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如何分析英语句子

如何分析英语句子摘要：在教学活动中，我们经常发现学生因不能正确分析句子而造成翻译和理解的错误，甚至不能理解课文，导致花费很多时间和精力而成绩却迟迟得不到提高，最终对英语学习失去信心和兴趣。

那么究竟如何分析英语句子呢？所谓句子分析就是把句子解剖成各个不同成分并搞清它们之间的内在联系，从而使我们能正确地掌握句子的确切意思，以便正确地理解和翻译。

关键词：主语；谓语；宾语；定语；状语；理解和翻译在教学中，分析句子的基础是最简单的句子结构，即简单句，其主要成分是主语（S）和谓语（V）和起修饰作用的定语、状语，谓语中又有带宾语和不带宾语之分。

一、首先说主语可以做主语的有五类：名词类、代词类、动词+ing（动词现在分词短语）、to do（动词不定式短语）、句子类。

1.名词或名词短语，如The dog is running.中的“the dog”。

His father works in a factory.中的“his father”。

2.代词，如I'm a teacher.中的“I”。

They are flying kites.中的“they”。

3.动名词或短语，如Talking loudly in public is not goodmanner.中的“talking loudly in public”。

Knowing how to drive is useful.中的“knowing how to drive”。

4.动词不定式短语，如To become a teacher was his wish.中的“to become a teacher”。

名词性从句，如Who will attend the meeting has not been decided yet. 中的“who will attend the meeting”。

其中当后三者作主语时常用形式主语it代替放在句首。

例：1）It is a waste of time arguing with him. （v+ing）2）It needs hard work to pass CET-6.（to do 短语）.3）It is an unusual person who can finish it in just one day.（句子作主语）翻译技巧：it作形式主语永远不要译。

英语作文快速解析方法

英语作文快速解析方法Title: A Quick Guide to Analytical Writing in English。

Analytical writing is a crucial skill in academia and beyond, requiring a keen eye for detail, logical reasoning, and effective communication. Whether you're dissecting a literary text, analyzing data, or evaluating an argument, mastering this skill is essential for success. In this essay, we'll explore a step-by-step approach to analytical writing, drawing inspiration from popular guides found online.Introduction。

Begin your analytical essay with a concise introduction that sets the stage for your analysis. Start by stating the topic or issue you'll be analyzing and provide some context to orient your reader. Engage your audience with a compelling hook that sparks interest and introduces the significance of your analysis. End your introduction with aclear thesis statement that outlines the main argument or purpose of your analysis.Body Paragraphs。

分析句子朗读技巧英语作文

分析句子朗读技巧英语作文To analyze sentence intonation in English composition, we first need to understand the importance of intonation in communication. Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech, which conveys various meanings, emotions, and attitudes. Mastering intonation can greatly enhance the effectiveness of oral communication. Here are some key techniques for sentence intonation in English composition:1. Understanding Sentence Structure: Before focusing on intonation, it's crucial to grasp the structure of the sentence. English sentences typically follow a subject-verb-object order, but there can be variations. Understanding the components of a sentence helps inapplying appropriate intonation patterns.2. Emphasizing Keywords: In English, certain wordswithin a sentence carry more weight and meaning than others. These words are often emphasized through changes in pitch, volume, or duration. By identifying the keywords, you caneffectively emphasize them to convey the main idea or key points of your sentence.3. Using Rising Intonation for Questions: In English, questions often end with rising intonation. This means that the pitch of your voice rises towards the end of the sentence. Rising intonation signals to the listener that a question is being asked, prompting them to respond or engage with the speaker.4. Applying Falling Intonation for Statements: Statements in English typically end with falling intonation, where the pitch of your voice falls towards the end of the sentence. Falling intonation indicates that the speaker has completed their thought or statement. It gives a sense of finality and closure to the sentence.5. Conveying Emotions through Intonation: Intonation plays a crucial role in conveying emotions such as excitement, surprise, anger, or sadness. For example, a rising pitch may indicate excitement or surprise, while a falling pitch may convey disappointment or resignation. Bymodulating your intonation, you can effectively express your emotions and engage your audience.6. Using Intonation for Contrast and Emphasis: Intonation can also be used to highlight contrasts or emphasize specific words or phrases within a sentence. For instance, by raising the pitch on contrasting words, you can draw attention to the differences between them. Similarly, by emphasizing certain words, you can convey their importance or significance in the sentence.7. Practicing Natural Flow and Rhythm: In addition to pitch variations, intonation also involves maintaining a natural flow and rhythm in speech. This includes pausing at appropriate places, using stress and rhythm to convey meaning, and avoiding monotony. Practicing speaking aloud and listening to native speakers can help develop a natural and fluent intonation pattern.In conclusion, mastering sentence intonation is essential for effective oral communication in English composition. By understanding the structure of sentences,emphasizing keywords, using rising and falling intonation appropriately, conveying emotions, and practicing natural flow and rhythm, you can enhance the clarity, expressiveness, and impact of your spoken English.。

