初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)
中考英语三大从句(宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句)
【中考英语专项复习——宾语从句】(一)宾语从句的种类宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。
根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。
that只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。
例如:He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.I am sure (that) he will succeed.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。
这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。
例如:Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?He asked whose handwriting was the best.Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?I don’t know why the t rain is late.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。
if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。
例如:I want to know if (whether) he lives there.He asked me whether (if) I could help him.(二)宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。
例如:I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.I think (that) you will like this school soon.Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.(三)宾语从句的时态1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。
中考初中英语易错题及答案分析+初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)
初中英语易错题归纳总结一、名词、冠词1.-What can I do for you? -I'd like two _______.A. box of appleB. boxes of applesC. box of applesD. boxes of apple答案:B.(选择其他3项的同学要注意仔细看题。
不要马虎,这里box和apple都是可数名词。
)2. Help yourself to _________.A. some chickensB. a chickenC. some chickenD. any chicken答案:C.(选择A的同学要注意chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数。
)3. ________ it is today!A. What fine weatherB. What a fine weatherC. How a fine weatherD. How fine a weather答案:A.(选择B的同学要注意weather不可数。
选择C和D的同学要注意weather 是名词,要用what来感叹。
)4. Which is the way to the __________?A. shoe factoryB. shoes factoryC. shoe's factoryD. shoes' factory答案:A.(选择D的同学注意这里不是指名词所有格,而是名词作形容词的用法。
类似的用法如:pencil box;school bag等。
)5. This class ________ now. Miss Gao teaches them.A. are studyingB. is studyingC. be studyingD. studying答案:A. (选择B的同学要注意,当这种概念名词当“人”讲的时候要做复数处理。
类似的还有:the police are running after the thief等。
英语从句知识点总结
英语从句知识点总结英语从句是指在一个句子中包含有其他从句的句子结构。
英语从句有很多种类型,包括名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。
以下是对这些英语从句的知识点总结:1. 名词性从句 (Noun Clauses):名词性从句可以在句子中充当名词的角色,可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
常见的名词性从句的引导词有:that, whether, if, who, whom, which, what, whose, when, where, why等。
2. 定语从句 (Adjective Clauses):定语从句用来修饰一个名词或代词,从而起到修饰的作用。
常见的定语从句的引导词有:that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why等。
3. 状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses):状语从句用来修饰一个动词、形容词或副词,并对句子中的时间、地点、原因、结果、条件等进行说明。
常见的状语从句的引导词有:when, before, after, while, since, until, because, as, if, unless, although, though, whether等。
4. 引导从句的连接词:引导从句的连接词根据从句的类型而有所不同。
常见的引导从句的连接词有:that, whether, if, who, whom, which, what, whose, when, where, why, how等。
5. 从句的位置:从句可以出现在主句前面、中间或后面,具体的位置取决于从句的类型和句子的结构。
6. 省略从句的连接词:在某些情况下,从句的连接词可以省略,只保留从句的其他成分,例如主语、谓语等。
7. 从句的语序:从句的语序与主句的语序有所不同。
在陈述语序中,从句的语序和主句的语序一致;而在疑问语序中,从句的语序要倒装。
以上是英语从句的一些基本知识点总结。
九年级英语unit3知识点归纳
九年级英语unit3知识点归纳九年级英语Unit 3 知识点归纳Unit 3 是九年级英语中的重要一单元,主要涉及的知识点包括高级句型、介词短语和非谓语动词等。
本文将围绕这些知识点展开详细介绍。
一、高级句型1. 定语从句定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句。
关系代词用来引导定语从句,主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, where, when等。
例如:- The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.- The girl who is standing over there is my best friend.2. 宾语从句宾语从句是在主句中作为宾语的从句。
常用的引导词有that, whether, if等。
例如:- I don't know if it will rain tomorrow.- She asked me whether I had finished my homework.3. 状语从句状语从句是用来修饰主句的副词从句,常用的引导词有when, while, after, before, since, until等。
例如:- He always listens to music while he is doing his homework.- I will call you back as soon as I finish my work.二、介词短语介词短语在句中起着修饰或者指示的作用,可以表达时间、地点、原因、方式等。
常见的介词短语有at, in, on, of, for, with, by等。
例如:- I will meet you at the park tomorrow.- She is good at playing the piano.三、非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中作为非主谓部分的动词形式,包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点A、定语从句专项讲解与训练一、定语从句概念定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。
定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。
另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。
定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。
请看示例:The woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。
常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。
它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:先行词主格宾格所有格人 who whom whose物 which which whose of which人、物 that that —(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。
例如:An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the firstyear of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。
Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。
三大从句知识点
三大从句知识点三大从句是英语语法中的重要知识点,包括名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
下面将分别介绍这三种从句的定义、用法和例句。
一、名词性从句名词性从句是在句子中充当名词的成分,可以作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1. 主语从句:在句子中充当主语的从句,常用连接词有that、whether、if等。
例句:That she is not coming is a great disappointment to us.(她不来对我们来说是个很大的失望。
)2. 宾语从句:在句子中充当宾语的从句,常用连接词有that、whether、if等。
例句:I don't know whether he will come or not.(我不知道他是否会来。
)3. 表语从句:在句子中充当表语的从句,常用连接词有that、whether、if等。
例句:The important thing is that we finish the project on time.(重要的是我们要按时完成这个项目。
)4. 同位语从句:用来解释或说明名词或代词的从句,常用连接词有that、whether、if等。
例句:The fact that he lied surprised everyone.(他撒谎的事实让每个人都感到惊讶。
)二、形容词性从句形容词性从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句,常用连接词有who、whom、whose、which、that等。
5. 限制性形容词性从句:对名词或代词进行限制或修饰,不能省略。
例句:The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.(我从图书馆借来的那本书非常有趣。
)6. 非限制性形容词性从句:对名词或代词进行补充说明,用逗号与主句隔开,可以省略。
例句:My sister, who is a doctor, lives in London.(我的妹妹是个医生,住在伦敦。
中考英语必考的3大从句
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英语从句知识点总结笔记
英语从句知识点总结笔记一、从句的分类英语中的从句主要包括名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句三种。
1. 名词性从句名词性从句在句中的作用相当于名词,可做主语、宾语、表语或宾语补语。
名词性从句主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。
主语从句:引导词为that, whether, if, who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等。
例如:What he said is true.(他说的话是真的。
)宾语从句:引导词为that, whether, if, who, whom, whose, what, which等。
例如:I know what you mean.(我知道你的意思。
)表语从句:引导词为that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which等。
例如:The problem is whether we can solve it.(问题是我们能否解决它。
)同位语从句:引导词为that, whether, who, what, which等。
例如:The news that he won the championship pleased everyone.(他赢得了冠军的消息使每个人都很高兴。
)2. 形容词性从句形容词性从句相当于形容词,在句中修饰名词或代词。
形容词性从句的引导词有that, who, whom, whose, which等。
例如:The book that you are reading is interesting.(你正在读的那本书很有趣。
)3. 副词性从句副词性从句相当于副词,在句中修饰动词、形容词、副词等。
副词性从句分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句等类型。
时间状语从句:引导词有when, while, before, after, since, until, as soon as, whenever, the moment等。
英语三大从句语法讲解
英语三大从句在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句、形容词性从句即定语从句、副词性从句即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等;定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等;常见的关系代词有:who, that, which;它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:一关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语;An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人;whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略;Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语; The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学;Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用of which;whose window=the window of which,意思是:the window of the hotel; 二关系代词which的用法which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略;I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说;which可以换成that三关系代词that的用法that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略;:Is she the girl that sells newspapers她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗that可以换成whoWhere is the ice-cream that was in the fridge放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了that可以换成whichIs this the book that you want to buy这是你要买的那本书吗 that可以换成which,在定语从句作宾语,还可以省略二、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语;一关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语;In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份;when先行词是months二关系副词where的用法关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语;During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡;where的先行词是town三关系副词why的用法关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语;The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件;why先行词是reason, 当代英语里why可以用that替代,这时关系代词that 就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why省略三、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句一在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引导定语从句You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少;第一个as是副词,修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语二独立于主句之外,as引导定语从句As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转;As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句,as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句;Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分;关系代词as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语;四、关系代词who, which与that的区别一关系代词who与that的区别1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who;He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切;先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one 等时,多用whoI met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语;在非限制性定语从句中,用who 