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臭氧层空洞 英文

臭氧层空洞 英文

• Depletion occurs in the Antarctic spring
Special Features of Polar Meteorology
• During the winter polar night, sunlight does not reach the south pole. • A strong circumpolar wind develops in the middle to lower stratosphere; These strong winds are known as the 'polar vortex'. • In the winter and early spring, the polar vortex is extremely stable, sealing off air in the vortex from that outside. • The exceptional stability of the vortex in Antarctic is the result of the almost symmetric distribution of ocean around Antarctica. • The air within the polar vortex can get very cold. • Once the air temperature gets to below about -80C (193K), Polar Stratospheric Clouds (or PSCs for short) are formed.
The Ozone Hole
The discovery of the ozone hole
• The British Antarctic Survey has been monitoring, for many years, the total column ozone levels at its base at Halley Bay in the Antarctica. • Monitoring data indicate that column ozone levels have been decreasing since 1977. • This observation was later confirmed by satellite data (TOMS-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) – Initially satellite data were assumed to be wrong with values lower than 190DU

雅思听力场景词汇-环境

雅思听力场景词汇-环境

雅思听力场景词汇-环境1. plastic n/u 塑料plastic collection 塑料回收plastic bag 塑料袋2. waste n/u 浪费green waste 可降解废物waste disposal 垃圾处理3. pollution n/u 污染air/water/soil pollution: air pollution from traffic fumes pollution prevention/standards/control: The costs of pollution control must be considered.4. pollute vt. 污染: heavily/severely/badly etc polluted: The island has been seriously polluted by a copper mine.pollute sth with sth: The rivers had been polluted with aluminium.pollute sb's mind:Violence on television is polluting the minds of our children.5. garbage=rubbish n/u 垃圾6. recycle v. 回收利用: We take all our bottles to be recycled. / packaging made of recycled paperrecycling n/u 回收利用: Recycling is important to help protect our environment.7. nature n/u 自然natural a. 天然的;自然的8. contamination n/u 污染: radioactive contamination 放射性污染contaminant n/c 污染物:environmental contaminant 环境污染物contaminate vt. 污染: Drinking water supplies are believed to have been contaminated.9. El Nino 厄尔尼诺10. greenhouse gas 温室气体11. impact/influence/effect 影响,效果12. atmosphere n/u 大气层;氛围atmospheric a. 大气的: atmospheric pressure 大气压13. warming n/u 变暖global warming 全球变暖14. sewage n/u 污水: Chlorine is used in sewage treatment.The factory secretly dumped millions of gallons of raw sewage (=that had not been treated) into the Ohio River.15. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbine monoxide 一氧化碳sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫16. organic a. 有机的organic farming 有机农业: Organic farming is better for the environment. organic fiber 有机纤维organic material 有机材料17. Fahrenheit n/u 华氏温标centigrade n/u 摄氏温标=Celsius72º Fahrenheit (=72 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale)18. ozone n/u 臭氧ozone layer 臭氧层ozone hole 臭氧空洞ozone depletion 臭氧耗竭。

Unit 2 Topic 2 Section C-九年级英语上册(仁爱版)

Unit 2 Topic 2 Section C-九年级英语上册(仁爱版)

Can you say something about them?
二氧化碳 CO2 carbon dioxide increase a lot, form a “blanket”, the heat from the sun can’t escape.
渗出;逃跑;逃脱
毛毯,毯子
cause the level of the sea to rise called “the greenhouse effect”
A. Traffic pollution B. Factory pollution C. Fewer trees D. The ozone hole E. More carbon dioxide
____________ In big cities, cars and buses have polluted the air. Now many people in cities have health problems.
_____________Factories have also polluted the land and the water. As a result,
many rivers and lakes are now dead.
_____________ Around the earth, there’s a special kind of oxygen called
The earth is 4.6 billion years old. We humans have lived on the earth for only 35 000 years, but during this period, we have changed our planet a lot in many ways. Some things we’ve done are very good for the earth while some are bad. _________ All over the world, people have cut down millions of trees. When it rains or when the wind blows, the earth is taken away. Forests have become deserts, so many kinds of animals and plants are disappearing.

臭氧层用英语怎么说

臭氧层用英语怎么说

臭氧层用英语怎么说臭氧层是指大气层的平流层中臭氧浓度相对较高的部分,其主要作用是吸收短波紫外线。

臭氧分子不稳定,紫外线照射之后又分为氧气分子和氧原子,形成一个继续的过程臭氧氧气循环,如此产生臭氧层。

那么你知道臭氧层用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。

臭氧层的英语说法1:ozonosphere臭氧层的英语说法2:Ozone layer臭氧层的相关短语:臭氧层退化 ozone layer degradation北方臭氧层空洞 northern hole大气臭氧层 atmospheric ozonosphere ; ozonosphere ;臭氧层耗竭depletion of ozonosphere ; depletion of ozone layer护臭氧层日 International Ozone Layer Protection Day臭氧层物质 Ozone Depleting Substances臭氧层的英语例句:1. The W.H.O. safety standard for ozone levels is somewhere about a hundred.世界卫生组织关于臭氧层的安全标准约为100。

2. They set the pace in cutting ozone-damaging emissions.他们在减少破坏臭氧层的气体排放量方面走在了最前面。

3. The ozone layer surrounding the earth protects our skin from being hurt by the ultraviolet rays.环绕地球的臭氧层保护着我们的皮肤免受紫外线的伤害.4. They will press for international action to safeguard the ozone layer.他们将督促国际社会采取行动保护臭氧层。

5. Reflections from the ground and subsequent refractions by the ozonosphere, cause the usual repeat focus pattern.地面的反射以及随后臭氧层的折射, 会引起那种常见的重复焦点现象.6. Please shut up! All that hot air is damaging the Ozone Layer.您还是免开尊口吧! 所有热空气都会破坏臭氧层.7. But now, over Europe, the AOL is breaking up.但是现在, 在欧洲上空, 人工臭氧层正在破裂.8. The danger of ozone destruction is not limited to Antarctica, however.然而臭氧层受到破坏的危险并不限于南极范围之内.9. Many groups of scientists quickly began monitoring the Antarctic ozone layer.许多科学家小组很快开始了对南极臭氧层的检测.10. Curbing nitrous oxide emissions would enhance the ozone layer's recovery.抑制氧化亚氮的排放将会促进臭氧层的恢复.11. Media reports dubbed the annual thinning a hole in the ozone layer.媒体报道称之为臭氧层年度稀释“空洞”.12. An international agreement aimed at halting the destruction of the ozone layer.一项国际协定,目的在于阻止破坏臭氧层.13. Once in the upper atmosphere, CFC's react with ozone to destroy it.氯氟化碳一旦进人上层大气, 就会与臭氧发生反应,从而破坏臭氧层.14. Regulations are outlawing certain refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons, which contain ozone - depleting chemicals.随后出台的政策禁用了部分制冷剂, 如破坏臭氧层的氟氯碳化合物.15. The ozone layer is a protective layer around the planet Earth.臭氧层是地球的保护层.。

hole例句

hole例句

hole例句1. I accidentally dropped my phone into a hole in the ground.我不小心把手机掉进了地上的一个洞里。

