王希鹏英语校本教材

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高级英语语法

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7. All critics considered his novel a masterpiece.
主语+谓语+宾语+补语
8. Walls have ears.
主语+谓语+宾语
1.1 Basic sentence Patterns (基本句型)
ExerciCseOsNtToEN1T.1 Analyze the patterns of the following sentences.
不含否定词的句子即为肯定句。
1.2 Simple Sentences (简单句)
CONTENT
1.2.1 LiSfe is full of ups and downs. (陈述句) 1.2.1P.A1GIEam a statistics major. (肯定句)
8. I never go to bed without watching the news. 9. I can never see the film without being moved to tears. 10. There was no one who didn’t feel sympathy for the victims.
1.1 Basic sentence Patterns (基本句型)
ExerciCseOsNtToEN1T.1 Analyze the patterns of the following sentences.
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1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
1.1 Basic sentence Patterns (基本句型)

基于英语学科大观念的初中英语单元整体教学设计

基于英语学科大观念的初中英语单元整体教学设计◎王西平随着社会的发展,英语已成为不可或缺的国际通用语言。

初中阶段的英语学习对学生的学术、职业发展以及社会交流至关重要。

这个时期是夯实语言基础、认知英语语言世界的关键窗口。

因此,基于英语学科大观念的单元教学设计变得至关重要。

这样的设计有助于学生挖掘语篇的主题意义,理清不同语篇间的逻辑关系,并系统掌握各种语言表达方式和语篇文体特征。

通过这些步骤,学生的语言运用能力得到提升,国际视野也得以拓展。

1.初中英语单元整体教学设计理念1.1以学生为中心以学生为中心理念着重于将学生需求和兴趣置于教学设计的核心。

注重学生个体差异,追求个性化教学,以激发学生学习兴趣和主动性为目标。

每个教学环节都围绕学生的语言水平、认知特点和学习风格展开,确保教学内容既具挑战性又符合学生接受程度,真正提升学生的英语能力和综合素质。

1.2整合教学资源教学资源整合理念强调充分利用各类资源以提高教学效果和效率。

包括教材、教辅、多媒体及网络资源等。

教师需根据学生需求合理选择和搭配资源,创造多元立体的学习环境,使学生在各种资源支持下更有效地掌握英语知识和技能。

1.3连贯性与递进性连贯性与递进性理念要求教学内容内在逻辑连贯,同时在难度和深度上逐步递进。

每个教学单元应有明确主题,围绕主题展开教学,并保持连贯性。

教学难度和深度应根据学生实际情况逐步提升,确保学生循序渐进地掌握英语知识和技能。

1.4跨学科融合促进英语与其他学科有机结合,拓宽学生知识视野,提高综合应用能力。

引入与英语相关的历史、文化、科学、艺术等内容,使英语教学更富趣味和实用性。

这种融合不仅激发学习兴趣,还培养跨学科思维和问题解决能力。

2.单元教学设计的思路和步骤2.1探究语篇主题意义与各语篇间的逻辑关联,建构主题大观念在初中英语单元整体教学设计中,教师需要引导学生去仔细研读每一个语篇,理解其中的主题和意义,包括作者的观点、态度和情感。

同时,学生还需要探究各个语篇之间的逻辑关联,理解它们是如何形成一个完整的故事、观点或论证的。

教师英语口语训练PPT课件模块四

Unit Twenty-six
Physical Education （体育）
Unit Twenty-seven Math （数学）
教师英语口语训练
21世纪小学教师教育系列教材
Part 4 Bilingual Teaching （学科双语教学）
Unit Twenty-eight Science （自然）
Unit Twenty-nine
Biology（生物）
Unit Thirty
Social Studies （社会）
Unit Thirty-one
Geography （地理）
教师英语口语训练
21世纪小学教师教育系列教材
Unit 28 Art
教师英语口语训练
21世纪小学教师教育系列教材
Part A Classroom English
教师英语口语训练
21世纪小学教师教育系列教材
Ⅱ.Oral Presentation（口语表达）
Discuss the list of the following leisure activities and try to use the useful functional devices to express your likes and dislikes to them.
教师英语口语训练
21世纪小学教师教育系列教材
Ⅰ.Communicative Functions（交际功能）
Inquiring about likes and dislikes
Are you keen on disco? That old painting is nice, isn’t it? Don’t you like meeting people? Could you tell me if you have a fondness for drawing? Do you find any pleasure in gardening? Don’t you find sculpture very exciting?

英语校本课程序言

序言王明霞本教材以PEP小学英语教材为基础，结合小学生的学习生活实际，采用任务型语言教学（Task-Based language Teaching）模式，融汇话题、交际用语和故事欣赏与演讲表演形成的由易到难的学习程序策划、编写的。

