chapter8 other

合集下载

新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 8 语态转换译法

C. 顺译成 “是……的” 结构
• 英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况，如时间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动的静态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是……的” 的句式。其框架为“受事者——是——动词—— 的”。用这种译法来表现原文陈述的意义，显得简便灵活。 • 例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. • 【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。
• 例3：My holidays afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. (Washingtonபைடு நூலகம்Irving) • 【译文】每逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。 • 例4：Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine. • 【译文】疾病必须先确诊，再用药。
C. 译成 “叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为……所、经……所” 等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。
• 例1：You have been wetted in the rain. • 【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。 • 例2：The γ-rays are not affected by an electric field. • 【译文】γ射线不受电场影响。
• • • • •
•
• 例4：Language is a precious possession; it has, in fact, been called the door to knowledge. Knowing how to use language effectively allows us to communicate more clearly, listen more critically, and read more efficiently. Beyond those practical benefits, an interest in words and their mastery provides a lifelong source of pleasure. • 【译文】高超的语言水平乃宝贵财富。诚然，语言是打开知识宝库大门的钥匙。语言运用得心应手，便能说得清楚，听得明白，看得真切。推敲词字，斟酌语句，受益匪浅，其乐无限。

会展英语Chapter 8

Warm-up
Dialogues
Writing
Reading
• J: This is our trial order from you, if these pockethandkerchiefs are popular in our markets, we can cooperate in the long run and I’ll place larger orders. • H: Well, the lowest price I can go to is 1 dollar 90 cents. • J: Great! I know neither of us will be disappointed. By the way, could you supply them from current stock﹖ • H: Sure. We can supply as many as you need. You can be assured of our prompt shipment. • J: Very good, Mr. Huang. I think we will be business partners for a long time to come.
Warm-up
Dialogues
Writing
Reading
Section II. Situational Dialogues
Accepting an Order at a Lower Price in Order to Develop New Markets Disagreement on Price Old customers’ Order: the Larger the Quantity, the Lower the Price Getting a More Favorable Price by Easier Payment Terms

chapter-8高速CMOS逻辑电路设计---副本剖析

k ln 9 2.2
内部寄生电容
8.3 逻辑努力
反相器延时的计算
S(>1)倍对称反相器的延迟时间
R Rref S
Cin SCref
C p SC p ,ref
绝对延时
d abs kR(C p Cout ) kRref C p ,ref
相对延时
(h p)
d abs
加前级门的负载电容，导致恶性循环。必须采用
特别的电路设计来解决这个问题。
问题：
如何使反相
器链的总延
时最小？
8.2 驱动大电容
负载优化条件
第一级是标准尺寸反相器，输入电容为C1，FET 电阻为
R1，FET互导为β1，各级单调放大，即有
1 2 3 N 1 N
j R j C j 1
N
N 1
j 1
j 1
N级反相器链的总延时 d j R j C j 1 RN C L
N级反相器链的负载电容 C L C N 1 S N C1
代入尺寸放大关系
R1
j
•
S
C1
R j C j 1 S j 1
N
N
j 1
CGn (2 r )
1 r
g NAND 2
C
ref

Cin CGn (n r )
nr

一倍对称NANDn
CGn (n r )
1 r
g NAND 2
C
ref

n个输入
NOR
每个nFET的尺寸
1个pFET的尺寸
Cin CGn (1 2r )

Chapter 8 科技英语隐含的因果关系

8.3 包含定语从句的主从复合句表示因果关系

1 To make a bomb, we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制作原子弹,必须使用铀235,因为它的所有原子都可以裂变。 2 We cannot live on Mars, where there is no air and water. 我们不能在火星上生存,因为那里没有空气,也没有水。
8.1 形容词短语、分词短语、分词独立结构说明原因(或条件)

1 Cold and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China. 这种新品种耐寒耐旱,适合于在中国北方生长。 2 Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron does not rust as fast as we would expect. 如不受潮,铁块锈蚀的速度就不会像我们想象的那样快。 3 Neutrons, having no charge, are repelled neither by the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus nor by the nucleus itself. 中子(由于)不带电,所以既不受原子核周围的电子云也不受原子核本身的排斥。 4 The moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind nor, of course, can there be any noise, for sound is carried by the air. 因为月球上没有大气层,又没有风,当然也没有什么声响,因为声音是靠空气传播的。 5 Some alloying elements ( such as chromium and tungsten) make the grain of steel finer, thus increasing the hardness and strength of steel. 有些合金元素(如铬和钨)能细化钢的晶粒,从而增加钢的硬度和强度。 6 A fusion reaction is going on in the sun to produce almost limitless energy. 太阳内部正在进行着核聚变反应,因而产生几乎无穷无尽的能量。

西方财务会计_chapter8

Accu. Depr.
706
($10593*1/10*8/12=706)
11
Disposal of Plant Assets
Discard Sell for monetary consideration Exchange for noncash assets
$
Accounting for Disposal of Plant Assets: discard
Let’s answer the following questions.
15
The amount of depreciation recorded on September 30, 2005, to bring depreciation up to date is:
a. $8,000.
b. $6,000.
Compute the cost of Heat Co.’s new machine.
6
Determining Cost
List price Sales tax @ 8% Transportation cost Set-up Testing
Total cost to Heat Co.
Date
Description
c.
$4,000.
Annual Depreciation: ($100,000- $20,000) ÷ 1Depreciation to Sept. 30: 9/12 × $8,000 = $6,000
16
After updating the depreciation, the machine’s book value on September 30, 2005, is:
5/1 Equipment 10593

