中山大学2012年非医学博士研究生英语
中大博士面试英语题
中大博士面试英语题Here is an essay on the topic "PhD Interview Questions in English" with a word count over 1000 words, written in English without any extra punctuation marks.The journey to earning a PhD is a challenging and rewarding one that requires immense dedication, intellect, and perseverance. As an aspiring doctoral candidate, the interview process plays a crucial role in determining one's suitability for the program. The PhD interview questions can delve into various aspects of the applicant's academic background, research interests, and personal qualities, all of which contribute to the selection of the most qualified individuals.One of the fundamental areas that is often explored during the PhD interview is the applicant's research experience and interests. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide a detailed overview of their previous research projects, the methodology employed, the findings, and the potential implications of the work. This allows the panel to assess the candidate's depth of understanding, critical thinking abilities, and their ability to effectively communicate complex ideas. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their research interests in a concise and coherent manner, highlighting therelevance and significance of their proposed area of study within the broader academic landscape.Another crucial aspect that is commonly evaluated during the PhD interview is the applicant's academic background and qualifications. Interviewers may delve into the candidate's educational history, including their academic achievements, awards, and any relevant publications or presentations. This information helps the panel to gauge the applicant's intellectual capabilities, their commitment to academic excellence, and their potential to thrive in the rigorous doctoral program. Candidates should be ready to discuss their academic journey, the challenges they have faced, and the strategies they have employed to overcome them, demonstrating their resilience and adaptability.In addition to the academic and research-focused questions, the PhD interview may also explore the applicant's personal qualities and motivations for pursuing a doctoral degree. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's long-term career goals, their passion for the field of study, and their ability to work independently as well as collaboratively. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their reasons for choosing the particular program and institution, highlighting how their personal and professional aspirations align with the program's objectives and the university's research focus.Furthermore, the PhD interview may assess the applicant's problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and their capacity to think creatively and innovatively. Interviewers may present the candidate with hypothetical scenarios or challenges related to the field of study and gauge their responses. Candidates should be ready to demonstrate their analytical skills, their ability to think outside the box, and their willingness to tackle complex problems with a systematic and thoughtful approach.The PhD interview may also delve into the applicant's time management skills, their ability to handle multiple tasks and deadlines, and their resilience in the face of setbacks. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's strategies for managing their research, coursework, and other responsibilities, as well as their ability to cope with the demands of a doctoral program. Candidates should be prepared to discuss their organizational skills, their approach to prioritizing tasks, and their strategies for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.Finally, the PhD interview may explore the applicant's communication skills, both written and verbal, as these are essential for success in a doctoral program. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide writing samples, such as research proposals or academic papers, and assess their ability to articulate their ideas clearly and effectively. Candidates should be ready to demonstratetheir proficiency in English, their ability to engage in intellectual discourse, and their capacity to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences.Throughout the PhD interview process, it is crucial for the applicant to remain composed, confident, and engaging. Candidates should be prepared to provide thoughtful and well-reasoned responses, while also demonstrating their enthusiasm for the field of study and their commitment to the doctoral program. By understanding the key areas of focus and preparing thoroughly, aspiring doctoral candidates can navigate the interview process with poise and increase their chances of securing a coveted position in a prestigious PhD program.。
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2012全国医学考博英语真题+答案详解
20201212年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题试卷一(Paper one)Part l Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The questionwill be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET。
Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.The woman's condition is critical.B.The woman has been picking up quite well.C.The woman's illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D.The woman won't see the doctor any more.2. A.A broken finger. B.A terrible cough.C.Frontal headaches.D.Eye problem.3. A.She needs a physical examination. B.She is in good health.C.It's good to have a doctor friend.D.It's good to visit the doctor.4. A.He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B.He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C.He doesn't mind eating a lot every day.D.He is overcautious sometimes.5. A.The blouse is a bargain. B.The blouse is too expensive.C.The blouse is colorful.D.The blouse is so fashionable.6. A.To queue for a ticket. B.To take man's offer.C.To buy a ticket online.D.To try an agency.17. A.She disagrees with the man.B.She couldn't agree with the man more.C.It's hard for them to fulfill their plans.D.It's impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A.One minute. B.Fifteen minutes.C.Half an hour.D.Five minutes.9. A.She is freezing cold. B.She is crazy about ice cream.C.She has a headache.D.She has brain fever.10. A.She can't wait for the man. B.She is very eager to see the man.C.She will go to the USA with the man.D.She expects the man to stay.11. A.A cold. B.A headache.C.A hoarse voice.D.Insomnia.12. A.To go to Susan for advice. B.To try to think like Susan.C.To break up with Susan.D.To have a date with Susan.13. A.She will become a famous singer soon. B.She will become an American idol.C.She will sign up for a talent show.D.She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A.To take a month off work. B.To rest in bed as much as possible.C.To take some herbal medicine.D.To put on plaster.15. A.The Chinese face cream. B.The American face cream.C.The French perfume.D.The medication.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A.White blood cell count. B.Red blood cell count.C.X-ray.D.ECG.17. A.Too much work to do. B.A heavy load of studying.C.Her daughter's sickness.D.Her insufficient income.18. A.Leukemia. B.Gastric ulcer.C.Immune disease.D.Gastric influenza.19. A.Take the white tablets three times a day. B.Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C.Take one or two white tablets at a time.D.Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A.Stay off work. B.Drink plenty of liquids.C.Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D.Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A.35million. B.34million. C.25million. D.20million.22. A.Author,professor and dreamer B.Writer,professor and insomniac.C.Author,psychologist and insomniac.D.Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.23. A.Sleeping in8-hour consolidated blocks.B.Sleeping during day time.C.Going to bed soon after dark.2D.Two blocks of4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A.Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B.Because they sleep very little.C.Because they are insensitive.D.Because they can't complain.25. A.Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.B.Falling asleep is a gradual process.C.Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D.People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A.Eight-year-olds. B.Twelve-year-olds.C.Seventeen-year-olds.D.Adults.27. A.The use off MRI. B.The use of computer tasks.C.The three-way division of the subjects.D.The instructions given to the subjects.28. A.12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B.12-year-olds function the same as8-year-olds.C.8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D.12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A.Not bad. B.Excellent.C.Not so good.D.Got it wrong this time.30. A.Scientists. B.The general public.C.Teachers at the kindergarten.D.Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the statements are incomplete,beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that_____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to______in his early30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness,forgetful of what had happened in the______A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year,Christmas still represents a great time for_____A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of______visits by the two countries'leaders have taken their relations out ofthe cooler over the past20months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister,beset by______support rate,made the decision to resign over theweekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,337.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for2,753dishes and drinksto______public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in______breastfed infants who are not supplemented with400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity_______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers'livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a_______of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability,violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections:In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word orphrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted forthe underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She,a crazy fan,felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind,nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record,the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze,it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds,including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately,the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake,so they had to do thewhole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research thatpromises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides forthe disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation4Part III C l oze(10%)Directions:In this section there is passage with ten numbered blanked.For each blank,there are choices marked A,B,C and D listed below the passage.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dear Dr.Benjamin,Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to51health disparities among underserved populations,no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher one of52mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy53concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles--a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress,many of whom believe that54prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.ACSM,the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world,55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors-especially physical activity--throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform,we've been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing,56promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.In fact,ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General's office,focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program,a program that57calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are58aware,physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions--such as heart disease,type II diabetes,and obesity–that currently plague our country.Your example as59whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed,we would60the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we,along with other leading health organizations,can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.Again,Dr,Benjamin,I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely,James Pivarnik,Ph.D.,FACSMPresident,American College of Sports Medicine51. A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing52. A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own53. A.around B.above C.at D.across54. A.promoted B.promoting C.having been promoting D.having been promoted55. A.put B.got C.sits D.stands56. A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also57. A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally558. A.well B.better C.the very D.the most59. A.those B.one C.this D.it60. A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebratePart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess,obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat,high-sugar foods,along with more sedentary lifestyles,has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond400million,and the number of overweight to more than1.6billion.By2015,those figures are likely to grow to700 million and2.3billion respectively,according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications--increased risk of heart disease,stroke,diabetes and some cancers--anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing,right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop"diet pills"that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine,which works by inducing a sense of fullness,is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start,the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight,such as limiting what you eat,increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise,are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second,overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth,technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third,interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches:more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible,and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we've tried education and it hasn't worked.That is defeatist:getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort,held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need,and by the food industry's ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few--as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.61.