2. There is a hole in my shirt that needs to be mended.我的衬衫上有一个洞,需要修补一下。

3. The rabbit dug a hole in the garden to make its burrow.兔子在花园里挖了一个洞来做它的窝。

4. He looked through the hole in the fence to see what was happening.他透过栅栏上的一个洞看发生了什么。

5. The children found a small hole in the tree trunk.孩子们在树干上发现了一个小洞。

6. She filled the hole in the wall with spackle.她用填料填补了墙上的洞。

7. They discovered a hole in the ice while skating on the pond.他们在池塘上滑冰时发现了冰面上的一个洞。

8. A hole in the ozone layer is a seriousenvironmental issue.臭氧层的一个洞是一个严重的环境问题。

9. He fell into a hole while hiking in the woods.他在森林里远足时掉进了一个洞里。

10. The cat peered into the hole, curious about what was inside.猫咪好奇地朝洞里看,想知道里面有什么。

臭氧空洞作文英语

臭氧空洞作文英语

Ozone HoleOzone is an indispensable part of the atmosphere. Though at near ground level, it is an air pollutant, it can absorb harmful ultra-violet radiation from sunlight, and it is strongly oxidizing, and is now commonly used in sterilization of water. ozone is vital to all lives on Earth. However, nowadays ozone has become less and less and the decrease of it has become a serious problem.The ozone hole is located above Antarctica, which is mainly due to how the atmosphere behaves differently over the poles. During the winter polar night, sunlight does not reach the south pole. A strong circumpolar wind develops in the middle to lower stratosphere, which generate a polar vortex. This isolates the air over the polar region.The polar vortex becomes very cold as there is no sunlight, and reaches below -80oC. This generates a polar stratospheric cloud, which is initially nitric acid trihydrate before becoming water-ice with nitric acid dissolved in them. In recent decades, scientists have discovered that 99% of Antarctic ozone has been destroyed and ozone-layer above the Arctic has reduced 20%. Also, ozone over the Tibet declines at the speed of 27% every ten years. These appalling digit remind us the fact that ozone has been destroyed and this fact will be a threat to the existence of people.Scientists have proved that the hydroxy radical, the nitric oxide radical and atomic chlorine and bromine are the fundamentally causes of the reducing of ozone. First, oxygen molecules are photolyzed, yielding two oxygen atoms. Second, ozone and oxygen atoms are continuously being interconverted as solar UV breaks ozone and the oxygen atom reacts with another oxygen molecule. Third, ozone is lost by a reaction of the oxygen atom or the ozone molecule with each other, or some other trace gas such as chlorine. Even though people know the damage of those elements, they just don't care and still use high power electric and harmful pesticides.Become the ozone layer absorbs UVB ultraviolet light from the sun, ozone layer depletion will lead to the increase of UVB levels on the surface. As a result, people and other living beings will possibly have the risk of skin cancers and cataract. According to the report, people who live near the South Pole have the increasing number of people who have the skin cancer. And more and more people in Tibet Plateau get cataract.Excess ultraviolet irradiation will damage the chlorophyll in green leaves, that will affect the photosynthesis of plants. Also, it affects the phytoplankton and plankton, what can leads into the damage of ecological chain finally. What'smore, it can cause light pollution, which is also a difficult problem we need to face.Since this problem has been more and more serious, the international organization passed through the Montreal Protocol. According to the Montreal Protocol countries should stop producing and using CFCs. The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substaces believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty entered into fored on Januaty 1,1989. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international cooperation.Our government and scientists are also concentration on this globe problem. We china has joined into vienna convention for the protection of ozone layer and in 1991, we joined into the Montreal Protocol. We also set up an organization and prepared and complete the china the ozone depleting substance phasing out national scheme. China has stop the production of Freon in 1999.Because of the adoption and strengthening of he Montreal Protocol has led to reductions in the emission of CFCs, atmospheric concentrations of the mosts significant compounds have been declining. These substances are being gradually removed from the atmosphere. By 2015, the Antarctic ozone hole would have reduced by only 1milion km2 out of 25. Complete recovery of the Antarctic ozone layer will not occur until the year 2050 or later.For our students, we should also do something. First, we should often clean the house and don't use pesticides or chemical cleaner. Second, we should use those energy-efficient appliances and turn off the appliances when leaving the house. A saying goes that we should start from me and from small things. Though, we can not do some big things, we should try our best to protect the environment and to protect the place where we live.Ozone hole is one of the global environment problems, only when we handle the issue seriously and properly, can we have the least bad influence of it. And ozone layer protection is a typical example of global cooperation. This kind of cooperation will become human wealth, and it will also provide experience for solving other major problems.。

ozone

ozone

Our Ozone Shield
——(概括臭氧作用)
∗ Orbiting above the Earth, an astronaut can look down on our home and see the thin blue ribbon that rims our planet. That transparent blanket--our atmosphere--makes life possible. It provides the air we breathe and regulates our global temperature. And it contains a special ingredient called ozone that filters(过滤) deadly solar radiation.
∗ About 90 percent of the ozone resides in a layer between 10 and 40 kilometers (6 and 25 miles) above the Earth's surface in a region of the atmosphere called the stratosphere. Ozone there plays a beneficial role by absorbing dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun. This is the ozone threatened by some of the chemical pollutants that we have released into the atmosphere.
A Problem Arises: The Early 1970s ——CFC(氟氯化碳)

课件《大气的组成和垂直分层》优秀课件完整版_人教版1

课件《大气的组成和垂直分层》优秀课件完整版_人教版1

的大气层
A.气温在-50 ℃到20 ℃之间 B.气温随高度增加平稳下降
C.最低气温约为-80 ℃
D.最高气温约为40 ℃
板书设计
第1节 大气的组成和垂直分层
人类和其他生物维持生命活动所必需的物质
了解大气含氧量减少对人体一产、生的大影响气?的组成
2 干洁空气成分的体积分数(25千米以下)
下20图12是年“奥大地气利垂“直坠分落层人示”菲意利1图克.”干,斯读.洁图回空答气问题:。①氮气;②氧气;③二氧化碳;④氩气;⑤臭氧。
活动—— P30 大气含氧量减少与人体运动 来自非洲高原上的中长跑运动员往往成绩优异
适当的缺氧环境利于激发运动员的运动潜力
目前,世界公认的平原运动员进行 高原训练的最佳高度为海波18002400米。表2.1中所列的高原训练基 地的海波在这个范围吗?
探究学习二 大气的垂直分层
高层大气:①高度:平流层顶部至2000-3000千米的高空; 低纬度:17-18千米 大气垂直分层和各层差异
高层大气 平流层
对流层
下面以小组合作学习形式,分别研究各大 气层的特点
1)大气层的特点及原因.
(特点:大气层的厚度、气温的变化、大气运动状
况、天气情况)
2)与人类关系
高 层 大 气
平流层
对流层
对流层特点及原因.
特点 厚度
平均12KM(低维17-18KM, 中纬10-12KM 高纬8-9KM)
原因 地面越热对流越旺盛
课标解读
【课标呈现】
运用图表等资料,说明大气的组成和垂直分层,及其与生产、生活的联系。
【课标解读】
1. 运用图表等资料,说明大气的物质组成及作用,人类活动与大气环境的关 系,培养人地协调观。 2. 利用大气的垂直分层图,说明各层大气的特点、成因,并举例说明对人类 活动的影响,提高地理实践力和综合思维。

南极的英语单词

南极的英语单词

南极的英语单词南极被人们称为第七大陆,是地球上最后一个被发现、唯一没有人员定居的大陆。

南极大陆的总面积为1390万平方千米,相当于中国和印巴次大陆面积的总和,居世界各洲第五位。

那么你知道是什么吗?下面来学习一下吧。

南极英语释义:Antarctic南极英语例句:南极上空臭氧洞的发现The discovery of the ozone hole over the South Pole每年,北极和南极的冰川都在加速融化,并且达到了3820亿吨,这些融水都使得地球的“腰围”不减反增。

