英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)
英语语法初中基础知识大全
英语语法初中基础知识大全一、词法(一)名词1. 名词的分类普通名词:如book(书)、tree(树)、student(学生)等。
可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
专有名词:表示特定的人、地方、组织、机构等名称,如China(中国)、Tom(汤姆)、the Great Wall(长城)等。
首字母一般大写。
2. 名词的数可数名词有单数和复数形式。
规则变化:一般在词尾加s,如cat cats,dog dogs。
以s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词,加es,如bus buses,box boxes,watch watches,brush brushes。
以辅音字母+ y 结尾的名词,把y 改i 再加es,如city cities,factory factories;但以元音字母+ y 结尾的名词,直接加s,如boy boys,day days。
以 f 或fe 结尾的名词,把 f 或fe 改为v 再加es,如knife knives,wife wives;但也有一些直接加s,如roof roofs。
不规则变化:如man men,woman women,child children,foot feet,tooth teeth 等。
不可数名词没有复数形式,如water(水)、milk(牛奶)、bread(面包)等。
计量时要用“数词+ 量词+ of + 不可数名词”的结构,如 a glass of water(一杯水),two pieces of bread(两片面包)。
3. 名词的所有格’s 所有格:一般在名词后加’s,如Mary’s book(玛丽的书)。
以s 结尾的复数名词,直接加’,如the students’ desks(学生们的课桌)。
表示两人或多人共有某物时,只在最后一个名词后加’s;若分别拥有,则每个名词后都加’s,如Tom and Jim’s room(汤姆和吉姆共有的房间);Tom’s and Jim’s rooms(汤姆的房间和吉姆的房间)。
初中升高中英语语法知识点衔接 专题二 英语基本句式
专题二英语基本句式一、句子种类1.按句子的用途可分四种(1)陈述句(肯定、否定):She is six years old.He didn't hear of you before.(2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,can't she?(3)祈使句:Be careful,boys.Don't talk in class.(4)感叹句:How clever the boy is!2.按句子的结构可分三种(1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.(2)并列句:由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
(3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。
复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.二、简单句的六种句型1.主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)(主+谓)此类句子都有一个共同特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,都是不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语以及表示时间、地点、方式等的状语从句等。
初一到初三的英语语法知识点
初一到初三的英语语法知识点一、词类和句子成分1. 词类:英语词类有十种:名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、数词、冠词、连词和感叹词。
其中动词、名词、形容词和副词是最常用的词类。
2. 句子成分:一个完整的句子通常由主语、谓语、宾语、状语和补语构成。
二、动词1. 动词的基本形式:动词有四种基本形式:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式和现在分词形式。
2. 助动词:助动词包括be、do、have和will,它们帮助主要动词构成各种时态和语态。
3. 情态动词:情态动词表示可能性、愿望或能力,如can、may、must等。
三、名词1. 可数名词和不可数名词:可数名词有复数形式,可以一个一个地数;不可数名词没有复数形式,不能一个一个地数。
2. 所有格:所有格表示所有关系,一般在名词后加’s。
四、代词1. 人称代词:人称代词表示人或事物,如I、you、he、she等。
2. 物主代词:物主代词表示所有关系,如mine、yours等。
3. 反身代词:反身代词表示动作的承受者,如myself等。
五、形容词和副词1. 形容词:形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的特征,如beautiful 等。
2. 副词:副词用来修饰动词或形容词,表示动作的方式或程度,如quickly等。
3. 比较级和最高级:形容词和副词都有比较级和最高级形式,用于表示程度或等级。
六、介词介词是一种虚词,用于连接名词或代词与动词或形容词之间的关系。
它们通常位于名词或代词之前,表示这些词与动词或形容词之间的关系。
介词可以用来表示时间、位置、方向、方式等。
例如,in表示在某个位置或时间,on表示在某个物体或表面上,under表示在某个物体之下。
介词在句子中起着非常重要的作用,它们可以使句子更加清晰、准确、生动。
七、连词连词是一种虚词,用于连接两个句子或从句,表示它们之间的关系。
连词可以分为并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词用于连接两个并列的句子或从句,表示它们之间的关系是平等的、并列的,如and、or、but等。
英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)
英语语法根底知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一局部语法框架词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语〔间宾〕+宾语〔直宾〕按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句:主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句:肯定句/否认句按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句〔通常省去与前句一样的内容〕分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、制止等,以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第三局部句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大根本句型:主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语〔间宾〕+ 宾语〔直宾〕名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下:She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。
We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将承受他们的邀请。
初高中英语衔接语法知识点与练习