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect________A.a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB.the inevitable diseases of modem civilizationC.the war against the epidemic we have lostD.the urgency of the global phenomenon62.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills,the author would say that________6A.drags are no replacement of preventionB.the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author'sargument?A.Belittling good health behavior.B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C.Making trouble for our social environment.D.Having implications for mental and physical health.64.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against_________A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.No Quick FixB.Disease of CivilizationC.Pursuing a Technical FixD.A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown22miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg,housing2,000residents by2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience.""You'll be able to experience China,go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,"says Stefan Kunigam,managing director of Bandenburg-China -Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China,reports Christoph Lang of Berlin's Trade and Industry promotion Office."Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here."He says."The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown."Germany is home to about72,000Chinese migrants(2002Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early1930s in Hamburg,when most of the city's2,000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German's more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government,reports Deutsche Welle(DW),Germany's international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel's xenophobic(恐外的)comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families"at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,"DW quotes Miriam Gruss,a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian."Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It's not a minor phenomenon."The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy andTolerance program in January2007as part of its tolerance-building efforts.7While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown,developers hope the project will increase Germans'understanding for China and Chinese culture.66.If set up,according to the passage,the new German Chinatown will probably be_______A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC.located in the north suburbs of BerlinD.the biggest one in Germany67.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown,Lang means_______A.the real imported goods made in ChinaB.the authoritative permission for the projectC.the importance of the location for a ChinatownD.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany,the author most probablymeans that_________A.it is too late to build a ChinatownB.it is their desire to save a ChinatownC.it is important to create jobs for themD.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69.According to the passage,German anti-foreigner extremismA.can seed the new community with hatredB.could be an obstacle to the projectC.will absolutely kill the planD.is growing for the scheme70.The message from the plan is clear:A.to build a new communityB.to fight against right-wing extremismC.to promote more cultural understandingD.to increase Chinese's understanding of GermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution,long a source of admiration and wonder.The idyllic(田园诗的),wooded campuses,the diversity and energy of the student populations,and,most of all,the sheer volume of public and private resources available to nm them,have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside,however,everything is not quite so rosy.Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools,which have separate healthcare and finance issues,the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent.The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments.The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions.One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done.Many argue that in a host of areas--ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science--much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature.And there is a sense that,notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration,the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.8A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system.In a country where most things are highly fluid,the fields covered by departments,as well as the pecking order(权势等级)between them,have remained largely unchanged for many years.Aspeople and money have flowed,particularly over the past twenty years,to the south and the southwest,the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California.League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order,even over several decades.Another,perhaps more contentious,issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to the community it serves.The established model,whatever else its strengths and weaknesses,reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career.But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?71.The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university_______A.in a unique wayB.in a jealous toneC.in the eyes of outsidersD.out of personal admiration72.The traditional model of the US research university________A.determines the complexity of the single-discipline departmentB.is well established with competition among its departmentsC.ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD.is characterized by the department-based structure73.The structure of the US research university,the author contends,needs to be stretched_____A.to change the way scientific research is done along the disciplineB.to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC.to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD.to advance the discipline-based department74.In addition to the department-based structure,the pecking order_______A.remains unchallenged as the name of the gameB.fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC.contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD.makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities75.What can be inferred from the question:But how does it serve a society in which people mayhave to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?A.The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C.The modem research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.D.The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows.Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change,where it is now time for emergency counseling.One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do,but at this stage climatescientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the2007report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for two reasons.9First,models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it:"Tell me what the stock market will do in100years and I will tell you what the climate will do."Second as most climate scientists will agree,their role is not toformulate policy.They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds,from burning forests to disappearing islands.But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out,the answer is,invariably,how much risk do you want to take?There are ways out of the deadlock.As the major climate negotiations in December approach,scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens.Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism,but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians,for their part,should stop begging climatologists for easy answers.What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray–people who are willing and able to weight up the risks,costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails,there may still be the safety net of geoengineering.As we have said on several occasions,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy.Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers,but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions,cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card;it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest,raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.76.In the case global warning,scientists_______A.tend to be more conservative than politiciansB.are in no position to offer a definite answerC.never trust politicians as in other casesD.feel incapable more than ever before77.Speaking of climate change,politicians______A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy78.To bridge the gap between the two sides,according to the passage,scientists are supposedto_______A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment79.For their part,politicians ought to be reasonable and_______A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia10D.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction80.The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of________A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsPassage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding,it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food's composition,production and transport.With obesity and climate change now major concerns,and"localvore"and"food miles"entering the lexicon,shoppers are clamoring for information.And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy.A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH,also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST).This hormone,produced by engineered bacteria,is virtually identical to the cow's own and can increase milk production by10-15%.There are two bad arguments for banning such labels.The f~t--that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH--is the reason cited in the bill language.The second--that proliferation of"no rBGH"labels will train consumers to distrust the product--is the real motivation.The first argument can be disposed of easily:it is already illegal to make false claims about a product.The second argument may seem more convincing.There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way,but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences.The mandating(颁布)of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania--"No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows" ---ameliorates(减轻)this problem.There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels.More information means that consumers can be more discerning,and not just about their own health.They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer.And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation,it is the firm's responsibility to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial.If consumers choose irrationally to reject it,that is their prerogative(特权).Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers,from their noted fear of smelling bad,to their preference for redness in apples,farmed salmon and fast-food signage(标记).Indeed,if consumers were suddenly to become rational,an economic cataclysm(大灾难) would result,as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed.Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums(萧条)look like the mildest hiccup(打嗝)。
2012年中山大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷.doc
2012年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：40.00)Without some appreciation of common large numbers, it"s impossible to react with the proper skepticism to terrifying reports that more than a million American kids are kidnapped each year, or with the proper sobriety to a warhead carrying a megaton of explosive power—the equivalent of a million tons(or two billion pounds)of TNT. And if you don"t have some feeling for probabilities, automobile accidents might seem a relatively minor problem of local travel, whereas being killed by terrorists might seem to be a major risk when going overseas. As often observed, however, the 45, 000 people killed annually on American roads are approximately equal in number to all Americans dead in the Vietnam War. On the other hand, the seventeen Americans killed by terrorists in 1985 were among the 28 million of us who traveled abroad that year—that"s one chance in 1. 6 million of becoming a victim. Compare that with these annual rates in the United States; one chance in 68, 000 of choking to death; one chance in 75 , 000 of dying in a bicycle crash; one chance in 20, 000 of drowning; and one chance in only 5, 300 of dying in a car crash. Confronted with these large numbers and with the correspondingly small probabilities associated with them, the innumerate will inevitably respond with the non sequitur, * "Yes, but what if you"re that one, " and then nod knowingly, as if they"ve demolished your argument with penetrating insight. This tendency to personalize is a characteristic of many who suffer from innumeracy. Equally typical is a tendency to equate the risk from some obscure and exotic malady with the chances of suffering from heart and circulatory disease, from which about 12, 000 Americans die each week. There"s a joke I like that"s marginally relevant. An old married couple in their nineties contact a divorce lawyer, who pleads with them to stay together. "Why get divorced now after seventy years of marriage?" The little old lady finally pipes up in a creaky voice: "We wanted to wait until the children were dead. " A feeling for what quantities or time spans are appropriate in various contexts is essential to getting the joke. Slipping between millions and billions or between billions and trillions should in this sense be equally funny, but it isn"t, because we too often lack an intuitive grasp for these numbers. A recent study by Drs. Kronlund and Phillips of the University of Washington showed that most doctors" assessments of the risks of various operations, procedures, and medications(even in their own specialties)were way off the mark, often by several orders of magnitude. I once had a conversation with a doctor who, within approximately 20 minutes, stated that a certain procedure he was contemplating(a)had a one-chance-in-a-million risk associated with it;(b)was 99 percent safe; and(c)usually went quite well. Given the fact that so many doctors seem to believe that there must be at least eleven people in the waiting room if they"re to avoid being idle, I"m not surprised at this new evidence of their innumeracy. *A non sequitur is a statement that does not follow logically from previous statements.