2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用that;The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师;介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词;因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:1 The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.2 The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.3 The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.4 The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用that;He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人;that用来泛指人4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时,应用that;例如:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁避免重复使用who,以免造成误解或语义含混不清二关系代词which与that的区别1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时,关系代词多用that;All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金;She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我;2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时,关系代词一般都用that;This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说;He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人;3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时,应用that;Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which4. 在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词一般只用which;Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都,将主办2008年奥运会;5. 介词后的关系代词用which,而不用that;She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票,其中60%是德国邮票;五、定语从句的位置如前所述,定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后;有时候,定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语,这样它们被分隔了,这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句;There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫;很明显,她疯了;定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl,被upstairs所隔开A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了;定语从句置于句末以示强调名词性从句宾语从句一、引导词1由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后;连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略;如:I told him that he was wrong.在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式;见语法:否定转移如:I don’t think you are right. 我认为你做的不对在许多带有复合宾语的句子中,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式宾语;We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone 我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的2 由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句; Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下,whether和if 可以替换;I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导Everything depends on whether we have enough money.宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.3由wh-引导的宾语从句;连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which 和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分;Do you know which film they are talking about which做定语I don’t know where he lives. where 做地点状语二、宾语从句的语序,宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 I believe that they will come soon.特例:有下列常见的问句,作为从句出现,是“不改变语句顺序”的;1. What's the matter2. What's wrong3. What's up4. What's the problem5. What's your trouble三、宾语从句的时态;宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,即:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定;主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态;如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态;1 She says that she is a student.→ She said that she was a student.2She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. → She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3She says that she has finished her homewor k already. → She said that she had finished her homework already.1如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态;The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.2Could you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去;Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum注意事项:3由陈述句变成宾语从句时,要注意人称的变化;She said: “I have been to England before.” → She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths” → She asked me if I liked maths.4宾语从句与简单句的交换;由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句,如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时,可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构;I don’t know what I should do next. → I don’t know what to do next.DO SOME EXERCISES:1.Can you see AA. what he’s readingB. what is he readingC. what does he readD. he reads what2. Does Jack come from Japan Do you know合并成一个句子Do you know ___that__Jack __come___from Japan3._What did your son say in the letter_He told me that he_D__ the Disney the next day.A. will visitB. has visitedC. is going to visitD. would visit4. He didn’t know___A____A. what’s the matterB. what the matter isC. what was the matterD. what the matter was5. Somebody called you just now, but I didn’t know__D__A. who were theyB. who they wereC. who was itD. who it was6. I want to know___D__A. what is his n ameB. what’s his nameC. that his name isD. what his name is7. ---Could you tell me __C__she is looking for---Her cousin, Susan.A. thatB. whose C .who D. which8. ---What are you searching the Internet for---I’m trying to find out____.A. What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLUB. How many persons have died in IraqC. How to protect our environmentD. Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea同位语从句一一般来说,在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句;它通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容;可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word消息,problem, question, doubt, thought等; eg: They were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时,他们欣喜若狂;有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开; 如:The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book. 他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了;二引导词1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.7. I have no idea when he will be back.小结:① that引导同位语从句时无词义,也不充当任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1;② whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”,通常不能用if来代替, 如句2;③ 连接代词who, what等可以引导同位语从句,如句3, 4;④ 连接副词where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句, 如句5,6,7;三 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句① 意义不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词;试比较:1. The news that our team has won the final match isencouraging.2. The news that you told us is really encouraging.② that的功能不同:that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分;试比较:1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player ifI passed the English test.2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.③ 可否省略:that在引导同位语从句时,通常不可省略;在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略,若作主语则不可以省略;DO SOME EXERCISES:I. 请用适当的词填空,使下列句子意思完整;1. They expressed the hope _that_ they would come over toChina soon.2. The fact ___that____ he didn’t see Tom this morning istrue.3. Word has come __where_____ some American guests will cometo our college for a visit next week.4. He can’t answer the question ___how____ he got the moneyfrom his home yesterday.5. Do you have any idea __what___ is actually going on inthe classroom6. The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hallnow must be decided at once.II. 下列各句中均有一处错误,请改正;1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won’t beable to see you this afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what shesaid or not.4. I’ve read the book where you gave me the day beforeyesterday. 5. One of the men held the opinion when what the book said was right.表语从句表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是连系动词;名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西;how 在表语从句中充当方式状语The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的;what 在表语从句中充当宾语What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本;what在主语从句中作直接宾语, that 作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分, 不能省略That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的;what在表语从句中充当直接宾语That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因;why 在表语从句中充当原因状语“That is why...”是常用句型, 意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”, 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语, 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构, 它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:1“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义, 只不过从语法结构上讲, “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句, 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样 That is the reason why I cannot agree.2“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语, 这也是个常用句型, 意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”;“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由, “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影, 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业;第一句话说明结果, 第二句话说明原因He had seen the film before. That is why he did not seeit last night.他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚上没有去看;第一句话说明原因, 第二句话说明结果考题1The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. 2007上海A. whenB. whyC. whetherD. that考题2You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. 2004A. whyB. whereC. whatD. how考题3— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____ you had a few days off 1999A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where考题4____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. 2003上海春A. What; becauseB. What; thatC. That; whatD. That; because考题5—Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game—Oh, that’s ____. 2003北京春A. what makes me feel excitedB. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about itD. when I feel excited 表语从句与宾语从句的关系宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句;其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同;故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句,充当表语的句子叫表语从句;宾语从句1对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点①语序: 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序, 即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式;②时态: 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候, 从句可以是任何时态, 而当主句是一般过去时的时候, 从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态, 即一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去将来时;③连接词: 当从句意思完整, 主句意思肯定时, 连接词用that, 且可以省去当从句意思完整, 主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用if或whether是否当从句意思不完整时, 连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词;表语从句在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句,位于主句系动词的后面;表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同;也是名词性从句的一种;What the police want to know is when you entered the room.警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间;The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金; This is what we should do这是我们应当做的;That is why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因;His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有; 从句中的疑问句用正常语序,即陈述语序;as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句;She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事;It is because you eat too much那是因为你吃得太多了;状语从句一状语从句的种类1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句;3.原因状语从句;4.条件状语从句;5.目的状语从句;6.让步状语从句;7比较状语从句;8.程度状语从句;9.方式状语从句;10.结果状语从句;二状语从句的时态一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”;1时间状语从句1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句;when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词;并且when有时表示“就在那时”; While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生或者相对应;并且while有时还可以表示对比;While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后;As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了;as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句;before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”; 时态:当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后;After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后;主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反;3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句;till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until;并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同;4.由since引导的时间状语从句;since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词;一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时;但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时;5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句;这些连词都表示“一……就”;hardlyscarcely, rarely…when / before, no sooner…than 相当于as soon as之意;主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时;当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序;6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句;时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时;7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句;8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句;这两个连词表示“只要;和…一样长”;2地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,:句型1:Where+地点从句,there+主句;此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there 可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there;句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句;状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等;状语从句都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号;3原因状语从句: because, since, as和for都表示原因;because 语势最强,回答why提出的问题,用来说明人所不知的原因;当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因,就用as或since;由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替;但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for;4目的状语从句:表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导;5结果状语从句:结果状语从句常由so...that 或 such...that引导,首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词;such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词;so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配;The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.6让步状语从句:是由though, although 引导的状语从句;。
初中英语重点语法三大从句总结
初中英语重点语法三大从句总结初中英语中,主要有三大从句,即宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句(包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
1宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
that: I think that you can pass the exam. Whether/if: I don’t know what the word means. “Wh”: I don’t know what the word means.I don’t know where he found the book.只用whether的情况:1. 与or not连用:I don’t know whether it’s raining or not.2. 与动词不定式连用:He doesn’t know whether to accept the invitation.3. 连接词前有介词时:It depends on whether he is coming.1. 主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可)She wants to know what he has done for the exam.2.主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。
1)She said that she was a student.2)She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3)She said that she had finished her homework already.3. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.2定语从句在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句。
