长安大学考博英语历年真题-题型-参考书-分数线-资料-育明考博
育明考博-中央民族大学考博招生报考人数复习规划资料真题辅导课程考博英语考试重点
18 人
马克思主义哲学（6/5 人） 中国哲学（3/4 人） 宗教学（9/9 人） 中国少数民族经济（12/13 人）
经济学院
12/13 人
法学院
10/13 人
民族法学（10/13 人） 民族地区公共行政管理（7/8 人） 民族政治学（5/5 人） 社会学（5/4 人） 人类学（8/9 人） 民族学（8/7 人） 民族社会学（3/3 人） 民俗学（3/4） 汉语言文字学（3/3） 中国古代文学（7/6 人） 中国现当代文学（3/4 人） 马克思主义民族理论与政策 （4/5 人） 中国少数民族史（4/4 人） 专门史（4/3 人） 中国古代史（7/7 人） 中国近现代史（4/4 人） 中国少数民族教育(8/9 人) 中国少数民族艺术（3/4 人） 藏学（9/9 人） 语言学及应用语言学（1/1 人） 比较文学与世界文学（2/2 人）
中国考博辅导第一品牌
中央民族大学考博招生报考人数复习资料真题辅导课程
一、中央民族大学招生学院、专业及人数
学院 哲学与宗教学学院 招生人数
(计划数/实际数)
招生专业及招生人数
(计划数/实际数)
招生类别及人数 非定向 10 人 定向就业 6 人 少干 2 人 非定向 7 人 定向就业 3 人 少干 3 人 非定向 5 人 定向就业 4 人 少干 4 人 非定向 8 人 定向就业 3 人 少干 2 人 非定向 14 人 定向就业 7 人 少干 2 人 非定向 11 人 定向就业 4 人 少干 2 人 非定向 3 人 定向就业 1 人 少干 1 人 非定向 14 人 定向就业 1 人 少干 3 人 非定向 5 人 定向就业 3 人 少干 1 人 非定向 4 人 非定向 8 人 定向就业 1 人 定向就业 2 人 少干 1 人
中国人民大学考博英语真题
中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)(略）客观题部分请用铅笔将此部分的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________.A. previouslyB. virtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyT he sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.”Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiable2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. virusC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B (5 points )Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocateC. criticizeD. analyze12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A. confirmB. achieveC. matchD. exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonous14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped orwanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperatingC. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-timeC. brutalD. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight.A. mercurialB. gallantC. ardentD. frugalⅢCloze (10 points )Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__ to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Ora le”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned23. A. in B. on C. about D. for24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. containsⅣReading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask thestudents to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped intoforeign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wond er customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to re duce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be ______.A. Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______.A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the target languageB. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countriesPassage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top-and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms,” is a growing industr y. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the to levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry52. The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of ______.A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT true according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his word s, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of sepp uku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays,many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies that ______.A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who is hard to defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.A. to capture the commanding generalB. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional governmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.A. was well received by the soldiersB. was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD. left a deep impression to the soldiers59. What is true according to articleA. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt.C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. One of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.A. written “Patriotism,” one of hi s most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published “A Forest in Flower”D. published “Confession of a Mask”主观题部分请用钢笔或圆珠将此部分的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！ⅤTranslation (20 points)Part A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply actioncould not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。
长安大学历年考博试题汇总
2002高等路面工程1.论述对先行水泥混凝土路面施工技术规范进行修改的必要及建议。
2、路面结构排水3、沥青混凝土施工技术规范中热拌沥青混合料的适用性及建议4、基层冲刷的原因及改建措施2002道路建筑材料1.考虑路用性能的沥青混合料配合比设计2、混凝土路（桥）面的使用要求如何改善3、常用沥青混合料、SMA、Superpave混合料设计方法有何不同4、沥青成功改性的关键技术2003高等路面工程1.试述沥青混凝土路面设计指标及其合理性2.评述水泥混凝土路面结构组合设计方法3.论述路面基层4.试述沥青路面的性能要求及应对措施5.试述旧水泥混凝土路面加铺维修技术2003道路建筑材料1.试述沥青混合料组成设计2.路（桥）面用水泥混凝土要性能与措施3.降低沥青混凝土水损坏的技术4.土工合成材料在路基、路面中的应用技术5.论述国内外沥青混合了结构的实验方法2004（1）高等路面工程1、高速公路沥青路面早期破坏的类型、原因及采取措施。
2、新版的《公路水泥混凝土路面设计规范》与1994年的相比有哪些改变。
3、谈国内外沥青路面结构设计指标及见解。
4、解释（1）长寿命（永久性）路面——（2）预防性养护（路面）——（3）软切缝（水泥混凝土）——（4）沥青表面处治——（5）OGFC(开级配沥青面层)——2004（1）道路建筑材料1、论述沥青混合料的类型及再路面结构层中的应用2、改性沥青的类型、工艺特性及工程应用针对不同种类!不同工艺的SBS改性沥青,采用试验!理论相结合的方法,包括常规三大指标试验、SHRP 动态剪切流变DSR试验、储存稳定性试验等,分析了加工工艺参数对SBS改性沥青技术性能以及相容性的影响"结果表明,不同品种的改性剂!不同的制备温度!不同的改性工艺均对改性沥青的性能产生较大影响"相比于其他因素而言,SBS改性沥青的改性工艺是影响其性能的主导因素;储存稳定性较好的改性沥青,其技术性能也较好;星型SBS改性沥青的技术性能优于线型SBS改性沥青;基于改性沥青的综合性能考虑,制备温度不宜过低"因此,通过掺配适当的稳定剂和助剂等措施改善改性工艺,是提高SBS改性沥青技术性能的最有效途径之一"SBS是一种热塑性弹性体,对于优质的SBS改性沥青,SBS能均匀地分散在沥青介质中,并形成空间三维网状结构。
长安大学考试题及答案
长安大学考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 长安大学位于我国的哪个省份？A. 陕西B. 甘肃C. 宁夏D. 青海答案：A2. 下列哪项不是长安大学的校训？A. 求实B. 创新C. 团结D. 勤奋答案：C3. 长安大学的主要特色学科群包括以下哪项？A. 交通运输工程B. 航空航天工程C. 电子信息工程D. 生物医学工程答案：A4. 长安大学成立于哪一年？A. 1949B. 1958C. 1978D. 2000答案：B5. 长安大学下设的学院数量是多少？A. 20B. 25C. 30D. 35答案：A6. 长安大学是否拥有国家重点实验室？A. 是B. 否答案：A7. 长安大学的学生人数大约是多少？A. 20000B. 25000C. 30000D. 35000答案：B8. 下列哪项不是长安大学提供的学位类型？A. 学士B. 硕士C. 博士D. 副学士答案：D9. 长安大学的校庆日是哪一天？A. 5月18日B. 6月18日C. 7月18日D. 8月18日答案：B10. 长安大学在哪个国家级新区内？A. 西咸新区B. 浦东新区C. 滨海新区D. 两江新区答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 长安大学的前身是_________，始建于1958年。
答案：西安公路学院12. 长安大学在_________学科领域具有国际影响力。
答案：交通运输工程13. 长安大学的宗旨是培养_________和_________。