一、名词1.名词的分类2.名词的数3.名词所有格二、代词1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法;2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法;3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法;4 常见不定代词的一般用法;5. 指示代词的一般用法6. 疑问代词的基本用法。
三、冠词1.不定冠词的用法2 .定冠词的用法3.不用冠词的情况四、数词1. 基数词2. 序数词3. 其他关于数的表示法五、形容词和副词1. 形容词2. 副词3. 形容词和副词的比较级、最高级六、动词时态1.一般现在时的构成和用法2. 一般过去时的构成和用法3. 一般将来时的构成和用法4. 过去将来时的构成和用法5. 现在完成时的构成和用法6. 过去完成时的构成和用法7. 将来完成时的构成和用法8. 现在进行时的构成和用法9. 过去进行时的构成和用法10. 现在完成进行时的构成和用法七、动词语态1. 被动语态的构成和用法2. 被动语态使用中应注意的问题八、非谓语动词1. 不定式的用法2. 动名词3. 分词(现在分词和过去分词)九、主谓一致1. 语法一致原则2. 意义一致原则3. 就近一致原则十、情态动词1.can, could, be able to2.may, might3.must, have to4.should, ought to5.need, dare6.shall, will, would7.其他情态动词的用法十一、名词性从句1.主语从句2.表语从句3.宾语从句4.同位语从句十二、定语从句1.关系代词引导的定语从句2.关系副词引导的定语从句3.非限制性定语从句十三、状语从句1.时间状语从句2.条件状语从句3.地点状语从句4.原因状语从句5.目的和结果状语从句6.让步状语从句7.比较状语从句8.方式状语从句第1讲名词名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。
名词的可数与否、名词单复数形式的变化与谓语动词的一致、名词的修饰语、名词的辨析、固定搭配、名词作定语等是名词学习及测试的重点。
英语语法基础知识大全初中
英语语法基础知识大全初中
一、名词 (Nouns)
名词是用来指示人、事物、地点或概念的词语。
名词的分类有单数名词和复数
名词,还有专有名词和普通名词等不同类型。
在英语语法中,名词在句中可以作为主语、宾语、表语等角色。
二、形容词 (Adjectives)
形容词是用来描述名词的特征或性质的词语,可以表示大小、颜色、形状、性
质等。
形容词在句子中通常紧跟在名词之后,用来修饰名词。
三、动词 (Verbs)
动词是表示动作、状态或事件的词语,是句子中的核心成分。
动词可以分为实
义动词和系动词,实义动词表示具体的动作或状态,而系动词用来连接主语和表语。
动词还有时态、语态和语气等不同形式。
四、副词 (Adverbs)
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词语,可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的等。
副词在句子中常常用来修饰谓语动词,增加句子的信息量。
五、代词 (Pronouns)
代词是用来代替名词的词语,可以分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等不同
类型。
代词在句子中常常用来避免重复,简化表达。
六、连词 (Conjunctions)
连词是用来连接各种句子成分的词语,可以分为并列连词、从属连词和副词连
词等不同类型。
连词的使用可以使句子结构更加复杂多样。
七、介词 (Prepositions)
介词是用来表示名词或代词与其他词语之间关系的词语,介词通常位于名词或
代词的前面。
介词在句子中可以表示时间、地点、原因等概念。
八、冠词 (Articles)
冠词是一种特殊的限定词,包括不定冠词。
我的初高中衔接-----英语语法词类词性句型
初高中衔接——英语语法一、十大词类1.名词:表示人或事物的名称。
2.动词:表示动作或状态。
3.形容词:表示人或事物的性质或状态。
4.数词:表示数目或顺序。
5.代词:代替名词或数词等。
6.副词:表示动作特征或性状特征。
7.冠词:表示名词的泛指或特指。
8.介词:表示名词或代词与其他词的关系。
9.连词:表示连接并列成分的词。
10.感叹词:表示说话时的感情或口气。
二、八大句子成分要弄清楚英语句子的结构,我们先要弄清楚组成一个句子的各个组成部分,即句子的成分:句子的主干成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语 句子的次要成分:定语、状语、插入语、同位语1、主语:(1)是一个句子所要说明的人和事物,(2)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事,(3)是一句的主体;(4)一般位于句首,但在there be 、疑问句(主语不是疑问词)、倒装句中,主语在谓语动词、助动词、情态动词之后。
主语可以用以下这些表示: 1. 名词;2. 代词; 3. 数词;4. 动名词;5. 不定式; 6. 词组或复合结构;7. 从句;8. 名词化的其他词类。
eg:1) A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 2) Who is speaking, please? This is Jack speaking. 3) Two will be enough.4) Smoking is very dangerous. 5) To see is to believe.6) Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 7) “A” is an article.2、谓语:①它是说明主语的动作或状态的,说明主语做什么、怎么做;②作谓语的常有:及物动词或及物动词短语; 简单谓语:由一个动词(短语)构成 ③ A.情动/助动+动原 复合谓语:B.系动词+表语1) The soup tastes good 2) The boy is interested in playing PC games. 3) The boss made the workers work long hours.4) He practises playing the piano every day. 5) They had finished the job when the boss came 6) Record every word you hear. 7) He didn’t turn to me for help.*在英语简单句中,只能有而且(一般情况下)必须有一个谓语部分!3、宾语:(1)它是表示及物动词或及物动词短语所作用的对象的(动宾),如 I studyEnglish 中的English 和He makes full use of his spare time to study 中的his动词的分类情态动词 助动词 系动词实义动词及物动词不及物动词spare time.(2)介词后的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语(介宾),如He went away with no words中的no words. (3)一般位于及物动词或介词之后。
初高中衔接英语必背知识点