新人教版高中英语选择性必修一Unit1重点短语和句型学案(教师版)

班级：__________ 姓名：Book4 Unit1 People of Achievement Period 2 Key phrases and sentences一、重点短语1．come to power (开始)掌权；上台[教材原句]Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. 1933年，希特勒dying fire.雪停了，但过了一段时间，一股强风把我们即将熄灭的火焰吹了起来。

单句语法填空①I am sorry; it's beyond my power to make such a decision. ①This kind of animals has some powerful (power) teeth. ①She always has the power to control (control) the situation.2．take up a position 担任；任职[教材原句]After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. 在欧洲度过一段时间后，他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究broadened.我打算担任志愿者，能够从中开拓我的视野。

(1)写出下列句中黑体部分的含义①In fact, surfing the Internet takes up most of her time.占据 ①The teacher took up the lesson where he left off last week.继续①Peter will take up the management of the finance department.开始从事 (2)单句写作①这个城市发展很快, 呈现出新的面貌。

英语作文分析句子结构方式

英语作文分析句子结构方式Analyzing sentence structures in English compositions can greatly enhance your understanding of writing techniques and improve your own writing skills. Here are some ways to approach analyzing sentence structures:1. Identify the Sentence Type:Determine whether the sentence is declarative (making a statement), interrogative (asking a question), imperative (giving a command), or exclamatory (expressing strong emotion). Understanding the type of sentence helps in grasping its intended function.2. Subject-Verb Agreement:Check if the subject and verb agree in number and person. This ensures clarity and grammatical correctness.3. Sentence Length:Note the length of the sentence. Short sentences can create a quick pace and emphasize key points, while longer sentences allow for more detail and complexity.4. Sentence Structure Variety:Look for variety in sentence structure, including simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. This variety keeps the writing engaging and helps convey different levels of information.5. Use of Clauses and Phrases:Identify independent clauses (can stand alone as sentences) and dependent clauses (require an independent clause to form a complete sentence). Also, note the use of phrases such as prepositional, participial, gerund, and infinitive phrases, which add depth to the sentence structure.6. Sentence Openings and Endings:Pay attention to how sentences begin and end. Starting sentences with different words or phrases and varying sentence endings can create rhythm and maintain reader interest.7. Transitional Devices:Notice the use of transitional devices like conjunctions, adverbs, and transitional phrases. These elements help connect ideas and guide the reader through the text smoothly.8. Parallelism:Check for parallel structure within sentences and across sentences. Parallelism adds balance and clarity to the writing, especially in lists and comparisons.9. Modifiers:Analyze how modifiers are used within sentences toprovide description and detail. Ensure that modifiers are correctly placed and clearly relate to the words they modify.10. Sentence Emphasis:Observe how writers use sentence structure to emphasize certain ideas or information. This could involve placing important information at the beginning or end of a sentence, or using punctuation such as dashes or colons for emphasis.By employing these analytical techniques, you can gain insights into the structure and mechanics of English sentences in compositions, helping you both appreciate and improve your own writing skills.。