从严格意义上讲，这本教材还不能称之为一本“书”，而更象一本校本课程纲要。

因为书中没有具体的语言项目和语法功能，只有一个个由易到难的教学程序，这程序我将它视为“资源包”。

没有了具体内容教师更容易放开自己的手脚，不必拘泥于形式。

因为校本课程本身就是有弹性的，用来弥补我们现形教材设计的不足，课堂教学的不足，满足“个性化”的教学需求，更有利于教师在教学中不断探索教学方法。

由于校本课程的开发在我校才刚刚起步，一切还都在摸索之中，加之我知识和能力有限，在策划、编写之中难免有很多不足和疏漏之处。

敬请各位同仁提出意见和建议，我会诚恳接受，并将此教材不断完善和更新，使之逐步完善。

本教材包括两大部分内容A、B两部分。

A部分为“会话与口语交际”；B部分为“英语故事欣赏与演讲”A部分：会话与口语交际第一章：问候与介绍第一节：与朋友家人以及陌生人见面如何打招呼问候。

第二节：介绍自我介绍、介绍他人包括姓名、年龄、职业和国籍等。

第二章：日常生活起居第一节：1.谈论自己的作息时间。

2.谈论父母同学等。

第二节：饮食习惯谈论自己对食物的喜欢等第三章：节日第一节：谈论学生知道西方节日。

第二节：谈论中国的节日第四章：社交礼节与交际用语第一节：邀请第二节：预订（机票、房间、餐厅等）B部分：故事欣赏与演讲Part A: Conversation and Conversational EnglishThe First Period : How to ask and greet with your friends , family, and strangers when you face to face.A: Hi, how is it going?/ How are you getting on?/ How are things with you?/ How’s everything with you?B: Fine, thank you. And how are you?/ Quite well, thank you./ Well, pretty good./ We’re just the same as usual./ Same asusual./ Just so so.A:It’s been so nice seeing you./ It’s a pleasure to have you.Thanks.B:I do enjoy these little chats with you. You’ll never outstay(or:overstay) your welcome.The Second Period: Making IntroductionsIntroduce yourself or himself, include name, age, byprofession andA:I’m a stranger here. Will you please introduce me to someof your friends?B:OK,You don’t know how happy I am to see you.A:It’s really a pleasure to know you.B:I’ve heard such a lot about you and I’ve been wanting to meet you.The First Period Talk about your timeA:Excuse me, could you tell me what the time is?B:It’s 8 o’clock sharp.A:Does your watch keep good time?B:Yes, it keeps very good time. And I set it by the radio this morning.A:What’s the date today?B:It’s be March 2nd. As it happens it’ll my thirtieth birthday.A:Happy birthday to you!B:Thanks a lot.A:What day is it today?B:It’s Thursday, I think.A:Tomorrow is Friday. It’s going to be the weekend.B: Have a good time on weekend.A:Thanks.The Second Period Diet HabitsTalk about your favorite food.A:Do you like carrots?B:Yes, I do. I like all vegetables.A:How about broccoli? Do you like broccoli?B:Yes, I do. It’s great! Do you like vegetables?A:No, I don’t like vegetables. Well, only salad. I like salad. But I like fruit. I like bananas, oranges…B:How about apples? I don’t like apples!A:Yes, I like apples. And you know what I really like? B:What?A:Ice cream!The First Period Talk about western festivals they’ve knownThe Second PeriodTalk about Chinese festivals德顺小学五年级英语兴趣小组校本教材The First Period InvitationThe Second Period BookTalk about how to book Room, Hotel…When is New year’s day?It’s January 1st.When is Women’s day?It’s March 8th.When is Labour’s day?It’s May 1st.When is Children’s day?It’s June 1st.When is Teachers’day?It’s September 10th.When is Christmas day?It’s December 25th.Part B Stories and speechBig FeetTwo sister came home from school, crying. “What’s wrong?”asked their mother. The younger sister stared complaining, “The kids at school are making fun of my big feet.” The mother said , “Your feet aren’t so big.”She turned to the older sister, “Now, why are you crying?”“Because I’ve been invited to a skiing party and I can’t find my skis.”“That’s okay, ”said her mother. “You can borrow your sister’s shoes.”Ask and answer1.What’s wrong with the younger sister?2.How doer their mother explain their demand?3.If you were the two sisters, what would you do?Fashion PiggyThe third “Fashion Piggy” swimming championship was held in Chitre, Panama. 16 piggy athletes took part in the competition. Each piggy wore a bikini and sunglasses or a big Panama hat. Theyneeded to not only swim, but also perform on stage.The 16 beautiful piggies got into a boat and started their journey. When they got about 300 meters away from the bank, they were put into the sea. The first one to swim back to the shore would be the winner.In fact, before the swimming competition, the piggies must compete for the “Fashion Award”. Their owners were very creative. They spent a lot of time dressing their piggies Each one really looked fashionable. This year, the pig in the red bikini and sunglasses won.For a while, this activity had not been held, but this year it had many piggies took part . The championship has now become very popular. It may become a national event next year. All the piggies in Panama can take part in the contest.时尚小猪：第三届“时尚小猪”游泳比赛在巴拿马奇特雷市举行，参赛的小猪身穿比基尼泳衣，头戴墨镜或草帽，不仅要在大海中比赛游泳，还要在T型台上比赛走“猫步”。

5BM2U3 教案及反思

Oxford English Book 5BModule 2 Unit 3 School subjects陈明之教学设计说明：学情分析：学生通过近五年的英语学习，已经积累了一定数量的词汇与一些重要的、常见的语法与时态，具备了一定的听说读写演的技能。

我教的两个班只有三分之一的学生具有语言学习和交流的欲望，愿意与同伴交流，有着较强的求知欲和表现欲，而且也在周末参加各类英语的培训班，因此这三分之一的学生已经能自学并在上课时能积极举手发言。

但是，由于现行教材的大容量和高密度，剩下的三分之二学生、特别是农民工子女由于英语基础弱、家庭条件及自身的重视程度不够，对英语学习的积极性不高，上课也不愿意多说。

因此，作为教师只能通过适当的教学途径进行有益调控和引导，充分发掘与运用教材所提供的有效信息，在情境中推进词句学习的运用，努力做到让他们开口说英语，利用现有的教材及方法以满足不同层面学生之所需。

教材分析:5BM2U3 School Subjects 通过各类课程类单词的学习以及timetable为主线串联的问答学习，进一步了解学校课程的含义。

在掌握课程类单词表达的基础上，形成课程表的内容。

同时，在运用所学课程类单词的过程中，了解并判断课程的重要与否，从而形成良好的学习习惯。

在此过程中，鼓励学生进行适当的提炼与概括，形成对某一类词汇的认识与表述。

在此基础上，学会使用What classes do you have?来询问别人的学习科目情况并进行合理应对，从而形成对学校生活更为完整的认识与理解。

本单元的重点句型包括：1. What classes do we have today? 2. We have Chinese, Maths, … 3. It’s time for … 4. My favourite subject(s) is / are…等，前两个句型借助第一课时的单词教学进行学习和巩固，同时为第二课时的学习作好铺垫；后两个句型在第二课时中学习，并结合It’s time to …句型的表达，帮助学生在比较中理解新授、加深对新授的认识、记忆与运用。