初高中衔接英语必背知识点(牛津译林版)初中动词短语归纳spend time doing sth.play a trick onstay/keep healthycarry all the bagsorder a pizzashow sb.aroundgrow vegetables and flowers in the gardentake another route/take the first turning on your leftstop doing/stop to dowalk straight onhave a picnictake care of/look afterbe fond ofname…. afterfeel frightenedput out a firehave a good memoryplay the pianorecommend sb.recommend doing sth.help sb.with sth./help sb.do sth.have a bird’s eye view ofwear a smilehave/take driving lessonsdo morning exerciseskeep fit/healthyget offmake a listcut downencourage sb.to do sth.go birdwatchingrun in all directionsfall downstay alivecatch firehave some time off:have two weeks offgo on a tripshow/have(an) interest in(doing )sth.keep secrets to oneselfturn intotake actionhave an interview with sb.have a coldhear from sb.wave togo hikingturn oncome outfall asleepplay the role ofmind doing sth.make a lot of noiseafford to do sth.afford:Can we afford a new car?We cannot afford to buy a new house.carry on:Carry on with your work while I am away. set upprovide sb.with sth.take placeremember to do sth.remember doing sth.keep doing sth.pay attention tomiss:Mary was late because she missed the school bus. be divided intogive upargue with sb.dream about everythingfeel sad:feel bluecheer upremind sb.of sth.have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.make sure thatdeal withrefuse to do sth.w ould rather do…than do…/prefer to do sth.be worth doing sth.achieve a balance/find a balance betweenoffer sb.sth./offer to doturn downhelp sb.outlaugh atvote forsolve mysterieswin an award/prizetake a showerput effort intoattract/draw/catch the attentionplay the lead roledevote….to….fall in love withhave an effect on/make a difference to consider….as….find outbe charged withrob sb.of sth.be involved inget along/on withcatch a bustake examcook dinnerdo the laundryexplore dangerous placesiron shirtsknow everythinglook after childrenmake/tidy up the bedremember everything wellsweep the floorwash the dishesair the roomcatch a viruscause a problemwake upg ive….a trygive instructionstake a resttake a walktake a boat tripgo on holidayplay an important rolemanage to do sth.step outorder sb.to do sth.初中名词短语归纳7A 7B 8A 8B long black hairdark brown eyesblack wool skirtold stone buildingssoft/hot drinksa healthy dieta top studentorange juicea pair of blue jeansair pollutiona shopping malla good sense of humourtrue friendsa primary schoola secondary schoola mixed schoolhealthy and tasty mealsafter-school activitiesideal schoolsa lot of traffica nature reserveliving areaendangered birdsbright daylightnatural disastersterrible situationdrinking watera place of interestpast and presenta post officea serious problemfresh aira success:Yesterday’s party was a big success. medical treatment9Adate of birthmind and bodya bad moodspare timethese daysmain causea delicious mealtext messagemedium height9B solar systema complaint lettereveryday lifewashing machinenational flagthe host citya theme parkpublic transport servicefresh airtasty Chinese foodthe publicdriving licensethe Pacific Oceanthe whole worldspace exploration英语成语The early bird catches the worm.Many hands make light work.Raining cats and dogs.When the cat is away,the mice will play.Too many cooks spoil the broth.Every dog has its day.Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.The grass is always greener on the other side.。
初高中英语衔接 -语法
二、句子成分
• 表语:由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语, 不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当. 表语位于系动词后面.I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
7 冠词 article art. a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep. at 在... 9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦
实词 意义完整 能独立作句子成分的词
后四类叫虚词 意义不完整 不能独立作句子成分的词
二、句子成分
• 补语:补充说明主语or宾语, “主语补足语”及“宾语补足语”
They elected me the study monitor. I was elected the minitor by them.
I find learning English easy. Learning English is found easy.
二、句子成分
• 主语:名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句
The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. What I told you is the truth. They are good friends.