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be inferred to be the author"s view of the " reports that more than a million American kids are kidnapped each year"(Paragraph 1)?（分数：2.00）A.They are typical examples of American journalism.B.They are evidence of a terrible problem that must be addressed.C.They are probably untrue.D.They demonstrate an American obsession with statistics.(2).The list of probabilities cited in Paragraph 2 is intended to illustrate______.（分数：2.00）A.that probability can be used in many different ways in everyday lifeB.that terrorism is far less a threat to Americans than many other common dangersC.that the world is filled with many dangersD.that a knowledge of probability can help Americans decide where to travel most safely abroad(3).Which of the following is NOT an element of the discussion in this passage?（分数：2.00）A.A refutation of a scientific theory.B.A personal recollection.C.A reference to an authoritative study.D.A discussion of a common misconception.(4).What is the author"s view of the "penetrating insight" mentioned in Line 3 , Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.It is the result of careful analysis.B.It is illogical.C.It demolishes a statistical argument.D.It does not sufficiently personalize the situation being discussed.(5).The author mentions the time span of "approximately 20 minutes"(Line 4, Paragraph 6)in order to emphasize______.（分数：2.00）A.the doctor"s inability to appreciate relevant time spansB.the comparison with the elderly couple in the preceding jokeC.the frequency with which the doctor contradicted himselfD.the common need to approximate rather than use precise numbersThere is a canal two rods wide along the northerly and westerly sides of the pond, and wider still at the east end. A great field of ice has cracked off from the main body. I hear a song sparrow singing from the bushes on the shore. He too is helping to crack it. How handsome the great sweeping curves in the edge of the ice, answering somewhat to those of the shore, but more regular! It is unusually hard, owing to the recent severe but transient cold, and all watered or waved like a palace floor. But the wind slides eastward over its opaque surface in vain, till it reaches the living surface beyond. It is glorious to behold this ribbon of water sparkling in the sun, the bare face of the pond full of glee and youth, as if it spoke the joy of the fishes within it, and of the sands on its shore. The change from storm and winter to serene and mild weather, from dark and sluggish hours to bright and elastic ones, is a memorable crisis which all things proclaim. It is seemingly instantaneous at last. Suddenly an influx of light filled my house, though the evening was at hand, and the clouds of winter still overhung it, and the eaves were dripping with sleety rain. I looked out the window, and look! Where yesterday was cold gray ice there lay the transparent pond already calm and full of hope as in a summer evening reflecting a summer evening sky in its bosom, though none was visible overhead. The pitch pines and shrub oaks about my house, which had so long drooped suddenly resumed their several characters, looked brighter, greener, and more erect and alive, as if effectually cleansed and restored by the rain.I know that it would not rain any more. You may tell by looking at any twig of the forest, aye, at your very woodpile, whether its winter is past or not. As it grew darker, I was startled by the honking of geese flying low over the woods, like weary travelers getting in late from southern lakes, and indulging at last in unrestrained complaint and mutual consolation. Standing at my door, I could hear the rush of their wings; when, driving toward my house, they suddenly spied my light, and with hushed clamor wheeled and settled in the pond. In the morning I watched the geese from the door through the mist, sailing in the middle of the pond, fifty rods off, large and tumultuous. But when I stood on the shore they at once rose up with great flapping of wings at the signal of their commander, and when they had got into rank circled about over my head, twenty-nine of them, and then steered straight to Canada, with a regular honk from the leader at intervals. A plump of ducks rose at the same time and took the route to the north in the wake of their noisier cousins. For a week I heard the circling groping clangor of some solitary goose in the foggy mornings, seeking its companion, and still peopling the woods with the sound of a larger life than they could sustain. In April the pigeons were seen again flying express in smallflocks, and in due time I heard the martins twittering over my clearing, though it had not seemed that the township contained so many that it could afford me any, and I fancied that they were peculiarly of the ancient race that dwelt in hollow trees ere white men came. In almost all climes the tortoise and the frog are among the precursors and herald of this season, and birds fly with song and glancing plumage, and plants spring and bloom, and winds blow to correct this slight oscillation of the poles and preserve the equilibrium of Nature. As every season seems best to us in its turn, so the coming in of spring is like creation of Cosmos out of Chaos and the realization of the Golden Age.（分数：14.00）(1).From the passage, one can infer that the______.（分数：2.00）A.geese are backB.martins are singingC.woodpile is well stockedD.pond is melting(2).The overall purpose of this passage seems to be the narrator"s______.（分数：2.00）A.desire to sound poeticB.delight to see the pond waterC.description of the bird life around himD.celebration of the oncoming season(3).What is the predominant literary device used throughout this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Personification.B.Restrained description.C.Bombastic narration.D.Rhetorical question.(4).The tone of this passage can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.colloquialrmativeC.unrestrainedD.poetic(5).The narrator describes the water as all of the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.a canal two rods wideB.a reflection of the skyC.a mirror of his soulD.a transparent pond(6).The geese are best characterized through a series of______.（分数：2.00）A.similes and metaphorsB.aural and visual imagesC.emotional reflectionsD.unrelated impressions(7).Which is a subject not treated in this passage?