浅谈如何把故事教学法应用于小学英语教学中

浅谈如何把故事教学法应用于小学英语教学中摘要：故事教学法是把英语的字母、词汇、句子、语篇放在生动的故事中学习。

通过故事情节吸引了他们，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。

只有调动了学生学习英语的积极性，才能真正做到把教学内容与学生的兴趣结合起来，学生才能被教学内容所吸引而兴奋起来。

关键词：故事教学法字母词汇句型语篇故事教学法把英语的字母、词汇、句子、语篇放在生动的故事中学习，在听故事的同时听英语，在讲故事的同时学说英语，故事中动人的情节吸引了他们，同时也极大地激发了学生学习英语的兴趣。

只有调动了学生学习英语的积极性，才能真正做到把教学内容与学生的兴趣结合起来，学生才能被教学内容所吸引而兴奋起来。

近几年来，我尝试着把故事引入小学英语课堂教学之中，收到良好的效果。

实践证明，这种教学方法适合小学生的年龄特点及英语教学的学科特点。

下面主要介绍故事教学法在课堂教学中的运用。

一、在字母教学中的运用《PEP小学英语》Book3中涉及到一个四会字母教授的问题，即学生需掌握对字母的听、说、读、写四种技能。

字母的书写需定位在四线格中，因此具体的字母应写成怎样，写在什么位置，学生记忆较为困难。

在教授中，如何有效地进行字母的教授就是一个值得考虑的问题。

通过“故事”结合“楼层”记忆的方式，让学生形象记忆，效果较好。

形象地将四线格由下往上依次分成一楼、二楼、三楼、四楼，以此教授字母。

例如F、f的书写格式教授中，教师可以这样讲：F像一面旗子，它站在二搂之上，迎风飘扬，英姿飒爽；f顶天立地，是所有字母里个子最高的一个，它还不忘在腰间配上一把宝剑，很神气，很威武。

在教师这样的描述下，此时字母的具体形态和位置活生生地展现在了学生面前，记忆深刻，且兴趣盎然，不失为一个好方法。

字母中有很多可以采用这样生动的描述。

如：K 很热情，每次见面都不忘伸出两个胳膊去拥抱他人；k很爱漂亮，出门总不忘在胸前别上个蝴蝶结去赢得别人的赞美；b比较贪吃，结果肚子上堆积了厚厚的脂肪，瞧，它的肚子都凸出来了呢等。