二、句子成分
• 谓语:简单动词或者动词短语构成
初高中语法衔接
词性
1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三
初升高英语衔接之必备基础语法知识
一、词法1、名词(1)名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。
不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。
物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来统计,都称为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。
要表示“一个……”这一概念,就须加a piece of这一类短语。
要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。
如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。
(2)名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。
B.以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的加-es。
C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。
D.以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es。
(3)名词的所有格A.单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’s。
如:the worker’s bike,the Children’s ballB.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加’s。
如:This is Lucy and Lily’s room.These are Kate’s and jack’s rooms.C.如果是通过在词尾加-s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。
如:the students’books,the girls’blouses(另外:如果名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。
如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。
)2、代词人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词(1)人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数you you your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数they them their theirs themselves(2)物主代词物主代词的用法:形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟一个名词;名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)
英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾)按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句:主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句:肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容)分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等,以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第二部分词类第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型:主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(间宾)+ 宾语(直宾)名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下:She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。
We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。
初高一英语衔接知识点
初高一英语衔接知识点一、引言英语学习在初高中阶段是一个持续的过程,初中毕业后,学生进入高中需要更进一步掌握英语知识。
本文将介绍初高一英语衔接的主要知识点,旨在帮助学生更好地适应高中英语学习。
二、语法1. 时态在初中英语学习中,学生已经学习了一些基本的时态,如一般现在时、一般过去时等。
而在高中英语学习中,学生将进一步学习完整的时态体系,包括现在进行时、将来时等。
因此,初中的时态知识是高中学习的基础。
2. 从句在高中英语学习中,从句是一个重要的语法知识点。
初中学生主要学习了名词性从句,如宾语从句、主语从句等。
而在高中英语学习中,学生将学习更多种类的从句,如定语从句、状语从句等。
因此,在高中之前,初中学生应该掌握好名词性从句的用法。
三、词汇1. 扩大词汇量在初中英语学习中,学生已经学习了一定数量的英语词汇。
而在高中英语学习中,词汇量的要求会更高。
因此,学生在初中时应该注重积累词汇,扩大词汇量。
2. 词义辨析在高中英语学习中,学生会遇到很多近义词或者相近词义辨析的问题。
因此,在初中时,学生应该培养词义辨析的能力,学会准确使用相似词汇。
四、阅读理解1. 阅读技巧在进入高中后,学生将面临更多的阅读材料和理解题。
因此,初中学生应该培养良好的阅读习惯和理解能力。
可以通过多读英文文章、做阅读理解练习等方式来提升自己的阅读能力。
2. 阅读材料高中英语学习中,阅读材料往往更加复杂,题目也更具难度。
因此,在初中时,学生应该逐渐接触一些高中英语阅读材料,提前适应高中的学习要求。
五、写作在初中英语学习中,学生已经学习了一些基本的写作知识和写作技巧。
而在高中英语学习中,写作更加注重语法和表达的准确性。
因此,在初中时,学生应该注重语法的学习,并学会正确地表达自己的观点和想法。
六、听力高中英语的听力要求也会相应提高。
初中学生应该通过多听英语听力材料,提高自己的听力水平。
可以选择听英语新闻、英语电台节目等,提高听力理解能力。
七、口语高中英语学习中,口语表达能力也是重要的一部分。
初高中英语语法基础知识大全
初高中英语语法基础知识大全《初高中英语语法基础知识大全》一、语法分类1. 词法:(1)单词类:名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词、介词、连词等。
(2)句子类:定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、主谓宾、并列句等。
2. 名词(1)可数名词:表示可以分开计数的人或事物,如:book(书)、pen(钢笔)、desk(桌子)等。
(2)不可数名词:表示无法分开计数的人或事物,如:water (水)、tea(茶)、music(音乐)等。
3. 形容词(1)比较等级:表示两种或两种以上的比较程度,如:taller (更高的)、stronger(更强壮的)、better(更好的)等。
(2)最高级:表示三种或三种以上的比较程度,如:tallest (最高的)、strongest(最强壮的)、best(最好的)等。
4. 动词(1)一般现在时:表示经常性或习惯性的动作,如:do、go、study、read等。
(2)一般过去时:表示过去曾经发生过的动作,如:did、went、studied、read等。
(3)现在分词:表示与主语同时发生的动作,如:running(跑)、studying(学习)、working(工作)等。
(4)过去分词:表示过去曾经发生过的动作,如:run(跑)、studied(学习)、worked(工作)等。
5. 介词(1)位置介词:表示在某一位置的方位,如:in(在……里)、on(在……上)、at(在……旁)等。
(2)时间介词:表示与时间有关的词,如:in(在……时候)、from(从……开始)、before(在……之前)等。
二、语法使用1. 冠词(1)定冠词:用在名词前,表示特指某一个人或物,如:the book (这本书)、the pen(这支钢笔)等。
(2)不定冠词:用在名词前,表示一般概念,如:a book(一本书)、an apple(一个苹果)等。
2. 助动词(1)be动词:表示状态、特征、身份等,如:am(我是)、is (是)、are(们是)等。
高中英语学习:英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)-词类与句子成分coolmind
英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词法:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾)按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句:主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句:肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容)分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等,以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型:主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(间宾)+ 宾语(直宾)名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词/名词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词/名词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下:She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。
We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。
初升高英语衔接语法部分---句子成份,简单句,并列句,复合句
初高中英语衔接之语法基础第一节句子成分句子由句子成分组成。
句子成分主要分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
一.主语Subject主语是一个句子所要说明的人和物,是句子的主体。
它一般位于句首,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词以及主语从句等来充当。
请划出句子主语,并判断是什么成分做主语。
Knowledge is power.She is a small eater.Three will be enough for us.The injured _____ (send) to hospital at once when the accident happened .To see ___ to believe._____ (read) books is my hobby._______ (我们所需要的东西) is your help.改错1. Visit a museum excites teenagers.2. Disabled should be respected.3. Our school has taken place great changes.二、谓语Predicate谓语是用来说明主语的动作、状态或特征,一般放在主语之后。
谓语有以下几种基本情况1.由一个动词或动词词组构成,无论这个动词是何种时态、语态和语气。
Everything ____ (go) smoothly last month.Thousands of trees _______(plant) every year.They ______(finish) the work so far.They _________(swim) in the river now.2.情态动词+动词We must study English hard.Water can be dangerous.You can’t park here- it's a no parking area.That can’t be Tom-he is studying abroad.May I come in?I may go with you, but I'm not sureShe cried her eyes out. Something terrible must _____(happen).The experiment can _________ (complete) on time.3.连系动词+表语,说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份系动词的数量是有限的,常见的只有十来个,我们把它们分成四组,这样有助于我们记忆系动词。
初升高中英语语法衔接专题:词法、句子成分和结构及训练(含答案)
初高语法衔接专题一十大词类一、名词(n.)1.定义:表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。
e.g. Tom, scientist, doctor, feeling, Internet, Shanghai, animal2.名词的句法功能1) The book is well worth reading.2) He knew 6 languages.3) They elected him monitor.4) Is it a color TV?5) I watch a football match last night.二、代词(pron.)1.定义:代词是代替名词的词。
英语的代词按照其不同的含义与作用可分为9类:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,相互代词,不定代词,疑问代词,连接代词,关系代词。
