2018年高考真题之城市专题
【作文范文】北京2018年高考英语真题卷
北京2018年高考英语真题卷第一节56. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。
他向你咨询相关信息。
请给他回邮件，内容包括：(1) 表示欢迎；(2) 推荐他上哪所大学；(3) 建议他做哪些准备工作。
注意：(1). 词数不少于50；(2). 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________Yours,Li Hua 【答案】Dear Jim,I’m so glad to hear your future education plan in Beijing in your last letter. First I would like to express my warmest welcome to you and I am sure you will have the most unforgettable experience during your college in Beijing.Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China. Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture. As for preparation, some reading in advance in needed like The Story of the Stone while some online courses of spoken Chinese can be helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.I sincerely hope your dream will come true and it’s my pleasure to show you around in Beijing when that day comes. If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.Yours,Li Hua 【解析】本文为提纲式作文，文章要求写推荐信，为英国朋友介绍北京的大学。
2018年天津英语高考真题(含答案)
2018年天津普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语笔试本试卷分为第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分，共130分，考试用时100分钟。
第I卷1至10页，第II卷11至12页。
答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考号填写在答题卡上，并在规定位置粘贴考试用条形码。
答卷时，考生务必将答案涂写在答题卡上，答在试卷上的无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
学科.网祝各位考生考试顺利！第I卷注意事项：1. 每小题选出答案后，用铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
2. 本卷共55小题，共95分。
第一部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节：单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
例：Stand over there___________ you’ll be able to see it better.A. orB. andC. butD. while答案是B。
1. —Wasn’t Joan sup posed to be here by now?—___________. She will be here in about twenty minutes.A. All rightB. Don’t worryC. No wonderD. Enjoy yourself2. Kate, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.A. whomB. thatC. whoseD. her3. At first Robert wouldn’t let his daughter go diving, but eventually he___________ as she was so confident about her skills.A. gave inB. dressed upC. broke inD. turned up4. Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend ___________they get sweet enough to be eaten.A. ever sinceB. as ifC. even thoughD. so that5. —I’m moving in a few days and I wonder if you could help.—___________. Just let me know when, an d I’ll be there.A. You betB. It dependsC. Forget itD. No kidding6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.zxxkA. adviceB. orderC. possibilityD. invitation7. I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ___________.A. takingB. takenC. being takenD. take8. It took him a long time to___________ the skills he needed to become a good dancer.A. displayB. acquireC. teachD. test9. The gold medal will be awarded to ___________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.A. whomeverB. whereverC. whoeverD. whatever10. I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not su re.A. should leaveB. must have leftC. might leaveD. could have left11. Bob thought he couldn’t go to the pa rty because he had to write a report, but he went ___________.A. at firstB. after allC. above allD. at random12. I didn’t mean ___________anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help_______ it.A. to eat; to tryB. eating; tryingC. eating; to tryD. to eat; trying13. My washing machine ___________this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.A. was repairedB. is repairedC. is being repairedD. has been repaired14. It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ___________we saw Lily in the passenger seat.A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where15. If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.A. had caughtB. caughtC. have caughtD. would catch第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从16~35各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
2018年高考真题江苏卷
2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(江苏卷)一、选择题〔共60分〕〔一〕单项选择题：本大题共18小题，每题2分，共计36分。
在每题给出的四个选项中，只有一项为哪一项符合题目要求的。
公元399年～412年，僧人法显西行求法，游历三十余国，其旅行见闻?佛国记?是现存最早关于中国与南亚陆海交通的地理文献。
图1为“法显求法路线示意图〞。
读图答复1～2题。
1．?佛国记?中有“无冬夏之异，草木常茂，田种随人，无有时节〞的记载，其描述的区域是〔〕A．印度河上游谷地B．帕米尔高原C．斯里兰卡沿海平原 D．塔里木盆地2．法显从耶婆提国乘船返回中国最适合的时间是〔〕A．1月～5月 B．5月～9月C．9月～12月 D．11月～次年3月图2为“某地二分二至日太阳视运动示意图〞。
读图答复3～4题。
3．线①所示太阳视运动轨迹出现时的节气为〔〕A．春分 B．夏至 C．秋分 D．冬至4．该地所属省级行政区可能是〔〕A．琼 B．新 C．苏 D．赣图3为“某区域地质简图〞。
该区沉积地层有Q、P、C、D、S2、S1，其年代依次变老。
读图答复5～6题。
5．从甲地到乙地的地形地质剖面示意图是〔〕6．为揭示深部地质状况，在丙处垂直钻探取芯，可能发现的地层是〔〕A．志留系 B．石炭系 C．二叠系 D．第四系图4为“2021年5月10日2时亚洲局部地区海平面气压形势图〞。
读图答复7～8题。
7．该日，甲地政府部门可能发布〔〕A．台风预警B．森林火灾预警C．寒潮预警D．滑坡、泥石流预警8．北京市未来两天的天气状况可能是〔〕A．雨过天晴，气温将显著升高B．气压下降，出现连续性降水C．降雨后，可吸入颗粒物减少D．风向转为偏南风，风速降低图5为“我国西部某山地北坡垂直带谱示意图〞。
据该山地海拔2500～3400m间的一小流域水量平衡实验资料，流域多年平均降水量为460mm，水量支出中蒸发占28%，下渗占2%，不产生地表径流。