典范英语终极跑鞋chapter8主要内容

典范英语终极跑鞋chapter8主要内容全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" talks about the importance of proper foot support and cushioning in running shoes. The chapter begins by explaining how different types of running shoes are designed to provide support for different foot types. For example, people with high arches may need shoes with extra cushioning to support their feet, while those with flat feet may require shoes with more stability.The chapter goes on to discuss the various materials used in running shoe construction, such as EVA foam and gel inserts, which help to absorb shock and impact while running. It also explains how the design of the shoe, including the shape of the sole and heel counter, can affect the runner's gait and overall performance.One of the key takeaways from Chapter 8 is the importance of proper fit when choosing running shoes. Ill-fitting shoes can lead to discomfort, blisters, and even serious injuries. The chapter provides tips on how to determine the right size and fitfor your feet, including getting professionally fitted at a running store and testing the shoes by running or walking in them.Overall, Chapter 8 emphasizes the crucial role that proper foot support and cushioning play in maximizing performance and preventing injury while running. By choosing the right type of running shoes and ensuring a proper fit, runners can improve their comfort, efficiency, and overall enjoyment of the sport.篇2Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" is all about speed and performance. In this chapter, we learn about how to choose the right running shoes for racing and how to improve our speed on the track.First off, the chapter talks about what features to look for in a racing shoe. It's important to find a lightweight shoe that provides good support and cushioning. Racing shoes are designed to be sleek and fast, with minimal cushioning to reduce weight and maximize speed.Next, we learn about the importance of proper form and technique when it comes to running fast. It's not just about how fast you can move your legs, but also about how efficiently youcan move them. Proper arm swing, stride length, and foot strike are all important factors in maximizing your speed.The chapter also discusses the role of training in improving speed. Different types of speed workouts, such as interval training and tempo runs, can help build your speed and endurance. It's important to train consistently and push yourself out of your comfort zone to see improvements in your speed.Lastly, the chapter offers tips on how to mentally prepare for a race. Visualizing success, setting realistic goals, and staying focused during a race are all important mental strategies for improving your speed on race day.Overall, Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" gives us valuable insight into how to choose the right shoes and improve our speed and performance on the track. So lace up those racing shoes and get ready to fly past the competition!篇3Hey guys, guess what? I just finished reading chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes"! It was super interesting, so let me tell you all about it!In this chapter, we learned all about different types of running shoes for different types of runners. There are shoes for beginners, shoes for advanced runners, and even shoes for people with special foot conditions. It's really cool how there's a perfect shoe out there for everyone!We also learned about the importance of choosing the right size shoe and how to properly lace them up for a comfortable fit. Did you know that wearing the wrong size shoe can actually cause injuries? Yeah, crazy right?And get this - there are shoes that can track your running stats, like how far you've run and how fast! It's like having a personal trainer right on your feet! Technology is so awesome.But the best part of the chapter was learning about all the latest trends in running shoes. From bright colors to funky designs, there's no limit to how cool your running shoes can be. I can't wait to go shopping for my own pair now!So, if you're into running or just want to learn more about the best shoes for your feet, definitely check out chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes". It's a real game-changer!篇4Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" is all about exploring different types of running shoes and how they can improve your performance. It was super interesting and I learned a lot of cool stuff!First, we talked about cushioning in running shoes. It's like having a comfy bed for your feet while you run. Some shoes have lots of cushioning, which is great for long distances or if you have a history of foot pain. Others have less cushioning, which is better for speed and agility.Next, we learned about stability shoes. These are like the superheroes of running shoes because they help protect your feet and ankles from rolling inwards or outwards. They're perfect for people with flat feet or those who overpronate or supinate when they run.Then, we talked about motion control shoes. These are like the bodyguards of the running shoe world because they provide extra support for people who have severe overpronation. They help keep your feet in line and prevent injuries caused by excessive rolling.Finally, we discussed minimalist shoes. These are like running barefoot but with a little extra protection. They're superlightweight and help improve your running form, but you have to be careful because they offer less cushioning and support.Overall, Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" was awesome! I can't wait to try out different types of running shoes and see how they can help me become a faster and stronger runner. I'm so excited to put all this new knowledge to the test and find the perfect pair of shoes for me!篇5Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to talk about Chapter 8 of the book "The Ultimate Running Shoes". In this chapter, we learned all about how to choose the perfect pair of running shoes.First, the book talked about the different types of running shoes - neutral, stability, and motion control. Neutral shoes are for runners with a normal arch, stability shoes are for runners with a low arch, and motion control shoes are for runners with flat feet. It's important to know your foot type so you can pick the right shoes for you!Next, the book discussed the importance of getting the right fit. Your running shoes should be snug, but not too tight. They should also have enough room in the toe box so your toes canmove freely. It's a good idea to try on a few different pairs before making a decision.The chapter also talked about the different features to look for in running shoes, like cushioning, support, and breathability. Cushioning helps to absorb impact, support helps to prevent injury, and breathability keeps your feet cool and dry. All of these things are important for a comfortable and safe run.In conclusion, Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" taught us the importance of choosing the right pair of shoes for our feet. By understanding our foot type, getting the right fit, and looking for the right features, we can find the perfect running shoes for us. Happy running, everyone!篇6Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes series is all about choosing the right shoes for your running needs. It's super important to have the right shoes so you can run faster, jump higher, and feel super cool while doing it!First off, you need to think about what type of running you'll be doing. If you're a speed demon and love sprinting, you'll want to go for lightweight shoes with lots of cushioning. These will help you go fast and be comfy at the same time.If you're more of a long distance runner, you'll want shoes with good support and stability. These will help keep your feet happy and healthy as you rack up the miles.There are also shoes for trail running, which have extra grip and protection to handle tough terrain. And don't forget about track spikes for running on the track – they have sharp points on the bottom to help you go even faster!When you're trying on shoes, make sure they fit snugly but not too tight. You want a little wiggle room for your toes, but you also don't want your feet sliding around inside the shoes. And always try them on with the socks you'll be wearing when you run.Remember, the right shoes can make all the difference in your running game. So take your time, try on lots of options, and find the perfect pair that will help you crush your running goals. Happy running, my friends!篇7Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes is super cool! In this chapter, we learn all about the advanced technology and cool features of the latest running shoes.First off, we got to know about the innovative cushioning system in the shoes. It's like running on clouds! The special foam material absorbs the impact of each step, making our feet feel super comfy and preventing any injuries.Next, we learned about the unique design of the outsole. It has special grooves and patterns that provide excellent traction on all types of surfaces. So no matter if we're running on the track, road, or trail, our shoes will keep us steady and secure.And let's not forget about the awesome breathable mesh upper! It helps to keep our feet cool and dry, even during intense workouts. Plus, the snug fit of the shoes ensures that our feet stay in place and don't slide around while we're running.Oh, and how could I forget about the stylish colors and designs of the shoes? They look so cool and make us feel like real running champions!Overall, Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes taught us that the right pair of shoes can make all the difference in our performance. So let's lace up our shoes, hit the pavement, and run like the wind! ♂️篇8Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes series is all about choosing the right shoes for different types of running activities. It's super important to pick the best shoes for your feet so that you can run faster, jump higher, and have fun while doing it! Let's dive into the main points of this chapter.First off, the chapter talks about running shoes forlong-distance running. When you're running a marathon or a long trail race, you need shoes that can provide cushioning and support for miles and miles. Look for shoes with extra padding in the midsole and heel to absorb shock and reduce fatigue. They should also have a breathable upper to keep your feet cool and dry.Next, the chapter covers shoes for sprinting. If you're a speed demon and love sprinting short distances, you need lightweight shoes with a snug fit. Look for shoes with a low heel drop and a stiff sole to help you explode off the starting line. These shoes should also have traction for grip on the track or road.Another important point in this chapter is choosing the right shoes for trail running. Trail running shoes are designed to handle rugged terrain, rocks, and mud. They have aggressive tread patterns for traction and protection for your feet fromsharp objects. Look for shoes with a durable outsole and a protective toe cap for rocky trails.Lastly, the chapter discusses cross-training shoes for other sports and activities. Cross-training shoes are versatile and can be used for running, weightlifting, and other workouts. They should have a stable base for lifting weights, cushioning for running, and flexibility for agility drills. Look for shoes with a comfortable fit and breathability for all-day wear.In conclusion, Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes series emphasizes the importance of choosing the right shoes for different types of running activities. Whether you're along-distance runner, sprinter, trail runner, or cross-training enthusiast, there's a perfect pair of shoes out there for you. Remember to consider your foot type, running style, and the terrain you'll be running on when selecting your next pair of running shoes. Happy running!篇9Hi guys, today I'm gonna talk about this super cool book called "Ultimate Running Shoes Chapter 8". It's all about the best running shoes in the world and I can't wait to tell you all about it.In Chapter 8, the book talks about different types of running shoes and how to choose the right ones for you. It explains the importance of having the right shoes for running and how it can make a big difference in your performance.The chapter also goes into detail about the different features of running shoes, like cushioning, stability, and flexibility. It explains why these features are important and how they can help you run better and faster.One of the most interesting parts of the chapter is when it talks about the newest technology in running shoes. It explains how companies are always coming up with new and improved designs to make running shoes even better.Overall, this chapter is super interesting and informative. It's definitely a must-read for anyone who loves to run or is looking to get into running. So next time you're in the store looking for a new pair of running shoes, make sure to check out this chapter to help you make the best choice. Happy running, everyone!篇10Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" is all about the different types of running shoes you can choose from. It's superimportant to pick the right shoes for your feet to make sure you have a comfy and safe run.First off, there are neutral shoes. These are for peeps who have a regular arch in their feet. They offer cushioning and support without changing your foot's natural movement.Next up are stability shoes. These are for folks with a slight overpronation, which means your foot rolls inward when you run. The shoes have extra support to help keep your foot in the right position.Then there are motion control shoes. These are for peeps with severe overpronation. They have extra support to keep your foot from rolling too much and causing injuries.There are also minimalist shoes, which are super lightweight and don't have much cushioning. They let your feet move naturally, but you gotta be careful cuz they don't offer as much protection.Lastly, there are maximalist shoes. These are like walking on clouds cuz they have extra cushioning for peeps who need it.Remember, the best way to find the right shoes for you is to try them on and see how they feel. And don't forget to replaceyour running shoes every 300-500 miles to make sure they're still doing their job properly.So make sure to pick the right shoes for your feet and happy running! ♂️ ♂️。