The rate of melting ice at the North and South Poles-which totals382 billion tons of ice a year-is counteracting the'slimming'effect.热烈祝贺南极考察团凯旋而归!Congratulate the South Pole investigation term returns in triumph!控制极严的校外远足活动远征队将绘制南极的地图。

The expedition will map the South Pole.远征队将绘制南极的地图。

The expedition will map the South Pole.近极地的关于北极或南极的,与极地相连的,或位于北极或南极附近的Relating to, connected with, or located near the North Pole or South Pole.南极圈和北极圈内有动物存在吗?Are there any animals in the polar circles?当斯科特抵达南极的时候,发现阿蒙森比他到得更早。

When Scott reached the South Pole he found Amundsen had anticipated him.南极洲是一片大致以南极为中心的大陆。

臭氧空洞的名词解释

臭氧空洞的名词解释

臭氧空洞的名词解释臭氧空洞(Ozone hole)是指地球上部分区域中臭氧层浓度明显减少的现象。

它是在地球大气层中,特别是距地表15至50公里处的臭氧层中出现的。

这一现象首次由一支英国科学考察队于20世纪80年代初在南极洲发现。

臭氧层由臭氧分子(O3)组成,位于平流层和同温层之间。

臭氧层对地球生物体起到保护作用,能吸收紫外线B(UV-B)和大部分紫外线A(UV-A),减少直射到地表的紫外线辐射。

紫外线辐射直接暴露在人类、动植物以及海洋生物体表面会引起一系列健康问题和生态损害。

臭氧空洞的形成和变化与多种因素有关。

其中主要是人类活动排放的人为气候变化物质,特别是氯氟烃(CFCs)和卤代烃等化学物质。

这些物质能够被大气环流带到平流层中,然后被太阳辐射分解为氯原子和氟原子,从而导致氯原子与臭氧分子反应生成氯化物和氧气。

这一反应会消耗臭氧,导致臭氧层浓度降低,形成臭氧空洞。

臭氧空洞主要集中在南极洲上空,特别是在南极的春季。

这是因为南极洲的大规模冬季极夜导致大气温度降低,进而加速了氯原子与臭氧的反应速率。

此外,南极地区存在极大的寒冷条件和湿度较高的平流层云,这些因素也加剧了臭氧层消耗的速度。

臭氧空洞的发现引起了国际社会的广泛关注,并激发了对于该现象的研究和研究认识。

1987年,联合国通过《蒙特利尔议定书》,旨在限制和消除臭氧层消耗物质的使用。

这一议定书推动了国际社会减少使用氯氟烃和卤代烃的行动,一定程度上减缓了臭氧层的消耗速度。

然而,尽管蒙特利尔议定书取得了一定的成果,臭氧空洞问题仍然存在。

此外,现代工业社会中还存在其他较新的消耗臭氧层物质,如溴化物和氟烷类物质。

这些物质不仅加剧了臭氧层的消耗,还可能对气候变化和生态系统造成潜在威胁。

解决臭氧空洞问题需要全球范围的合作和共同努力。

一方面,国际社会应加强监测和研究,掌握臭氧层及其消耗的动态变化,以更好地预测和应对臭氧空洞的出现。

另一方面,减少使用臭氧层消耗物质是至关重要的。

英语介绍臭氧,臭氧的利弊

英语介绍臭氧,臭氧的利弊

(3) Make the immune system becomes weaker to the ecological system: (1) the production and quality of agricultural products will decrease. (2) fishery production decreases (3)destroy forests
In 1987, another international convention (《关于 消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》)had been passed through.
In 1995 , establish International Ozone Layer Protection Day【国际保护臭氧层日】 as September 16th.
My Advices for dealing with CFCs
• A.tackle with waste refrigerators and electrical • B. Purchase those products with the logo of noCFCs • C. The government should make policies • D. Tell the surrounding people of the importance to protect the ozone layer
What will happen if there is no ozone in the atmosphere ?
3)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Influence
to people: (1) Risk of an increase in skin cancers

有关臭氧方面的术语

有关臭氧方面的术语

有关臭氧方面的术语1、臭氧——03由三个氧原子组成,是天然大气的微量组分,平均含量为0.1 —O.OIppm,大部分集中在10~30km的平流层,对流层臭氧仅占10%。

如果在零摄氏度下,沿垂直方向将大气中的臭氧全部压缩到一个大气压,其厚度大约只有3毫米,相当于两个5分钱硬币叠在一起那么厚。

臭氧在地球大气中的化学起非常重要的作用,通过吸收太阳辐射维护地球的能量平衡和生态平衡。

2、臭氧层——OzoneLayer,大气平流层中集中大气中大部分臭氧的这一大气层。

3、臭氧层损耗——OzoneDepletion ,臭氧层里的臭氧浓度处于动态平衡,保持一定的浓度,由于其它原因的影响导致臭氧层臭氧浓度减少的现象,叫臭氧层损耗。

4、南极臭氧洞——OzoneHole, 80年代观测发现,自每年9月份下旬开始,南极洲上空的臭氧总量迅速减少一半左右,极地上空臭氧层的中心地带,近90%臭氧被破坏,若从地面向上观测,高空臭氧层已极其稀薄,与周围相比象是形成了一个直径上千公里的洞,称为“臭氧洞”5、D.U.—— DobsonUnit,将O C,标准海平面压力下,10-5m厚的臭氧定义为1个Dobson测量Dobson单位用的Dobson分光光度计曾被世界气象组织采用作标准测量仪器。

“总臭氧”指臭氧柱的总厚度,描述柱密度的积分高度,以厘米(STP表示。

6、TOM—S —TotalOzoneMappingSpectrometer ,装备在卫星上测量全球臭氧浓度的仪器7、ODS——OzoneDepletionSubstances ,臭氧层损耗物质8、ODP——OzoneDepletionPotential (臭氧损耗潜势),表征某种物质造成臭氧损耗的潜在能力。

ODP定义为单位质量物种引起的03 的损耗除以单位质量CFC-11引起的03损耗。

9、GW—P —GlobalWarmingPotential ,全球变暖潜势10、CFC——(Chlorofluorocarbon) ,含氯氟烃11、UV-BUltraviolet-B ,指波长在290~320nm之间的紫外线12、UV-C指波长在320-400nm之间的紫外线13、UV-A指波长小于290nm的紫外线14、S OD——StratosphericOzoneDepletion ,平流层臭氧损耗15、Freon ---- 氟里昂,含氯氟烃的商品名16、Halons 哈龙,含溴氟烷。