据此答复9～10题。
9．该小流域内水量支出占比最大的是〔〕A．地表蒸发B．植物截留和蒸腾C．地下径流D．转化为固态水10．甲表示的自然带是〔〕A．山地落叶阔叶林带 B．山地草原带C．山地常绿阔叶林带 D．荒漠带图6为“我国某区域2002年～2021年工业废水排放量与人均GDP变化图〞。
2018年上海高考英语真题试卷
绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷（满分140分，考试时间120分钟）考生注意：答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。
I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.（）1. A. In a grocery B. In a cafe.C. At a tailor’s.D. At a toy shop（）2. A. He is pleased with his job.B. He is not satisfied with his work.C. He finds the huge workload unbearable.D. He finds his office much too big for him.（）3.A. He is most probably checking whether everything is OK.B. He is most probably jumping from the desk.C. He is most probably repairing the desk.D. He is most probably changing the bulb.（）4. A. £200. B. £300. C. £600. D. £700.（）5. A. It's difficult for the woman to get the job if she takes the interview.B. The woman can get the job if she takes the interview.C. The woman has less chance to get the job than others.D. The woman should work harder from now on if she wants to get the job.（）6. A. The man drinks too much wine.B. The man drinks little wine.C. The bed is too soft.D. The bed is too hard.（）7. A. He may change the shirt because it's too large.B. He may change the shirt because it's too small.C. He doesn't like the color of the shirt.D. He likes the shirt.（）8. A. To put him to another flight.B. To arrange the next flight.C. To take him to somewhere.D. To arrange his accommodation.（）9. A. The news on TV.B. Many people came to the new hotel.C. It is difficult for people to find a job.D. The man still has got a job.（）10. A. The woman thinks it easy to learn physics.B. The woman is good at physics.C. The man thinks Professor Smith explained the physics problem very clearly.D. The man can't understand the physics problem.Section BDirections:In Section B you will hear two short passages, and one longer conversation ,after each passage. The passages or conversation you will be asked several questions, the passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.（）11. A. Spain. B. France C. America D. England. （）12. A. Visitors shouldn't overlook it because it suffered a lot in history.B. Saint Augustine is the oldest city in the nation.C. Florida was ruled by Spanish until the United States took over it.D. Many visitors support the Florida’s coast recovery for its beauty.（）13. A. Florida's Atlantic coast.B. St. Augustine's history.C. Spanish control over Florida.D. Spanish history.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following talk.（）14. A. A lost property office in Europe.B. A lost property office in London.C. A lost property office in Tokyo.D. Paul Cowan's office.（）15. A. Lost items become the property of transport for London.B. Lost items are taken good care of by Cowan's team.C. Almost all of the lost items were returned to their owners.D. Twenty per cent of the lost items are claimed in three months’ time.（）16. A. Because they think their lost shoes are useless.B. Because they have already bought new shoes.C. Because they would like to get a new pair.D. Because they can't find their lost shoes.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.（）17. A. She is most probably bargaining for a house.B. She is most probably visiting one of her friends.C. She is most probably looking for a house.D. She is most probably contacting her bank for a house.（）18. A. The kitchen attached bathroom.B. A wine storage area.C. The floor covering.D. The relaxing colors of the wall.（）19. A. The price is reasonable. B. The price is too high.C. The price is low.D. The offer is unfair.（）20. A. The woman will buy the house because the price is reasonable.B. The house is really good because the bathroom is attached to the bedroom.C. The inside of the house is better than the outside.D. The woman likes the house so much that she will buy it.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A comprehensive study of 4, 500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex-the outer layer that processes sensory information. “We don't know if it ___21___ (cause) by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's bad thing. It won't be until we follow them over time ___22___ we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot,” Dr. Gaya Dowling. “What we can say is that this is ___23___ the brains look like of kids who spen d a lot of time on screens. And it's not just one pattern.”The problem isn't just screens ___24___, but also the way screens tempt kids (and adults) away from something far more important: physical activity. More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization. (WHO), these patterns of activity and rest arise ___25___ habits we develop early