安全工程专业英语教材

安全技术及工程专业英语ContentSection one (1)Mine ventilation (1)Section two (6)Methane and its control (6)Section three (17)Mine fires (17)Section four (21)Accident prevention principles (21)Section five (24)Hazard Identification (24)Section six (29)Accident Investigations (29)Section seven (34)Accident Analysis in Mine Industry (34)Section oneMine ventilationThe two purposes of mine ventilation are: (1) to answer the requirements of the law in regard to supplying a stated quantity of fresh air per minute to each man in the mine, and to dilute render harmless, and sweep away dangerous gases. In coal mines the quantity of fresh air prescribed is generally from 100 to 150cu.ft/min/man in the mine. Some mining regulation specify a maximum limit to the quantity of methane permitted in the return air of coal mines, and some limit the amount of carbon dioxide permissible in the mine air. (2) to make working conditions more comfortable for miners. If conditions of humidity and air temperature are favourable, a decide cooling effect on the men is secured by giving the proper velocity to the an current, and the efficiency of the miners is increased. Dust and fumes from explosives are also removed.Natural and artificial ventilationPress differences required to cause air flow, may be produced by natural or mechanical forces. Flow caused by unequal densities or weights of air columns in or near the openings (due mainly to temperature differences) is “natural-draft” flow, and resulting pressure-differences are “natural draft pressure”. The relatively feeble currents forming complete flow-circuits in undivided single openings, also due to equal densities, are separately termed” convection currents ”. Many metal mines and some small coal mines are ventilated by natural draft alone, which also acts in conjunction with fan pressure in mechanically-ventilated mines; Where its importance largely depends on depth of workings and mine resistance.The effect of natural conditions in creating a circulation of air in a mine is illustrated in Fig 1. It will be assumed that the temperature of the air current at any point in the mine is T1, and the outside temperature is T2. The column of air whose weight tends to produce circulation is H1 for the main shaft, and H2 for the air shaft. H2being composed of two sections, namely H a+H m. The direction in which the air will circulate and the pressure producing circulation may be derived by calculating.The difference between the weights of the two columns is the pressure in pounds per square foot that produces circulation of the air, and the direction of flow will be toward the column of lesser weight as indicated by the arrows in the figure.In mines where the natural ventilation pressure is inadequate to supply the necessary air, fans are used. However, the effect of natural ventilation on the performance of the fan is important. Owing to the change in temperature from summer to winter conditions, natural ventilation may reverse its direction; in one case it assists the fan, in the other case it opposes it.V entilation of coal mines is nowadays almost universally effected by use of the fans, of which there are many types. Such fans may either exhaust the air from the upcast shaft or blow or force the air down the downcast shaft. With few exceptions, exhausting fans at the top of the up-cast shaft are used in modern mines.Fig.1 Natural ventilationAlthough many types of fans are used for mine ventilation, they fall into two classes, viz, the centrifugal or wheel-type fan and the axial-flow or propeller type fan.During recent year the centrifugal fan has found a rival in the axial-flow or propeller-type fan, which is now being used in increasing numbers to such an extent that it is largely replacing the centrifugal fan for mine ventilation.The action of the axial-flow fan differs from that the centrifugal fan in that the air passes axially alone the fan instead of being discharged from the circumference of the fan by centrifugal force. The fan consists essentially of one or more rotors (some- what similar to aeroplane propellers; in the first axial-flow mine fans that rotors wereactually aeroplane propellers). There rotors carry blades and rotate at a high speed within a circular casing which the air enters at one end and is discharged at the other end. The number of rotors or stages depend upon the pressure to be produced, and mine fans may have anything from one to four stages, with the equivalent number of rotors mounted on the same shaft.Although apparently simple in construction and operation, this type of fan calls for a high degree of skill in the design and arrangement of the blades. With the axial-flow fan it is possible to vary the performance by increasing its speed, by increasing the number of stages or rotors, and by altering the pitch or inclination of the blades, and these alterations can be made over fairly wide limits without seriously reducing the efficiency at which the fan works.Underground fansFans are used underground mainly for two purpose, viz, as boosters for assisting the main fan, and as auxiliary fans for the ventilation of headings and blind ends.The use of booster fans underground is confined to cases where the workings have extended to such great distances from the pit-bottom that the surface fan is incapable of circulating the quantity of air necessary for the ventilation of these remote workings and where it would be necessary either to install a larger and additional airways to allow adequate ventilation.Such fans are usually installed in the return airways, but when electrically driven the driven the driving motor must be supplied with fresh of intake air.The distribution of mine ventilationThe present-day practice is to split the air near the bottom of the downcast shaft into several intake airways, each of which serves a certain area of the workings or district of the mine. Similarly, separate returns are provided for the several working areas or districts near the upcast pit-bottom.Splitting the air in this way is essential if the large volumes of air required in modern mines are to be provided, and in addition it offers many advantages, the chief of which are:1.Each district is supplied with fresh air.2.A much large quantity of air circulates in the mine, due to lower resistance by multiple circuits or roadways.3.There is less risk of accumulation of gas.4.In the event of trouble in a district or an explosion, the trouble or damage is more likely to be confined to the particular district in which it occurs and less likely to affect the whole mine.5.The velocity of the air currents in the intakes, returns and workings is lower, and the ventilating pressure required for a given total quantity of air is reduced, with consequent economy in power consumption.Left to its own devices, the air would simply pass down the downcast and take the nearest way to the upcast shaft, leaving the rest of the mine unventilated. To prevent this and ensure the proper distribution of the air throughout the mine, various devices are employed.Stoppings. As the mine workings advace, various connections between the intake and return airways must be sealed, as must also be abandoned roadways in order to prevent air leaking and circulating in areas where it is no longer required. It is required that any road connecting an intake and a return airway which has ceased to be required for the working of the mine shall be effectively sealed forthwith. For this purpose stoppings are constructed to confine the air along the desired course. These stoppings are built from floor to roof and from side to side of the roadways, and are constructed in many ways.In important position they may be built of masonry or concrete, while at other times they may consist merely of debris packed in the roadway to a sufficient thickness to prevent the passage of air.Doors. It is frequently necessary to prevent the passage of air along roadways which must, however, be available for persons or materials to pass. In these cases ventilation doors are employed. Not less than two doors are usually inserted, so that one can remain shut at all times to prevent short-circuiting of the air which would happen if a single door was used. In important situations near the pit-bottom and between main intakes and returns, it is customary to erect three or more door, and inup-to-date mines these are sometimes constructed of steel plates with rubber beading around the edges to reduce leakage to a minimum. In other situations strong wooden doors with door frames built in brickwork surrounds are employed.Sheets. Near the working faces, where the ventilating pressure is small and the ground is unsettled, sheets are sometimes employed as substitutes for doors to divert the air current. These consist of long brattice cloth or sacking, made windproof and usually fireproof, hung from roof to floor, and nailed to a piece of timber, often a roof bar. They can thus be lifted or pushed out of position for men or tubs to pass. The use of sheets is not recommended in position where it is possible to insert doors, as they are far from leakproof and are easily deranged, when they allow the air to