臭氧层空洞英语作文

臭氧层空洞英语作文

Title: The Ozone Layer Hole: A Threat to Our Planet's HealthIn the vast expanse of our atmosphere, nestled between the troposphere and the mesosphere, lies a fragile layer of gas known as the ozone layer. This layer, invisible to the naked eye, performs a vital function: it acts as a shield, protecting life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. However, the emergence of the ozone layer hole, a phenomenon primarily attributed to human activities, poses a grave threat to our planet's ecosystem and the well-being of all living beings.The Significance of the Ozone LayerThe ozone layer is composed primarily of ozone (O3), a molecule containing three oxygen atoms. While ozone is considered a pollutant at ground level, where it can cause respiratory problems, in the stratosphere, it forms a protective blanket against the sun's harmful UV-B rays. These UV-B rays can damage DNA, increase the risk of skin cancer, and harm plants and aquatic ecosystems by disrupting photosynthesis and ecological balances. Thus, the ozone layer is indispensable for maintaining a habitable environment on Earth.The Emergence of the Ozone Layer HoleThe discovery of the ozone layer hole, first reported in the 1980s over Antarctica, shocked the scientific community and sparked global concern. Subsequent research revealed that the primary culprit behind this phenomenon was the widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogen-containing compounds, primarily as refrigerants and propellants in aerosols. These chemicals, once released into the atmosphere, slowly rise to the stratosphere where they are broken down by ultraviolet light, releasing chlorine and bromine atoms. These highly reactive atoms then catalyze the breakdown of ozone molecules, leading to a depletion of the ozone layer.Global Response: The Montreal ProtocolRecognizing the urgency of the situation, the international community came together to address the issue. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted, marking a milestone in environmental diplomacy. The Protocol and its subsequent amendments have phased out the production and consumption of a wide range of ozone-depleting substances, including CFCs, halons, and some types of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). These efforts have led to a notable decline in the rate of ozone depletion, and some regions, such as the Arctic, have shown signs of ozone recovery.Challenges and Future ProspectsDespite these positive developments, challenges remain. Illegal trade inozone-depleting substances persists, and emerging economies may struggle to comply with the Protocol's requirements while also pursuing economic growth.Furthermore, climate change, another pressing global issue, can also affect ozone levels. Warmer temperatures can lead to changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, altering the distribution of ozone and its precursors.Looking ahead, continued international cooperation and strict enforcement of environmental regulations are crucial to safeguarding the ozone layer. Additionally, the development and adoption of eco-friendly alternatives to ozone-depleting substances is imperative. Through a combination of scientific research, policy interventions, and public awareness campaigns, we can work towards restoring and preserving the ozone layer for future generations.In conclusion, the ozone layer hole serves as a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of unchecked human activities on our planet. By taking decisive action and working together, we can ensure that the fragile balance of our atmosphere is protected, safeguarding the health and survival of all life on Earth.。