in life, “What we really need to do is ___26___ (bring) back play for children,” says Dr. Juana Williamson, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime, while ___27___ (pr otect) sleep. Of course, children aren’t completely to blame for their screen addiction.Sometimes, the parents ___28___ complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016 study ___29___ (conduct) by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for work-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids- ___30___ it means playing the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.21. _________ 22. ________ 23. _______ 24. _________ 25. _________ 26. _________ 27. _________ 28. _________ 29. _________ 30. _________ Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be usedonly once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Some Very “American” Words Come from ChineseOn a recent program, we told you the stories of English words borrowed from other languages. Today, we will tell you about words that English has taken from Chinese.Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin.Let’s start with kowtow.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems ___31___. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means “knock your head.” It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to ___32___— such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to ___33___ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his ___34___ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through ___35___ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters “gōng” and “hé” together mean “work together, cooperate.” The original term — gõngyèhézuòshè— means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development.Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine3 Corps4 observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying “.... all the soldiers ___36___ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over.” He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had ___37___. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion.” From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and ___38___ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the Englishlanguage were in India and were called “touffons” or “tufans,” The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon.Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means “great wind.” The word's ___39___ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word —typhoon —was influenced by the Cantonese but ___40___ to make it appear more Greek.31. _________ 32. ________ 33. _______ 34. _________ 35. _________ 36. _________ 37. _________ 38. _________ 39. _________ 40. _________III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context .When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. ___41___, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into ___42___.The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous ___43___ in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the ___44___ have slimmed considerably, Between 1976 and 1979, 86 percent of high school seniors had gone on a date; between 2010 and 2015 only 63 percent People say, Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, “but they're ___45___ the larger trend,” said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less ___46___ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today' s society.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's “life strategy” slows down or speeds up depending on his or her ___47___, exposure to a “harsh and unpredictable” environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the ___48___ effect, the study said. In the first ___49___, “You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more ___50___ and fewer resources,” said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of “iGen; Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy —and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood.A century ago, when life expectancy was lower and college education less prevalent, “the goal back then was survival, not violin lessons by 5,” Twenge said. In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more ___51___ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “establishing mate value based on procurement of resources,” the study said.But America is shifting more toward the ___52___ model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. “Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education... families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully ___53___ has really sunk in.” The ___54___ of “adult activities” could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurricular as they did in the 1990s ( with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the ___55___, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.