句子结构怎么分析英语作文

句子结构怎么分析英语作文Analyzing the sentence structure of an English essay involves breaking down the components of each sentence to understand how they contribute to the overall meaning and flow of the writing. Here are some steps you can follow to analyze the sentence structure effectively:1. Identify the Subject and Verb: The subject is the person, thing, or concept the sentence is about, and the verb is the action or state of being performed by the subject. For example, in the sentence "The cat sleeps," "cat" is the subject, and "sleeps" is the verb.2. Determine the Sentence Type: English sentences can be classified into different types, such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. A simple sentence contains one independent clause, while compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction. Complex sentences contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, while compound-complex sentences contain two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.3. Identify Phrases and Clauses: Phrases are groups of words that function as a single unit within a sentence but do not contain both a subject and a verb. Clauses, on the other hand, contain both a subject and a verb and can function independently or dependently within a sentence.4. Analyze Sentence Length and Variety: Consider the length and variety of sentences used in the essay. Varying the length and structure of sentences can make the writing more engaging and dynamic.5. Examine Sentence Patterns: English sentences can follow different patterns, such as subject-verb-object (SVO), subject-verb-complement (SVC), subject-verb-adverbial (SVA), etc. Analyzing the sentence patterns can help you understand how ideas are organized and presented in the essay.6. Consider Punctuation and Syntax: Pay attention topunctuation marks such as commas, semicolons, and colons, as well as sentence structure and word order. These elements can affect the clarity and coherence of the writing.7. Evaluate Coherence and Cohesion: Coherence refers to the overall clarity and logic of the essay, while cohesion refers to how well the sentences and paragraphs are connected and flow together. Analyzing the sentence structure can help you identify areas where coherence and cohesion can be improved.By following these steps, you can effectively analyze the sentence structure of an English essay and gaininsights into how the writer has organized and expressed their ideas.。

英语句子分析器

英语句子分析器English Sentence Analyzer。

English sentence analysis is an important skill for language learners, as it helps them understand the structure and meaning of sentences. In this document, we will discuss the key components of English sentences and provide some examples to illustrate how to analyze them.1. Subject。

The subject of a sentence is the person or thing that performs the action or is described in the sentence. It is usually a noun or a pronoun. For example, in the sentence "The cat is sleeping," "The cat" is the subject.2. Verb。

The verb is the action or state of being in the sentence. It tells us what the subject is doing or what is happening to the subject. In the sentence "The cat is sleeping," "is sleeping" is the verb.3. Object。

The object is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. It can be a direct object, which directly receives the action, or an indirect object, which receives the action indirectly. For example, in the sentence "She gave him a book," "him" is the indirect object and "a book" is the direct object.4. Complement。

英语长句的处理

Attributive Clauses
文字游戏的翻译
I love my love with an E, because she’s enticing; I hate her with an E, because she’s engaged. I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement, her name’s Emily, and she lives in the east? ---(David Copperfield, XXII)
English Long Sentences 英语长句的翻译
Week 10
Teaching Outline
Student’s Presentation I love my love with an E How to analyze long sentences? Two Stages and Five Steps Methods of Translating Long English Sentences
董秋斯译文
我爱我的爱人为了一个E, 因为她是Enticing（迷人的）；我恨我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是Engaged（订了婚的）。我用我的爱人象征Exquisite （美妙），我劝我的爱人从事Elopement（私奔）, 她的名字是Emily(艾米丽)，她的住处在East（东方）？
张谷若译文
Step 1: presenting the long sentence in a skeleton form Step 2: inferring the main idea from the context and the whole text Step 3: distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses

英语长难句分析课件.ppt

4.Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid — that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers. (广东卷 2013)
3.When you see people exhibiting some great skills or having achieved great success, you know that they have put in a huge part of their life to get there at a huge cost .(广东卷 2013)
1.含有较多成分的简单句（同位语、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语、状语、插入语） 2.含有多个简单句的并列句 3.并列句和主从复合句并存 4.倒装句。
How to make good analysis of sentence structures (five steps) 1.隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点 2.寻找连词，确定句子种类（简单句、并列句、复合句） 3.寻找句中的动词或者动词结构 4.确定整个句子框架—标出主句主干部分及从属连词 5.确定从句框架—标出从句主干部分
同位语 times
the
过去分词 number hired 做定语
时间状语 last year,不定式做状语 /to help
reduce unemployment 不定式做状语 pressures. School are expected to hire college graduates. 句子主干：

怎样分析英语句子

怎样分析英语句子难句的典型结构：1、长成分(句子的某一成分有很多修饰,很长,超过人眼的视力范围,造成理解上的困难)1）、长从句做主语、宾语及其他成分a、主语从句：主语是一个从句构成，使其与谓语相隔较远b、宾语从句：宾语是一个从句构成，造成与谓语的脱节2）、长状语：较长的状语，可能是从句构成，也可能是层层修饰的原因3）、层层修饰：大量的修饰成分叠加4）、并列成分2、常见倒装搭配（1）、及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况，如：bring A to B，写作：bring to B A例：Yet Waltzer's argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.类似的情况：throw over , into , import into , infer from, establish for , advocate as 等，怎样分析句子。