臭氧洞的形成_危害及对策

臭氧洞的形成_危害及对策

第31卷第2期河南大学学报(自然科学版)V ol.31 N o.2 2001年6月Journal of Henan University(Natural Science)Jun.2001臭氧洞的形成、危害及对策王若禹(河南大学环境与规划学院,河南开封,475001)摘 要:十多年前在南极上空发现了臭氧洞.位于10-30km高空的臭氧层能吸收太阳的紫外线辐射,过多的紫外辐射能引起人类和其他动物的白内障、皮肤癌并减弱其免疫功能,而且对植物也有损害.1987年在南极地区进行的收集数据的飞行证明氟氯烃类物质与臭氧层破坏之间存在着联系几乎是确定无疑的.为了解决臭氧洞的威胁问题,目前国际社会和各国领导人都正在采取措施寻求有利于环境的氟氯烃代用品,以便尽早停止全部氟氯烃类物质的生产.关键词:臭氧洞;氟氯烃;紫外线;生态环境中图分类号:P331.2;P333;P343.1 文献标识码:A文章编号:1003-4978(2001)02-0090-05The H arms and Form ation of the H ole in the Ozone Layerand the N ecessary Aid for ItW ANG Ruo-yu(College o f Environment&Planning,Henan Univer sity,Kaifeng475001Henan,China)Abstract:A seas onal hole in the ozone layer was found over Antarctica m ore than10years ag o.That was w orris ome:Ozone between10~30miles up abs orbs the sun’s ultraviolet radiation,m ore of which w ould lead to cataracts,skin cancers and weaken immune systems in humans and other animals,and damage to plants.Data-gathering flights in Antarctic in1987made the connection between CFCs and ozone destruction all but certain.In dealing with the threat of the hole in the ozone layer,the w orld community and leaders of all nations are taking steps to find environmentally acceptable substitutes for CFCs in order to phase out all CFCs production as s oon as possible.K ey w ords:hole in the ozone layer;chlorofluorocarbons;ultraviolet;environment0 引言臭氧(O3)是一种有特殊刺激性臭味的淡蓝色气体.大气中的臭氧非常稀少,仅占大气总量的百万分之0.3-0.4,而且90%以上集中在地球上空16-32km的平流层里.如果把臭氧气体全部压缩到地面大气压力下,单位面积上的臭氧层厚度平均只有3mm,即300DU(D obs on Units,多布森单位).这“薄薄3mm”的臭氧层却是地球上一切生物包括人类在内的天然屏障.它几乎完全吸收掉了来自太阳的致命的紫外线UV-C(波长小于295nm)和紫外线UV-B(波长在295-320nm之间),而只透过对地球生命有益的紫外线UV-A(波长大于320nm),使得地球上的万物繁衍生息,人类也在臭氧的关爱下自由健康地生活.然而,到1984年,人们未曾预料到的事情发生了.这一年,英国南极科学家J Farman等人根据英国哈利湾南极站30年臭氧观测资料,首次提出自70年代中期以来南极上空每年9-10月就会出现近1000×104 km2臭氧洞,臭氧含量大幅度下降,而且还在逐年下降.1987年南极臭氧洞几乎占据了整个南极洲,并出现 收稿日期:2001-01-10 作者简介:王若禹(1943-),男,副教授.了小于125DU 的区域.1992-1993年南极臭氧洞再次加剧,其面积、强度和持续时间都大于1987年,并在南极地区多次观测到小于100DU 的低值,南极点(S outh P ole )还出现了81DU 的极端低值.1995年臭氧洞持续时间明显延长,其覆盖面积超过15×106-20×106km 2的天数分别为71天和39天.1996年臭氧洞面积超过10×106km 2的天数达80天.1998年9月19日南极臭氧洞面积达到了创纪录的2720×104km 2,比1996最大值扩大了130×104km 2.臭氧洞中心的臭氧总量降到了90DU ,其深度由一般的14-18km 向上延伸到了21km.2000年9月,南极臭氧洞面积再创新纪录,达到了2830×104km 2,比1998年最大时又扩大了110×104km 2,并已扩展到智利南部城市蓬塔阿雷纳斯上空,使当地居民处于强度极高的紫外线辐射之下.臭氧层损耗不只是发生在南极,在其他地区也都出现了不同程度的臭氧层损耗现象.1987年,德国科学家在北极上空发现了另一个臭氧洞,其中心位于离北极约1127km 的斯匹次卑尔根岛上空,时间在每年的10月至次年的2月,其面积相当于南极臭氧洞的1/3.1997年,莫斯科天文学家指出,俄罗斯上空的臭氧骤减使整个西伯利亚受到了威胁.1999年,我国科学家也发现,在我国青藏高原上空,存在着一个相对周围地区臭氧含量较低的区域,并对此发出警告:如果任其发展下去,世界屋脊上空将继南北极之后出现世界第3个臭氧空洞.臭氧洞的出现是大气臭氧含量减少的重要标志.臭氧的减少将给人类和地球生物带来灾难性的后果.在人类正受到来自天外的伤害和威胁的今天,认真研究臭氧洞形成的原因、影响及对策,对防止大气臭氧层被进一步破坏,保护地球上的万物生命,无疑有着十分重要的意义.1 臭氧洞形成的原因自从1985年第一次发现南极臭氧洞以来,许多科学家从大气动力学、大气化学及天体物理学等不同的角度,运用实地测量平流层中各种气体的含量及温度变化、在实验室里进行各种化学和光化学反应实验、用计算机模拟各种大气动力学的模式等手段,对大气中臭氧耗竭及臭氧洞出现的原因进行了大量研究,并提出了许多解释臭氧衰竭原因的理论假说,其中包括“奇氮理论”、“涌井流假说”、“多相反应假说”、“氯溴协同相互作用假说”、“太阳黑子假说”、“宇宙风及地球磁场假说”、“核试验和超音速飞机排放污染物质假说”和“氮肥、碳氟化合物影响”等等,但目前比较一致的观点是:人类制造的氯氟烃和太阳黑子活动频繁是造成臭氧洞的根本原因.氯氟烃(简称CFC S ,其商品名为氟里昂:Freon )是30年代美国杜邦公司发明的一簇人造化学制品.由于它们性能稳定,不燃不爆,无毒无臭,无腐蚀性,因此被广泛用作制冷、发泡、喷雾、杀虫、灭火、清洗、消毒和有机溶剂.随着科技的进步和工业生产的迅猛发展,CFC S 的产量和消费量不断增加,到60年代末,全世界排放到大气中的CFC S 累计总量已达到2000×104t.1970年夏,英国雷丁大学J lovelock 在用色谱法测量CFC S 在大气中的分布以研究气流运动和风向时,发现按探测到的几种CFC S 浓度计算,它们在大气对流层中的数量远低于累积总排放量.例如F -11(CC L 3F )仅有20×104T ,只相当于一年的排放量.那么大量的CFCs 进入大气后究竟到哪里去了?这一疑问引起了科学家的兴趣和关注.1974年,美国加利福尼亚大学化学系的舍伍德・罗兰和马里奥・莫利纳经研究后提出,排入大气的CFC S 在对流层停留数年后进入平流层,在强烈紫外线照射下被光解并释放出氯原子,氯原子加入循环反应破坏臭氧层.其化学反应式如下:CC L 3F 紫外光CC L 2F +C L (1)CC L 2F 2紫外光CC LF 2+C L (2)C L +O 3C LO +O 2(3)C LO +O C L +O 2(4) 游离出来的C L 原子继续参加(3)式反应,破坏第二个臭氧分子.由于CFC S 的化学惰性,它的气体状态在大气中的寿命可长达100年之久甚至更长,所以在其被扩散而离开平流层之前,上述(3)、(4)式反应可重复多次发生.据计算,一个氯原子可能破坏10×104个臭氧分子.这说明CFC S 对臭氧的破坏力极大.后来,美国科学家在18km 高空进行航测时发现,高空中C LO 浓度与O 3浓度之间存在着对应关系,即C LO 浓度越王若禹:臭氧洞的形成、危害及对策91 高的地方,O 3浓度越低,这与罗兰等人的观点基本相符.早在1970年,德国气象学家保罗・克鲁逊教授就提出,氮肥和超音速飞机释放出的氮氧化物和水汽能破坏臭氧分子.即:NO 2+O NO +O 2(5)NO +O 3NO 2+O 2(6) 但罗兰和莫利纳指出,NO x 的催化反应可以移走氧原子和臭氧分子,但如果C L0X 在大气中的浓度增加10-20倍,则C LO x 的催化过程将占主导地位.他们根据这个理论,假设了CFC S 注入大气的不同速率和空气动力学的不同模式,估计未来平流层臭氧被消耗的情况,并预言:如果CFC S 的生产以每年22%的速度增加,并最终完全释放到大气中,那么到1994年全球臭氧含量将减少5%.后来的卫星和地面观测资料都证实了这一预言.国际上在1987年也组织了一个大规模的南极臭氧空中实验,用飞机多次进入臭氧洞内进行实地检测,发现臭氧洞内氯的含量比预期数量要高出20-50倍,这一事实为CFC S 破坏臭氧层的理论提供了直接依据,罗兰和莫利纳因此获得了1995年度的诺贝尔化学奖.1987年,美国国家海洋和大气管理局的化学家苏・所罗门,根据在南极考察的第一手资料,与罗兰等人一起进一步发展了罗兰等1974年提出的理论,指出:冬季南极上空有一个深厚的涡旋,气流沿着南极高原作顺时针旋转,它几乎把旋涡内的平流层与旋涡外的平流层隔绝开,从而把南极大陆封闭起来.它一方面阻止了臭氧的径向交流,使得从赤道上空来的富含臭氧的气流难以进入旋涡内予以补充,另一方面使旋涡内的空气不断上升,在上升过程中气温迅速下降,加上南极高原本来就海拨高气温低,因而形成极低的低温环境.臭氧层所在的10-20km 高度上气温常常在-80°C 以下.这样就使旋涡中产生大量的冰晶云,云中的冰晶不断吸收CFC S 气体,浓度越来越高.一旦南极春季(9月)来临,极夜结束,阳光照射下冰晶云升温,迅速释放出CFC S 气体,CFC S 分子在紫外线照射下开始释放氯原子,氯原子破坏臭氧的反应过程立即开始,从而使臭氧大量损耗而出现臭氧洞.到春末南极旋涡减弱或出现残缺时,从赤道南下的大量新鲜空气又进入南极上空,南极臭氧洞便又匆匆消失.俄罗斯科学院地球物理天文中心主任、物理数学家叶・波立森科夫博士认为,臭氧浓度急剧减少与太阳黑子活动密切相关.太阳是一个巨大的气球体,太阳大气在不断地活动着,其活动本身时强时弱.太阳活动处于高峰时,在太阳光球上会频繁出现黑子群.黑子和黑子群的多少随着太阳活动的强弱变化有一定的周期,周期有长有短,平均为11年.由于接连两个周期的成对黑子群的极性相反,所以黑子群的平均周期实际上是22年.当太阳黑子群面积增大时,在黑子群上空的色球中,耀斑的频率和面积也增大了.耀斑是太阳的爆发现象,表现为大面积突然增亮.耀斑能释放出大量的能量,使得太阳的电磁辐射和粒子辐射都突然增强.来自太阳耀斑的短波辐射和高能带电粒子流,在奔入地球大气时,必然会刺激产生更多的一氧化二氮,而一氧化二氮乃是破坏臭氧的罪魁祸首.在太阳黑子活动周期的高峰年,南半球中纬度地区一氧化二氮的浓度可增加30%-60%.这些氧化物以漂移的形式进入南极,并在极地的夜晚时间进入平流层,与臭氧发生光化学反应破坏臭氧,继而出现臭氧洞.观测资料表明,1921-1991年的太阳黑子活动年变化同臭氧总量的年变化存在正相关,臭氧含量同太阳紫外辐射之间存在正相关,相关系数达到0.90.2 臭氧洞的危害臭氧洞的出现,全球臭氧含量的减少,会使大气吸收紫外线的能力大大减弱,导致到达地球表面的紫外线特别是UV -B 明显增加,这将给人类健康和生态环境造成一系列灾难性影响.研究表明,长期接受过量紫外线辐射,会引起人体细胞中脱氧核糖核酸(DNA )的改变,形成腺嘧啶二聚物,从而阻止DNA 双螺体分离,使细胞自身修复机能减弱,人体免疫机能减退.强紫外线辐射会诱发人体皮肤癌变,使眼球晶状体混浊,产生白内障以至失明.据分析,平流层臭氧减少1%,辐射到地面的紫外线数量就会增加1.5%-3.0%,全球皮肤癌发病率将增加5%-7%,白内障发病率将增加0.6%-0.8%.臭氧减少2.5%,每年死于皮肤癌的人数将增加1.5万人,由于白内障而引起失明的人数将增加10000-15000人.如果不限制CFC S 的生产和消费,按现在臭氧层破坏速率推算,到2075年时,地球臭氧总量将比1985年再耗减25%,全世界人口中将有皮肤癌患者1.54亿人,死于皮肤癌者320万人,眼睛患白内障者1800万人.紫外辐射增加造成人体免疫机能的抑制,还会使许多疾病的发病率和病情的严重程度大大增加.美国副总统戈尔在他1992年出版的一本书92 河南大学学报(自然科学版),2001年,第31卷第2期中指出,现在世界上至少已有一个城市位于南极臭氧洞的边界之内,这就是南美洲南端的阿根廷城市乌什娃伊亚.阿根廷卫生部已向该市居民提出忠告,让他们在每年9、10月间尽可能呆在室内,不要外出.或许在不远的将来,生活在北极臭氧洞下面的挪威、瑞典、芬兰和俄罗斯北部的居民也不得不搬离家园,因为臭氧洞将使那里变成无人区.强烈的紫外线还会使农作物和植物受到损害.美国科学家经过10年的研究,测定了300种植物在紫外辐射增强后的反应,结果有2/3以上受到不同程度的伤害.其中对UV -B 最为敏感的有豆类、棉花、甜瓜、芥菜、白菜、土豆、西红柿、甜菜等.同时使植物的抗病能力急剧下降,并影响到它们的产量和质量.据估算,如果臭氧减少25%,大豆产量要减少20%,而大豆种子中蛋白质和植物油的含量则分别下降5%和2%.许多树木也会受到紫外线的伤害.紫外线能穿透10-20m 深的海水.过量紫外线会大量杀死海洋浮游生物,同时使抗紫外光生物如蓝绿藻恶性增殖,造成某些海生物种的灭绝,破坏海洋食物链,使鱼产量严重下降.研究证明,如果臭氧减少10%,海洋中10m 深处的鱼苗15天内会全部死亡.由于食物链的中断和海生物幼体的死亡,整个海洋生态系统将发生不可逆转的变化,从而给人类生物蛋白质的需求造成难以估量的影响.强烈的紫外辐射会加速城市汽车尾气中氮氧化物的分解,在较高气温下产生以臭氧为主要成分的光化学烟雾.近地面大气中的臭氧是一种有害气体,它会刺激眼、鼻、喉,引起眼晴刺痛和干咳,并深入到肺底,使肺纤维失去弹性而丧失呼吸功能.例如,1943年美国洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件曾使数千人住院,400多人丧生.美国环保局估计,高空臭氧层耗减16.7%,城市光化学烟雾浓度将增加20%-25%;臭氧层耗减33.3%时,城市光化学烟雾浓度将增加30%-45%,从而使低层大气的烟雾变本加厉,更严重地威胁人类的健康.近地面臭氧还能抑制植物的光合作用,使叶片退色,出现病斑甚至落叶、落花、落果、坏死等.1943年美国洛杉矶光化学烟雾后,一夜之间城郊蔬菜叶子全部由绿变黑,不能食用.此外,过量紫外线还会加速建筑物、绘画、雕塑、橡胶和塑料制品的老化过程,使其变硬、变脆,缩短使用寿命.尤其是在阳光强烈、高温、干燥气候下更为严重.3 保护臭氧层的措施臭氧洞问题已引起了世界科学界、社会公众和各国政府的忧虑和关注.尽管臭氧洞的出现主要是受人造氯氟烃和太阳黑子活动次数的双相影响,但后者活动机理比较复杂,当代科学技术对控制太阳黑子活动次数仍束手无策,所以目前保护臭氧层的唯一可行办法就是尽快限制减少消耗臭氧层人为物质的生产和消费,而且必须由国际社会采取国际联合行动才能有效控制CFCs 排放.早在1976年4月,联合国环境规划署就在美国华盛顿召开了30国专家会议,制定了一项《关于臭氧层行动的世界计划》.该计划除了要求对臭氧层情况进行监测外,还要求联合国环境规划署建立一个臭氧层问题协调委员会,定期对臭氧层进行科学评估.1980年,该委员会提出了关于臭氧层破坏评价,指出臭氧层的破坏已经和正在严重威胁着人类和地球生态系统.1981年,联合国环境规划署成立了一个特别工作小组负责起草保护臭氧层的全球性公约.经过努力,20多个国家于1985年5月在维也纳正式签订了《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》.《公约》明确指出了大气臭氧损耗对人类健康和环境可能造成的危害,呼吁各国政府采取合作行动保护臭氧层,并首次明确提出氯氟烃类物质应作为被监控生产和使用的化学品.1986~1987年间,有100多位各国科学家聚集到南极洲,在黑暗的长冬中配合卫星探测,分别利用飞机取样和地面观察测量了臭氧浓度随位置和高度的变化,绘制了臭氧空洞的分布图.同时,其他专家也测定了北极地区几十年来臭氧浓度下降的比例.根据这些研究成果,在联合国环境规划署的组织下,1987年9月,31个国家的代表在加拿大蒙特利尔签订了《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》.议定书对氯氟烃类物质的生产、使用和贸易作出了具体规定.1990、1992和1995年,联合国环境规划署又分别在伦敦、哥本哈根和维也纳召开议定书缔约国会议,对1987年议定书进行了调整和修正.修正后的议定书对消耗臭氧层物质的消费和生产提出了更超前的时间限制,并在原议定书条文和附件A 的基础上,又增加了附件B 到附件E ,进一步扩大了限制物质的种类和削减比例。