（）41. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Moreover D. Besides（）42. A. childhood B. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthood（）43. A. escapes B. ends C. decreases D. changes（）44. A. minorities B. majorities C. masses D. amounts（）45. A. taking B. avoiding C. sending D. missing（）46. A. interested B. envied C. relieved D. realized（）47. A. emotions B. surroundings C. customs D. habits（）48. A. wrong B. same C. opposite D. similar（）49. A. event B. issue C. case D. occasion（）50. A. trouble B. questions C. benefits D. diseases（）51. A. respectively B. delicatelyC. seriouslyD. considerably（）52. A. slower B. better C. smaller D. faster（）53. A. emphasized B. related C. organized D. educated（）54. A. implement B. postponementC. achievementD. payment（）55. A. cause B. impact C. fact D. resultSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Bitcoin and other so called crypt currencies have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank — or a specific country — is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that: A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common. (In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project.).In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum, objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copperwere used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used in lieu of coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U.K.Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency — and some people there are even hoarding it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most- popu lated island that’s part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in “How much tuna you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape,” Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. “One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more, For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time.Just like a mint that creates coins, there' s only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. (You can see how that works in the video above.) The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like crypto currencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to — and probably less durable over time than those shells.（）56. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Money was created and was widely used in the world.B. Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.C. The ingredients of world's first coins may be the combination of gold and silver.D. Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.（）57. The word “mint” in paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning to“_______________”.A. a kind of money that can exchangeB. the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candiedC. a place to produce and polish shellsD. a factory that produces currency（）58. What's opinion of the author towards shells for money?A. Reasonable.B. Imaginary.C. Convenient.D. Inventive.（）59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The History of BitcoinB. Shells Still MoneyC. The Currency Is of Great UseD. Some Shells(B)How Do You Move a Giant Sequoia?The logistics of excavating（挖掘）and relocati ng town’s century-old, living sequoia(红杉) tree. Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The 105-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra Club cofounder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke's Health System found that the 10-story-tall-conifer( 针叶树) stood in the way of its planned hospital called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move massive trees. Weighing in at more than 800, 000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. “I [had] lost enough sleep over this,” says David Cox, the company's Western region vice president — and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree's distinguished origin. Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder , measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots. After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to acclimate to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed. —Leslie Nemo1. Mark A. Merit and his team at Environmental Design installed underneath the root ball a platform of seven-inch-diameter,44-foot-long steelbars and, just below the rods, a first set of uninflated airbags ( shown in gray).The team also dug a shallow ramp.2. In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the surface of the hole.3. By underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the platform carrying the tree to roll up the ramp and out of the hole while staying level, A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back of the platform and replaced them in the front. They repeated the process until the tree arrived at the edge of its new home.4. There a second set of partially inflated bags (shown in white) waited inside the hole. Soil surrounding the sequoia in its original location was relocated as well, because trees are more likely to survive a transplant when they move with their original soil.5. Using the first set of airbags, the movers rolled the platform into the new hole.6. The bags waiting there were then inflated further to take the weight of the sequoia while the transportation bags were deflated and removed from under the tree.7. The white bags were then deflated in about half an hour to lower the sequoia's root ball to the bottom of its hole, The bags were removed, but the metal bars were left with the tree because they rust and degrade over a number of years.8. For the next five years the local park service will monitor and maintain the tree in its new home.（）60. Which of the following words can be used to replace the words underlined "stood in the way of"?A. ResistedB. BalancedC. Blocked.D. Promoted. （）61. What is the reason for the relocation of Sequoia trees?A. Because the Scooping and lifting technology should be put into use.B. Because it blocks local hospital expansion plans.C. Because it corresponds to government's plan of Environmental Design.D. Because sequoia trees are over a hundred years old.（）62. How will the migrated sequoia trees be dealt with?A. They will be given new soil in the new living environment.B. Metal rods used to move sequoia trees will not be left on the trees.C. They will be kept in transport bags all the time.D. They will be managed by specialists in the next five years.(C)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget line” has several related meanings, including a couple th at are self- evident and a third that is not.The budget line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations — it's the household budget, for example.Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75, she can then spend only 0.25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept-one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it-is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics , which is explained below.Lines in a BudgetBefore turning to the economics definition of budget line, consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. There' s nothing very complicated about this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified,The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above —a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets. you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $ 150 to spend, In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.If movies cost $ 10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears a t the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme —all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets.If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you'll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.（）63. Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE?A. It is limitation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B. Most costumers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C. It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D. It can be expressed as a mathematical. equation.（）64. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B. To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C. To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D. To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.（）65. Assume that each movie costs 10 and each crime novel costs, $15, you have $150.Which is RIGHT according to this passage?A. The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B. The maximum number of crime novels you can buy is 15.C. You can buy 7 crime novels and, see 5 movies.D. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.（）66. What is the best title of this passage?A.Do we really know the economic concept of a budget line?B.The Budget Line as an Economics Concept.C.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD.The Complex Concept- Budget LineSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Magazine Articles More Valuable Than You May Think Parents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. Read on to learn about the benefits that reading magazines offers to young readers and how to introduce your children to the medium.Magazine BenefitsMagazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively, breezy writing style that can inspire them to read more.The articles in magazines are generally short, which allows a child to finish reading a feature article without losing interest due to short attention span. The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children's publication.By allowing your child to read magazines at an early age, you are encouraging development of a useful skill. ___67___ Getting into the habit of reading periodicals as a child will foster the habit。