（分数：2.00）A.The connectedness of people to nature.B.The innocence of mankind.C.The cyclical certainty of nature.D.The glory of a long-awaited event.I received Everett"s Life of Washington which you sent me, and enjoyed its perusal. How his spirit would be grieved could he see the wreck of his mighty labors! I will not, however, permit myself to believe, until all ground of hope is gone, that the fruit of his noble deeds will be destroyed, and that his precious advice and virtuous example will so soon be forgotten by his countrymen. As far as I can judge by the papers, we are between a state of anarchy and civil war. May God avert both of these evils from us! I see that four states had declared themselves out of the Union;four more will apparently follow their example. Then, if the border states are brought into the gulf of revolution, one half of the country will be arrayed against the other. I must try and be patient and await the end, for I can do nothing to hasten or retard it. The South, in my opinion, has been aggrieved by the acts of the North, as you say. I feel the aggression and am willing to take every proper step for redress. It is the principle I contend for, not individual or private benefit. As an American citizen, I take great pride in my country, her prosperity and institutions, and would defend any state if her rights were invaded. But I can anticipate no greater calamity for the country than a dissolution of the Union. It would be an accumulation of all the evils we complain of, and I am willing to sacrifice everything but honor for its preservation. I hope, therefore, that all constitutional means will be exhausted before there is a resort to force. Secession is nothing but revolution. The framers of our Constitution never exhausted so much labor, wisdom, and forbearance in its formation, and surrounded it with so many guards and securities, for it was intended to be broken by every member of the Confederacy at will. It was intended for " perpetual union, " so expressed in the preamble, and for the establishment of a government, not a compact, which can only be dissolved by revolution or the consent of all the people in convention assembled. It is idle to talk of secession. Anarchy would have been established, and not a government, by Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, and the other patriots of the Revolution ... Still, a Union that can only be maintained by swords and bayonets, and in which strife and civil war are to take the place of brotherly love and kindness, has no charm for me.I shall mourn for my country and for the welfare and progress of mankind. If the Union is dissolved, I shall return to my native state and share the miseries of my people; and, save in defense, will draw my sword on none.（分数：16.00）(1).The " he" the speaker refers to in the opening paragraph is______.（分数：2.00）A.Everett, author of Life of WashingtonB.General Robert E.LeeC.George WashingtonD.the president in office when the selection was written, Abraham Lincoln(2).The narrator"s attitude toward George Washington is that he______.（分数：2.00）A.admires Washington for his personal traits but recognizes that his style of leadership is ill-suited to the present conflictB.understands that Washington is aggrieved by the acts of the NorthC.praises Washington as a man of great actions, fine advice, and unshakable ethicsD.believes that Washington has contributed to the present state of anarchy and civil war(3).Based on his description of George Washington, we can infer that the narrator/speaker______.（分数：2.00）A.admires people of noble character and sought such greatness of spirit himselfB.has great inner strength but shies away from physical confrontationC.is intolerant of anyone who does not meet his exacting standards of behaviorD.is humble in the face of adversity but fully believes that he will be as famous as Washington one day(4).From his remarks, we can infer that the speaker______.（分数：2.00）A.is a Northerner who strongly believes that the South has been wronged by the North in the present conflictB.loves his country but not its leadersC.is loyal but only to the point of actual war; then he will lay down his arms and be a martyrD.is highly patriotic(5).What conclusion can you draw about the speaker"s character from the conclusion?（分数：2.00）A.He is devoted to his state, but hates war.B.He is a natural leader who has much experience with public service.C.He is judgmental and rigid.D.He is cowardly and faint-of-heart.(6).The thesis or main idea of the passage is that______.（分数：2.00）A.people must take up arms in defense of their country; to do any less is cowardiceB.the Union is being tested by wrongs committed by both the North and the SouthC.the Union will always endure, no matter what happensD.anarchy is a healthy state because it leads to positive change(7).Based on its point of view, tone, form, and content, this passage is most likely an excerpt from a______.（分数：2.00）A.public speechB.journal or diary entryC.short storyD.letter(8).The author"s diction can best be characterized as______.（分数：2.00）A.formal and precisermal and relaxedC.mediocre but educatedD.colloquial and informal二、句子改错(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a √ or write "No error" on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The lack of progress in international relations reveals that governments must study the art of diplomacy much closer.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Before the curtain rose, Anthony wished that he were back in bed, only dreaming about performing in front of hundreds of strangers rather than actually doing it.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Caravaggio demonstrated the great range of his artistic talent in such paintings as "Bacchus" and "Basket of Fruit, " painted in 1593 and 1596, respectfully.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.James, like many parents, believes that if a child can read at a very young age, he/she will grow to have exceptional literary talent.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Grizzly bears rarely show aggression toward humans, but they will protect their territory from anyone whom they would have considered to be a threat.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________6.Andre told the board that both the fund deficit and the disillusionment of the investors werea problem that had to be addressed immediately.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Just when those who were observing the heart transplant procedure assumed the worst, the surgeons themselves are most confident.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Since 2001, the company has spent more on employee training than it did in the previous 10 years combined.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Some doctors believe that taking vitamins on a daily basis help decrease a patient"s susceptibility to infection.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________10.When the window was opened, the affects of the cool spring breeze were felt immediately by the uncomfortable workers.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________写作11.Consider carefully the issue discussed below, and then write an essay that answers the question posed in the task. Oscar Wilde once said that the only thing worse than being talked about was not being talked about. Today it seems we have taken this witticism to its logical extreme. Some people make their lives as " personalities" whose only job is to get their names in the media. They lack any discernible talents except self-promotion. Assignment: You are required to write an essay of about at least 400 words in which you answer the question " Is fame a good thing or a bad thing? " and discuss your point of view on this issue. Support your position logically with examples from literature, the arts, history, politics, science and technology, current events, or your experience or observation. You are required to support your arguments with relevant information and examples based on your own ideas, knowledge and experience. Marks will be awarded for Content, Organization, Grammar, and Appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：2.00)12.Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) Montaigne fully accepted human weaknesses and understood that no philosophy could be effective unless it took into account our deeply ingrained imperfections, the limitations of our rationality, the flaws that make us human. It is not that he was ahead of his time; it would be better said that the later scholars(advocating rationality)were backward. He was a thinking fellow, and his ideas did not spring up in his tranquil study, but while on horseback. He went on long fides and came back with ideas. He was never a dogmatist: he was a skeptic with charm, a fallible * , personal, introspective writer, and, primarily, someone who, in the great classical tradition, wanted to be a man. fallible; able to make mistakes（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：2.00)13.Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) 剪纸是中国民间一门有着近千年历史的独特艺术。