答案：德才兼备、能力卓越的高素质人才14. 长安大学的校风是_________、_________、_________、_________。
答案：团结、勤奋、求实、创新15. 长安大学在_________年更名为现名。
答案：200016. 长安大学的学生可以通过_________和_________两种方式获得学分。
答案：课堂学习、课外实践17. 长安大学图书馆藏书量超过_________万册。
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语历年真题-题型-参考书-分数线-资料-育明考博
育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015哈尔滨工业大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
北大教育学院教育管理(教育博士)考博真题参考书复习资料考试内容考试重点-育明考博
北京大学教育学院教育管理（教育博士）考博指导-育明考博一、2016年考博英语复习资料推荐（育明教育考博分校课程辅导中心）2.1关于考博英语资料虽然说北京大学自己命题，但是考试的难度和题型是非常中规中矩的，和其他学校没有什么大的区别，其实各个学校的考博英语都没有多大的区别。
为什么每一个学校都不公布考博英语的真题呢？很大一个原因就是存在互相抄袭的情况，有的都到了让人叹为观止的地步。
英语这门学科和专业课的准备方法很不相同，英语必须要有实力，我们提倡“高能高分，高分高能”，实力是最重要的。
但是不是让大家漫无目的的学，准备考博英语是有方法的，我们聘请了研究考博英语的专家北外英语系系主任夏岩教授作为考博英语课题组长，在研究各个学校的考题的基础上，发现了各个学校出题很有共性，在此基础上夏教授牵头编写了一套资料，包括词汇、完型、翻译、作文、语法等九部分，凡是用过的同学无不受益匪浅。
其中《考博英语真题解析》这本书已经由河北工业大学出版社正式出版了，这本书是夏岩教授精心挑选的引用率最高的学校的试题，大家务必好好做做，考试的时候说不定就有惊喜。
2.2关于考博英语资料《2016年考博英语复习资料》由育明考博的英语辅导专家组共同编写。
该套资料针对考博英语的题型、考察重点、出题形式、出题范围，并结合了具有代表性的各大院校考博英语试题命题组老师的著作、上课课件以及英语等级考试试题，从而可以在短期内有效地提升广大考生的英语应试能力。
（资料可以邮寄）全套资料目录：（一）、2016版《考博英语真题解析》，育明考博编著河北大学出版社出版，北外教授夏岩主编，育明考博资料中心共同编著。
包含全国20多所具有代表性的院校考博英语真题集最为详尽的答案解析、作文模板，是广大考博人必备的考博英语复习资料。
（二）、考博英语各专项复习资料1.词汇备考资料：（1）考博英语词汇讲义及真题举例（2）博士研究生英语考试大纲重点词汇（3）考博英语高频词汇、短语汇总（4）全国重点院校博士英语词汇真题精选（5）英语教授讲座稿件（考博英语词汇）2.完形填空备考资料：（1）考博英语完形填空讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语完形填空基础夯实练习3.阅读理解备考资料：（1）考博英语阅读理解讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（中级）（3）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（高级）4.翻译备考资料：（1）考博英语翻译讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语翻译重要方法分析（3）考博英语翻译常见单词和词组的正确处理方式（4）考博英语翻译精讲与强化（5）考博英语翻译致胜押题20篇5.写作备考资料：（1）考博英语写作讲义及指导练习（2）育明老师考博英语作文评分等级点评参考（3）考博英语写作各部分优秀参考公式（4）考博英语优秀范文精选（5）育明优秀学员作文笔记精选及写作模板（6）2015考博英语作文押题35篇（三）、精选考博英语命题可参照院校的考博真题及解析1.北京大学考博英语真题解析（一套）2.清华大学考博英语真题解析（一套）3.复旦大学考博英语真题解析（一套）4.中科院考博英语真题解析（一套）5.厦门大学考博英语真题解析（一套）6.同济大学考博英语真题解析（一套）7.武汉大学考博英语真题解析（一套）（四）、2016年考博英语名师押题及解析（共3套）二、北京大学教育博士考博专业课参考书教育管理综合：1.《现代教育学基础》，（日）筑波大学教育学会编，钟启泉译，上海教育出版社20032.《教育哲学》，张楚廷著，教育科学出版社，20063.《高等教育理念》，（英）罗纳德.巴尼特著，蓝劲松主译，北京大学出版社，20124.《教育政策研究基础》，陈学飞主编，人民教育出版社，20115.《大学运行模式》，[美]伯恩鲍姆，别敦荣译，中国海洋大学出版社，20036.《高等教育运行机制研究》，闵维方主编，人民教育出版社，20027.《高等教育系统》，[美]伯顿·克拉克，杭州大学出版社，1994育明教育考博课程部陈老师解析：1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何初步将参考书中的知识内容对应到答题中，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
2019-2020年长安大学公共管理硕士MPA考研复试参考书及面试问题预测 (2)
2019--2020年苏州大学公共管理硕士MPA考研复试参考书及面试问题预测育明教育大印老师2019年9月15日【学长解析】北大人大清华北师大北航南开中山武大复旦等全国280多个公共管理硕士MPA 招生院校复试面试问题越来越趋向于考察热点问题，尤其是政策热点问题，比如产业政策争论、垃圾分类、放管服改革等，所以，大家一定要多看一些热点方面的参考书；此外，北大、人大、南开、中山、武大、西安交大、复旦等名校还时常考察社会研究方法问题。
结合以上分析，公共管理硕士MPA考研复试面试参考书如下所示：《公共管理学》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2018年版；《公共政策分析》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2019年版；《公共管理学：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；《公共政策分析：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；《社会调查研究方法教程》，袁方，北京大学出版社，2006年版。