2.分类单数复数1)人称代词主格:I, you, he, she, it we, you, they宾格:me, you, him, her, it us, you, them2)物主代词形容词:my, your, his, her, its our, your, their名词:mine, your, his, hers, its ours, yours, theirs3)反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselvesitself4)指示代词this, that these, those5)相互代词宾格: each other, one another所有格:each other’s, one another’s6)不定代词可数:each, one, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither不可数:much, (a) little可数/不可数:all, some, none, such, any, other复合不定代词:anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody,nothing, everybody, everyone, everything7)疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what8)连接代词:who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ver), which(ever), what(ever)9)关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as三、形容词(adj.)1.定义:形容词用于修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质和特征,在句中可作:定语、表语、补语或状语。
初高中衔接(通用版)英语语法讲义汇总(最全版)
初高中衔接(通用版)英语语法讲义汇总(最全版)专题一:名词考点集汇, 讲解和训练【名师点睛】一、名词的数1.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式. 复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成, 其主要变法如下:(1)一般情况在词尾加-s, 例如:book→books, girl→girls, boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys.(2)以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的词加-es, 例如:bus→buses, class→classesbox→boxes, watch→watches, brush→brushes.(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s, 例如:orange—oranges.(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families. 但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s, 如:boy→boys, day→days.(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es. 例如:hero→heroes, potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s. 例如:zoo→zoos, radio→radios, 还有某些外来词也只加-s, 例如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.(6)以f或fe结尾的词, 多数变f为v再加-es, 例如:knife→knives, leaf→leaves, half→halves.复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示.复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法情况读法例词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s] cups, hats, cakes在[s][z][t][d3][F]等音后[iz] glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces在[b][d][g][v]等浊辅音后[z] beds, dogs, cities, knives(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式, 例如:man→men, wo man→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice.【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词, 其复数形式也是-men和-women. 例如:an Englishman, two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词, 故复数形式为Germans;man, woman 等作定语时, 它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定, 如:men workers, women teachers.有个别名词单复数一样, 例如:Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等. 但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时, 可以加复数词尾.(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等.(9)数词+名词作定语时, 这个名词一般保留单数形式, 中间加连字符. 例如an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk.(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式, 如:trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, goods, ashes, scissors, compasses.(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称:bowls专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词:news, falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中, 不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”, 可以用以下两种方法:(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少, 例如:The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.(2)用a piece of 这类定语, 例如:a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of breada bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of teaa cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时, 在容器后加复数, 例如:two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰.二、名词的所有格名词所有格, 用来表示人或物的所有, 以及领属关系.1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是s', 例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes.2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's, 如:Children's Day.3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's, 例如:a twenty minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth.4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构, 例如:a map of China, the end of this term, the capital of our country, the color of the flowers.5. 双重所有格, 例如:a frie nd of my father's.【注意】如果两个名词并列, 并且分别有's, 则表示“分别有”, 例如:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间, 共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车).两个名词并列, 只有一个's, 则表示“共有”, 例如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹).【演练】1.--- Where have you been, Tim?--- I’ve been to ______.A. the Henry houseB. the Henry familyC. The Henry’s homeD. Henry’s2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. foodB. lunchC. breakfastD. dinner3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t fo und it. Why not try ____ .A. three timesB. a third timeC. the third timeD. once4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?--- Certainly.A. s ome bottles of watersB. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of waterD. some bottle of waters5.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.A. toothB. f eetC. handD. ear6.There is some _______ on the plate.A. cakesB. meatC. potatoD. pears7.In England, the last name is the _______ .A. family nameB. middleC. given nameD. full name8.They are going to fly _______ to Beijing.A. GermenB.GermanyC. GermanysD. Germans9.The______ has two _______ .A. boys; watchesB. boy; watchC. boy; watchesD. boys; watch10.The little baby has two _______ already.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths11.What’s your _______ for being late again?A. ideaB. keyC. excuseD. news12.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.A. woman and childrenB. women and childC. woman and childD. women and children13.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.--- Thanks.A.ENTRANCEB.BUSINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE UPD.NO SMOKING14.Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?A. Children’s DayB. Childrens’s DayC. Childrens DayD. Children Day15.Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?A. the Room 406B. Room 406C. the 406 RoomD. 406 Room 【练习答案】1.D2.B3.B4.B5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B✧初中英语语法大全语法网络图✧专题一名词1、名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名, 团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词✧II. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式, 一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es. 现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches,dish-dishes3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词, 变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories,city-cities5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词, 或专有名词以y结尾的, 加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-pho tos, auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months,path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的, 现归纳如下:规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-gees e,mouse-mice2 单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,3 只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸),looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7 表示“某国人”加-s Ameri cans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglish men, Frenchwomen8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格. 