【地理】2018年高考真题——全国I卷(精校解析版)
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国Ⅰ卷）第Ⅰ卷近年来，世界上出现了将精密机械设备的组装或加工工厂建在地下的现象。
例如，日本岐阜某激光加工机组装企业和我国大连某数控机床加工企业，都将工厂建于地面10米以下。
据此完成1～3题。
1．将生产精密机械设备的工厂建在地下有利于()①保持恒温环境②储存原材料和产品③降低生产成本④减小地面振动影响A．①③B．②③C．①④D．②④2．与岐阜相比，大连地下工厂的设计与施工较少考虑的问题是()A．防渗水B．防噪声C．防坍塌D．防地震3．推断上述企业将工厂建在地下的直接目的是()A．增强保密程度B．保证产品品质C．满足战备需要D．集约利用土地答案 1.C 2.D 3.B解析第1题，C对：把工厂建在地下，是因为精密机械设备的组装或加工精度要求极高，对温度、湿度变化和振动都有着严格的要求。
地下空间可以提供一个稳定的温度和湿度环境，外界的振动也难传导到车间内部，非常适合这种高精度加工组装的要求，因此①④说法正确。
A、B、D错：储存原材料和产品的仓库完全可以建在地表，不用建于地面10米以下；与地面建设厂房相比，将工厂建于地面10米以下，非但不能降低生产成本，反而增加生产成本，故②③说法错误。
第2题，D对：与岐阜相比，大连远离太平洋板块和亚欧板块交界处，地壳相对稳定，因此大连地下工厂的设计与施工较少考虑的问题是防地震。
A、B、C错：将工厂建于地面10米以下，两地都会面临渗水、坍塌问题，而噪声是导致两地将工厂建在地下的另一个重要因素。
第3题，B对：由第1题可知，地下空间可以为精密机械设备的组装或加工提供一个稳定的温度和湿度环境，外界的振动也很难传导到车间内部，能够保证此类产品的质量。
A、C错：激光加工机组装企业和数控机床加工企业并不属于军工企业，所以不需要考虑保密和战略问题。
D错：土地集约利用实质上体现的是土地投入产出的关系，即在土地上用最少的投入获得最高产出，显然这不是将精密机械设备的组装或加工工厂建于地面10米以下的直接目的。
2018年高考真题全国I卷(含答案)
2018年普通高等学校招生统一考试语文（全国I卷）本试卷共22题，共150分，共10页。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项：1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。
2．答题时请按要求用笔。
3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
一、现代文阅读（36分）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）阅读下面的文字，完成1~3题。
诸子之学，兴起于先秦，当时一大批富有创见的思想家喷涌而出，蔚为思想史之奇观。
在狭义上，诸子之学与先秦时代相联系；在广义上，诸子之学则不限于先秦而绵延于此后中国思想发展的整个过程，这一过程至今仍没有终结。
诸子之学的内在品格是历史的承继性以及思想的创造性和突破性。
“新子学”，即新时代的诸子之学，也应有同样的品格。
这可以从“照着讲”和“接着讲”两个方面来理解。
一般而言，“照着讲”主要是从历史角度对以往经典作具体的实证性研究，诸如训诂、校勘、文献编纂，等等。
这方面的研究涉及对以往思想的回顾、反思，既应把握历史上的思想家实际说了些什么，也应总结其中具有创造性和生命力的内容，从而为今天的思考提供重要的思想资源。
与“照着讲”相关的是“接着讲”，从思想的发展与诸子之学的关联看，“接着讲”接近诸子之学所具有的思想突破性的内在品格，它意味着延续诸子注重思想创造的传统，以近代以来中西思想的互动为背景，“接着讲”无法回避中西思想之间的关系。
在中西之学已相遇的背景下，“接着讲”同时展开为中西之学的交融，从更深的层次看，这种交融具体展开为世界文化的建构与发展过程。
中国思想传统与西方思想传统都构成了世界文化的重要资源，而世界文化的发展，则以二者的互动为其重要前提。
【真题】2018年上海市高考数学试题含答案解析
2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷） 一、填空题1.（2018•上海）行列式4125的值为 。
【答案】18 【解析】【解答】4125=45-21=18 【分析】a cb d=ad-bc 交叉相乘再相减。
【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）2.（2018•上海）双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为 。
【答案】12y x =±【解析】【解答】2214x y -=，a=2，b=1。
故渐近线方程为12y x =± 【分析】渐近线方程公式。
注意易错点焦点在轴上，渐近线直线方程为22221x y ba -=时，by x a=±。
【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）3.（2018•上海）在（1+）7的二项展开式中，²项的系数为 。
（结果用数值表示） 【答案】21【解析】【解答】（1+）7中有T r+1=7r rC x ，故当r=2时，27C =762⨯=21【分析】注意二项式系数，与各项系数之间差别。
考点公式()na b +第r+1项为T r+1=r n r rn C ab-。
【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）4.（2018•上海）设常数a R ∈，函数2()log ()f x x a =+，若f x （）的反函数的图像经过点31（，），则a= 。
【答案】7【解析】【解答】f x （）的反函数的图像经过点31（，），故()f x 过点3（1，），则()13f =，()2log 1a +=3，1+a=23所以a=23-1，故a=7.【分析】原函数()f x 与反函数图像关于y=对称，如：原函数上任意点()00,x y ，则反函数上点为()00,y x【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）5.（2018•上海）已知复数满足117i z i +=-（）（i 是虚数单位），则∣∣= 。
2018高考真题语文全国卷3(含答案解析)及分析
2018年普通高等学招生全国统一考试----全国卷3语文试卷注意事项：1、答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2、回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标或。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在大体看上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3、考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、现代文阅读（36）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存、创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间；多样性与共同性之间；稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐。
过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征。
当代城市社会，尤其需要关注一下文明弹性问题。
其一，空间弹性。
城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。
任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。
片面的强调空间公共性或片面的强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础。
目前，人们更多地要求空间的人，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。
这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市，发展的一个重要原因。
其二，制度弹性。
一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。
城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力。
而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。
但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题；即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。
过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足、走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。
2018年浙江省地理高考(含完整答案解析)
【浙江高考真题】浙江省2017年11月普通高考招生选考科目考试地理试题第I卷（选择题）一、选择题1．在农业方面，运用遥感技术能够①监测耕地变化②调查作物分布③跟踪产品流向④监测作物生长状况A. ①②③B. ①②④C. ①③④D. ②③④2．新安江水库建成后，形成约573平方千米的人工湖，关于库区小气候变化的叙述，正确的是A. 云雾天数增多B. 气温日较差增大C. 降水天数减少D. 气温年较差增大下图为某地地质剖面图，完成下列问题。