先行词指人 who /that先行词指物 which/ that定语从句一般紧跟被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)后关系代词代替先行词在句子中担当成分,所以从句中不可再出现其他代替先行词的代词Whom: 先行词指人,则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语(包括介词的宾语), 与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whom1. This is the teacher whomwho we like best.2. I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking.Whose :指人或物,作定语,表示“…的”eg: Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher.关系代词只能 that 的特殊情况:1.先行词前有序数词修饰时:This is the first gift that my parents bought me.2.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时:This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen.3. 先行词是不定代词something, anything等时.e.g. Is there anything that you want i n this shop4. 先行词是人和物时, 用that.e.g.He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all.5. 先行词被all , little , the only , the very(就是,正是), the last 等词修饰时,只能用thate.g. This is the last place that I want to visit.6. 特殊疑问句以who 或which 开头,只能用that引导.Who is the girl that is making a speech on the platform?当关系代词前使用介词时:物+介词+which ; 人+ 介词 + whom当关系代词前使用介词时:e.g. 1. This is the train by which we went to Beijing.2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking.3状语从句在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句,它可以用来修饰谓语(包括非谓语动词)、定语或状语,或是整个句子。
中考英语从句知识总结
中考从句知识总结初中阶段着重要研究的从句有:宾语从句、状语从句、no matter从句和定语从句。
第一讲从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子,充当什么成分就叫什么从句,如:充当宾语就叫宾语从句,充当定语成分就叫定语从句。
从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点:从句是句子。
从句的共同特点:1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前,谓语在后,如:He is a teacher主语He在谓语is之前,因此是陈述语序,而Is he a teacher?主语He在谓语is之后,因此不是陈述语序。
)第二讲:宾语从句宾语从句是中考的一个重要得分点,大家复习时一定要重视。
在研究宾语从句之前我们先来看一下什么是宾语。
宾语就是在句子中用来回答谁做了什么中什么的成分,如I lost my car中my car就回答了我丢失了什么中的“什么”,因此my car就是宾语,宾语包括动宾、介宾,动宾就是跟在及物动词后的宾语,如:I have finished my homework(my homework是跟在finish后的动宾);介宾就是跟在介词后作宾语,如:I’m interested in English(English是跟在in后的介宾语)。
宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子,如:He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.宾语从句的特点:1.宾语从句有自己的连接词2.宾语从句用陈述语序3.宾语从句的时态一.宾语从句的连接词:宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。
一般情况下选用连接词时,多用翻译语气法,在研究语气翻译翻译法之前,让我们先来看一下什么是语气,语气就是说话的口气,语气可分为三种:A.陈述语气即没有任何疑问的不需要回答的语气,如:I have found my lost car;B一般疑问语气:可以用Yes或No来回答的疑问语气,如:Do you need a piece of paper?Yes,thank you.;C特殊疑问语气:需要具体回答的语气,如:When were you born?October3rd.在为宾语从句选连接词时,我们首先应将宾语从句译成汉语,看是什么语气,陈述语气用that作连接词,that可以省略,如:He told me (that)his father would come back the next week.一般疑问语气用if/whether作连接词,if 与whether大多数情况下可以互换,但当宾语从句中有or not时,不可用if只可用whether,如:She asked his mother if/whether she could help her.He wanted to know whether his fatherwould come to see him the next day or not.特殊疑问语气用特殊疑问词,如:He wants to know what he can do to help his sister.特殊疑问词含义:1).wh-型what(什么)What do you want to eat?What(哪个)+可数名词单数/不可数名词What class are you in?What time is it now?when(什么时候)When do you want to meet him?Where(哪里)Where are you from?Who(谁)主格Who is calling you?Whom(谁)宾格Whom do you want to help you with your English?(口语中常用who来代替whom)whose (谁的)(+名词)Whose cup is this?There is a cup on the desk,whose is it?Why(为什么)Why do you like music so much?Which(哪一个)+可数名词单数Which apple do you want?Which (哪一些)+可数名词复数Which apples are from his garden?Which(哪一个)Which do you prefer,this apple or that?2).how-型how(怎样)How do you usually come to school?How(身体怎样)How are you? How long(多长时间)How will you stay in China?How soon(多长时间以后)与将来时(包括现在将来时与过去将来时)连用How soon will you be back?How often(多长时间一词)注意当遇到了诸如:three times a day/a week之类的也用how often How often do you have a maths lesson?Twice a day.How many times(多少次)How many times do you take this medicine a day? Three times.How much(多少)+不可数名词How much meat do you want?注意问钱不忘how much How much is your shirt?How many(多少)+可数名词复数How many people(本身就是复数)are there in your family?How old(多大)问年龄How old is that boy?7years old. How far(多远)How far is it from your home to your school?Two kilometers away.How tall(多高)一般指人高树高烟囱高,How tall is the boy?How high(多高)一般指山高建筑物高及离开地面高,How high can he jump?二.宾语从句的语序;A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),如:I want to know if he can come tomorrowB.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词,如:She asked me who had helped him三.宾语从句的时态,只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任,主过则从过,客观真理一般现”。
初中从句知识点总结讲解
中级教育学校从句知识点总结讲解一、什么是从句从句是指在复合句中充当句子成分的一部分的句子。
它可以在主句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语等成分。
从句分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三种。
二、名词性从句名词性从句可以在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等成分,常见的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1. 主语从句主语从句在句中充当主语,常用毗连词有that, whether, if等。