目录一、2019-2020年公共管理硕士MPA考研复试面试真题及考研复试面试参考书笔记二、2020-2021年公共管理硕士MPA考研面试常见问题及热点总结三、公共管理硕士MPA考研复习技巧四、公共管理硕士MPA考研复试笔记答题模板（类似考研英语模板奥~）具体内容一、2019-2020年公共管理硕士MPA考研复试面试真题及考研复试面试参考书笔记3.公共管理职业伦理的内容和要求（2016年北京邮电大学；2006年、2015年中国人民大学；2013年北京科技大学）公共管理的职业伦理，指的是公共管理中一些有约束性的价值观，一些在公共管理领域不可取消的标准和人格态度。
公共管理的职业伦理：（1）提供公共福利所有职业的公共组织的存在具有崇高的社会、社群或全球的目的。
公共组织的行为应促进这些价值：①满足公民合法和合理的需要；②促进公共利益；③改善人民的生活质量；④避免或尽量避免其行为给公民造成的损害；⑤使人民能够享受到公共服务带来的好处。
长安大学考博-3324-微机原理与应用考博简答题
1用二进制好处?答：二进制数在电气元件中容易实现、容易运算，在电子学中具有两种稳定状态以代表0和1。
而需要由0和1来代表的量很多。
如：电压的高和低，电灯的亮和灭，电容的充电和放电，脉冲的有和无，晶体管的导通和截止等。
电路中把正负极（高低电平）分别用0，1或者1，0来表示。
就用这些0，1，或者它们的组合，例如001，00，011，100，111等等来传递信息或命令。
总之，二进制在电路上很容易实现，然后把它作为基础可以扩展成四进制，八进制，十六进制等等，来实现更多的功能。
2.RET,CALL,IRET:答CALL: CPU先将下一条指令的地址压入堆栈保护起来，然后再将子陈旭入口地址赋给IP(或CS,IP),以便转到子程序执行。
RET:一般安排在程序末尾，执行RET时，CPU将堆栈顶部保留的返回地址弹到IP(或CS,IP),这样既可返回到CALL的下一条指令，继续执行主程序。
IRET:从中断服务子程序返回到被中断的程序继续执行。
先将堆栈中的断点地址弹道IP ,CS,接着将INT指令执行时压入堆栈的标志弹道标志寄存器，回复中断前的标志状态。
3堆栈和堆栈指针的区别堆栈式内存中的一个特定的区域，用以存放寄存器或者存储器中暂时不用又必须保存的数据，我们可以将堆栈看做是一个小存储器但不能随意存储。
Sp为堆栈指针寄存器，他在堆栈操作中存放栈顶偏移地址，永远指向堆栈的栈顶，在访问堆栈时作为指向堆栈的指针，在压入操作之前sp-2，弹出一个字，sp+2.4说明伪指令和机器指令的区别？机器指令是功能性语句，能够实现一定的操作功能，能够被翻译成机器代码；伪指令语句是指示性语句，只是为汇编程序在翻译成汇编语言时提供相关信息，并不产生机器代码。
5接口电路与系统总线相连时为什么要遵循“输入要经三态，输出要锁存”的原则？接口电路是介于主机和外设之间的一种缓冲电路，它使外设与总线隔离，起缓冲、暂存数据的作用。
因为数据总线是各种设备以及存储器传送数据的公共总线，任何设备都不允许长期占用数据总线，而仅允许被选中的设备在读／写周期中享用数据总线，这就需要接口电路为输入设备提供三态缓冲作用，只在读／写周期中为被选中的设备开放与系统数据总线的连接，即输入要经三态；另外，通过对CPU的输出总线周期的分析，相对于普通外设而言，CPU的输出周期很短，即#WR信号有效电平持续时间很短，无数据锁存能力的输出设备要在很短的时间内接收数据并驱动是几乎不可能的，所以需加锁存器锁存数据，在输出总线周期结束后，保持该数据提供外设使用，以协调主机和外设间数据传送速度不匹配的矛盾，即输出要锁存6请说明80386、80486CPU在存储器管理机制上有哪三种工作模式？80386有三种工作模式：实模式、保护模式和虚拟86模式。
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育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015长安大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
初次联系好导师后，一定要注意跟导师保持联系。
每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况，交流一下科研方向，这很有必要。
一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造，另一方面显得你虔诚好学。
三、考博英语备考规划1、整体介绍2015年我校拟招收博士研究生198人题型介绍Part1词汇和结构15分30题Part2完型15分15道题Part3阅读理解40分5篇20个小题Part4翻译10分英译汉5个句子Part4写作20分2、英语复习推荐用书：育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
3、复习策略、答题技巧、经验分享（1）词汇备考：考博英语词汇量在7000—8000左右。
部分院校，如社科院，对词汇量的要求会比较大，大约会达到10000以上。
虽然不推荐盲目的扩大词汇量，但是足够的单词储备还是会对应试起到比较积极的作用。
根据自身的复习时间和实际需要，可以选择考研词汇、六级词汇、托福词汇、专八词汇、或者GRE词汇进行备考，推荐育明教育考博教研室主编的《考博英语系列教程—考博10000词》进行有针对性的词汇备考。
有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的。
单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的，于是就产生了记忆的牢固度问题。
所以我们一直在向强调反复记忆单词，但是如何反复记忆却是一个复杂的工作。
记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人，因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同，可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。
如果与个人记忆特点相悖，记忆效果则会大打折扣。
因此，我们要根据每个人的不同特点，寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘曲线。
但是普遍的记忆规律是：在5分钟后重复一遍，30分钟后再重复一遍，12小时后，1天后，2天后，4天后，7天后，15天后重复记忆，就会记得很牢。
（2）完型备考：实用答题方法A.无关词排除法：完型文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，且整个文章很紧凑，就是紧紧围绕着中心主线展开。
因此，理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。