short-circuit and rob the working places of ventilation.Air crossings. To ensure the supply of air to all parts of the mine, if frequently becomes necessary that an intake airway and a return airway shall cross each other. In such cases an air-tight bridge, called an air crossing, overcast or cross over has to be constructed.Regulators. In order to obtain the desired distribution of air between the various districts, it is usually necessary to restrict the amount of air flowing into certain districts which offer a low resistance to air flow. This is effected by the use of regulators. It is obvious that without regulators large volumes of air would tend to flow in the splits of low resistance, leaving only small quantities for the remote workings which offer a high resistance.A regulator usually consists of a small sliding door or adjustable shutter set in an ordinary ventilating door.Section twoMethane and its controlMethane and respirable dust are the two common problems encountered in underground coal mining. They are more severe in modern longwall mining because of high production.Methane and its drainageOnce the air enters the mine shaft, its composition changes and becomes mine air. most notably, the dust and hazardous gases will increase and dilute the concentration of oxygen. In addition, the air temperature, humidity, and pressure will all change. When those changes occur slightly, the mine air, which is not significantly different from the atmospheric air, is called fresh air. This usually refers to the air before passing through the working faces. After passing through working face or gob it is called the return air.In general, mine gas refers to all the hazardous gases in mines. The most frequently encountered hazardous in underground coal mines are methane(CH4), carbon dioxide(CO2), carbon monoxide(CO), sulphur dioxide(SO2), hydrogen sulfide(H2S), nitrogen dioxide(NO2) and hydrogen(H2).Methane or marsh gas, by miners it is termed firedamp or simply “gas”, is the major component of the hazardous gases in underground coal mines. It occupies approximately 80~96% by volume. Thus normally when one speaks of mine gas, one means methane. It is colorless and odorless; its diffusivity is about 1.6 times that of air. Since it has a low specific gravity (0.554), methane is easily accumulated near the roof of the roadway and working faces. Though it is harmless to breathe in small quantities, it is suffocating if its concentration is very high.The most dangerous problem with methane is the potential of methane explosion. It will be ignited when its concentration is between 5 and 16% ( 9.5% is the most dangerous ) and the air temperature is from 1.200 to 1.3820F ( 650~7500C). Some coal seams and rock strata contain large amounts of methane, and under high pressure, the coal and gas will burst out suddenly and simultaneously. Obviously, certainappropriate measures must be employed to extract methane from these coal seams in advance.The amount of methane emission in an underground coal mine can be expressed either by the absolute amount or the relative amount of emission. The absolute amount of emission is the absolute amount of emission per unit time in the whole mine. Its volumetric unit will be ft 3/day (m 3/day) or ft 3/min (m 3/min). However, the relative amount of emission is the average amount of emission per ton coal produced within a certain period of time, ft 3/ton (m 3/ton).During a normal production period the methane concentration is diluted to below the lowest limit allowed by law mainly adjusting the volume of the ventilated air. The required volume of air in a working face can be determined by k c Q Q gasair =;where Q air is the required fresh air volume in ft 3/min (m 3/min). C is the maximum allowable limit of methane concentration in the return air, generally 1~1.5%. The allowable limit of methane concentration varies from country to country. For instance, the limit in China is 1%; Holland 1.5% up to 2% in some area; West Germany 1~1.5%; France 1.5~2% for some faces with monitoring instrument; and in the U.S. 1~2%. K is the nonuniform coefficient of gas emission, generally 1.5.Following the recent rapid development in longwall machinery, the longwall productivity has improved greatly while the coal produced is much smaller in size. These two events increase the amount of methane emission tremendously and consequently require a much larger volume of ventilated air. For example, in the United States the fresh air required at the longwall face is from 1.800 to 50.000 ft 3/min (510~1.417m 3/min).Most of the methane produced during coalification and metamorphism escapes to the atmosphere through fissures in the strata. A small part stays in the fissures in the surrounding strata and still another small part remains in the coal. The methane stays in the coal or the fissures in the surrounding strata either in free or adsorbed state. The free methane moves freely in the coal or the fissures and fractures in the strata, whereas the gas molecules in the adsorbed methane tightly adhere to the surface of theinterior fissure or the interior of coal particles. Under certain conditions, the free and adsorbed states are in equilibrium. As the pressure, temperature, and mining conditions change, the equilibrium will be destroyed. When the pressure is increased or the temperature is decreased, some parts of the free methane will become adsorbed. Conversely, some of the adsorbed methane will be released to become free methane. During mining operation the coal seams and the surrounding strata are subjected to continuous fracturing, which increases the passageways for the methane and destroys the equilibrium between the free and adsorbed methane that exists under natural conditions. As a result, some of the adsorbed methane will be freed. Thus under normal conditions, as mining progresses, the methane in the coal and the surrounding strata will be released continuously and uniformly. This is the basic form of methane emission. Only methane in the free gas state can flow into mine workings.Methane content of seam and surrounding strata is the most important factor controlling the amount of methane to be emitted. If the seam contains a large amount of methane, it will emit more methane during mining. In addition, methane content in the coal seam and the surrounding strata also depends on the seam depth and geological conditions. Generally methane content in creases with seam depth. If the seam is close to the surface, especially if there are outcrops, methane will escape to the atmosphere and consequently methane content will be lower. The seam inclination is also a controlling factor. Since flowing along the bedding planes is much easier than flowing perpendicular to them, the larger the seam inclination, the more the methane escapes. If the surrounding strata are thick and tight in structure, the methane will more likely remain in the strata. Conversely, if the fissures are well developed in the strata, the methane will escape easily.If the seam being mined has a high methane content, the mining method employed should be those that extract with high recovery and leaves as leaves as little coal in the gob possible. In this respect, longwall mining is the most suitable.During coal cutting the amount of methane emission increases sharply. However, different methods of coal cutting produce different amounts of methane emission. It depends mainly on the amount of coal cut loose, the size of the newly exposed coalface, and the size of the broken coal, For example, if air picks are used, the amount of methane emission increases 1.1~1.3 times; 1.4~2.0 times for blasting;1.3~1.6 times for shearer cutting; and 2.0~4.0 times for hydraulic jetting. This is why coal seams with high methane content are not suitable for hydraulic mining. In modern longwall faces, the shearer cuts rapidly, resulting in high production. Consequently the amount of methane emission is large. It will be necessary to strengthen ventilation in order to reduce the methane concentration.If longwall mining with the full-caving method is used, the methane originally stored in the roof strata and adjacent seams will be released and will flow into the normal ventilation networks. This is especially true during the periodic roof weighting when the main roof acts vigorously and caves in large areas. It may also reactivate the static air accumulated in the gob and flow into the face area and the tailentry. If the sealing method is used, the gob must be kept sealed tightly, because in a sealed gob, the methane accumulated may reach as high as 60~70% in the static air. The methane-rich static air should not be allowed to leak into the normal ventilation networks If, on the other hand, the open gob is employed, the gob must be ventilated adequately to reduce the potential of accumulating high concentrations of methane in certain areas.Methods of Preventing Methane Explosion 1There are three requirements methane explosion: a minimum concentration of methane and of oxygen and a suitable heat source. The min. concentration, 5％，is the lower explosion limit, and 15% is the upper limit. If below 5%, it forms a bluish stable combustion