（2）、及物动词加副词例：make possible …(单词或者句子)3、省略的几种情况（1）、重复的成分（2）、让步转折的省略：如although (but)（3）、定语从句引导词的`省略which（that ）（4）、定语从句的引导词和系动词同时省略，变成后置定语如：qualities(such as "the capacity for hard work") essential in producing wealth4、短语被分割：如：such as, so that , too to , more than , from A to B , betweenA and B5、多重否定：如：Despite these vague categories , one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed .难句的训练方法：每位学英语的朋友，在阅读的过程中都有可能遇到各式各样的难句，如果一时不能理解，那么把它摘抄下来，以便以后适当的时间仔细的研读，多遍阅读，直到读的很顺为止，古人云书读多遍，其义自现，学英语其实也是这个道理，刚开始积累的难句可能越来越多，当积累了几十句之后，发现豁然开朗，慢慢不懂的句子会越来越少，英语方法。

怎么能看懂英语句子

怎么能看懂英语句子To understand English sentences, it is important to have a solid foundation in the language, including vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure. Here are some tips that can help you improve your understanding of English sentences:1. Expand your vocabulary: A rich vocabulary is essential for understanding complex English sentences. Read widely, including newspapers, magazines, books, and online articles, to expose yourself to new words and phrases. Keep a vocabulary notebook to record new words and their meanings, and practice using them in your own writing and speaking.2. Master grammar rules: Understanding grammar rules will help you parse complex sentences and understand how words are related to each other. Learn and practice the different parts of speech, sentence types, and clause structures. Practice constructing sentences using differentgrammatical structures to improve your ability to analyze and understand sentences.3. Analyze sentence structure: Understanding the structure of a sentence is key to comprehending its meaning. Learn to identify the subject, verb, and object of a sentence, as well as any modifiers, clauses, or phrasesthat provide additional information. Practice analyzing sentence structure by diagramming sentences or breakingthem down into their constituent parts.4. Practice reading comprehension: Reading comprehension is the ability to understand and interpret what you read. Practice reading a variety of texts,including novels, newspapers, and academic articles, to improve your comprehension skills. As you read, askyourself questions about the text, such as "What is themain idea?" "What are the supporting details?" and "Howdoes the author develop their argument?"5. Increase your exposure to spoken English: Listeningto spoken English can help you understand sentence patternsand vocabulary usage in real-world contexts. Watch English movies, listen to English podcasts or news broadcasts, and participate in conversations with native speakers whenever possible.6. Develop your own sentence analysis skills: As you become more familiar with English sentence structure and vocabulary, you will develop the ability to analyze sentences on your own. Practice breaking down sentencesinto their component parts and identifying therelationships between words and phrases. This skill will help you understand more complex sentences and improve your comprehension of written and spoken English.In summary, understanding English sentences requires a combination of vocabulary, grammar, and sentence analysis skills. By expanding your vocabulary, mastering grammar rules, analyzing sentence structure, practicing reading comprehension, increasing your exposure to spoken English, and developing your own sentence analysis skills, you can improve your ability to understand English sentences effectively. With practice and exposure, you will becomemore confident in your ability to comprehend and use English fluently.。