故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。
B.同现词对比法：完型文章由于常常有明确的中心主线，所以作者往往会使用一些重点词汇围绕着中心主线贯穿全文。
同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致，或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。
因此，文章的整体导向这个已知线索可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。
C.复现词对比法：复现是完型文章中词汇的另一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。
复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。
复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。
D.关联词推断法：关联是完型文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词以连续排比的结构出现。
在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起一样的语法作用，之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。
关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。
F.时间关系解构法：完型文章中出现的时间信息一般都是非常有用的线索，因为只要通过分析这些时间线索就可以很快把握与这些时间线索联系在一起的信息之间的关系。
G.整体结构对照法：由于总分之间的基本关系是互相支持，互相印证的对照关系，而且总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开。
当一些未知填空出现在总述句时，解出这些填空的相关联已知线索往往可以在与其对应的分述部分找到。
（3）阅读备考：阅读中各种题目的对策在平时的积累方面，建议经常看看英文网站，看看英文杂志，比如Nature、Science就很不错，当然这只是英文泛读，用于增加英文阅读的兴趣及增加话题的广度。
另外，还需要精读一些文章学习其语言风格、语法结构、行文结构、主题思想等具体内容。
这类文章可以选择考博真题中的阅读理解，也可以选择自己比较喜欢的一些英文美文，但是建议难度要与考博试题难度相当。
A.细节事实题----回到原文，找准出处。
选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案。
B.判断词汇和短语的意义题内容全面、概括性强的一般为答案；与文章主题相近的一般是答案；与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。
C.推理判断题合乎常理的选项一般是答案；选项措辞过于绝对化、找茬原文和对文中做字面解释的的一般不是答案。
D.主旨大意题答案常在首尾段，出现频率高的词可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词；局部信息概括、概括范围过宽的都为错误选项。
E.观点态度题---看清楚态度的对象以及态度的主体。
作者的态度一般会在行文中体现，要关注形容词、副词；引语和实例也会映射作者的态度。
（4）翻译备考：翻译答题要求A.英式思维拆分语法结构在考博翻译中的大部分句子都是结构复杂的长难句，所以理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。
在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。
例如：例1Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.拆分句子：1.句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;2.定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science;3.方式状语：in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner是方式状语。
其中的reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned是并列定语，修饰manner;4.定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句，其先行词是manner;5.拆分后句子的总结构是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干)which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner(方式状语)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)B.直译和意译在考博英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。
1.能直译就直译例：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,"United we stand,divided we fall".译文：在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去”。
2.不宜直译就意译例：The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters。
译文：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
分析：原文表层信息--关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说象征着革命)。
原文深层信息--a red flag是令人生气的事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。
斗牛场上，人们用红布来激怒牛。
3.直译与意译相结合例：The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject.The world won't end if you don't pass a test.So don't worry excessively about a single test。