layer around the flame without initiating explosion. If larger than 5%, there is insufficient amount of oxygen to promote the chemical reactions leading to explosion. When the methane content in fresh air 9.5%, once it encounters a heat source of sufficient temperature, the whole amount of methane and oxygen will participate in the chemical reactions.It must be noted, however, that as the oxygen content in the air decreases, the lower explosion limit will slowly increase while the upper explosion limit will drop sharply. When the oxygen content is decreased to 12%, the methane-air mixture will not be ignited. If the gob is sealed, there will be considerable accumulation of methane. But it will not be ignited even if there were spontaneous combustion in theremanent coal. This is due to the fact that in the sealed gob, there is insufficient amount of oxygen in the air.The ignition temperature is the lowest temperature for igniting a methane explosion and generally ranges from 1,202 to 1,292 F(650~700℃). There are many underground heat sources that can ignite a methane explosion. These include any exposed fires, spontaneous coal combustions, electric arcings, high temperature gases from blastings, every hot metal surfaces and sparks due to impact and friction. However, once the methane-oxygen mixture encounters the heat source it requires a minimum reaction time before explosion. Although the reaction time is extremely short(Table),it is very important for mining operations. Therefore, when using permissible explosives, as long as the shot-firing is properly implemented, the methane will not be ignited.In underground coal mines , methane explosion can occur in any place, however, most of them occur at the working faces where methane emission is the largest. Based on the factors contributing to methane explosion, the most effective methods for preventing methane explosion are to reduce the accumulation of methane and to eliminate high-temperature heat sources.The areas where methane is likely to accumulate are the gob, working faces at the development entries, gob-side tailentry T-junction, near cutting drums off the shearer, and in the roof fall cavities.It is very likely that methane accumulates to high concentration in the gob. In the United States the gobs are ventilated to prevent methane accumulation and to reduce the temperature. In most other countries the gobs are tightly sealed that itcompletely cuts off any fresh air flowing into the gob or prevents high-concentration methane air flowing out of the gob. In any event, if amount of methane emission is large, some methods of methane drainage directly from the gob to the surface are necessary. The withdrawn methane can be used as a fuel or as a raw material for chemical by-products.Frequently at the working faces of the development entries. due to insufficient air volume and speed, the methane cannot be effectively diluted and/or swept away. The methane concentration may reach a critical level. Since the specific gravity of methane is very small, it tends to accumulate near the roof line and forms a methane layer, sometimes up to 8~12 in (200~300mm) thick. It can be diluted or swept away by directing air flowing at 1.64~3.28ft/ sec(0.5~1m/sec). If necessary, a guide board or pipe, or perforated compressive air pipe may be installed along the roof line to dilute the methane layer.To increase the air volume and air speed is an effective method for diluting the methane concentration in the entries. But if the methane emission is very heavy, other supplementary measures are necessary. These include; (1) natural drainage-in this method, several entries are driven alternately. The methane will drain itself during the period of alternate stoppage; (2) drain as advance-in this method, holes are drilled on either one or both ribs approximately 49~66ft(15－20m) outby from the face. Each hole is connected to the drainage pipe out; (3) holes are drilled ahead of the face and the methane is drained for a period of time before the face is advanced.Methods of Preventing Methane Explosion 2The tailentry corner is the major area where high-concentration methane accumulates. This is due to the facts that, first, it serves as the major exit for the high-concentration methane in the gob, and second, when the fresh air reaches the tailentry T-junction it has to make a 90°turn which results in a turbulent air flow in the tailentry corner. Consequently, the methane accumulated in this area cannot be carried away. Several methods can be employed to eliminate the problems:1. If the methane emission is heavier, some drainage methods are necessary in the tailentry corner (Fig.2).A steel pipe 150~300ft (46~92m)long is installed long the tailentry. The gob end of the pipe extends through the curtain separating the tailentryfrom the tailentry corner. The methane accumulated in the corner will flow out through the pipe due to air pressure differentials. If the air pressure differential is too small, the drainage efficiency can be increased by installing a high-pressure water pipe or a compressed-air pipe alongside the steel pipe with nozzles at predetermined intervals connecting the two pipes.Fig 2 Method of draining methane accumulated at the tailentry corner if the methaneemission is medium high2. When the methane emission is larger than 176~212ft3/min(5-6m3/min), some special measures of methane drainage must be employed.If the coal seam has a high methane content, methane emission under high production by longwall mining will be very high. In such cases, it would be rather difficult and uneconomical to dilute the methane by increasing ventilation alone. Therefore, methane drainage must be considered. Methane drainage involves drilling boreholes into the solid coal, the roof and sometimes the floor. The methane contained in the coal or rock within a radius of up to 200ft(60m), depending on the permeability, will flow into the boreholes from which the methane is vacuum-pumped, viapipelines, to the surface.In the United states, the most common method for methane drainage in longwall mining is by surface boreholes. Before the retreat mining begins, one to three surface boreholes, depending on the panel length, are sunk along the centerline of the panel.Each borehole is sunk to a depth near the roof of the coal seam. The first borehole is usually located approximately 500ft（155m）from the panel setup room.Methane begins to emit from the borehole when the longwall face reaches to a few meters within the borehole. The initial methane flow rate is high but erratic. It becomes stabilized after nearly 60 days. It is not uncommon that using this method the total methane flow reaches 1,000,000ft3/day and the methane emission from the gob is reduced by more than 50%.Another gob degasification method for advancing longwall panel where methane emission of up to 3,000ft3/ min ( 85m3/min ) per ton of coal is liberated, is shown in Fig.3-in(10-cm) holes are drilled into the roof from the return entry at an angle of 60°for about 90 ft deep and at 75-90 ft ( 23-27m ) intervals. Bottom holes are also drilled at an angle to stay under and ahead of the faceline. All holes are fitted with 4-in (10-cm) pipe and packed. The methane is vacuum-pumped to the surface and released into the atomosphere. This method can also be applied to retreat longwall panels with multiple entries, except that the holes will have to be drilled from the second entry.3. Water Infusion Water infusion involves drilling in seam horizontal holes into the solid coal ahead of mining. High pressure water from 300 to 1,500 psi is injected into the boreholes. The high-pressure water moves away in a cylindrical water front. As the water moves away from the borehole, the methane is also driven away. In order to prevent water leakage and to increase the infusion zone, hole is generally either grouted or sealed with packers at 5 ft (1.5m) intervals. In general the infusion zone is approximate twice the length of the grouted portion of the hole. Therefore, with proper orientation and spacing of boreholes, the advancing water fronts can be merged to form a complete seal which in effect prevents the methane from being emitted into the coal face. In addition, water infusion tends to wet the coal before it is broken by the cutting machine. This is a very effective way of reducing the respirable dust level.Fig.2 Gob degasification method for advancing longwall panel Fig.3 A shows a longwall retreating panel using one hole for water infusion. The panel width is 500ft (152m). The infusion hole is 275 ft (84m) long. A plastic pipe 255 ft (78m) long is inserted into the hole, with the outer 225 ft (69m) grouted. This leaves a 50-ft (15-m) open section at the bottom of the hole for water infusion. With this arrangement the infusion zone can cover the whole face width. The infusion holes along the panel length direction should be spaced at less than 400 ft(122m) so that the infusion zones will merge to from a complete seal.Alternatively, two short holes, one from each side of the panel, can be drilled for water infusion in order to avoid the difficulties associated with long horizontal-hole drilling (Fig.4).。