21世纪新能源论文

21世纪新能源论文

对人类未来能源问题的探索学院:能源与环境学院班级:08水-1班学号:200862108134姓名:韩耀刚目录对人类未来能源问题的探索摘要 (2)关键词 (2)概述 (3)正文天然气 (5)石油 (6)煤炭 (7)核能 (8)风能 (9)水能 (10)氢能 (11)太阳能 (11)结论 (12)参考文献 (13)对人类未来能源问题的探索摘要:你认为21世纪中期的主要能源是什么?人类如何最终解决能源问题?温室效应,厄尔尼诺现象,臭氧层空洞,冰山融化海平面上升,水土流失,空气污染,水污染……人来在生产生活中获取消耗能源的同时破坏了自然环境的行为和方式;同时,随着人类工业化的不断推进,人们对于能源的需要求将会继续增加:在过去15年时间里,人类对能源的消费需求每年都在以1.5%的速度递增。

在今后的20年时间里,这种能源需求每年会以2%的速度递增,在31年后其能源消耗量将会增加一倍。

尽管石油以及煤炭等化石能源在21世纪仍然能够满足人类的需求,但这些能源最终将会在某一天消耗殆尽,人类将可能会面临严重的能源危机。

因此,我们必须大力推动洁净能源的开发应用,减少污染,提高能源使用效率。

关键字:能源问题洁净能源主要能源Abstract:What do you think is the main energy of the mid-21st century? How to finally solve the energy problems of mankind?Greenhouse effect, El Nino, ozone hole, ice melt sea level rise, soil erosion, air pollution, water pollution ... people to get consumed in the production of life energy destroy the natural environment and way of behavior at the same time; And, as human the continuous progress of industrialization, people’s need of energy will continue to increase: over the past 15 years, the human consumption of energy every year by 1.5% annually. In the next 20 years, the energy demand rate will increase by 2% per year. In 31 years energy consumption will be double of now. Although oil and coal and other fossil energy in the 21st century will still be able to meet human needs, but energy will eventually run out one day, humanity will likely face a serious energy crisis. Therefore, we must vigorously promote the development and application of clean energy, reduce pollution and increase energy efficiency.Key words: Energy Problem Clean Energy Main Energy概述:本文将主要围绕21世纪中期的主要能源和人类如何最终解决能源问题做出探讨。

仁爱九年级上册Unit2 topic2 SectionC

仁爱九年级上册Unit2 topic2 SectionC

[ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn]
5
二氧化碳
[ˈblæŋkɪt]
Carbon dioxide(CO2 ) formed a b_l_a_n_k_e_t around the earth and the heat can’t escape.
6
温室效应
the level of the sea
The greenhouse effect causes the level of the sea to
What kinds of pollution do you know?
Air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution and so on
1
In big cities, cars and buses have polluted the air. It
All these problems are very serious, so we must do something no20w.
Write down only the key words when taking notes.
1c Complete the notes according to 1a.
10
A. Traffic pollution
B. Factory pollution
C. Fewer trees
D. The ozone hole
E. More carbon dioxide
T_r_a_f_fi_c_P_o_l_lu_t_i_on_ In big cities, cars and buses have polluted the air. Now many people in cities have health problems.