Chapter 8 - Heteroskedasticity

Stata Textbook ExamplesIntroductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach by Jeffrey M. Wooldridge (1st & 2nd eds.)Chapter 8 - HeteroskedasticityExample 8.1: Log Wage Equation with Heteroscedasticity-Robust Standard Errorsuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/WAGE2gen single=(~married)gen male=(~female)gen marrmale=male*marriedgen marrfem=female*marriedgen singfem=single*femalereg lwage marrmale marrfem singfem educ exper expersq tenure tenursq, robustRegression with robust standard errors Number of obs = 526 F( 8, 517) = 51.70 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.4609 Root MSE = .39329------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robustlwage | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- marrmale | .2126756 .0571419 3.72 0.000 .1004167 .3249345 marrfem | -.1982676 .05877 -3.37 0.001 -.313725 -.0828102 singfem | -.1103502 .0571163 -1.93 0.054 -.2225587 .0018583 educ | .0789103 .0074147 10.64 0.000 .0643437 .0934769 exper | .0268006 .0051391 5.22 0.000 .0167044 .0368967 expersq | -.0005352 .0001063 -5.03 0.000 -.0007442 -.0003263 tenure | .0290875 .0069409 4.19 0.000 .0154516 .0427234 tenursq | -.0005331 .0002437 -2.19 0.029 -.0010119 -.0000544 _cons | .321378 .109469 2.94 0.003 .1063193 .5364368 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------reg lwage marrmale marrfem singfem educ exper expersq tenure tenursqSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 526 -------------+------------------------------ F( 8, 517) = 55.25 Model | 68.3617614 8 8.54522017 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 79.9680004 517 .154676983 R-squared = 0.4609Total | 148.329762 525 .28253288 Root MSE = .39329 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ lwage | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- marrmale | .2126756 .0553572 3.84 0.000 .103923 .3214283 marrfem | -.1982676 .0578355 -3.43 0.001 -.3118891 -.0846462 singfem | -.1103502 .0557421 -1.98 0.048 -.219859 -.0008414 educ | .0789103 .0066945 11.79 0.000 .0657585 .0920621 exper | .0268006 .0052428 5.11 0.000 .0165007 .0371005 expersq | -.0005352 .0001104 -4.85 0.000 -.0007522 -.0003183 tenure | .0290875 .006762 4.30 0.000 .0158031 .0423719 tenursq | -.0005331 .0002312 -2.31 0.022 -.0009874 -.0000789 _cons | .321378 .100009 3.21 0.001 .1249041 .517852 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 8.2: Heteroscedastisity-Robust F Statisticsuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/GPA3reg cumgpa sat hsperc tothrs female black white if term==2, robustRegression with robust standard errors Number of obs = 366 F( 6, 359) = 39.30 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.4006 Root MSE = .46929 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robustcumgpa | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sat | .0011407 .0001915 5.96 0.000 .0007641 .0015174 hsperc | -.0085664 .0014179 -6.04 0.000 -.0113548 -.0057779 tothrs | .002504 .0007406 3.38 0.001 .0010475 .0039605 female | .3034333 .0591378 5.13 0.000 .1871332 .4197334 black | -.1282837 .1192413 -1.08 0.283 -.3627829 .1062155 white | -.0587217 .111392 -0.53 0.598 -.2777846 .1603411 _cons | 1.470065 .2206802 6.66 0.000 1.036076 1.904053 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------reg cumgpa sat hsperc tothrs female black white if term==2Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 366Model | 52.831358 6 8.80522634 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 79.062328 359 .220229326 R-squared = 0.4006 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.3905 Total | 131.893686 365 .361352564 Root MSE = .46929 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ cumgpa | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sat | .0011407 .0001786 6.39 0.000 .0007896 .0014919 hsperc | -.0085664 .0012404 -6.91 0.000 -.0110058 -.006127 tothrs | .002504 .000731 3.43 0.001 .0010664 .0039415 female | .3034333 .0590203 5.14 0.000 .1873643 .4195023 black | -.1282837 .1473701 -0.87 0.385 -.4181009 .1615335 white | -.0587217 .1409896 -0.42 0.677 -.3359909 .2185475 _cons | 1.470065 .2298031 6.40 0.000 1.018135 1.921994 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 8.3: Heteroskedasticity-Robust LM Statisticuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/CRIME1gen avgsensq=avgsen*avgsenreg narr86 pcnv avgsen avgsensq ptime86 qemp86 inc86 black hispan, robust Regression with robust standard errors Number of obs = 2725 F( 8, 2716) = 29.84 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.0728 Root MSE = .82843------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robustnarr86 | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- pcnv | -.1355954 .0336218 -4.03 0.000 -.2015223 -.0696685 avgsen | .0178411 .0101233 1.76 0.078 -.0020091 .0376913 avgsensq | -.0005163 .0002077 -2.49 0.013 -.0009236 -.0001091 ptime86 | -.03936 .0062236 -6.32 0.000 -.0515634 -.0271566 qemp86 | -.0505072 .0142015 -3.56 0.000 -.078354 -.0226603 inc86 | -.0014797 .0002295 -6.45 0.000 -.0019297 -.0010296 black | .3246024 .0585135 5.55 0.000 .2098669 .439338 hispan | .19338 .0402983 4.80 0.000 .1143616 .2723985 _cons | .5670128 .0402756 14.08 0.000 .4880389 .6459867Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 2725 -------------+------------------------------ F( 2, 2723) = 2.00 Model | 3.99708536 2 1.99854268 Prob > F = 0.1355 Residual | 2721.00291 2723 .999266586 R-squared = 0.0015 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0007 Total | 2725.00 2725 1.00 Root MSE = .99963 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iota | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- ur1 | .0277846 .0140598 1.98 0.048 .0002156 .0553537 ur2 | -.0010447 .0005479 -1.91 0.057 -.002119 .0000296 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------scalar hetlm = e(N)-e(rss)scalar pval = chi2tail(2,hetlm)display _n "Robust LM statistic : " %6.3f hetlm /*> */ _n "Under H0, distrib Chi2(2), p-value: " %5.3f pvalRobust LM statistic : 3.997Under H0, distrib Chi2(2), p-value: 0.136reg narr86 pcnv ptime86 qemp86 inc86 black hispanSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 2725 -------------+------------------------------ F( 6, 2718) = 34.95 Model | 143.977563 6 23.9962606 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 1866.36959 2718 .686670196 R-squared = 0.0716 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0696 Total | 2010.34716 2724 .738012906 Root MSE = .82866 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ narr86 | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- pcnv | -.1322784 .0403406 -3.28 0.001 -.2113797 -.0531771 ptime86 | -.0377953 .008497 -4.45 0.000 -.0544566 -.021134 qemp86 | -.0509814 .0144359 -3.53 0.000 -.0792878 -.022675 inc86 | -.00149 .0003404 -4.38 