例如:- That he is a good student is well known to everyone. 意思是“他是一个好同砚这是大家都知道的。
”- Whether he will come to the party is still uncertain. 意思是“他是否会来参与派对还不确定。
”2. 宾语从句宾语从句在句中充当宾语,常用毗连词有that, whether, if等。
例如:- He said that he would go shopping with me tomorrow. 意思是“他说他明天会和我一起去购物。
”- I don't know whether she can pass the exam.意思是“我不知道她是否能通过考试。
”3. 表语从句表语从句在句中充当表语,常用毗连词有that, whether,if等。
例如:- The fact is that he is a liar.意思是“事实是他是一个说谎者。
”- My concern is whether we can finish the project on time.意思是“我关注的是我们是否能按时完成项目。
”4. 同位语从句同位语从句在句中充当同位语,常用毗连词有that, whether, if等。
例如:- The news that he got the first prize made me happy. 意思是“他获得第一名的消息让我很兴奋。
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总A、定语从句专项讲解与训练一、定语从句概念定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。
定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。
另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。
定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。
请看示例:The woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。
常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。
它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:先行词主格宾格所有格人 who whom whose物 which which whose of which人、物 that that —(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。
例如:An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。
Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。
whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。
初中英语从句知识点总结
初中英语从句知识点总结初中英语从句知识点总结初中英语从句知识点总结1从句分为定语从句,状语从句和名词从句三大类。
定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种,由关系代词或关系副词引导,修饰主句的某个成分。
状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。
名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及there be句型。
1.定语从句限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事,而which只代表事;二者在从句中作主语或宾语。
that作宾语时常可省略,which则不能,而且其后的“不及物动词+介词’’中的介词不能省略。
which作宾语时,先行词与which之间的介词不能省。
例如:1.The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830.2.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part,during which he sailed round the Cape Horn.代表a11,anything,something,nothing,much等词时,用that而不用which,that作宾语可省略。
例如:1.I care anything that has something to do with it.2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him.3.That is the last time we met each other.4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterday.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句的主语和宾语。
where是关系副词,用于表示地点的定语从句,而when用来表示时间。
whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语。
上海中考三大从句
中考英语语法——三大从句(宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句):一、宾语从句宾语从句在句子中作为宾语,通常放在动词、介词或形容词后面。
三大考点:引导词、时态和语序。
其中,语序必须是陈述句语序。
1. 常由下面的一些词引导:●由that 引导,表示陈述意义,that可省略。
●由if ,whether 引导,表示一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等)。
●由连接代词、连接副词(疑问词)引导,表示特殊疑问意义。
2. 时态:主句用现在时或将来时,从句可用任何时态。
主句用过去时,从句用与过去相关的时态。
(1)从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时,仍用现在时。
(2)从句中有具体时间状语,即使从句动作发生在主句动作前,仍用一般过去时。
【例】主句:I don't know.(我不知道。
)从句:if he will come.(他是否会来。
)解释:在这个例子中,“他是否会来”是宾语从句,作为“不知道”的宾语。
英文中,“if he will come”也起到了同样的作用,作为“don't know”的宾语。
二、定语从句定语从句在句中作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词:who,whom,whose,that,which。
关系副词有:where,when,why。
【例】主句:I like the book.(我喜欢那本书。
)从句:that is red.(那本红色的。
)解释:在这个例子中,“那本红色的”是定语从句,修饰名词“书”。
英文中,“that is red”是定语从句,修饰名词“book”。
三、状语从句状语从句在复合句中作状语,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。
状语从句放在主句前时,常用逗号隔开;放在主句后时,可以不用逗号;放在主句中间时,从句前后都要用逗号。
状语从句根据意义可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句和方式状语从句。
初中英语语法三大从句汇总修订稿
初中英语语法三大从句汇总集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]初中英语语法——三大从句汇总在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点A、定语从句专项讲解与训练一、定语从句概念定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。
定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。
另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。
定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。
请看示例:The woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。
常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。
它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:格先行词主格宾格所有格人 who whom whose物 which whichwhoseof which人、物 that that —(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。
例如:An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。
初中英语语法三大从句汇总
初中英语语法三大从句汇总
1.名词性从句
名词性从句用来充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等。
常见的名词性从句有:
主语从句:What he said was really surprising.
宾语从句:I don't know where he is.
表语从句:The important thing is that you try your best.
2.定语从句
定语从句用来修饰名词或代词。
常见的定语从句有:
限制性定语从句:The book that I bought is very interesting.
非限制性定语从句:My sister, who is a doctor, lives in New York.
3.状语从句
状语从句用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、结果等与主句之间的关系。
常见的状语从句有:
时间状语从句:I will call you when I arrive.
原因状语从句:She didn't go to the party because she was tired.