校本课程英语教材

ENGLISH INN邯郸县第十二中学英语客栈邯郸县第十二中学前言为了提高同学们学习英语的的兴趣，为了升华教学模式，为了走出本学校的一条学习英语的特色路。

一、强化英语阅读体现小班特色大多数学生毕业时应达到三级目标，即“对英语学习表现出积极性和初步的自信心。

能听懂有关熟悉话题的语段和简短的故事。

能与教师或同学就熟悉的话题交换信息。

能读懂故事及其他文体的书面材料。

能参照范例或借助图片写出的句子。

能参与角色扮演等活动。

能尝试使用适当的学习方法，克服学习中遇到的困难。

能意识到语言交际中存在文化差异。

”而在“读”的具体目标描述上，课程标准则提出了“能读懂简单故事和短文并抓住大意”以及“除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到4万词以上”等具体要求。

为了顺利地达到这一目标，从进入高年级起，就要逐步做好包括从重听说向强化读写过渡的各方面准备。

由于教材篇幅的局限性，很多地方功能突出，语料明显不足，很难丰富语用。

除利用现有教材进行教学外，还需要补充一定量的课外阅读，以提高语言素材的复现率和巩固率，因此，加强课外阅读训练和指导不可忽视。

然而，目前适合学生阅读的英语读物较少，有声读物更少，不利于自学；再加上受“一费制”所限，学校和老师无法为学生统一购买课外英语读物，更难以作有针对性的课外阅读指导。

新一轮基础教育课程改革的发展，要求学校课程日益多样化和个性化。

基于“一切为了学生发展”的办学理念，我们把英语课改的目光放在高年级小班阅读校本课程的开发上，采取开放的态度，积极鼓励教师和学生共同参与课程开发，努力改变单一学习方式，体现了教学内容的多元性和选择性，提高了课程的活力。

二、利用自身资源开发英语校本我校领导历年来对英语教学非常重视，校领导把着力打造英语特色放在重要的位置上，学校的现代化教育设施先进，为利用现代教育技术开发英语教学资源，拓宽学生英语学用渠道提供了坚实的物质保证。

学校还拥有一流的英语教师队伍，学历层次高、教学理念新、教学方法活、教研能力强，有着较高的课改参与积极性。

10 Unit 4 Diogenes and Alexander 教案讲义.

Unit 4一、授课时间：第8、9周二．授课类型：理论课9课时；实践课3课时三．授课题目：Diogenes and Alexander四．授课时数：12五．教学目的和要求：通过讲授课文使大学生了解有关犬儒哲学的有关知识，学会用英语解释句子以达到学以致用的目的。

要求学生主动地预习课文，课前准备练习，学会分析文章体裁和进行段落划分。

六．教学重点和难点：1）背景知识的传授：Diogenes and Cynicism (doggishness)；2）文章的体裁分析及段落划分；3）语言点的理解：Word study: account; possess; form; roll; elaborateGrammar Focus: The function of adverbial modifier in different sentences; Patterns: the first/second, ect./the next/last+to-infinitive; the first, ect. + who/that clause七．教学基本内容和纲要Part One Warm – up1.1 Warm-up Questions1.2 Define the following words and phrasesPart Two Background Information2.1 Differences and similarities between Diogenes and AlexanderPart Three Text Appreciation3.1 Text Analysis3.1.1 Theme of the text3.1.2 Structure of the text3.2 Writing Devices3.2.1 Contrast3.2.2 Developing paragraphs by examples3.2.3 Other ways of developing paragraphs?3.3 Sentence ParaphrasePart Four Language Study4.1 Phrases and Expressions4.1.1 Word list:4.1.2 Phrases and expressions list:4.1.3 Word Building4.2 Grammar4.2.1 ObjectPart Five Extension5.1 Group discussion八、教学方法和措施本单元将运用黑板、粉笔、多媒体网络辅助教学设备等教学手段，主要采用以学生为主体、教师为主导的任务型、合作型等教学模式，具体运用教师讲授法、师生讨论、生生讨论等方法进行教学。

英语自然拼读校本教材与语音教学模式构建

英语自然拼读校本教材与语音教学模式构建王海霞【摘要】结合自然拼读法,创编自然拼读校本教程,用故事绘本等形式训练学生的语音素养,培养学生在绘本中见词能读、听音能写、音形义能结合的语言技能,为提高学生的英语阅读能力奠定坚实的基础.【期刊名称】《中国教育技术装备》【年(卷),期】2017(000)005【总页数】2页(P71-72)【关键词】英语;校本教材;语音教学模式;阅读能力【作者】王海霞【作者单位】青岛市黄岛区实验小学 266400【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G623.31《义务教育英语课程标准》（2011年版）指出：语音是基础教育阶段学生应该学习和掌握的内容之一，自然规范的语音、语调是口语交际的基础。