2012年中山大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题-无答案
2012年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分82,考试时间90分钟)1. 音标题1. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/ beneath—/bi"ni:θ/mink2. pyrrhic3. caique4. uvular5. sememe6. resolution7. ideational8. tautology9. pedagogical10. contour2. 填空题1. All languages have three **ponents; a sound system, a system of ______ and a system of semantics.2. We can divide a syllable into two parts, the RHYME(or RIME)and the ONSET. The vowel within the rhyme is the nucleus, with the consonant(s)after it termed the ______.3. In 1963 , Katz and Fodor wrote the article The Structure of a Semantic Theory, arguing forcibly that semantics should be an integral part of______.4. Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types; gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, and ______ antonymy.5. In the middle of the 1960s, William Labov, a famous sociolinguist, conducted a rather meticulous survey at several departments in the City of New York. The results of this investigation were reported in The______of English in New York City(1966), which has now become a classical work in sociolinguistics.6. From the early 1920s,______began to show an interest in language, anthropology, and archaeology. Later on, he attended some linguistic courses given by Sapir at Yale University and " found particular resonance between his own ideas and those of Sapir"(Sram 1994: 4983).7. Poetry can exploit the way we use stress when we speak to create rhythms. When stress is organized to form regular rhythms, the term used for it is ______.8. According to Mick Short(1996), we need at least three levels of______to account for the language of fictional prose(i. e. a novel or short story), because there is a narrator-narratee levelintervening between the character-character level and the author-reader level.9. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between ______and phonology. The name of the most influential scholar in this connection is Trubetzkoy, whose **plete and authoritative statements of principle are formulated in his Principles of Phonology published in 1910. Malinowski believed that utterances and situation are bound up inextricably with each other and the ______ of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.11. Halliday"s Systemic-Functional(SF)Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century, having great effect on various disciplines related to language, such as language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and ______ .12. By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its ______.13. According to McDonough(2000), a teacher who is able to explain some linguistic features would have a______position than one who handles the argument by using authority "it"s like that" , "it"s an exception" , or "it"s less formal".14. Language corpora make it possible for materials developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. The two most important factors in a corpus are the size and types of texts selected. Usually the ______that will be made of the corpus decide the number and type of texts ina corpus.15. ______ is the first major theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher John Lang Shaw Austin.3. 名词解释1. Received pronunciation and general American2. Conventionality3. Orthographic change4. Clause5. Grammatical construction6. Logical semantics7. Metonymy8. **petence9. Computational linguistics10. Verbal processes4. 举例说明题1. In Case Grammar, the verb is the key element of the clause.2. The goal of contrastive analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn.3. Orientational metaphors are based on human physical and cultural experience.5. 简答题1. What is componential analysis in language studies?2. What are the seven types of meaning identified by G. Leech(1974)? What are the differences between/among them?3. What does the concept of "distinctive features" mean?。
2012年中山大学金融研究生英语期末试题
2012年中山大学金融研究生英语期末试题Part IIReading Comprehension (30 %)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheetwith a single line through the center.Passage OneScience is not a set of unquestionable results but a way of understanding the world around us. Its real work is slow. The scientific method , as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or problem or question to be answered. It includes a list of materials, a procedure to follow, a set of observations to make and, finally, conclusions to reach. In medicine, when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, it is first tested on a large random group of people, and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug. All reactions in both groups are carefully recorded and compared, and the drug is evaluated. All of this takes time and patience.It’s the result of course, that makes the best news—not the years of quiet work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. After anexperiment is concluded or an observation is made, the result continues to be examined critically. When it is submitted for publication, it goes to a group of the scientist’s colleagues, who review the work. Einstein was right when he said: “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong.”In August 1996, NASA announced the discovery in Antarctica of a meteorite(流星)from Mars that might contain evidence of ancient life on another world. As President Clinton said that day, the possibility that life existed on Mars billions of years ago was potentially one of the great discoveries of our time.After the excitement wore down and initial papers were published, other researchers began looking at samples from the same meteorite. Some concluded that the “evidence of life”was mostly contamination from Antarctic ice or that there was nothing organic at all in the rock.Was this a failure of science, as some news reports trumpeted?No! It was a good example of the scientific method working the way it is supposed to. Scientists spend years on research, announce their findings, and these findings are examined by other scientists. That’s how we learn. Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two. It’s a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead.21. The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to statethat ____________.A) most scientific discoveries are not reliableB) mass media is misleading because it looks at the research results onlyC) scientific research is a process filled with reverses and requires slow and patient workD) repeated experiments are necessary before medicine can be used in patients22. Publication of a scientific finding signifies __________.A) a challenge to fellow scientists to prove it wrongB) the end of a processC) the beginning of a new scientific inquiryD) the soundness of the result23. Einstein’s words are used to show that he thought___________.A) experiments have proved him rightB) scientists do not need so many experimentsC) one experiment is not enough to prove him wrong.D) scientific ideas are never free from challenge24. NASA’s announcement of the discovery of evidence of ancient life on Mars shows _________.A) the way human beings learn about natureB) the failure of the scientific methodC) the fruitlessness of human search for life on another worldD) the excitement brought by scientific findings25. It can be inferred from the passage that the media is interested in __________.A) the process of scientific researchB) the results of scientific researchC) the scientists who do the researchD) the effects of scientific research on human lifePassage TwoNormally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.。