快速理解英语长难句的方法

快速理解英语长难句的方法Understanding Complex English Sentences Quickly.Navigating complex English sentences can be a daunting task, especially for non-native speakers or those encountering unfamiliar grammar structures. However, with a few effective strategies, you can develop a deeper understanding of these sentences and improve your overall English comprehension. Here's a comprehensive guide to help you break down and decipher even the most formidable sentences:1. Identify the Sentence Structure:Begin by recognizing the basic subject-verb-object structure.Look for additional elements such as modifiers (adjectives and adverbs), phrases (prepositional, infinitive, etc.), and clauses (independent and dependent).Determine the sentence type (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative).2. Break it Down into Parts:Divide the sentence into smaller, manageable chunks.Separate independent clauses and dependent clauses.Identify phrases and their functions (e.g., noun phrase, prepositional phrase).3. Analyze the Relationships:Examine the relationships between different sentence elements.Identify the main subject, verb, and direct object.Determine the relationships between clauses (e.g., cause-effect, contrast, purpose).4. Look for Clues:Pay attention to conjunctions, prepositions, and other connecting words.These words provide valuable information about the sentence's structure and meaning.Use context clues from the surrounding text to infer meaning.5. Diagram the Sentence:If the sentence is particularly complex, create a visual diagram.Use arrows, brackets, and other symbols to represent the sentence structure.This can help you visualize the relationships between sentence elements.6. Translate Word by Word:If you encounter unfamiliar vocabulary, translate each word individually.Use a dictionary or online translator to find the meaning.Be mindful of context and the overall meaning of the sentence.7. Read for Meaning, Not Just Words:Focus on understanding the main idea or argument of the sentence.Don't get bogged down in every detail.Paraphrase the sentence in your own words to check your comprehension.8. Identify the Rhetorical Devices:Some complex sentences employ rhetorical devices such as parallelism, antithesis, or repetition.These devices can emphasize certain ideas or create a particular effect.Understanding these devices can enhance your appreciation of the sentence's style and impact.9. Practice Regularly:The key to mastering complex sentences is practice.Read texts that challenge your comprehension level.Underline or highlight complex sentences and try to analyze them on your own.Remember, understanding complex English sentences requires a combination of analytical skills, vocabularyknowledge, and practice. By employing these strategies and dedicating time to practice, you can develop a strong foundation in English grammar and improve your overall language comprehension.。

如何理解句子答题技巧

如何理解句子答题技巧英文回答：Understanding sentence techniques can be a crucialskill for effective reading and writing. By breaking down sentences into their constituent parts and examining their structure and function, we can gain a deeper comprehension of their meaning and purpose.One key aspect of sentence comprehension is identifying the sentence's main parts, which include the subject, verb, and object. The subject typically refers to the "doer" of the action or the entity being described, while the verb expresses the action, event, or state of being. The object, in turn, receives the action or is affected by it.Another important element to consider is sentence structure. Sentences can be classified into simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. Simple sentences consist of a single independent clause, whilecompound sentences are made up of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. Complex sentences contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, which is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. Compound-complex sentences combine elements of both compound and complex sentences, featuring multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.Understanding sentence types can help us determine the relationships between clauses and identify the main ideas and supporting details. For instance, independent clauses express complete thoughts and can stand alone as individual sentences, while dependent clauses are dependent on an independent clause for their meaning.In addition to sentence structure, sentence mood and voice can also affect its meaning. Mood refers to the attitude or stance conveyed by the sentence, which can be indicative (stating a fact), imperative (expressing a command or request), subjunctive (expressing a hypothetical or conditional state), or interrogative (asking a question). Voice, on the other hand, indicates whether the subject ofthe sentence performs or receives the action, with active voice highlighting the subject's active role and passive voice emphasizing the subject's passive role.By understanding these sentence techniques, we can unlock the full potential of language and engage with texts more effectively. We can better grasp the intended meaningof sentences, analyze their structure and function, and appreciate the nuances of language and communication.中文回答：如何理解句子答题技巧。

How to Analyze English Sentence Structure

英语句子通常由主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等成分组成。

句子结构是语言的重要组成部分，对于理解句子含义和表达思想至关重要。

英语句子结构是指英语句子中词语、短语和从句之间的组织关系和排列顺序。

Definition and characteristics简单句由两个或多个简单句组合而成的句子，如“John is a student and Mary is a teacher.”并列句复合句Classification of English Sentence StructuresThe Importance of English Sentence StructureSubjectPredicateSubject and predicateA part of the sentence that completes the subject or predicate to express a complete thought.Object and ComplementComplementObjectAttributive AdverbialAttributive and AdverbialExpansion of Simple SentencesExample: "John walked to thestore" can be expanded to "John,who had been running errands allday, walked to the store to buygroceries."TypesUsageThe types and usage of coordinate conjunctionsParallel sentence structurethe sentence structure of parallel sentences is expanded by adding more ideas, clauses, or sentences that are parallel in structure and content.Example"John likes to read books, watch movies, and play games."Expansion of Parallel SentencesEllipsisExampleInversion ExampleEllipsis and Inversion in Parallel Sentences主句和从句的连接方式从句的位置主从复合句的形成The Formation of the Subject Subordinate Compound SentenceClassification and usage of clauses从句的分类从句可以分为名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。