所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成, 二是由介词of加名词构成. 前者多表示有生命的东西, 后者多表示无生命的东西.1. ’s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加’the teac hers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys,wo men’s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示"某人家""店铺", 所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法:1表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday2 表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4 表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)用于无生命的东西:the legs of the cha ir, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西, 尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed专题二:形容词、副词考点集汇, 讲解和训练【名师点睛】1. 形容词的用法(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语. 例如:Our country is a beautiful country. (作定语)The fish went bad. (作表语)We keep our classroom clean and tidy. (作宾语补足语)(2) 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面.I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.(3) 用and 或or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面.起进一步解释的作用.Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.You can take any box away, big or small.(4) the+形容词表示一类人或物The rich should help the poor.2. 副词的用法(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语.He studies very hard. (作状语)Life here is full of joy. (作定语)When will you be back? (作表语)副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类:1)时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间. 常见的时间副词有:now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usua lly, always等. 例如:He often comes to scho ol late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.2)地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点. 常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, u p, off, on, in, out等. 例如:I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的?”这类问题的, 其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形. 常见的方式副词有:anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等.例如:The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词, 有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语. 常见的程度副词有:much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等. 例如:Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词. 常见的疑问副词有:how, when, where, why等. 例如:How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?(2)副词在句中的位置1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后. 如果动词带有宾语, 则放在宾语之后. 例如:Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2)频度副词作状语时, 通常放在行为动词之前, 情态动词, 助动词和be动词之后. 例如:He usually gets up early.I’ve never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时, 通常放在被修饰词的后面. 例如:It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didn’t work hard enough.4)副词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之后. 例如:On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(3)部分常用副词的用法1) very, much这两个副词都可表示“很”, 但用法不同. Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级, 而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级. 例如:She is a very nice girlI’m feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词, 而very则不能. 例如:I don’t like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either这两个副词都表示“也”, 但too用于肯定句, either用于否定句. 例如:She can dance, and I can dance, too.I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.3) already, yetalready一般用于语肯定句, yet一般用于否定句. 例如:He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasn’t answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句, 但so表示肯定, neither表示否定.例如:My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1) 两个人或事物的比较时(不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物), 用比较级.Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2) most 同形容词连用而不用the,表示"极,很,非常, 十分".It's most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险.(3)“The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...”表示“越... 就越...”.The more you study, the more you know.(4) “形容词比较级+ and + 形容词比较级”, 表示“ 越来越...”.It's getting hotter and hotter.(5) 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句. 表示两者对比相同.This box is as big as mine.(6) the + 形容词, 表示某种人.He always helps the poor.(7) 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较.Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.【演练】1.There are many young trees on sides of the road.A. ever yB. eachC. bothD. all2.--- It’s so cold today.--- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday.A. more coldB. more colderC. much colderD. cold 3.Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone.A. moreB. a littleC. manyD. few4.She isn’t so at maths as you are.A. wellB. goodC. betterD. best5.Peter writes of the three.A. betterB. bestC. goodD. well6.He is enough to carry the heavy box.A. strongerB. much strongerC. strongD. the strongest7.I bought exercise-books with money.A. a few; a fewB. a few; a littleC. a little; a fewD. a little; a little8.The box is heavy for the girl carry.A. too; toB. to; tooC. so; thatD. no; to9.The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to sk ate on.A. longB. highC. thickD. wide10.Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.A. soB. muchC. veryD. too11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test.A. happyB. happilyC. angryD. angrily12. The smile on my father’s face s howed that he was ______ with me.A. sadB. pleasedC. angryD. sorry13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this.A. a better; better thanB. a worse; as good asC. a cheaper; as good asD. a more im portant; good as14. ---This digital camera is really cheap!---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see.A. cheapB. cheaperC. expensiveD. more expensive15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible.A. oftenB. longC. hardD. soon16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.A. manyB. someC. fewD. more17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name.A. neverB. usuallyC. oftenD. sometimes18. ---One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.---Ri ght. The government spoke ______ that.A. highly forB. high ofC. well ofD. highly of19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make. ---We know, Miss Gao.A. The more; the moreB. The fewer; the moreC. The more; the fewerD. The less; the less20. I have ________ to do today.A. anything importantB. something importantC. important nothingD. important something【练习答案】1.C2.C3.D4.B5.B6.C7.B8.A9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B专题三:动词考点集汇, 讲解和训练1.动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态, 其中常用的有8种, 它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时.(1)一般现在时的基本用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作, 常与表示频度的时间状语连用.时间状语:every…, sometimes,at…, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理, 客观存在, 科学事实.The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中.Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中, 即使主句是过去时, 从句谓语也要用一般现在时.