Ozone Layer and the Formation of the Ozone Hole

Ozone Layer and the Formation of the Ozone Hole

Ozone Layer and the Formation of the Ozone HoleA.A. MikhailovYu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research andAeronomy, 31 Lenin Ave., 677891 Yakutsk, RussiaA hole frightens. The hole is oneof the meaning which we still willhave to understand. And also itmeans that when you see a bullet,flying to you,then it is alreadylate to run away. K.Moore.AbstractThe current state of this problem has briefly been considered. Thehypothesis on the formation of the ozone hole due to the actionof some molecules emitted by the rockets has been suggested.1.IntroductionA way of contaminating substances from the troposphere into the stratosphere is by no means simple. The laws of atmospheric dynamics are that the transport of the air mass across the tropopause does practically not occur. Therefore, the small component molecules cannot penetrate from the troposphere into the stratosphere moving directly upwards. The very cold and large-altitude (17-18 km) tropopause of tropical latitudes, where that transport is takes place, is the one exception. As a result, the small component molecules, penetrated in the troposphere of the middle latitudes, must pass the long way: at first in the troposphere to the equator (horizontal transport), then through the tropical tropopause(vertical transport) and, at last, backwards, to middle latitudes but at stratospheric altitudes(horizontal transport). Note, in the way to the equator the greater part of small component molecules is returned back to the ground together with along the precipitation. That is why no significant decrease of the ozone layer from volcanoes and earthquake last centuries was observed.Apparently, the addition to the above mechanism is the penetration of powerful cumulus clouds into the atmosphere, which are usually formed in the Antarctic. In this case, the movement of air inside of clouds transfers the small admixtures immediately into the stratosphere.2.ObservationsFirst information on the detection of a deficit of total amount of ozone above the Antarctic dates to 1979. The considerable decrease of ozone is observed every year in October, i.e. in the period of the Antarctic spring. The total amount of ozone decreases up to 50% in different places [2]. In August 1987 the record depleted amount of ozone was registered, the ozone layer thickness was only 100 u.D. [2] .A region of the considerable ozone depletion is named an ozone hole. Recently the depleted ozone concentration was detected above Arctic, Western Europe, South America and Eastern Siberia. Forexample, the ozone layer thickness above the Great Britain, at Lerwick station (Scotland Islands) on March 5, 1996 was 195 u.D.[2] .A correlation between the ozone hole and one of small component, in particular, the chlorine oxide has been established. In the ozone hole region above the Antarctic the chlorine oxide was more by a factor of 120 than beyond the ozone hole.Decribe briefly a popular hypothesis to form the ozone holes above the South Pole in spring. In winter in the polar stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere a stable cyclone exists, what is known as the circumpolar vortex. In air inside the vortex moves mainly along closed trajectories not going out of its boundaries. By the late winter it cools strongly (up to -80°C) and the polar clouds appear in the stratosphere, which consist of the ice crystals and drops of supercooling liquid. The particles of polar clouds connect the nitrogenous compounds and give scope to the action of chlorine cycle to destruct ozone. As the Antarctic stratosphere is warming up, the circumpolar vortex is destructed. In this case, an exchange with air richer by ozone at middle latitudes is restored, the stratospheric clouds disappear, released molecules of nitrogenous compounds connect the chlorine oxide molecules, distracting action of the chlorine cycle to ozone become weaken, and the ozone amount is restored to its unperturbed values.If chlorine penetrates somehow into the stratosphere, then under its interaction with ozone the chlorine oxide is produced, and further a chain of destruction of ozone is occurred. One molecule of the oxide may destruct up to 100 thousand molecules of ozone.The ground measurements show that the total amount of ozone for 1969-1986 is reduced, on the average, by 2-3% [2] . The ultraviolet (UV-B) of wavelength λ = 250 nm is decreased due to its absorption in the ozone layer by a factor of 1017(one with 17 zeros) when the thickness of average ozone layer (300 u.D.) is decreased to 250 u.D., the ultraviolet intensity is increased by a factor of 600 (the major danger is that the ultraviolet intensity is increased as an exponential law, see Figure), to 200 u.D. - by 400 000 times; to 150 u.D. - by 300 billion times; to 100 u.D. - by 200billion times. We for the present not realize what danger is from the depletion of the ozone layer. As it was reported in newspapers several years ago, one fine day above the southern region ofChile, near Punta-Arenas the ozone hole isappeared. As a result of the ultraviolet action, thehundreds of cows and sheep’s became blinded,people caught burns. Also, the decrease of the totalthickness of the ozone layer will cause thenoticeable warming of climate, because ozone takesan active part in the creation of a frame effect.Thereby, the significant changes of weather in someregions of the Earth, floods, a higher of the oceanwater level and other very serious consequenceswould be expected. As a result of people activities,more and more pollution substances penetrate intothe atmosphere. A part of these substances isharmful for ozone, promoting its destruction.Among these are the compounds of nitrogen,hydrogen and chlorine. Nitrogen penetrates into theatmosphere in the shape of nitrogenous oxides,when nitrogenous fertilizers are used and at an ejection of spent gases in flights of high-altitude airplanes. The enterprises emitting methane into the atmosphere and also the flights of the high-altitude airplanes and rockets are the major contributes of hydrogen compounds. Chlorine penetratesFig. Intensity of U/V radiation and thickness of the ozone layerinto the atmosphere as a result of the use of chlorine’s organic components, first of all freon, in the home and industrially.Freon is a chlorine-fluorine-carbons compound. It is used in the refrigerators, in the manufacture of aerosols (deodorants, varnishes, insecticides etc.) and also in different fields of technology (greases, the preparation of foam etc.).The scientists suppose that chlorine compounds are of the greatest danger for ozone, in the stratosphere. The ejections of chlorine’s substances are catastrophically increased in the last decades. For example, the ejection of freon -11 increased by a factor of 300 for 1950-1980 [2]. The lifetime of it, up to the disappearance by the solar emission action or chemical reaction, is 70-100 years, on the average. As noted above, contaminating substances emitted into the atmosphere at middle latitudes, where the preponderance of enterprises, do not penetrate at once into the stratosphere. The calculations show that substances penetrating into the atmosphere to date, will penetrate into the stratosphere, on the average, approximately in 100 years, but freons by now are detected in the stratosphere. The manner in which they penetrated so quickly into the stratosphere, if their preparation has begun only 1930’s, and mass preparation - in the middle of 1960's remains a mystery. Some scientists assume [2] that freons are no major reason to form the ozone holes(if this is not the case, they are no more than 30%).3.RocketsIn my opinion, the rockets are the major reason that dangerous for ozone substances penetrate into the stratosphere, and a source of the ozone layer depletion. A shock wave starting from a rocket or falling finished off stage can form a peculiar corridor between the troposphere and stratosphere. For example, when the American rocket "Atlas" was launched, a "hole" (the electron flux was as small as one order of magnitude in a circle of diameter of several hundreds of kilometers) was registered in the region of ionosphere F-layer. Along that corridor the dangerous for ozone substances may directly penetrate into the stratosphere omitting a process of return back on the ground together with the precipitation on their way to equator. A perchlorate, which is a source of chlorine and a part of solid fuel, penetrates into the stratosphere directly from rockets.Water of great quantity and other hydrogen oxides are also ejected from the rockets. Unfortunately, I not know exactly what other dangerous for ozone substances are ejected from rockets. Note the rocket is usually of the oblique trajectory, which extending in the atmosphere several thousands of kilometers at altitudes of 100-200 km, ejects the gas sprays above the stratosphere.While the rocket motor is running, the velocity of flux of combustion product from a nozzle is 3-4 km/s and temperature is 3000°C. A mass of combustion products is up to 300 kg/s. When it is considered, that the rocket motors operate more than 1 hour, then in each launching of the rocket more than 1000 tons of combustion products are ejected into the atmosphere. Under the normal regime of operating motor, combustion products are of the gaseous phase. But in the period of the start or stop of the motor (transitional operating regime) the combustible is not consumed completely, and aerosols are beginning to form. At the separation of the finished off rocket stage the combustible remainders, what is known as a guaranteed reserve (up to 1-2 % of refueled mass), are poured out from the tanks through drain-pipes into the atmosphere. The ejection is also of the third stage and the braking of the rocket by means of the decrease of pressure in the combustion camera. Those dangerous for ozone substances propagate by means of the shock wave, high- altitude wind and latitudinal drift to vast distances up to the Earth's poles. Arguments in favor of the above hypothesis are:1. Investigations of the ozone layer above the Antarctic shown that the significant decrease of the ozone concentration is observed in the outer stratosphere. This demonstrates that the dangerous forozone substances penetrate into the stratosphere from above. The only rockets pollute the air at the altitudes of 30-200 km.2. It is found that in the period between 1969 and 1993 in the stratosphere between latitudes of 45°N and 65° N the ozone concentration was decreased by about 14% [2]. That latitude range coincides with a flight corridor of rockets launched from the Northern Hemisphere.3. The large size ozone holes were detected over Yakutia and South America where the production and mass application of freon absent. But namely above those regions of the Earth over prolonged periods the second and third stages of Russian rockets fallen.4. When the American solid-fuel rocket "Space Shuttle" is launched, up to 10000 tons of ozone are destructed [3]. In the Earth's atmosphere there are only 3 billion tons of ozone. The fact, that the launching of rockets is growing year after year, is disturbing. In recent years, most of launchings are realized with the commercial goal.Thus, the American Company "Iridium" realizes already a project of the installation for telecommunications of 69 satellites (to profit by international talks). Other project "Teledesik-Internet on Sky" is developed for which 40 satellites are required. In 1995 20 commercial satellites were launched all over the world, in 1997 it is planed to launch 76 satellites, in 1998-121. If we are not want to lost, it is necessary to decrease by this time the number of launchings of rockets, making them only as a last resort. The rocket launchings are to be stopped above high latitudes where the greatest ozone concentration is observed, and in the future all launching must be made from the equator along the vertical trajectories. It is desirable to launch the monolithic rockets without the stages after the ecological expert opinion.4.ConclusionsIf we now take no precautions, the following situation can occur. After a time, extraterrestrial people will arrive on our lifeless Earth and see a placard "No rockets!" One of the new-comers will say the another "Evidently, they realized the danger starting from the rockets, but here just one of the ozone holes covered them”.5. References1. Roush Sh. Crisis of a ozone. Moscow, Mir, 1993.2. Priroda, Moscow, journal in russian,: 1989, n.6, 106; 1994, n.5, 85; 1995,n.2,117; 1996, n.1, 110.3. Egorov T.A. Rockets over the Verchoyansk. Yakutia, Yakutsk, 1993, 20 March.。