3．甲地所在地形区的地质构造是A. 地垒B. 地堑C. 背斜D. 向斜4．按成因分类,乙处岩石属于A. 喷出岩B. 侵入岩C. 沉积岩D. 变质岩5．“一路一带”是互惠双赢之路，它对密切我国与沿线国家之间的经济贸易联系意义重大。
与俄罗斯的合作有利于我国①引进大量民间资本②输入大量剩余劳动力③引进大量油气资源④拓宽产品的销售市场A. ①②B. ②③C. ③④D. ①④2017年9月29日兰渝铁路全线通车，乘车从兰州到重庆，可看到沿途植被景观变化明显。
下图为兰渝铁路示意图。
完成下列问题。
6．从兰州到重庆，图中看到秦岭南北自然植被类型差异明显，造成这种差异的主导因素是A. 地形 B. 土壤 C. 水分 D. 热量7．修建铁路北段时，适合保护生态的措施是A. 临近城镇设置隔音屏障B. 设立栅栏阻止动物穿越C. 铁路多处采用桥梁或隧道D. 路基两侧种植常绿阔叶林8．浙江某山区农民，利用“互联网+农产品”模式，促进农业生产。
下列农业区位因素变化最明显的是A. 科学技术市场需求B. 市场需求自然条件C. 自然条件国家政策D. 国家政策科学技术下图为我国2000年至2015年能源消费构成及消费增速变化示意图，完成下列问题。
9．我国能源消费构成的特点是A. 以水能为主B. 已进入石油时代C. 能源利用单一化D. 以化石能源为主10．关于我国能源消费变化的叙述，正确的是A. 消费总数先增加后减少B. 消费总量持续减少C. 消费增速先上升后下降D. 消费增速持续下降下图为某半球气压带、风带（箭头表示风向）分布局部示意图，完成下列问题。
2018年上海高考语文真题试卷(答案版)
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文试卷（满分150分，考试时间150分钟）考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题和答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题)或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2．答题前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
一积累应用（10分）1. 填空（5分）（1）子曰：“君子固穷，。
”（《论语·卫灵公》）（1分）（2）寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，。
（李清照《》）（2分）（3）《梦游天姥吟留别》中“，”两句描写梦中的声音，震动林泉，使人心惊胆战。
（2分）2.按要求选择（5分）（1）下列选项中，各句使用不恰当的一项是（）。
（2分）A、老吴七十学画，今天开画展，朋友发来短信：“莫道桑榆晚，为霞尚满天。
”B、沈教授为人真挚，安然奉教数十年，深受学生爱戴，可谓“桃李不言，下自成蹊。
”C、王老师备课总是深入而又全面，她知道“以其昏昏，使人昭昭”是不可能的。
D、小赵的论文缺乏独到的见解，他的导师给他写评语说：“言之无文，行之不远。
”（2）将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处，语意连贯的一项是（）（3分）艺术家可以活在艺术史中，，，，，艺术可以保持对于时代的冷漠，从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。
①艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系②他们生活在社会历史之中③但更为普遍真实的是④而是说一种抵抗方式A、③①④②B、③②①④C、②①④③D、②③①④二、阅读70分（一）阅读下文，完成第3—7 题。
（16分）喜怒哀乐的经济逻辑熊秉元①十八世起的哲学家休谟说：“理智乃情感之奴。
”也是说，人是情感、情绪的动物。
②哲学家大多认为，喜怒哀乐，爱恨情仇是驾驭人的原始力量，理智不是居于支配和奴，还真是可悲可悯。
役的地位，人的境况．．③然而，法国人类学家列堆·斯特劳斯提醒世人：原始都落里看来古怪甚至是荒诞不经的仪式举措，背后其实都是有逻辑的。
(完整版)2018年高考真题语文全国卷3(含答案)
2018年普通高等学招生全国统一考试----全国卷3语文试卷注意事项：1、答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2、回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标或。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在大体看上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3、考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、现代文阅读（36）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存、创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间；多样性与共同性之间；稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐。
过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征。
当代城市社会，尤其需要关注一下文明弹性问题。
其一，空间弹性。
城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。
任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。
片面的强调空间公共性或片面的强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础。
目前，人们更多地要求空间的人，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。
这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市，发展的一个重要原因。
其二，制度弹性。
一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。
城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力。
而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。
但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题；即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。
过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足、走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。
2018年高考地理真题及答案
煤炭占我国能源生产和消费的比例长期在60%以上。
近年来，为化解煤炭产能过剩和石油主要依赖进口等问题，我国大力发展煤制油技术和产业，成功解决了煤制油过程中高耗水、高污染和转换效率低等问题。
目前已在内蒙古、山西、宁夏、陕西、新疆、贵州等地布局了一批煤制油企业，规划2020年之前形成3 000万吨/年的产能。
据此完成1～3题。
1．我国煤制油企业布局的区位指向是A．市场 B．原料C．交通 D．劳动力2．在地表水匮乏地区，煤制油企业长期用水宜采用的方式是A．循环用水 B．开发地下水C．远程调水 D．建地下水窖3．发展煤制油产业，可以A．解决我国能源不足的问题B．减少我国对新能源开发的压力C．促进我国煤炭产业的绿色转型升级D．增强我国主导国际石油市场的能力某单中心城市，各方向发展比较均衡，城市中心附近人口和产业分布过于集中，交通拥堵，人居环境较差。
图1示意该城市某个方向的土地价格（P）变化。
据此完成4～5题。
4．为优化城市中心附近的功能布局，在城市更新改造过程中，甲地宜增建A．公园 B．工业园区C．住宅 D．物流园区5．乙地附近比例最大的用地类型可能是A．仓储用地 B．公共绿地C．工业用地 D．居住用地江西省赣州市南康区地处我国南方重要的生态安全屏障区，森林覆盖率高，是传统的“木匠之乡”。
2008年后，大批在沿海务工的南康木匠返乡开办家具企业，木材从东南亚进口，产品面向中低端市场，销往全国各地。
2016年，南康已有家具企业7 500多家，从业人员40多万人，产值达1 010亿元。
据此完成6～7题。
6．南康木匠大批返乡开办家具企业的主要原因是A．南康资金雄厚 B．沿海地区产业转型升级C．南康木材丰富 D．沿海地区家具需求上升7．目前，南康家具产业提高市场竞争力的最有效措施是A．增加木材进口 B．挖掘本地市场C．加大宣传力度 D．组建企业集团荷兰位于欧洲西部，利用温室无土栽培方式种植花卉、蔬菜，技术先进。
山东某蔬菜生产企业在荷兰投资兴建蔬菜生产基地，同样采用温室种植。
2018年高考真题北京卷(高清含答案)
2018年高考真题北京卷本试卷共16页，共300分，考试时长150分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分（选择题共140分）本部分共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。
在每小题列出的四个选项中，选出最符合题目要求的一项。
2018年4月，川藏铁路成都至雅安段开始铺轨。
读图1，回答第1-3题。
1．与成都相比，拉萨A．日出早白昼长B．正午太阳高度角小C．海拔高，日照强D．大气逆辐射强2．图示区域A．地处板块的生长边界B．河流的流向自西向东C．自然景观为高寒荒漠D．跨地势第一、二级阶梯3．川藏铁路开通后，能够①缓解青藏铁路运输压力②改善西藏物资供应③消除区域内灾害的影响④促进地域文化交流A．①②③B．①②④C．①③④D．②③④图2为地的地质平面示意图，读图，回答第4题。
4．图中A．甲处的物质主要来源于地壳B．断层发生在花岗岩形成之后C．岩浆侵入可能导致乙处岩石变质D．丙处的溶洞景观由岩浆活动造成读图3，回答第5题。
5．四个大洲中，A．甲地形复杂多样，中低产田多，农业生产技术落后B．乙平原广，高纬地区受寒流影响强，港口封冻期长C．丙纬度跨度大，地形中部高四周低，是水稻主产区D．丁为高原大陆，人口自然增长率低，城市化水平高图4为北半球某日02时海平面气压分布图（单位:百帕），读图，回答第6、7题。
