才传开来 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来. 修订:他的流氓行径在他死后才广为人知. 修订:他的流氓行径在他死后才广为人知 流氓行径在他死后才广为人知.
褒贬译法之一: 褒贬译法之一:褒
他们在积极巩固战果. 他们在积极巩固战果 战果. The were actively consolidating their gains. victorious gains. (sometimes referring to
things grabbed/captured)
Wang Dong won / succeeded in achieving Li Chan's heart / favor/love.
Wang Dong deceived / stole away Li Chan's heart / favor/ love.
王东骗取了丽婵的欢心. 王东骗取了丽婵的欢心. 骗取了丽婵的欢心
Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话 亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话. 亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话.
褒贬译法之三: 褒贬译法之三:中性词转褒或贬
三,英语中有些词有些词具有中性语 英语中有些词有些词具有中性语 义特征, 义特征,翻译时在一定上下文中宜译 出褒义或贬义特征, 出褒义或贬义特征,同样也包括整句 中与此相关的语言单位: 中与此相关的语言单位:
褒贬译法之一: 褒贬译法之一:褒
Zhao Zhongxiang is a well-known T.V. program moderator in China, particularly noted for being interpreter of The Animal World. 赵忠祥是中国赫赫有名的电视节目主持人, 赵忠祥是中国赫赫有名的电视节目主持人, 赫赫有名的电视节目主持人 尤其以解说"动物世界"节目为人称道 为人称道. 尤其以解说"动物世界"节目为人称道.
他是位有名望的人士.(他是个……的人) 他是位 名望的人士.(他是个……的 .(他是
例2) He tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的 事业 willingly", 例3)"He was polite and always advise willingly she recalled. 她会说,"他彬彬有礼,总是诲人不倦." 她会说, 彬彬有礼,总是诲人不倦 诲人不倦.
The were actively consolidating their victories.
褒贬译法之二: 褒贬译法之二:贬
二,英语中有些词有明显的 贬义特征,翻译时应译出贬义 贬义特征,翻译时应译出贬义 特征, 特征,也包括整句中与此相关 的语言单位: 的语言单位:
褒贬译法之二: 褒贬译法之二:贬
褒贬译法的几种情况
褒贬译法之一:褒 褒贬译法之一:
一,英语中有些词有明显的褒义特 英语中有些词有明显的褒义特 翻译时应译出褒义特征 褒义特征, 征,翻译时应译出褒义特征,包 括整句中与此相关的单位: 括整句中与此相关的单位:
褒贬译法之一: 褒贬译法之一:褒
例1)He was a man of renown.(fame)
Wife: "I'm afraid that you may invite the rats from all over the world to gnaw your bone." 妻子说:"恐怕你会把全世界的老鼠引来 妻子说: 恐怕你会把全世界的老鼠引来 啃你的骨头. 啃你的骨头." 老伴说:"就怕你会把全世界的老鼠招来 老伴说 就怕你会把全世界的老鼠招来 啃你那把老骨头 那把老骨头. 啃你那把老骨头."
第三周英译汉讲义
Part I:翻译技巧——褒贬译法 翻译技巧—— ——褒贬译法 Commendation & derogation
1,About Concepts ,
commendation: referring to those words that tend to give appraisal or praise to sb. orபைடு நூலகம்sth. or behavior, etc. neutrality: referring to those words that have no distinctively-positive or -negative view towards sb. or sth. or a behavior, etc. derogation: referring to those words that tend to cause sth. or sb. to seem inferior, or detract from sth.; or tend to show a hostile, or critical attitude to sb., etc.)
commendation: commendation:
derogation: :
暴卒,凶死,丧命,命丧黄泉,一命呜呼,死于非命, 暴卒,凶死,丧命,命丧黄泉,一命呜呼,死于非命, 登鬼录,玩儿完,…… 登鬼录,玩儿完,……
翻译要点: 翻译要点: 在翻译中要注意: 在翻译中要注意: a)原文措词本身的语义特征 原文措词本身的语义特征; 原文措词本身的语义特征 b) 作者的写作手法 风格; 作者的写作手法/风格 风格; c)作者的表达意图; )作者的表达意图; d)原文所描写的人物关系及人物说话 ) 的语用意图,等等. 的语用意图,等等.
褒贬译法之三: 褒贬译法之三:中性词转褒或贬
He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 他是位诚实正直的人,但不幸传有某种坏名声.我认为他 他是位诚实正直的人,但不幸传有某种坏名声. 传有某种坏名声 不该有这个坏名声 这个坏名声. 不该有这个坏名声. Then,just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure journey, my journey the Russian arrested me as a "spy"and sent me out through Poland. 后来,就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友到达的时候, 后来,就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友到达的时候, 我国人把我当作"间谍"逮捕,并把我驱逐出境 驱逐出境, 我国人把我当作"间谍"逮捕,并把我驱逐出境,取道波 兰.
If the government listens to the minor grumbling and whining of the unemployed, it surely should be responsive to the plight of the affluent. (if someone is responsive, they
react quickly and favorably)
如果政府听取了少数失业者抱怨和牢骚的声音,那么陷于苦 如果政府听取了少数失业者抱怨和牢骚的声音,那么陷于苦 的声音 境的富裕人士定会有更加热烈的反应 富裕人士定会有更加热烈的反应. 境的富裕人士定会有更加热烈的反应.