例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.I don't want so much.5) 某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等, 在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作.The train comes at 3 o'clock.6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中, 一般现在时代替一般将来时.I'll help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.(2)一般过去时的用法:表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况, 通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词, 词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语.I worked in that factory last year.【注意】1) 过去经常反复发生的动作, 也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达, 例如:I used to go fishing on Sundays.2) “used to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态. 例如:This river used to be clean.(3)一般将来时的用法1)表示将来的动作或状态. 例如:I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.2)表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态. 例如:He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3)表示将来的意愿, 决心, 许诺, 命令等时常用will, 征求对方意见, 主语是第一人称时, 常用shall.I will do my best to catch up with them.Shall I open the door?4)be + going + 动词不定式. 也是一种将来时句型, 表示打算, 计划, 最近或将来要作的某事.I am going to Beijing next week.5)be + 动词不定式. 表示有职责, 义务, 可能, 约定, 意图等.There is to be a meeting this afternoon.We are to meet the guests at the station.6)be about + 动词不定式, 表示马上, 很快作某事.They are about to leave.(4)现在进行时的用法1)现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作, 它注重现在正在进行的动作, 而不管动作从什么时间开始, 到什么时间结束.What are you doing now?I am looking for my key.2)现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作(但说话时这个动作不一定在进行).The students are preparing for the examination.3)某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作, 这些动词有arrive, come, leave, start等.They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态①表示状态的动词, 尤其是静态动词, 如:be, have②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词, 如:know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer 等.(5)现在完成时的用法1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作.I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.They have cleaned the classroom.2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在, 或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态.现在完成时常与for 和since 引导的短语或从句连用.We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情, 强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的, 强调过去的事情对现在的影响, 强调的是影响;一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用.试比较:I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了, 不涉及现在)I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响, 电影的内容已经知道了. )(6)过去进行时的用法表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作. 例如:I was watching TV when she came to see me.【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情, 但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态, 强调动作的连续进行, 而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实, 例如:They were building a house last month. (上个月正在建造, 建造好与否不知)They built a new house last month. (上个月建造好了, 动作已经完成)(7)过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态, 过去完成时常和by , before 等词组成的短语和从句连用.We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.(8)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态, 过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中. 例如:They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.2.动词的语态语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态.(1)被动语态1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是:be +及物动词过去分词2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者, 某些短语动词如look after, think of, take careof, work out, laugh at等, 也可用于被动语态.The children were taken good care of by her.【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏.3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式, 变为被动语态时, 该不定式前要加“to”. 此类动词为感官动词, 如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice,watch等. 例如:The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).4) 主动形式表示被动意义如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义. 例如:The food tastes good.3.非谓语动词对非谓语动词的考点是:感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法;一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to, 但变为被动语态时就要带to;有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语, 但表达的意思不同. 这些都是历年中考的重点.(1)非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词, 形容词或副词作用的动词形式, 而不是作谓语的动词形式. 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词, 分词, 动词不定式.(2)不定式作宾语补足语Father will not allow us to play on the street.(3)不定式作目的状语He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.(4)用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词这样的动词有感官动词如:see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等, 使役动词如:have, make, leave, keep, get等. 接不定式表示动作的完整性, 真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性, 进行性.I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了. (强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活.(5)用不带to不定式的情况使役动词如:let, have, make等和感官动词如:see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补, 省略to. 在被动语态中则to不能省掉.(6)接动名词与不定式意义不同1) stop to do停止, 中断做某事后去做另一件事.stop doing停止做某事.2) forget to do忘记要去做某事. (未做)forget doing忘记做过某事. (已做)3) remember to do 记得去做某事. (未做)remember doing记得做过某事. (已做)4) try to do努力, 企图做某事.try doing试验, 试着做某事.5) go on to do做了一件事后, 接着做另一件事.go on doing继续做原来做的事.6) mean to do打算、想mean doing意味着4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法.1) say表示讲话, 作为及物动词使用, 后跟宾语或宾语从句.He said he would go there.It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak表示“讲话”, 一般作为不及物动词使用, 而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语.Do you speak English?May I speak to Mr Pope, please?3) talk表示“谈话”, 是不及物动词, 与to , about, with等连用, 才可宾语.What are you talking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4) tell 表示“告诉, 讲述”是及物动词, 可以带双宾语或复合宾语.She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法.1) look强调“看”这个动作, 是不及物动词, 常与at连用, 然后接宾语.Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?2) see指“看见”某物, 强调的是结果.They can't see the words on the blackboard.Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?3) watch 指的是“观看”, “注视”之意.The twins are watching TV now.He will go to watch a volleyball match.4)read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意.Don't read in the sun.I like to read newspapers when I am free.(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别.1) borrow意思为“借入”, 常常与from连用, 是非延续性动词, 表示瞬间即能完成的动作.Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.May I borrow your dictionary?2) lend 是“借出”之意, 常常与to连用, 同borrow一样, 是非延续性动词, 只表示瞬间即能完成的动作.Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.Could you lend us your radio, please?3) keep是“保存”的意思, 动作可以延续.How long can the recorder be kept?The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法.1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”. 