著名英语教育专家胡春洞教授说过：“语音是存在的物质基础，英语语音教学是整体教学发展的起点，也是教学的第一关，并始终影响着以后的其他教学。

”所以语音教学是小学英语教学的重点和难点。

在教学实际中，青岛市黄岛区实验小学结合PEP教材改编意图，在语音教学方面进行探索，开发校本课程，形成具有推广价值的模式——“悦读·体验”，并积累了一些方法。

设计目标，规范内容青岛市黄岛区实验小学利用校本课程在一、二年级开设英语课，使用的教材是外研社的新标准（一年级起点），三到六年级使用的教材是新版PEP（三年级起）。

两种教材之间的知识体系与编排不同，学生不能有效地与原先建立的知识体系衔接，造成学习知识的重复与资源浪费。

PEP教材语音教学板块的内容和形式相对简单，所给出的例词，很多是学生不熟悉的，甚至没有接触过，单词之间没有任何语境、意义上的联系，很难引起学生的兴趣。

如四年级上册“Let’s spell”板块放在每个单元A、B部分的第三课时，导致教师在使用教材时机械地教读，简单处理，草草了事。

针对这种情况，为了让语音学习更具有系统性和有效性，结合学生的实际情况和教材特点，以课标中的理论为指导，确定了校本教材的内容（见表1）。

英语自编校本课程教材69中学

英语自编校本课程教材巧做美做完形填空2012——2013学年第一学期淑娟编著目录第一讲认识高考完形填空 (2)第二讲高考英语完形填空的考点设置类型 (3)第三讲高考英语完形填空的解题策略 (5)第四讲方法与演练（一） (9)第五讲方法与演练（二） (12)第六讲方法与演练（三） (14)第七讲强化训练(一) (16)第八讲强化训练(二) (17)第九讲强化训练(三) (18)第十讲结束语 (19)第一讲认识高考完形填空完形填空又称综合填空，这一题型的命题原理是格式塔心理学。

格式塔心理学强调整体感知和对文章从语义上的整体把握。

完形填空测试短文的空格设计与测试考生的重点及考查目标密切相关。

如果空格要求考生填入虚词，则为功能性空格；如果填空要求填入实词，则为语义空格。

从近几年的高考试题看，它遵循的是“以实词为主，虚词为辅，突出词汇语境化”的命题原则，它要求学生不但具有阅读理解的能力，驾驭语法结构的能力，辨析词义的能力，而且还要具有较强的逻辑思维、分析和判断能力，同时对各类词法、句法、上下文逻辑关系、语义搭配以及写作技巧等还需具有较强的运用能力。

一篇容充实、结构合理、行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。

从近年来高考考生完形填空题的答题分析看，此题失误偏多，得分偏低。

考生失误的原因是什么？又是如何造成的呢？笔者在此结合高中英语完形填空题做些分析，并提出相应的答题对策。

一、失分原因及分析1.阅读量逐年提高，题息深藏不露以前的高考完形填空题文章一段约200～250个单词，但随着时间的推移，高考完形填空的词数在不断增加，我们来对比2005年及2010年高考完形考点分析表就可得出上述结论。

五年的时间，完形填空的单词量增加了近100个。

从上表我们也可以看出完形填空的命题原则——以实词为主，虚词为辅，突出词汇语境化。

实词中偏重于名词和动词的考查，同时也兼顾对形容词、副词以及其他词类的考查。

试题考查以情境意义选择为主，纯语法性选择近几年已趋近于零，充分突出了“词汇语境化”的特点，其侧重点在语篇理解。

关于创设初中英语新目标课堂教学情境的教学策略研究 (1)

关于创设初中英语Go for it! 课堂情境的教学策略内容摘要: 为了给学生营造一个课堂活动交际化、多样化的学习气氛,培育学生勇于开口、擅长开口说英语的适应，这就要求教师创设好课堂的活动情景。

本文以?低级中学课程标准—英语?为指导，以新课改思想为理念，围绕以创设教学情境为中心，着重论述如何创设初中英语Go for it!课堂教学情境的教学策略，以调动学生的英语学习踊跃性，激发他们的学习爱好，实现初中英语课堂教学情境化，从而全面提高学生的听，说，读，写能力。

关键词：情境教学；初中英语新目标；教学策略国家教育部最新发布的?英语课程标准—英语?强调基于语言习得的教学环境的研究功效，课堂中师生和生生的互动和交际有助于学生运用语言，学生在完成任务的进程中产生语言的习得，并最终抵达把握语言的目的。

正如闻名教育心理学家布鲁姆所言：“成功的外语课堂教学应当在课内创设更多的情境，让学生有机会运用已学到的语言材料。

笔者以为，英语课堂教学应具有“转变性情境互动〞的各项活动。

在教授Go for it!时，学生要在完成任务进程中进展对话性互动，进而产生语言习得。

所谓的“创设情景〞确实是指有目的的引入或创设以形象性为主体的生动具体的情景，例如通过演示实物、卡片、简笔画、躯体语言、图片，放录像或播放录音等形式对新材料进展生动形象的刻画，把学生带到特定的课堂艺术境遇中，以引发一样的情感体验，在较短时刻内能激发学生的情感。

咱们要着力于培育学生的综合语言运用能力, 改革传统教学模式，为学生营造一个课堂活动交际化、多样化的学习气氛，培育学生勇于开口、擅长开口说英语的适应；在交际实践中激发学生潜质，张扬学生个性，表达“动中学，用中学，乐中学〞的语言教学格局，为了维持学生学习英语的爱好和取得学习的成绩感，在课堂上要采纳多种教学方式并举的方法，用学生喜闻乐见的活动形式贯穿教学进程，在潜移默化中激活学生的思维，以抵达预期的成效。

这就要求教师在教学英语的时候，要尽力创设活动情境，诱发学生的好奇心，鼓舞学生斗胆尝试，丰硕学生的想象力，引发学生的思维，启动他们的熟悉构造，尽可能使学生全身心活动起来，主动参与语言交际活动，让学生走入情境、明白得情境、演出情境，处于踊跃地经受新语言信息的状态中，引发直接爱好，以此冲破语言关，从而实现课堂教学交际化。