0.000 -.0021575 -.0008224 black | .3296885 .0451778 7.30 0.000 .2411022 .4182748 hispan | .1954509 .0396929 4.92 0.000 .1176195 .2732823 _cons | .5703344 .0360073 15.84 0.000 .49973 .6409388 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------predict ubar2, residreg ubar2 pcnv avgsen avgsensq ptime86 qemp86 inc86 black hispanSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 2725 -------------+------------------------------ F( 8, 2716) = 0.43 Model | 2.37155739 8 .296444674 Prob > F = 0.9025 Residual | 1863.99804 2716 .686302664 R-squared = 0.0013 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = -0.0017 Total | 1866.36959 2724 .685157707 Root MSE = .82843 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ubar1 | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- pcnv | -.003317 .0403699 -0.08 0.935 -.0824758 .0758418 avgsen | .0178411 .009696 1.84 0.066 -.0011713 .0368534 avgsensq | -.0005163 .000297 -1.74 0.082 -.0010987 .0000661 ptime86 | -.0015647 .0086935 -0.18 0.857 -.0186112 .0154819 qemp86 | .0004742 .0144345 0.03 0.974 -.0278295 .0287779 inc86 | .0000103 .0003405 0.03 0.976 -.0006574 .000678 black | -.0050861 .0454188 -0.11 0.911 -.094145 .0839729 hispan | -.0020709 .0397035 -0.05 0.958 -.0799229 .0757812 _cons | -.0033216 .0360573 -0.09 0.927 -.0740242 .0673809 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------scalar lm1 = e(N)*e(r2)display _n "LM statistic : " %6.3f lm1 /*LM statistic : 3.5425Example 8.4: Heteroscedasticity in Housing Price Equationuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/HPRICE1reg price lotsize sqrft bdrmsSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 88 -------------+------------------------------ F( 3, 84) = 57.46 Model | 617130.701 3 205710.234 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 300723.805 84 3580.0453 R-squared = 0.6724 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.6607 Total | 917854.506 87 10550.0518 Root MSE = 59.833 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ price | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+----------------------------------------------------------------lotsize | .0020677 .0006421 3.22 0.002 .0007908 .0033446 sqrft | .1227782 .0132374 9.28 0.000 .0964541 .1491022 bdrms | 13.85252 9.010145 1.54 0.128 -4.06514 31.77018 _cons | -21.77031 29.47504 -0.74 0.462 -80.38466 36.84404 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------whitetst, fittedWhite's special test statistic : 16.26842 Chi-sq( 2) P-value = 2.9e-04reg lprice llotsize lsqrft bdrmsSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 88 -------------+------------------------------ F( 3, 84) = 50.42 Model | 5.15504028 3 1.71834676 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 2.86256324 84 .034078134 R-squared = 0.6430 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.6302 Total | 8.01760352 87 .092156362 Root MSE = .1846 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ lprice | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- llotsize | .1679667 .0382812 4.39 0.000 .0918404 .244093 lsqrft | .7002324 .0928652 7.54 0.000 .5155597 .8849051 bdrms | .0369584 .0275313 1.34 0.183 -.0177906 .0917074 _cons | -1.297042 .6512836 -1.99 0.050 -2.592191 -.0018931 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------whitetst, fittedWhite's special test statistic : 3.447243 Chi-sq( 2) P-value = .1784Example 8.5: Special Form of the White Test in the Log Housing Price Equationuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/HPRICE1reg lprice llotsize lsqrft bdrmsSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 88 -------------+------------------------------ F( 3, 84) = 50.42 Model | 5.15506425 3 1.71835475 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 2.86255771 84 .034078068 R-squared = 0.6430 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.6302 Total | 8.01762195 87 .092156574 Root MSE = .1846llotsize | .167968 .0382811 4.39 0.000 .0918418 .2440941 lsqrft | .7002326 .0928652 7.54 0.000 .5155601 .8849051 bdrms | .0369585 .0275313 1.34 0.183 -.0177905 .0917075 _cons | 5.6107 .6512829 8.61 0.000 4.315553 6.905848 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------whitetst, fittedWhite's special test statistic : 3.447286 Chi-sq( 2) P-value = .1784Example 8.6: Family Saving Equationuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/SAVINGreg sav incSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 100 -------------+------------------------------ F( 1, 98) = 6.49 Model | 66368437.0 1 66368437.0 Prob > F = 0.0124 Residual | 1.0019e+09 98 10223460.8 R-squared = 0.0621 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0526 Total | 1.0683e+09 99 10790581.8 Root MSE = 3197.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ sav | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- inc | .1466283 .0575488 2.55 0.012 .0324247 .260832 _cons | 124.8424 655.3931 0.19 0.849 -1175.764 1425.449 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------reg sav inc [aw = 1/inc](sum of wgt is 1.3877e-02)Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 100 -------------+------------------------------ F( 1, 98) = 9.14 Model | 58142339.8 1 58142339.8 Prob > F = 0.0032 Residual | 623432468 98 6361555.80 R-squared = 0.0853 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0760 Total | 681574808 99 6884594.02 Root MSE = 2522.2inc | .1717555 .0568128 3.02 0.003 .0590124 .2844986 _cons | -124.9528 480.8606 -0.26 0.796 -1079.205 829.2994 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------reg sav inc size educ age blackSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 100 -------------+------------------------------ F( 5, 94) = 1.70 Model | 88426246.4 5 17685249.3 Prob > F = 0.1430 Residual | 979841351 94 10423844.2 R-squared = 0.0828 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0340 Total | 1.0683e+09 99 10790581.8 Root MSE = 3228.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ sav | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- inc | .109455 .0714317 1.53 0.129 -.0323742 .2512842 size | 67.66119 222.9642 0.30 0.762 -375.0395 510.3619 educ | 151.8235 117.2487 1.29 0.199 -80.97646 384.6235 age | .2857217 50.03108 0.01 0.995 -99.05217 99.62361 black | 518.3934 1308.063 0.40 0.693 -2078.796 3115.583 _cons | -1605.416 2830.707 -0.57 0.572 -7225.851 4015.019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------reg sav inc size educ age black [aw = 1/inc](sum of wgt is 1.3877e-02)Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 100 -------------+------------------------------ F( 5, 94) = 2.19 Model | 71020334.9 5 14204067.0 Prob > F = 0.0621 Residual | 610554473 94 6495260.35 R-squared = 0.1042 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0566 Total | 681574808 99 6884594.02 Root MSE = 2548.