指将某物或某人从别处“带来”.Bring me the book, please.May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?2) take意思是“拿走”, “带走”, 把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意.It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.Mother took the little girl to the next room.3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思, 指随身携带, 有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义, 不表明来去的方向.Do you always carry a handbag?Th e box is heavy. Can you carry it?4) get是去某处将某物拿回来.Please go to my office to get some chalk.There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?(5) wear, put on和dress的区别1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思, 可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等, 强调“穿着”的状态.Tom always wears black shoes.He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思, 可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等. 着重于穿戴的动作.It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.He put on his hat and went out of the room.3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词, 有“穿着”“打扮”的意思. 作“穿着”解时, 只用于穿衣服, 不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套. 作为及物动词用时, 它的宾语是人, 不是衣服. dress sb. (给某人穿衣服), 而wear作“穿着”用时, 也是及物动词, 但它的宾语是物, 不是人, 即wear sth.(穿着衣物).She always dresses well.Get up and dress quickly.Mary is dressing her child.(6) take, spend 和use的用法.1) take指做某事用多少时间, 句型是:It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to dosth.It took me three days to finish the work.It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.2) spend指某人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱. 句型是:Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.She spent more t han 500 yuan on that coat.He didn't spend much time on his lessons.He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.3) use表示使用工具、手段等.Do you know how to use the computer?Shall we use your car?(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别.1) reach是及物动词, 后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语.After the train had left, they reached the stationWe reached the top of the mountain at last.2) get是不及动词, 常与to连用, 再接名词, 后面接表示地点的副词时, 不用to, getto常用于口语中.When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.My sister was cooking when mother got home.3) arrive是不及物动词, 表示到达一个小地方时, 用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in.The soldiers arrived at a small villageThe foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.【演练】1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.A. are talkingB. talkC. will talkD. talked2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday.A. teachesB. taughtC. will teachD. had taught3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before.A. have seenB. was seeingC. sawD. see4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very。
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英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾)按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句:主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句:肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容)分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等,以动词原形开头名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!主语+谓语!第二部分词类第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型:主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(间宾)+ 宾语(直宾)名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下:She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。
We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。
The company offered him a well-paid job. 主谓+直宾+间宾那家公司给他提供了一份待遇丰厚的工作。
All of them consider him considerate. 主谓宾+宾补他们大家都认为他很体贴。
This is an exciting result. 主系表这是一个令人激动的结果。
二、句子八大成分:主语、谓语、宾语,定语、状语、补语,同位语、表语(主谓宾,定状补,同位表)1、主语(1)定义:主语是构成句子的八大成分之一,是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
(2)主语的表示:主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. (名词)We often speak English in class. (代词)One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词)To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式短语)Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词)The rich should help the poor. (名词化的形容词)When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句)2、谓语(1)定义:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词或动词短语在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后,并体现人称、数和时态。
(2)谓语的表示:简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如:He practices running every morning. (动词)She turned off the light just now. (动词短语) 复合谓语:1)由情态动词加动词原形构成。
如:You may keep the book for two weeks.2)由助动词have/has/had加动词过去分词构成。
如:He has caught a bad cold.3)由系动词加表语构成。
如:We are students.3、宾语:(1)定义:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如:(2)宾语的表示:宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。
They saw an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代词)How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)The boy who is reading is Tom. (定语从句)(3)定语的位置:观察以上例句,不难发现:单个词作定语时,通常位于被修饰词之前,作前置定语;短语和从句作定语时,则位于被修饰词之后,作后置定语。
2)present 在场的,出席的 e.g. All present were surprised.There were 200 people present at the meeting.现有的,目前的 e.g. We are trying to solve the present difficulties.concerned 担心的,忧虑的 e.g. Concerned parents held a meeting.有关的 e.g. the authorities concerned 有关部门5、状语(1)定义:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
示:(2)状语的表示:状语可由副词及副词性词组、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、名词、状语从句等充当。
Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语)He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语)He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)Wait a minute.(名词)Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(时间、原因状语)I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(条件状语)Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)I am taller than he is.(比较状语)6、宾语补足语(1)定义:补充说明宾语的身份、特征或与宾语相同概念的成分。
英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如:make/name/call 等+宾语+宾补)。
(2)宾补的表示:宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
例如:His father named him Dong Ming.(名词)They painted their boat white.(形容词)Let the fresh air in.(副词)You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短语)We saw her entering the room.(现在分词)We found everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语)We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)7、同位语(1)定义:某一名词或代词后的等同解释部分。
(2)同位语的表示:同位语可由名词、名词词组、从句等充当。
We love our country, China. (名词)I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. (名词词组)注:作同位语的名词或名词词组与被解释部分指同一人或同一物。
I happened to hear the news that we would have a three-day off.(从句)注:作同位语的从句内容即为被解释部分所要表达的内容。
8、表语(1)定义:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等)之后。
(2)表语的表示:表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。
例如:Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)Is it yours?(代词)The weather has turned cold.(形容词)The speech is exciting.(分词)Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)His job is to teach English.(不定式)His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)Time is up. The class is over.(副词)The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)句子成分巧记歌诀主谓宾表定状补,七种成分记清楚。