高考语文复习 定语从句典型错误例析

2008高考语文复习定语从句典型错误例析
在使用定语从句过程中,有些学生往往会出现这样或那样的错误.为避免这些错误,现对一些常见错误作以归纳：
1 ．从句中多余宾语
[误] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.
[正] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.
上例中,关系代词that或which在定语从句中作宾语,可省去,因此,从句中宾语it多余.
2 ．从句中缺少主语
[误] He is the professor gave us a speech yesterday.
[正] He is the professor who gave us a speech yesterday.
关系代词who 或that在定语从句中做主语不能省略,否则,句子结构不完整.
3 ．从句中主谓不一致
[误]I, who is your friend, will try my best to help you.
[正]I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.
定语从句中,关系代词做主语时,应注意主谓一致,也就是说,根据先行词的人称和数来确定从句中谓语动词的形式.如：-
I just spoke to the doctor who is an eye specialist.
He was the only one of youngest girls who plays in the band.
4．搭配错误
[误]Don’t talk about such things that you do not understand.
[正]Don’t talk about such things as you do not understand.
在such…as结构中,as所引导的中定语从句时,不能用其它关系代词代替,但在the same…as结构中,如属同类则用as,如: 如You’ve made the same mistake as I did ,not changed ,not another or others作之意时,则需用that，如You’ve made the same mistake that you made last time。

5．关系代词误用
（1）what与that误用
[误]All what she could do was to go back home.
[正]All that she could do was to go back home.
what一词不能引导定语从句.当先行词是all时,应用关系词that引导定语从句,另外,有些复合不定代词（如nothing everything:等）作先行词,或先行词受形容词最高级、序数词等修饰时,关系代词常用that而不用which.如::They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the factory. （2）Who与whom误用
[误]The citizens ,most of who were workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
[正]The citizens ,most of whom were workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
关系代词紧跟介词后面引导定词从句修饰人时用Whom;同样,关系代词紧跟介词后面引导定词从句修饰物时用which 如:The two things about which Marx was not sure were grammar and
some of the idioms
（3）that与which误用
[误]Tom ’s dog, that was very old now, became ill and died,
[正]Tom’s dog, which was very old now , became ill and died
非限制定语从句,用关系代词which引导.
（4）that 与who误用
[误]They talked about an hour of things and persons who they’re membered in the school.
[正]They talked about an hour of things and persons that they’re membered in the school.
先行词在多个,且既是人又是物时,要用关系代词that引导定词从句
6．关系代词与关系副词混淆
[误]I’ve been to the city where you visited last week.
[正]I’ve been to the city that you visited last week
定词从句修饰代表地点、时问的先行词时,要看代表先行词的关系词在定语从句中是否作谓语动词的宾语.如作动词的宾语,就要用关系代词that 或which引导定语从句.反之,要用关系副词where（表地点）或when（表时间）,在定语从句中作状语.如:Mary would never forget the evening when she lost the beautiful necklace
7．先行词混淆
[误]}Is this museum that you visited the other day?
[正]Is this museum the one you visited the other day?
该例中This museum 为主语,并非先行词.照句子结构缺少表语the one,即定语从句所修饰的先行词.
8．定词从句与强调句混淆
[误]Is it in this museum where he works?
[正]Is it in this museum that he works?
上例为强调句.需要记住的是,强调句型为止It is/was+被强调部分+that/who…不能与定语从句混淆.
9．遗漏介词
[误]The person whom I spoke just now is the manager
[正]The person whom I spoke to just now is the manager.
该句的汉语意思是:“刚才和我说话的那个人是经理.”根据句意,定语从句中的关系代词whom 在句子成分上就无处可放,无法解释.又如:This is the room that we lived last year.应改为:This is the room that we lived in last year（关系代词that作介词in的宾语,故不能遗漏）
10．错用先行词前面的限定词
[误]My house which/that I bought last year has a lovely garden before it
[正]The house which/that I-bought last year has a lovely garden before it.
[正]My house,which I bought last year, has a lovely garden before it,
11．错用关系词.有以下几种情况:
（1）物主代词his不能引导定语从句
[误]I met Tom ,under his arm there was a book .
[正]I met Tom ,under whose arm there was a book .
（2）应该用关系词which而不用人称代词it .
[误]He lived in a house,in front of it stands a tall tree . [正] He lived in a house,in front of which stands a tall tree .
(3) 应该用关系词whom,不应该用人称代词宾格them . [误]I have two brothers ,all of them are in Beijing .
[正]I have two brothers,all of whom are in Beijing .。