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ sav | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- inc | .1005179 .0772511 1.30 0.196 -.052866 .2539017 size | -6.868501 168.4327 -0.04 0.968 -341.2956 327.5586 educ | 139.4802 100.5362 1.39 0.169 -60.1368 339.0972 age | 21.74721 41.30598 0.53 0.600 -60.26678 103.7612 black | 137.2842 844.5941 0.16 0.871 -1539.677 1814.246 _cons | -1854.814 2351.797 -0.79 0.432 -6524.362 2814.734 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 8.7: Demand for Cigarettesuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/SMOKEreg cigs lincome lcigpric educ age agesq restaurnSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 807 -------------+------------------------------ F( 6, 800) = 7.42 Model | 8003.02506 6 1333.83751 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 143750.658 800 179.688322 R-squared = 0.0527 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0456 Total | 151753.683 806 188.280003 Root MSE = 13.405 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ cigs | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lincome | .8802689 .7277838 1.21 0.227 -.5483223 2.30886 lcigpric | -.7508498 5.773343 -0.13 0.897 -12.08354 10.58184 educ | -.5014982 .1670772 -3.00 0.003 -.8294597 -.1735368 age | .7706936 .1601223 4.81 0.000 .456384 1.085003 agesq | -.0090228 .001743 -5.18 0.000 -.0124443 -.0056013 restaurn | -2.825085 1.111794 -2.54 0.011 -5.007462 -.642708 _cons | -3.639884 24.07866 -0.15 0.880 -50.9047 43.62493 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Change in cigs if income increases by 10%display _b[lincome]*10/100.08802689Turnover point for agedisplay _b[age]/2/_b[agesq]-42.708116whitetst, fittedWhite's special test statistic : 26.57258 Chi-sq( 2) P-value = 1.7e-06gen lubar=log(ub*ub)qui reg lubar lincome lcigpric educ age agesq restaurnpredict cigsh, xbgen cigse = exp(cigsh)reg cigs lincome lcigpric educ age agesq restaurn [aw=1/cigse](sum of wgt is 1.9977e+01)Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 807 -------------+------------------------------ F( 6, 800) = 17.06 Model | 10302.6415 6 1717.10692 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 80542.0684 800 100.677586 R-squared = 0.1134 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.1068 Total | 90844.71 806 112.710558 Root MSE = 10.034 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ cigs | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lincome | 1.295241 .4370118 2.96 0.003 .4374154 2.153066 lcigpric | -2.94028 4.460142 -0.66 0.510 -11.69524 5.814684 educ | -.4634462 .1201586 -3.86 0.000 -.6993095 -.2275829 age | .4819474 .0968082 4.98 0.000 .2919194 .6719755 agesq | -.0056272 .0009395 -5.99 0.000 -.0074713 -.0037831 restaurn | -3.461066 .7955047 -4.35 0.000 -5.022589 -1.899543 _cons | 5.63533 17.80313 0.32 0.752 -29.31103 40.58169 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 8.8: Labor Force Participation of Married Womenuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/MROZreg inlf nwifeinc educ exper expersq age kidslt6 kidsge6Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 753 -------------+------------------------------ F( 7, 745) = 38.22 Model | 48.8080578 7 6.97257968 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 135.919698 745 .182442547 R-squared = 0.2642 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.2573 Total | 184.727756 752 .245648611 Root MSE = .42713 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ inlf | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- nwifeinc | -.0034052 .0014485 -2.35 0.019 -.0062488 -.0005616 educ | .0379953 .007376 5.15 0.000 .023515 .0524756exper | .0394924 .0056727 6.96 0.000 .0283561 .0506287 expersq | -.0005963 .0001848 -3.23 0.001 -.0009591 -.0002335 age | -.0160908 .0024847 -6.48 0.000 -.0209686 -.011213 kidslt6 | -.2618105 .0335058 -7.81 0.000 -.3275875 -.1960335 kidsge6 | .0130122 .013196 0.99 0.324 -.0128935 .0389179 _cons | .5855192 .154178 3.80 0.000 .2828442 .8881943 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------reg inlf nwifeinc educ exper expersq age kidslt6 kidsge6, robustRegression with robust standard errors Number of obs = 753 F( 7, 745) = 62.48 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.2642 Root MSE = .42713 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robustinlf | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- nwifeinc | -.0034052 .0015249 -2.23 0.026 -.0063988 -.0004115 educ | .0379953 .007266 5.23 0.000 .023731 .0522596 exper | .0394924 .00581 6.80 0.000 .0280864 .0508983 expersq | -.0005963 .00019 -3.14 0.002 -.0009693 -.0002233 age | -.0160908 .002399 -6.71 0.000 -.0208004 -.0113812 kidslt6 | -.2618105 .0317832 -8.24 0.000 -.3242058 -.1994152 kidsge6 | .0130122 .0135329 0.96 0.337 -.013555 .0395795 _cons | .5855192 .1522599 3.85 0.000 .2866098 .8844287 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 8.9: Determinants of Personal Computer Ownershipuse /ec-p/data/wooldridge/GPA1gen parcoll = (mothcoll | fathcoll)reg PC hsGPA ACT parcollSource | SS df MS Number of obs = 141 -------------+------------------------------ F( 3, 137) = 1.98 Model | 1.40186813 3 .467289377 Prob > F = 0.1201 Residual | 32.3569971 137 .236182461 R-squared = 0.0415 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0205 Total | 33.7588652 140 .241134752 Root MSE = .48599------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PC | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- hsGPA | .0653943 .1372576 0.48 0.635 -.2060231 .3368118 ACT | .0005645 .0154967 0.04 0.971 -.0300792 .0312082 parcoll | .2210541 .092957 2.38 0.019 .037238 .4048702 _cons | -.0004322 .4905358 -0.00 0.999 -.970433 .9695686 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------predict phatgen h=phat*(1-phat)reg PC hsGPA ACT parcoll [aw=1/h](sum of wgt is 6.2818e+02)Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 141 -------------+------------------------------ F( 3, 137) = 2.22 Model | 1.54663033 3 .515543445 Prob > F = 0.0882 Residual | 31.7573194 137 .231805251 R-squared = 0.0464 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0256 Total | 33.3039497 140 .237885355 Root MSE = .48146 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PC | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- hsGPA | .0327029 .1298817 0.25 0.802 -.2241292 .289535 ACT | .004272 .0154527 0.28 0.783 -.0262847 .0348286 parcoll | .2151862 .0862918 2.49 0.014 .04455 .3858224 _cons | .0262099 .4766498 0.05 0.956 -.9163323 .9687521 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------This page prepared by Oleksandr Talavera (revised 8 Nov 2002)Send your questions/comments/suggestions to Kit Baum at baum@ These pages are maintained by the Faculty Micro Resource Center's GSA Program,a unit of Boston College Academic Technology Services。