《臭氧层破坏》PPT课件

《臭氧层破坏》PPT课件

整理ppt
5
臭氧在大气层的分布
大气中臭氧只占千万分之几,其中平流层臭氧占大气总臭氧的91%。在高 度为20~35km处浓度较大,但最大处也只有大气的十万分之一左右 (10ppm)。根据估算,如果把散布在大气中的臭氧集中成一个包围地球、 靠近海平面的臭氧层,在地表标准状态下,只相当于3mm厚的薄层.
事实上,已经用现代的仪器测量方法在该区域中检出ClO和Cl两个品种。
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从地表到对流层顶部,气温约从15℃降至 -56℃,再往上到50km左右是 平流层顶部,气温又升至约-2℃。对流层顶的低温,使水和一般污染物 到此都凝结下落,保护了平流层。
由于平流层中大气在垂直方向对流很少,而水平方向混合得快,有害污 染物一旦进入平流层,可能在那里滞留数年之久,影响整个地球。
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生成和耗损的速率相同,臭氧的浓度保持恒定。Good ozone
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9
臭氧产生和损耗机理图示
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10
臭氧层空洞(Ozone hole)
20世纪70年代以来,从世界各地地面观察站对大气臭氧总量的 观测记录发现,全球臭氧总量有逐渐减少的趋势,并推断臭氧 的减少主要在臭氧层。
一些环境科学家认为,某些人类活动所散发消耗臭氧层物质 (ODS)进入臭氧层后,参与了臭氧的化学反应,破坏了臭氧 层的自然动态平衡,因此出现了臭氧层耗减(ozone layer depletion)的迹象。
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26
破坏臭氧层的机理是按链式反应进行的,一个污染物分子平 均可破坏上千个O3分子!
破坏O3的机理如下: a.氮氧化物破坏O3的机理:
NO+O3 NO2+O2 +) NO2+ O NO+O2 总反应: O3 +O 2O2

臭氧万花筒类比推理

臭氧万花筒类比推理

臭氧万花筒类比推理The problem of analogical reasoning using the ozone kaleidoscope is an intriguing one. Analogical reasoning involves drawing similarities between different domains or concepts to make inferences or solve problems. The ozone kaleidoscope analogy specifically refers to the process of reasoning by comparing the complex and diverse patterns of ozone depletion and recovery to gain insights into other complex systems.From a scientific perspective, the ozone kaleidoscope analogy can be a powerful tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of various environmental, biological, or social systems. Ozone depletion, caused primarily by human activities, has been extensively studied and documented. By examining the intricate dynamics of ozone depletion and recovery, scientists can extract general principles and apply them to other complex systems. For example, the patterns observed in the ozone layer can be used to understand the dynamics of climate change or thespread of diseases.Furthermore, the ozone kaleidoscope analogy can also be used to raise awareness and promote action towards addressing environmental challenges. The ozone layer is a critical shield that protects life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The discovery of the ozone hole and subsequent international efforts to reduce ozone-depleting substances serve as a powerful example of global cooperation and successful environmental policy. By drawing parallels between the ozone layer and other environmental issues, such as deforestation or ocean pollution, we can emphasize the urgency of taking action to protect our planet.On a personal level, the ozone kaleidoscope analogy can evoke a sense of wonder and awe at the complexity and interconnectedness of the natural world. The intricate patterns and delicate balance of the ozone layer highlight the fragility of our planet and the potential consequences of human actions. This emotional response can inspire individuals to become more environmentally conscious andmake sustainable choices in their daily lives.However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the ozone kaleidoscope analogy. While it can provide valuable insights, analogical reasoning is not a foolproof method. Different systems have unique characteristics and complexities that cannot be fully captured by a single analogy. Therefore, it is crucial to supplement analogical reasoning with rigorous scientific research and data analysis.In conclusion, the problem of analogical reasoning using the ozone kaleidoscope offers a fascinating approach to understanding and addressing complex systems. From a scientific perspective, it provides a framework for extracting general principles and predicting the behavior of various systems. On a personal level, it can evoke emotions and inspire action towards environmental conservation. However, it is important to approach analogical reasoning with caution and complement it with empirical evidence. The ozone kaleidoscope analogy servesas a reminder of the interconnectedness of our planet and the need for collective responsibility in protecting it.。

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