英语作文分析句子结构方法

英语作文分析句子结构方法Analyzing sentence structure in English composition is crucial for understanding the flow and meaning of a piece of writing. There are several methods to effectively analyze sentence structure, each offering insights into how sentences are constructed and how they contribute to the overall coherence and coherence of the text. Here are some key approaches:1. Identifying Parts of Speech: Understanding the function of each word within a sentence is fundamental to sentence structure analysis. This involves recognizing nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. By identifying these parts of speech, one can discern the roles they play in forming the structure of the sentence.2. Parsing Sentences: Parsing involves breaking down a sentence into its constituent parts and identifying how they relate to one another syntactically. This includesidentifying subjects, predicates, objects, complements, modifiers, and clauses within the sentence. Analyzing the syntactic structure helps reveal how different elements combine to convey meaning.3. Examining Sentence Types: English sentences can be classified into four main types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. Analyzing the type of sentence used in a composition provides insights into its purposeand tone. Declarative sentences make statements, interrogative sentences ask questions, imperative sentences give commands or instructions, and exclamatory sentences express strong emotions or exclamations.4. Analyzing Sentence Patterns: English sentences can follow various patterns or structures, such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences. Simple sentences contain a single independent clause, while compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. Complex sentences contain an independent clause and at least one dependent clause, while compound-complex sentences combineelements of both compound and complex sentences.5. Examining Sentence Length and Variety: Sentence length and variety contribute to the overall rhythm and readability of a composition. Analyzing the distribution of sentence lengths and the use of different sentence structures can provide insights into the writer's style and proficiency. Varying sentence length and structure can help maintain reader engagement and prevent monotony.6. Considering Stylistic Devices: Writers often employ various stylistic devices to enhance the effectiveness of their writing. These may include parallelism, repetition, inversion, ellipsis, and rhetorical questions. Analyzing how these devices are used within sentences can shed light on the author's intentions and rhetorical strategies.7. Contextual Analysis: Lastly, it's essential to consider the broader context in which sentences occur. This includes understanding the purpose of the text, the intended audience, and the cultural or literary conventions that may influence the writer's choices in structuringsentences.By employing these methods, one can systematically analyze the sentence structure of English compositions, gaining deeper insights into their organization, coherence, and effectiveness in conveying meaning. This analytical approach not only enhances comprehension but alsofacilitates the development of writing skills by providing models for crafting well-structured and impactful sentences.。