6．据图推断A．北京风速大，风向偏东南B．甲地可能出现强降水天气C．极地气温低，气压值最高D．热带太平洋洋面生成台风7．依据气压分布，该日最接近A．冬至B．小满C．夏至D．立秋随着汽车等工业产品的废弃量增加，主要利用废钢冶炼的电炉炼钢技术日渐普及。
图5示意国外某流域的钢铁厂分布，读图，回答第8题。
8．甲、乙两类钢铁厂在区位选择上均靠近①铁矿②大城市③交通线路④钢铁消费量A．①②B．③④C．①③D．②④在乡村振兴计划中某行政村拟修建的村史馆和培训中心分别位于该村西南部和东北部。
2018高考全国Ⅲ卷真题语文(含答案)
语文 2018年高三2018语文全国三语文简答题（综合题）（本大题共8小题，每小题____分，共____分。
）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存、创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间；多样性与共同性之间；稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐。
过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征。
当代城市社会，尤其需要关注一下文明弹性问题。
其一，空间弹性。
城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。
任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。
片面的强调空间公共性或片面的强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础。
目前，人们更多地要求空间的人，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。
这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市，发展的一个重要原因。
其二，制度弹性。
一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。
城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力。
而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。
但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题；即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。
过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足、走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。
其三，意义弹性。
所谓城市的意义弹性，是指城市能够同时满足多样人群的不同层面的意义需要，并能够使不同的意义与价值在总体上达到平衡与和谐，不断形成具体的意义共同性。
当一个城市只允许一种、一个层面的意义存在时，这个城市体可能繁荣一时，但必然会走向衰落。
三年高考2016_2018高考地理试题分项版解析专题07城市含解析
专题7 城市【2018年高考题】（2018·新课标Ⅱ卷）澳门丰岛以低矮的丘陵为主，现在的部分土地是历年填海而成的。
图2示意澳门丰岛山丘分布、街道格局及部分街道名称，据此完成4～5题。
4．由于填海造地，海岸线向海推移距离最长的地方位于澳门半岛的A．东北部B．西北部C．东南部D．西南部5．澳门老城区少见自行车，原因可能是老城区街道A．狭窄B．曲折C．坡大D．路面凹凸【答案】4.C 5.C【解析】精准分析：5.该题考查考生生活中的地理及推理的能力，考生可知澳门老城区的大致界线，结合澳门以低矮的丘陵（图中有高程）为主的地形特点、图中较大的比例尺可知老城区街道的坡度较大，当地骑自行车上街比较费力气，C选项正确。
狭窄的地区骑自行车反而更加方便，A项错误；曲折的街道对骑乘自行车影响不大，B项错误；澳门基础设施比较完善，路面凹凸不平的可能性小，D项错误。
考点定位：该题组考查区域地图的判读以及地形对人类活动的影响。
【试题点评】举一反三：判断填海造陆主要方向的关键有两个。
第一，确定以“海”命名的道路距海远近的差异及其影响因素。
第二，结合澳门半岛丘陵为主的地形，澳门半岛原始的丘陵地形，地势起伏较大，受其影响，街道的布局不规则；而新填海造陆的地形，地势平坦，街道布局比较规则，据此也可以判断出哪些地方填海造陆比较多。
（2018·新课标Ⅲ卷）大别山区某国家级贫国县农民可分为跨村种田大户农民、种植自家承包地农民、本地务工务农兼业农民和常年外出务工农民等类型，该县以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业在县城活力较弱，但在中心集镇活力较强，图1示意该县居民点的等级结构，据此完成3～5题。
图13．与县城相比，中心集镇以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业活力较强的主要原因是A．基础设施较完善B．更接近消费市场C．资金供应较充裕D．更易招募劳动力4．面向某类型农民的需求，有专家建议在该县推进“村—中心集镇双栖”居住模式，这种模式旨在方便该类型农民A．从事商业活动B．留守子女上学C．兼顾务工务农D．扩大种田规模5．为了实施乡村振兴战略，带领农民脱贫致富，该国家级贫困县可采取的有效措施是①推广大规模机械化种植②鼓励外出务工农民回乡创业③引导传统农民多种经营④推进中心集镇房地产开发A．①②B．②③C．③④D．①④【答案】3.D 4.C 5.B【解析】精准分析：4.从材料里可以看出该国家级贫困县的农民大多以种田或务工为主，并没有提到经商，A不符合；根据材料可知该地中心集镇加工企业活力较强，从业人员为附近的农民，而推行的居住模式也是便于农民在村和中心集镇都能得到休息，所以应该是便于该类农民兼顾务工务农，C符合；双栖居住的模式是中心集镇与农村都有住房，可能会占用一部分土地，不利于扩大种田规模，再者扩大种田规模也没有必要到集镇上去住呢，D不符合；留守子女是指因父母或家人外出务工等而不在家里，因为生活及学习而留在老家的孩子，留守子女上学一般是在校内住宿或回家住宿，没有必要村——中心集镇双栖，B不符合。
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2018年高考真题之城市专题
一、单选题
城市(浙江省普通高校2018年4月招生选考科目考试试题)是一定地域的社会、经济、文化中心。
衡量城市发展水平可以用人口与经济规模、交通枢纽等级、创新带动能力、文化辐射能力四个指标来测量，指数越高相应的实力越强。
右图为我国四个中心城市发展水平图。
完成9、10题。
1．综合衡量，城市发展水平最高的是
A．① B．②
C．③ D．④
答案: D
2．在高新科技发展方面，更具优势的城市是
A．①② B．②③
C．③④ D．①④
答案: C
近年(浙江省普通高校2018年4月招生选考科目考试试题)来，浙江省鼓励建设多层厂房代替单层厂房。
完成15、16题。
3．用多层厂房代替单层厂房，土地利用变化最显著的是
A．用地规模 B．用地类型 C．功能分区 D．自然属性
答案: A
4．浙江省鼓励建设多层厂房代替单层厂房的主要理由有
①环保标准提高②土地供应紧张③工业集聚发展④重化工业发展
A．①②B．①④C．②③D．③④
答案: C
城市(2018年高考真题北京卷)某区域土地利用强度，可以用建设用地面积占该区城土地面积的比值表示。
读图，回答10、11题。
5．该城市
A．I区高档写字楼密度大B．II区适宜建垃圾填埋场
C．Ⅲ区商业网点最为密集D．IV区城市热岛效应最强
答案: A
【解析】据图可知，I区位于市中心，为中心商务区，地价较高，因此建筑物高大稠密，A正确，C错误；II区离市中心较近，不适宜建垃圾填埋场，B错误；IV区位于郊区，远离市中心，城市热岛效应较弱，D 错误。
故选A。
6．甲处土地利用强度增大，最可能的原因是
A．建设民俗博物馆B．划定耕地保护区C．增加种植业投入D．扩大卫星城规模答案: D
【解析】据题干知，区域土地利用强度，可以用建设用地面积占该区域土地面积的比值表示。
据图可知，甲地远离市区，但是土地利用强度增大，说明建设用地面积增多，最有可能是卫星城市的规模扩大，增加了建设用地面积，D正确，其它均不会增加建设用地面积，不会使土地利用强度增大，ABC均错误。
故选D。
(2018年高考真题海南卷)某单中心城市，各方向发展比较均衡，城市中心附近人口和产业分布过于集中，交通拥堵，人居环境较差。
下图示意该城市某个方向的土地价格（P）变化。
据此完成4～5题。
7．为优化城市中心附近的功能布局，在城市更新改造过程中，甲地宜增建
A．公园 B．工业园区 C．住宅 D．物流园区
答案: A
考查城市功能分区的优化布局，容易题。
甲地位于城市中心附近且地价较低，如果增建公园绿地一方面可以缓解材料中所述“该城市中心附近人口和产业过分集中，交通拥堵，人居环境较差”的现状，而且征地成本也相对较低，故A选项正确。
甲地增建工业园区、住宅、物流园区都会加剧市中心附近已存在的问题，排除B、C、D选项。
8．乙地附近比例最大的用地类型可能是
A．仓储用地 B．公共绿地 C．工业用地 D．居住用地
答案: D
考查城市土地利用类型的判断和推理，容易题。
该城市为单中心城市，且各方向发展比较均衡，城市空间结构最可能为同心圆模式。
乙地附近地价仅次于市中心（从市中心到郊区方向），故该地附近最可能为住宅区，居住用地类型比例最大，D选项正确，排除A、B、C选项。
大别(2018年高考真题全国Ⅲ卷)山区某国家级贫国县农民可分为跨村种田大户农民、种植自家承包地农民、本地务工务农兼业农民和常年外出务工农民等类型。
该县以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业在县城活力较弱，但在中心集镇活力较强，下图示意该县居民点的等级结构。
据此完成3～5 题。
9．与县城相比，中心集镇以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业活力较强的主要原因是
A．基础设施较完善B．更接近消费市场
C．资金供应较充裕D．更易招募劳动力
答案: D
10．面向某类型农民的需求，有专家建议在该县推进“村—中心集镇双栖”居住模式，这种模式旨在方便该类型农民
A．从事商业活动B．留守子女上学
C．兼顾务工务农D．扩大种田规模
答案: C
11．为了实施乡村振兴战略，带领农民脱贫致富，该国家级贫困县可采取的有效措施是
①推广大规模机械化种植②鼓励外出务工农民回乡创业
③引导传统农民多种经营④推进中心集镇房地产开发
A．①② B．②③C．③④D．①④
答案: B。