商务翻译 Chapter 8

9. It is true our price is a bit higher compared with that of other suppliers，but you know you get what you pay for. 译文：译文：我方价格是比其他供货商高些，但要知道一分钱一分货。
我听说稀土出口税率四月一日起会增长十倍。 a. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth will increase by ten folds (times) starting from April 1. b. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth will have a tenfold increase by April 1. c. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth on April 1 will be ten times larger than that of March. d. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth on April 1 will be eleven times as much as that of March.
2. a. b.
ton (tonne) 吨 metric ton (公制) 公吨 = 1000 kg. long ton (英制) 长吨 = 2240 lb. = 1.016 公吨（1016 kg） short ton ( 美制) 短吨 = 2000 lb. = 0.907 公吨（907 kg）溢装 overload 短装 shortload
2.
According to your invitation No.108, we are pleased to submit to you our bid. 译文: 根据你方第108号招标通知，我方乐于提交标书。

英语文体学Chapter 8

Cooperative Principle Violations of the maxims are frequently found in literary texts. These are intended to portray characters and their relationships and also indicate the relation between the reader and the author.
Speech Acts Theory For a speech act to be performed successfully, certain conditions must be met, which we term felicity conditions.
Speech Acts Theory Felicity conditions
Cooperative Principle The Maxim of Quality Try to make your contribution one that is true, specially: (a) do not say what you believe to be false (b) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Speech Acts Theory Locutionary act: the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning. Illocutionary act: the intent that the speaker has in uttering the sentence. Perlocutionary act: the result achieved in uttering the sentence.