考研英语阅读unit-5

Unit 5He who does not advance loses ground.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1One airline chief executive officer (CEO) was the master of the personal touch. Spending hours with his employees and getting to know their jobs, he persuaded them to accept pay cuts in return for an ownership stake. The concession put the company so solidly in the black that the CEO was able to sell it for $ 860 million. Another CEO scolded managers in front of others, cut one third of the work force and so embittered the survivors that his airline began to lose money, and the board of directors fired him.In any test of knowledge or IQ, the two CEOs would have dueled to a draw. The difference was their ability to handle relationships, argues Daniel Goleman in his new book, Working With Emotional Intelligence. Building on his 1995 best-seller, Emotional Intelligence, Goleman now probes how EI relates to the world of work. As he did in his earlier book, Goleman masterfully explains how a low EI hinders people’s full intellectual potential by flooding the brain with stress hormones that impair memory, learning and thinking. The heart of the book, though, is an analysis of data collected from more than 150 firms on what distinguishes so-so performers from superstars. Goleman’s findings: conventional intelligence takes second position to emotional intelligence in determining job performance.In jobs ranging from repairman to scientist, IQ accounts for no more than 25 percent of the difference between, say, a successful high-tech entrepreneur and a failed one. In another surprise, the contribution of IQ shrinks and the contribution of EI rises with the difficulty of a job and how high it ranks in an organization. Based on traits that companies say distinguish winners from losers, Goleman concludes that EI carries much more weight than IQ in determining success at the top.However, the many examples of CEOs and other people in top positions who have the emotional intelligence of a snake—but still were CEOs—undermine the case for EI’s indispensability in business. But even if you accept that EI determines who excels, you have to wonder if it should. Goleman describes how 112 entry-level accountants were judged more or less successful by their bosses according to their level of EI rather than their actual skills. No wonder so many auditors fail to notice cooked books.1. According to Goleman, the biggest difference between the two CEOs lies in[A] their attitude toward their employees.[B] their emotional intelligence.[C] their conventional intelligence.[D] their business strategy.2. Goleman’s new book Working With Emotional Intelligence is chiefly about[A] the difference between IQ and EI.[B] the relationship between EI and job performance.[C] the role of EI in a person’s success.[D] the importance of handling personal relationship.3. According to Goleman, which of the following persons owes the most to EI for his or her success?[A] Plumber.[B] Manager of the sales department.[C] President of a company.[D] Manager of the personnel department.4. The phrase “cooked books” in the last sentence most probably means[A] falsified account books.[B] books containing information for food preparation.[C] damaged books.[D] pirated books.5. The author of this text regards Goleman’s findings as[A] important. [B] surprising. [C] doubtful. [D] meaningless.Text 2The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower it is in arriving at maturity. A man reaches the maturity of his reasoning powers and mental faculties hardly before the age of twenty-eight, a woman at eighteen. And then, too, in the case of woman, it is only reason of a sort very niggard in its dimensions. That is why women remain children their whole life long, never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, cleaving to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance. For it is by virtue of his reasoning faculty that man does not live in the present only, like the brute, but looks about him and considers the past and the future and this is the origin of prudence, as well as of that care and anxiety which so many people exhibit.Both the advantages and the disadvantages which this involves are shared in by the woman to a smaller extent because of her weaker power of reasoning. She may, in fact, be described as intellectually short-sighted, because, while she has an intuitive understanding of what lies quite close to her, her field of vision is narrow and does not reach to what is remote; so that things which are absent, or past, or to come, have much less effect upon women than upon men. This is the reason why women are more inclined to be extravagant, and sometimes carry their inclination to a length that borders upon madness. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it if possible during their husband’s life, but, at any rate, after his death. The very fact that their husband hands them over his earnings for purposes of housekeeping, strengthens them in this belief.However many disadvantages all this may involve, there is at least this to be said in its favor,that the woman lives more in the present than the man, and that, if the present is at all tolerable, she enjoys it more eagerly. This is the source of that cheerfulness which is peculiar to women, fitting her to amuse man in his hours of recreation, and, in case of need, to console him when he is borne down by the weight of his cares.6. T he major difference between a man’s and woman’s intellect is that[A] men mature much later than women.[B] women are more intuitive than men.[C] women are more cheerful than men.[D] men’s intellect is nobler than that of woman.7.The word “Niggard” (Line 3,Para 1) probably means[A] stupid. [B] limited. [C] miserly. [D] mean.8. The cause of women’s enjoyment and cheerfulness is that[A] men do not challenge their intellect.[B] they are irresponsible by their very nature.[C] they live more in the present.[D] they want to console men.9. The author is probably a[A] philosopher. [B] gossip columnist. [C] happily married man. [D] biologist.10. Which of the following could be the best title of the text?[A] The Intellect of Women and Men[B] Women the Short-sighted[C] Think Less Worry Less[D] Happy Women and Anxious MenText 3Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first years. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at fourhis language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.11. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak.[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech.[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak.[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language.12. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly.[B] they are exposed to too much language at once.[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak.[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them.13. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.[C] Children who start to speak late prove to be of high IQ.[D] Most children learn their language in indefinite stages.14. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child?[A] He is born with the capacity to speak.[B] He has a brain more complex than an animal s.[C] He can produce his own sentences.[D] He owes his speech ability to good nursing.15. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] the mother should give the child careful mothering.[B] language is a basic human need.[C] the child will send out obvious signals if it is pleased.