英国文学

英国文学1, Periods of English Literature from 449-1965Old english literature (449-1066)Works: The epic poem Beowulf贝尔武甫(700-750)Midieval english literature(1066-1485)Background: Norman Conquest.English Literature in Age of Chaucer (14th century)Five main writers: Langland朗格兰, Wycliffe威克里夫, Gower高尼, Mandeville曼德维尔, Chaucer乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗瑞·乔叟(1340-1400): He is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”.His main works:The Romance of the Rose, Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集Folk literature:Robin Hood BalladsEnglish Renaissance(1485-1660)Writers:William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626) John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674) John Bunyan约翰·班扬(1628-1688) Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) and Richard Steele理查德·史蒂尔(1672-1729) Neo-classicism （1660-1798）Major writers: William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757-1827) Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796) Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731) Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754) Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯Samuel Johnson塞缪·约翰逊Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) Romanticism (1798-1832)Major writers: William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772-1834) George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788-1824) Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西·比西·雪莱(1792-1822) John Keats约翰·济慈(1759-1821) Charles Lamb 查尔斯·兰姆(1775-1834) William Hazlitt威廉·哈兹里特Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特(1771-1832)Victoria age (1832-1901)Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870) The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(1836-1837) Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特(1837-1838) Nicholas Nickleby尼古拉斯·尼克贝尔(1838-1839) David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(1949-1950) William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·马克皮斯·萨克雷(1811-1893) Anne Bronte安妮·布朗特(1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷(1848) Mrs. Gaskell盖斯凯尔夫人(1810-1865) George Eliot乔治·艾略特(1819-1880)Modern period(1901-1965)George Gissing乔治·吉辛John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥(1867-1933) Bernard Shaw伯纳·肖(1856-1950) William Butler Y eats威廉·巴特拉·叶芝(1865-1939) T. S. Eliot托·斯·艾略特(1888-1965) James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) Robert Tressell罗伯特·特雷斯尔(1870-1911) Ralph Fox拉尔夫·福克斯(1900-1937)Wystan Huge Auden威·休·奥登(1907-1973) 2, English Renaissance literature(1485-1660)Background: During the early period of English Renaissance English enjoyed stability and prosperity. It became the strong power in the world and mistress on the seas. Then Conflicts and clashes appeared between the crown and the bourgeoisie. In 1642, a civil war broke out between Charles I and the parliament. In the end, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell. In 1649, Charles was sentenced to death, and England was declared to be a commonwealth and Cromwell became the leader of the country.1. The Renaissance encouraged the Reformation of the Church, Catholicism was got rid of in England, Protestantism was established.2. The Enclosure Movement3. Humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance.Three periods:First period (1526-1578)Second period (1578-1625): Elizabethan Period, the Age of William ShakespeareThird Period (1625-1660)English literature in the Renaissance PeriodDrama: it is the greatest and most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature.William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616): He produced 37plays, 154 sonnets and some long poems.His comedies: 16 altogetherMerchant of Venice威尼斯商人A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦(1595)As You Like It 皆大欢喜The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事The Twelfth Night第十二夜(1600)The Two Gentle of Verona维洛那二绅士Errors 错中错Love Labour Lost 爱的徒劳Love Labour Wonne爱的成功His tragedies: 11Hamlet哈姆雷特(1601) Othello 奥赛罗(1604)King Lear 李尔王(1605): t.Macbeth 麦克白(1605)154 sonnets:Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter（抑扬格五音部）, and the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef ggFeatures of Shakespeare’s dramatic works: it is realism and anti-feudalism, it reflects the contradictions between the rich and the poor. He was a great master of English language, and commanded a vocabulary larger than other English writer.Lyrical poetry: it is remarkable for its variety, its freshness, its youthfulness and its romantic feeling.Thomas More汤姆斯·莫尔(1477-1535)Masterpiece: Utopia乌托邦(1516)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙德·斯宾塞(1552-1599): He is often referred to as “the poet’s poet”because his influence on later poets was considerable. He is generally acknowledged to be thegreatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. He invented a verse form “Spenserian Stanza”.His works:The Faerie Queene仙后The Shepherd’s Calendar牧人日记: It consists of 12 pastoral poems, which are assigned to the 12 months of a year.Amoretti小爱神: There are 89sonnets which were addressed to his second wife Elizabeth. Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626): He is the Founder of English materialism. He was a key figure in the transition from the intellectual world of the Middle Ages to that of modern Europe. In 1597, he became England’s first essayist.His works:The Adventure of Learning, The New Instrument,Of Studies, Of Travel, Of WisdomBacon’s lit erary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.Ben Jonson 本·琼生(1573-1637): He is the best known writer of many contemporaries and successors of Shakespeare. He is the most important dramatist and poet of his age.His works:Every Man in His Humou, Volpone,The AlchemistJohn Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674): He is the greatest poet of the 17th century and one of the giants in English literature. He is the second greatest poet of all English poet only second to Shakespeare.His works:Paradise Lost失乐园(1667): It is Milton’s masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙Features of Milton’s poetry:1.He is a great revolution poet of the 17th century, and also an outstanding political pamphleteer. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry.2.He is a great stylist. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.3.He is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poems.John Bunyan约翰·班扬(1628-1688): He is the greatest writer in Restoration period.His works:Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners慈悲无量: It is his autobiography.Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程: It is his most important work.John Dryden约翰·德莱顿(1631-1700): He is the most notable representative of English classicism in the Restoration period. He is the greatest poet between Milton and Pope. In English literature, the Restoration period is traditionally called the “Age of Dryden”. His works: Plays: he wrote 27plays.All for love一切为了爱: It is the most famous one: a tragedy dealing with the same story as Shakespeare’Antony and Cleopatra.Alexander’s Feas t亚历山大的圣宴:An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗:1. He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.2. He developed a direct and concise prose style.3. He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in numerous prefaces to his poems.3, English Neo-classical literature（1660-1798）Background: The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western European in the 18th century. It was a struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners thought the chief means for bettering the society was “enlightenment” or “education” for people. They strove for carrying the revolution through to the end.Most of the English writers were enlighteners, and they fell into two groups—the moderate group and the radical group.The moderate group supported the principle of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. The radical group struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in cities.Characteristics of the literature:1. The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism.2. In this century the newspaper was born.3. The 18th century was an age of prose.4. Novel writing made a big advance in this century.5. In this age satire was much used in writing.English literature in the three stages of the enlightenment:The first period: “Glorious Revolution”---the end of the 1730’s. Neo-classicism in poetry-----Alexander Pope, a new prose literature----the essays of Addison and Steel and in the first realistic fiction of Defoe and Swift.The second period: 1740’s ---1750’s. The novels of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett.The third period: the last decades of the 18th century. New literature tendencies of sentimentalism and pre-romanticism.Samuel Johnson塞缪·约翰逊(1709-1784): He is the most important figure in the 18C and most versatile ,influential and eccentric figure in England.His works:Two periodicals: The Rambler, The IdlerA romance: “Rassela”拉塞拉斯(1759)Dictionary of the English Language英语词典: It is remarkable for the definition of the meanings of words and for the quotations in illustration of their use. It became the foundation of all the subsequent English dictionaries.Lives of the Poets诗人传: It consists of the biographies of 52 poets and affords some of the best-known pictures of the early English poets.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731): He was a journalist, a pamphleteer, a poet, and these, he a novelist. He is the first realistic novolist in English Literature. His strong creative spirit in novel writing won him the title “Father of English and European Novels”His works:Hymn to the Pillory: this is a poem to defend himself and satirize his persecutors.His novels:Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊飘流记In this novel, Crusoe represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. Defoe glorifies the hero and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.Jonathan Swift乔纳生·斯威夫特His works:The battle of the Books书籍之战(1704):A Tale of a Tub一个木桶的故事(1696-1697)The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信 A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议Gulliver’s Travels格列弗游记: It is Swift’s masterpiece. This book contains four parts, each of them deals with one particular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventures on some remote island.Swift’s writing features:1. All of Swift’s plots come from imagination, which is the chief means he uses in his satires. His satire is marked by outward gravity and an apparent earnestness.2. He expresses democratic ideas in his works.3. He is one of the greatest masters of English prose, his language is simple, clear and vigorous. Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754): He is the greatest novelist of the 18th century and is one of the most artistic that English literature has produced. In a word, he was a versatile man. He is the founder of English realistic novels in England. Most of his characters are compounded of both observation and imagination, of both experience and invention.His works:Plays: from 1730 to 1737, he produced 25 plays,The historical Register for the Year 1737:The history of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams约瑟夫·安德鲁斯(1742): It is his first novel; The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the great大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯(1749): It is Fielding’s masterpiece, which gives us a vivid and truthful panoramic picture of the 18th century England. It has touched upon all kinds of people and social problem, and shows the author’s great sympathy for the poor and the oppressed, and his dislike for the wicked and deceitful persons and their bad and terrible action.Amelia (1751)William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757-1827): He is famous for his short lyrics. He paved the way for the romantic movements of the 19th century and was rediscovered as the one of the six great poet. His main works:Songs of Innocence天真之歌, the poet expresses his love for the beauty of the world.Songs of Experience经验之歌: This collection is a much mature and Blake’s most important work. He points out the evils and vices of the world. The best-known poems in the collection are The Tiger, The Fly, London, and The Chimney-Sweeper.Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796)He is the greatest Scottish poet, he is also the first singer of the new era of Romanic period. He brought Scottish culture to every corner of the world.His poetry:John Anderson, My Jo约翰·安德生，A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰, and Auld Long Syne 友谊天长地久. A Man’s A Man for A’s That不管那一套.Patriotic poems. My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在高飞.。