离散数学及其应用英文版第八版教学设计

Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 8th Edition:Teaching PlanDiscrete Mathematics and Its Applications by Kenneth H. Rosen is a popular textbook for undergraduate students studying computer science, mathematics, engineering, and related fields. This teaching plan outlines a semester-long course based on the eighth edition of the book. The course is designed to introduce students to the fundamental concepts of discrete mathematics and their applications in computer science and other areas.Course OverviewThe course is divided into two parts: Foundations and Applications. The Foundations portion of the course introduces students to the basics of logic, set theory, relations, functions, and graphs. The Applications portion of the course covers combinatorics, discrete probability, mathematical induction, recursion, and algorithmic thinking. Throughout the course, we will explore real-worldapplications of these concepts and their relevance to computer science.Learning ObjectivesBy the end of the course, students should be able to: •Apply logic and set theory to solve problems in computer science.•Understand and analyze relations and functions, and use them to solve problems.•Represent and manipulate graphs and trees, and comprehend their use in modeling and solving problems.•Solve combinatorics problems and apply them to real-world scenarios.•Understand and apply mathematical induction to prove theorems.•Understand and apply the concept of recursion, including recursive algorithms.•Develop algorithmic thinking skills, including analyzing problem requirements and designing algorithms.TextbookDiscrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 8th Edition by Kenneth H. Rosen will serve as the primary text for the course. This textbook is a comprehensive and well-written introduction to discrete mathematics. It contns numerousexamples, problems, and mathematically rigorous proofs to support student learning.Course OutlinePart I: FoundationsChapter 1: The Foundations: Logic and ProofsThis chapter introduces students to the basics of mathematical language and logic. Topics include propositional logic, the different types of statements, and understanding proof techniques.Chapter 2: Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, and SumsThis chapter is focused on set theory and its applications in computer science. Topics include set operations and properties, functions and their properties, sequences, and summations.Chapter 3: The Fundamentals: Algorithms, the Integers, and MatricesThis chapter covers the basics of algorithms, their classifications, performance analysis, and the use of recurrence relations. Also, students will be introduced tothe integers, divisibility and gcd, prime numbers, and matrices.Chapter 4: Induction and RecursionThis chapter explores mathematical induction, strong induction, and structural induction, as well as recursion and recursive algorithms.Chapter 5: CountingThis chapter introduces combinatorics, exploring permutations, combinations, and the binomial coefficients. Applications of these methods are presented in probability concepts.Chapter 6: Discrete ProbabilityThis chapter covers the fundamentals of probability theory and its applications in computer science. Topics include sample spaces and probability functions.Part II: ApplicationsChapter 7: Advanced Counting TechniquesThis chapter explores advanced counting techniques for solving combinatorial problems, including With Repetition and Generating Functions.Chapter 8: RelationsThe chapter introduces the concept of relations andpresents examples of relations, properties of relations, closure and matrix representation, and others.Chapter 9: GraphsThe chapter introduces the concept of graphs, including properties of graphs, graph colorings, Kruskal’s and Prim’s algorithms, network models, and the shortest path problem.Chapter 10: TreesThis chapter explores the concept of trees, spanning trees, rooted trees, binary trees, and traversal algorithms.Chapter 11: Boolean AlgebraThis chapter covers Boolean Algebra and Quine-McCluskey algorithms as common tools in digital circuitry synthesis.Chapter 12: Modeling ComputationThe final chapter covers models of computation andexplores the relationship between automata, formal languages, and complexity theory.AssessmentStudent understanding of course material will be evaluated through a combination of assignments, quizzes, mid-term and final examinations. Homework assignments will be given weekly or biweekly, and quizzes will be administered every two to three weeks. The final exam will be comprehensive and will cover all the topics of the course. Additionally, students will be expected to participate actively in class and online discussions.ConclusionDiscrete Mathematics and Its Applications is an essential course for students pursuing a degree in computer science, mathematics, or engineering. The course covers foundational topics in discrete mathematics in a comprehensive and engaging format, emphasizing real-world applications in computer science. It is hoped that this teaching plan will help students gn a deeper understanding and appreciation of this fascinating field.。

chapter8解包袱法

精选课件
9
• 4. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child.
本句是说美国著名童星Shirley Temple(秀兰·邓波儿)在银幕上第一次与男友接吻.如果照原文的修饰关系,那么就可能翻译成"那一吻代表了这个美国最著名的孩子象征性的损失",这样的中文很别扭,其实完全可以调整修饰关系,如The kiss is a symbol that represents the loss of the most famous American child.
keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if
it is forgotten it will probably not be true.
精选课件
16
• 参考译文：
• 从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危险倾向要防范。一是过分地怀念过去，老想着过去，总觉得过去多么好，或者总是为已故的朋友而忧伤，这是不妥的。一个人应该考虑未来，考虑一些可以有所作为的事情。要做到这一点并非总是件容易的事情；自己过去的经历就是一个越来越重的包袱。人们往往会对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。如果真是这样的话，那就不要去想它。而要不想它，情形就很可能不一样了。
精选课件
20
Bill Clinton is the first black president.
这是不久前New Yorker杂志对美国前总统克林顿的赞扬，克林顿明明是白人，怎么一下子成了黑人？black和 president两个词之间的关系就无法用我们原来已牢固树立的形容词修饰名词的关系来解读。原来，作者想表示克林顿特别重视黑人的利益并与黑人有特别密切的关系，所以不应翻译成“克林顿是第一位黑人总统”，而应加几个字，把black和 president 之间的语义关系挑明，

Chapter 8 对比分析和难度等级

02
03
04
Definition of Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities. Historically it has been used
Chapter 8 Contrastive Analysis, Interlanguage, and Error Analysis
Contrastive Analysis
01
The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) Hierarchy of Difficulty Moderating the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis Markedness and Universal Grammer
How can we infer where the learner comes from?
Human learning theories
How do people interpret “interfering” elements of
learning with human learning theories?
to establish language genealogies. ---From Wikipedia
Definition of Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis was used extensively in the field of second language acquisition in the 1960s and early 1970s, explaining why some features of a target language were more difficult to acquire than others. Therefore, the difficulty in mastering certain structures in a second language (L2) depended on the difference between the learners' mother language (L1) and the language they were trying to learn.

Chapter-8--English-Idioms-英语词汇学-教学课件

Stylistic Features
❖ idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms and slang, therefore inappropriate for formal style. Occasionally, we find idioms which are extremely formal and used only in frozen style.
Idiomaticity
❖ The fixity of idioms depends on the idiomaticity. The more idiomatic the idioms, the more fixed the structure.
❖ Many of the idioms of the lower scale do allow some changes.
❖ In between we have idioms like turn over a new leaf, as cool as a cucumber and draw the curtain , whose meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constituents but are themselves explicit.
colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions, proverbs, etc ❖ This chapter will deal with idioms in terms of their characteristics, classification and uses.

chapter8皮肤精品文档

浸软
Erosions are shallow losses of tissue involving only the epidemis
糜烂
maceration
erosion
Erosions
P068
ulceration
Defects deeper than erosions Usually healing with scarring 溃疡
P068
wheal
P066
urticaria 荨麻疹
P068
nodule
A form of papule Larger and deeper Usually persistent Arising in the dermis
P068
nodule
P068
P068
P068
nodules
P033
P033
dermaderm/odermat/o-
skin imflammation dermatitis
P033
dermaderm/odermat/o-
dermatoblast [5dE:mEtEblB:st]
[成皮细胞]
P033
dermaderm/odermat/o-
noticeable in the long run
Keloid [5ki:lCid] （瘢痕疙瘩）
P068
P068
P065
Other Words to know
脚气，香港脚足癣 tinea pedis athlete’s foot
P066
Other Words to know
[7iti5lai^Eu] Partial or total loss of skin pigmentation,