[D] the mother should be sensitive to the child’s body language.Text 4You are in trouble if you have to buy your own brand-name prescription drugs. Over the past decade, prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate. Treatments for chronic conditions can easily top $2,000 a month—no wond er that one in four Americans can’t afford to fill their prescriptions. The solution? A hearty chorus of “O Canada.”North of the border, where price controls reign, those same brand-name drugs cost 50% to 80% less.The Canadian option is fast becoming a political wake-up call. “If our neighbors can buy drugs at reasonable prices, why can’t we?”Even to whisper that thought provokes anger. “Un-American!” And—the propagandists’ trump card—“Wreck our brilliant health-care system.”Supersize drug prices, they claim, fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs. No sky-high drug price today, no cure for cancer tomorrow. So shut up and pay up.Common sense tells you that’s a false alternative. The reward for finding, say, a cancer cure is so huge that no one’s going to hang it up. Nevertheless, if Canada-level pricing came to the United States, the industry’s profit margins would drop and the pace of new-drug development would slow. Here lies the American dilemma. Who is all this splendid medicine for? Should our healthcare system continue its drive toward the best of the best, even though rising number of patients can’t afford it? Or should we direct our wealth toward letting everyone in on today’s level of care? Measured by saved lives, the latter is almost certainly the better course.To defend their profits, the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies not to sell to Americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those who dare.Meanwhile, the administration is playing the fear card. Officials from the Food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake, mishandled, or even a potential threat to life.Do bad drugs fly around the Internet? Sure—and the more we look, the more we’ll find. But I haven’t heard of any raging epidemics among the hundreds of thousands of people buying cross-border.Most users of prescription drugs don’t worry about costs a lot. They are sheltered by employee insurance, owing just a $20 co-pay. The financial blows rain, instead, on the uninsured, especially the chronically ill who need expensive drugs to live. This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare, who have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit.16. What is said about the consequence of the rocketing drug prices in the U.S.?[A] A quarter of Americans can’t afford their prescription drugs.[B] Many Americans can’t afford to see a doctor when they fall ill.[C] Many Americans have to go to Canada to get medical treatment.[D] The inflation rate has been more than doubled over the years.17. According to the text, what can America do to control soaring drug prices?[A] Encourage people to buy prescription drugs online.[B] Extend medical insurance to all its citizens.[C] Import low-price prescription drugs from Canada.[D] Exercise price control on brand-name drugs.18. How do propagandists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy?[A] Low prices will affect the quality of medicines in America.[B] High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs.[C] Low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers.[D] High-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases.19. According to the author, what should be the priority of America’s h ealth-care system?[A] To resolve the dilemma in the health-care system.[B] To maintain America’s lead in the drug industry.[C] To allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits.[D] To quicken the pace of new drug development.20. What are American drug companies doing to protect their high profits?[A] Labeling drugs bought from Canada as being fakes.[B] Threatening to cut back funding for new drug research.[C] Reducing supplies to uncooperative Canadian pharmacies.[D] Attributing the raging epidemics to the ineffectiveness of Canadian drugs.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. Great quantities of animal oil come from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.21. _________________________________.To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aero-planes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. This is the oil that has changed the life of the common man.22. _________________________________. This kind of oil comes out of the earth. Because it burns well, it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal.23.__________________________________. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.24. __________________________________. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the seabed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature were changed into what we know as oil. For these creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.There are several main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. One is that is the Middle East, and includes the Persian Gulf; another is the area between North and South America, as well as between Asia and Australia. The remaining area is near the North Pole.25. ___________________________________. If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough, it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to a new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall, the oilfields will gradually disappear, and the Arctic deposits may rest where they are forever.[A] When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Gas thatcomes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.[B] What was the origin of the oil, which now drives our automobiles and aircrafts? Scientiststhink that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the ocean.[C] The king of the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drillmore than a mile into the earth.[D] When all the present oilfields are exhausted, it is possible that this cold region may becomethe scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great, and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work.[E] When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal combustion engine. To it we owethe existence of the automobile, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To it we owe the possibility of flying. It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea. [F] They are a source of a great quantity of oil, which can be made into food for humanconsumption. A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking.Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.[G] Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing togethercause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. 26)Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences.“Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. 27)If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys(滑轮) and levers. 28)On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys” of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. 29)In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.”Paradoxically, with all this natural intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations,the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. 30)One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes(传道书) to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.stake n.股份，资金；危险2.concession n.让步，妥协；特许权；承认，认可3.embitter v.使痛苦，使受苦4.duel vi.斗争5.draw n.不分胜负v.拉；牵6.impair vt.损害，损伤；削弱7.distinguish v.区别，辨别8.conventional a.按照传统的；约定俗成的9.entrepreneur n.企业家10.trait n.特征，特点11.excel v.超过，优秀，胜过他人12.cook v.篡改；烹调，煮n.厨师，炊事员难句突破1.[As he did in his earlier book], Goleman [masterfully] explains how a low EI hinders people’s full intellectual potential [by flooding the brain with stress hormones (that impair memory, learning and thinking)].【分析】复合句。