条件状语从句:If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
方式状语从句:He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
结果状语从句:She was so tired that she couldn't walk.。
初中英语语法讲解--名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句三大从句讲解
初中英语语法讲解:名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句一、名词性从句1. 概念名词性从句是指在句子中起名词作用的从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
2. 搭配与用法主语从句:作为句子的主语,通常使用连接词that(无实际意义,不可省略)或whether/if(表示选择,不可省略)引导。
例句:That he will come to the party remains uncertain.(他是否会来参加聚会还不确定。
)宾语从句:作为动词或介词的宾语,可以由that、if/whether、特殊疑问词等引导。
例句:I don't know if he will come.(我不知道他是否会来。
)表语从句:作为连系动词的表语,通常由that引导,但that通常可以省略。
例句:The fact is that he didn't come.(事实是,他没来。
)同位语从句:用于解释说明前面的名词,通常由that引导,但that不可省略。
例句:The news that he resigned was a surprise.(他辞职的消息是个惊喜。
)3. 注意事项宾语从句中,当主句的谓语动词是think、believe、expect、suppose等表示心理活动的动词时,如果宾语从句表示的是事实,则宾语从句的否定通常要转移到主句上来表达。
例句:I don't think he will come.(我认为他不会来。
)在名词性从句中,一般不使用疑问句语序,而是使用陈述句语序。
例句:Can you tell me how I can get to the park?(请告诉我如何去公园?)而不是Can you tell me how can I get to the park?二、形容词性从句(定语从句)1. 概念形容词性从句,也称为定语从句,用于修饰或限定一个名词或代词,描述这个名词或代词的性质或特征。
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初中英语语法——三大从句汇总在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点A、定语从句专项讲解与训练一、定语从句概念定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。
定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。
另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。
定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。
请看示例:The woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。
常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。
它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:先行词主格宾格所有格人 who whom whose物 which which whose of which人、物 that that —(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。
例如:An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the firstyear of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。
Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。
whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。
例如:Do you know the gentleman whom w e met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago.这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。
The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。
(在非正式英语中,主格who代替了宾格whom,亦可省略)whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。
例如:The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗?(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用of which。
whose window=the window of which,意思是:the window of the hotel。
)(二)关系代词which的用法which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。
例如:I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。
(which可以换成that)Tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。
(which可以换成that)(三)关系代词that的用法that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。
例如:Is she the girl that sells newspapers?她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)Is this the book that you want to buy?这是你要买的那本书吗?(that可以换成which,在定语从句作宾语,还可以省略)三、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。
它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀:the time whenthe place wherethe reason why(一)关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。
例如:In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。
(when先行词是months)Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗?(when先行词是day,当代英语里when可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词)I haven’t seen her since the year whe n I left Tokyo.自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。
(when先行词是year,同样when可以用that代替)(二)关系副词where的用法关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。
例如:During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was broughtup.春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。
(where的先行词是town)This is the place where Li Bai once lived.这是李白曾经生活过的地方。
(where先行词是place)上面这个句子不可以将where改为that,因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。
试比较下句: This is the place that Li Bai once visited.这是李白曾经游览过的地方。
(that的先行词同样是place,但这个that是关系代词,在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略,还可以用which替换)(三)关系副词why的用法关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。
例如:The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。
(why先行词是reason,当代英语里why可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why省略)This is the reason why he came late to school.这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。
(why先行词是reason,why可以用that替代,还可以省略)注意:如果上面的句子将the reason省略,那么这个句子就变成了(This is why he came late to school. )表语从句,句子意思丝毫未变。
四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句as是个比较特殊的关系代词,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是独立于主句之外。
下面分别讲解。
(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引导定语从句You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。
(第一个as是副词,修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语)I have got such a computer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑。
(as是关系代词,代替先行词computer,在定语从句中作表语,因为yours后省略了is )I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。
(as是关系代词,代替先行词place,在定语从句中作表语,因为Guilin后省略了is )(二)独立于主句之外,as引导定语从句As we know,the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转。
As is known to us,(As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句,as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句。
)Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
(关系代词as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语。
)五、关系代词who, which与that的区别(一)关系代词who与that的区别1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who。
例如:He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。
(先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时,多用who)I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。
(在非限制性定语从句中,用who)2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用that。
例如:The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。
(介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who)注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词。