苏教数字版《初中英语阅读》八上Chapter8译文和答案

苏教数字版《初中英语阅读》八上Chapter8译文和答案一、译文Chapter 8: The Lost CityOnce upon a time, there was a beautiful city called Atlantis. It was said to be the most advanced city in the whole world. The people of Atlantis were known for their intelligence and creativity. They had made many scientific discoveries and built incredible structures.One day, a young boy named Tom was exploring near a river when he found an ancient map. The map showed the location of Atlantis, a city that had been lost for centuries. Tom was fascinated by the idea of discovering an ancient city, so he decided to embark on a journey to find Atlantis.Tom gathered a team of explorers and set off on an exciting adventure. They sailed across the ocean, facing many challenges along the way. Finally, they arrived at the coordinates indicated on the map.To their surprise, they found a hidden entrance to a vast underground city. The city was filled with beautiful buildings and advanced technology. The explorers were amazed by what they saw.However, thei r joy didn’t last long. As they explored the city, they discovered that it was abandoned. There were no signs oflife anywhere. It seemed that Atlantis had been deserted for centuries.Tom and his team continued to explore the city, hoping to find some clues about what had happened. They found ancient writings on the walls, but they could not decipher the language.After days of searching, they stumbled upon a room with a strange machine. They realized that it was a time machine. With excitement, they decided to activate it and see if they could travel back in time to the days when Atlantis was flourishing.As they stepped into the time machine, they felt a strange energy enveloping them. Suddenly, they found themselves transported back in time. They were in the middle of a bustling city filled with happy people.Tom and his team realized that they had indeed traveled back in time to the golden age of Atlantis. They were welcomed by the people who explained that Atlantis had suffered from a natural disaster and the survivors had escaped to other parts of the world.Tom and his team spent days exploring the city and learning about its rich history. They were amazed by the advanced knowledge and culture of the people of Atlantis.Finally, it was time for them to return to their own time. With heavy hearts, they bid farewell to the people of Atlantis and stepped back into the time machine. After a flash of light, they found themselves back in the present day.Although they were sad to leave, Tom and his team were grateful for the opportunity to witness the wonders of Atlantis. They knew that they had been part of something truly special.二、答案1.What was the name of the ancient city?The name of the ancient city was Atlantis.2.What were the people of Atlantis known for?The people of Atlantis were known for their intelligenceand creativity.3.How did Tom find the location of Atlantis?Tom found the location of Atlantis through an ancient map.4.What did Tom do after finding the map?After finding the map, Tom decided to embark on a journey to find Atlantis.5.What did the explorers find when they arrived at thecoordinates on the map?The explorers found a hidden entrance to a vastunderground city.6.What did the explorers discover about the city?The explorers discovered that the city was abandoned and had been deserted for centuries.7.What did Tom and his team find in a room in the city?Tom and his team found a strange machine, which turnedout to be a time machine.8.Where did the survivors of Atlantis go after the natural disaster?The survivors of Atlantis had escaped to other parts of the world.9.How did Tom and his team travel back in time? Tom and his team traveled back in time using the time machine they found in the city.10.What did Tom and his team learn during their time in Atlantis?Tom and his team learned about the rich history, advanced knowledge, and culture of the people of Atlantis.11.How did Tom and his team feel when they had to leave Atlantis?Tom and his team felt sad but grateful for the opportunity to witness the wonders of Atlantis.以上是《初中英语阅读》八上Chapter8的译文和答案。

牛津英语九年级Chapter8Twogeniuses全

Theories of relativity
Einstein's special and general theories of relativity reinterpreted gravity as a curvature of spacetime and explained the equivalence of mass and energy.
Formulation of calculus
Newton developed calculus, a branch of mathematics that deals with continuous change, independently of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Greatest scientist of the 20th century
Einstein's theories of relativity and quantum mechanics reshaped our understanding of the universe, introducing concepts like curved spacetime and quantum entanglement.
Scientific revolution
The works of Newton and Darwin helped initiate the scientific revolution, which transformed the way humans view the natural world.
03
Newton's Main Achievements
The law of universal gravitation

chapter8翻译教程

• The following are normally transferred: names of all living and most dead people, geographical and topographical names, names of newspapers and periodicals, street names, addresses, etc. • In addition , the neologisms and the culture words ( esp the name of customs) are also often transliterated .
Thank you for your attention!
Conclusion
• as there is a certain degree cultural gap between different societies , there must be the intranslatibility in the translation . Transference is a feasible , effective translation procedure is the complement to the other translation procedures and it not only transfers the form SL words but also the information and the cultural connotations of them. The methods of transference are flexible and varied and they are the interesting topic worth discussing

英汉比较与翻译第八章英汉修辞对比与翻译

2.7 委婉语（euphemism）
委婉，即用一种不明说而能使人感到愉快或避免尴尬的含糊说法，代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的直白表达方式委婉的好处在于把话说得曲而不晦。既不改变基本思想，又避免刺激和伤人。在中英两种语言中，均可以找到不少委婉语的例子，其中最为典型的要数对“死亡”的表达上。
二、意译法
主要针对那些在目标语中找不到同等借代或直译不符合目标语表达习惯的借代。例如：
He drained the bitter cup of life to the bottom. ———他饮尽了生活的苦酒。 It seems to me I have won my wager and recovered my glove. 看来我已赌赢,有可能参加拳击比赛了。 He has never earned an honest penny in his life. ———他一生中从未用正当手段赚过钱。 He chose a gun instead of a cap and a gown. ———他选择了当兵,而没有选择上大学。 The cat laughed and talked loudly. ———这个包藏祸心的女人大声说笑着。
1.3 修辞与语言
语音和文字形态上
拟声词的翻译
词汇形态之上
复数缺失
句法结构上
中：意合西：形合
1.4 修辞与翻译
翻译实践告诉我们：对双语研究得越深刻，对原文理解越准确，运笔自觉性也越高，从而真正做到胸有成竹，下笔有神。因而，可以说修辞，特别是修辞比较研究是翻译学的一个重要研究课题。了解并掌握好英汉修辞上的共性和异性有助于提高翻译的质量，不仅可以有助于翻译工作者正确地理解原文中所运用的修辞表达，更有助于译者根据意义，结合目标语境和文化，或直译或再创造，形成类似的表达，从而达到意形结合，形神统一，提高翻译的效果，从而引起读者的共鸣。