中山大学考博历年真题分析
2000年中大博士英语真题1 custodian [kʌs'təudiən] n. 管理人；监护人；保管人reputation [,repju'teiʃən] n. 声望；名声，名誉averse [ə'və:s] adj. 不愿意的；反对的reluctant[ri'lʌktənt] adj. 勉强的；不情愿的；［罕］顽抗的entrepreneur [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家；承包人；主办者faith [feiθ] n. 信任；信念；信仰；忠实capital ['kæpitəl] n. 首都，省会；大写字母；资金；资本家;adj. 重要的；大写的；首都的venture capital风险资本，风险投资['ventʃə]fortune ['fɔ:tʃən, -tʃu:n]n. 运气；财富；命运vt. 给予财富vi. 偶然发生pooling n. 联营，合并；池化v. 积水成池；淤积（pool的ing形式）pound [paund]n. 英镑；loan [ləun]n. 贷款；借款vi. 借出firm['fə:m]n. 商号；公司adj. 坚定的；结实的；牢固的；严格的handsome salary可观的薪水customer ['kʌstəmə] n. 顾客restrict [ri'strikt]vt. 限制；限定；约束single handed单枪匹马； a share of：一部分2 crush [krʌʃ]vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入brutal ['bru:təl]adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的aggression [ə'ɡreʃən]n. 进攻；侵略；侵犯；侵害invade [in'veid]vt. 侵略；侵袭；vi.侵犯remorse [ri'mɔ:s]n. 懊悔；同情sincerity [sin'serəti, -'siərəti]n. 真实，诚挚sorrow ['sɔrəu, 'sɔ:-]n. 悲伤；vt. 为…悲痛tremendous [tri'mendəs]adj. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的sponsored ['spɔnsəd]v. 赞助（sponsor的过去分词）；发起adj. 赞助的；发起的ceremony ['seriməuni]n. 典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪；客套surrender [sə'rendə]n. 投降；交出；vt. 放弃；交出；bills n.议案（bill的复数）；账单guideline ['ɡaidlain]n. 指导方针defense [di'fens]n. 防卫，防护；防御措施；防守；vt. 谋划抵御parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt]n. 议会，国会militarism ['militə,rizəm]n. 军国主义；尚武精神，好战态度；haunt [hɔ:nt]vt. 常出没于…；萦绕于…；n. 栖息地；常去的地vi. 出没；作祟perpetrate ['pə:pitreit]vt. 犯（罪）；做（恶）solemn ['sɔləm]adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的ultra- ['ʌltrə]comb. 表示“极端，过度”pref. 极端；在……之外emerge [i'mə:dʒ]vi. 浮现；暴露；摆脱brandish ['brændiʃ]vt. 挥舞；炫耀prime minister首相，总理savage ['sævidʒ]adj. 残酷的；野蛮的；狂怒的；荒凉n. 未开化的；粗鲁的人；vt. 乱咬permanent ['pə:mənənt]adj. 永久的，永恒的；sidestep history 回避历史emperor ['empərə]n. 皇帝，君主3 monitor ['mɔnitə]n 监控器vt.监控cosmetic [kɔz'metik]adj. 美容的；化妆用的n. 化妆品；装饰品toiletries ['tɔilətriz] n. 化妆品；化妆用具via ['vaiə]prep. 取道，通过；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist]n. 心理学家，心理学者finalist ['fainəlist]n. 参加决赛的选手participant [pɑ:'tisipənt]adj. 参与的；有关系的ministry ['ministri]n. （政府的）部门turn down 拒绝，关小4 smooth [smu:ð] vi. 变平静；adj. 光滑的；顺利的portuguese [,pɔ:tju'ɡi:z, -'ɡi:s]adj. 葡萄牙的；n. 葡萄牙人；lisbon n. 里斯本（葡萄牙首都counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物prospect ['prɔspekt]n. 前途；预期；vi. 勘探degree [di'ɡri:]n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权state [steit]adj. 正式的；国家的；州的；n. 情形；国家；vt. 陈述；规定；声明reiterate [ri:'itəreit]vt. 重申；反复地做consult [kɔn'sʌlt, 'kɔnsʌlt]vt. 商量；查阅；serve as担任…，充当…；起…的作用announce [ə'nauns]vt. 宣布；述说；预示；vi. 宣布参加竞选；当播音员secretary ['sekrətəri]n. 秘书；书记；大臣；部长retain vt. 保持；雇；记住sovereign ['sɔvərin, 'sʌv-]adj. 至高无上的；有主权的；n.独立国diplomatic [,diplə'mætik]adj. 外交的；老练的；territorial [,teri'tɔ:riəl]adj. 领土的；土地的；5 annual ['ænjuəl]adj. 年度的；n. 年刊，年鉴；forum ['fɔ:rəm]n. 论坛，讨论会；法庭；humble ['hʌmbl]adj. 谦卑的，低下的edition [i'diʃən]n. 版本summit ['sʌmit]n. 顶点；最高级会议；adj. 最高级的；prominent ['prɔminənt]adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；常去之地；vi. 求助，诉诸；ski resort滑雪胜地ministerial [,mini'stiəriəl]adj. 部长的；内阁的；公使的；牧师的confrontation [,kɔnfrʌn'teiʃən]n. 对抗；对质；面对site [sait]n. 地点；场所intention [in'tenʃən]n. 意图；目的；意向；[医]愈合overlapping [,əuvə'læpiŋ]adj. 重叠；覆盖v. 与…重叠；盖过（overlap的ing形式6 contact lenses['kɔntækt, kən'tækt]lenses ['lensiz]隐形眼镜cornea ['kɔ:niə]n. [解]角膜misshape [,mis'ʃeip]vt. 使造型不佳；弄成畸形satisfactory [,sætis'fæktəri]adj. 满意的；符合要求的；赎罪的comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成avocation [,ævəu'keiʃən]n. 副业；嗜好；业余爱好vocation [vəu'keiʃən]n. 职业；天职；天命；aviator ['eivieitə]n. 飞行员endanger [in'deindʒə]vt. 危及；使遭到危险handicap ['hændikæp]n. 障碍；不利条件，vt. 妨碍，阻碍；descendant [di'sendənt]adj. 下降的；祖传的n. 后裔；子孙assembly [ə'sembli]n. 装配；集会，集合Terra-cotta Warrior['wɔriə, 'wɔ:-]秦始皇兵马俑Terra-cotta['terə'kɔtə]n. 赤土陶器；赤陶土；Warrior战士former name曾用名impressive [im'presiv]adj. 感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的aggregate ['æɡriɡət, 'æɡriɡeit]vi. 集合；聚集；adj. 聚合的；集合的Although QuY uan has passed away for more than 2000 years, but he has left us with preciousheritage. His poems have been translated into various languages and published all over the world. In 1953when it is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan, the World Peace Congress listed him as one of the four world cultural celebrit ies for commemoration. Qu Yuan will live in world people’s heart forever.旅游业对环境的损害Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. Many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism. But what these people fail to see is that tourism may bring about a disastrous impact(灾难性影响) on our environment. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that(深信不疑)too much tourists bring harm to the environment.The bad impact of tourism on the environment has mainly expressed itself in various ways. One way is the process of exploiting a new scenic spot.( 开发风景区) In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities(人造设施) have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects (不利影响)on the environment. This process usually breaks the ecological balance(破坏生态平衡) of the area. In some mountainous places, trees are being cut down to build hotels for others to see and explore the beauty of the mountains. Then land slides(滑坡，土崩) and mud-rock flows (泥石流)come up. Another way the development of tourism has damaged the environment occurs when tourists go to scenic spots. Some tourists don't have the awareness to protect the environment, and ignorantly(无知地)throw their garbage here and there(乱丢垃圾). Some people even kill the local wildlife to eat, which badly damages the balance of the natural environment.It is wrong to sacrifice the environment for the growth of tourism. We must keep in mind that too much tourists bring harm to the environment. We need to find a balance between satisfying the needs of tourists and reducing to a minimum the pollution they cause.2002年中大博士英语真题1 at no time adv. 决不，从不infrastructure ['infrə,strʌktʃə] n. 基础设施；公共建设；additional [ə'diʃənəl]adj. 附加的，额外的enlarge [in'lɑ:dʒ]vi. 扩大；放大；steam engine 蒸汽机railway line 铁路线modernization [,mɔdənai'zeiʃən, -ni'z-]n. 现代化staff [stɑ:f, stæf]n. 职员；参谋；commuter [kə'mju:tə]n. 通勤者，经常乘公共车辆往返者；proportion [prəˈpɔːʃ(ə)n]n. 比例；部分；面积；urgent ['ə:dʒənt]adj. 紧急的；急迫的convenient [kən'vi:njənt]adj. 方便的2 divorcee [divɔ:'si:, -'sei]n. 离了婚的人contact with与……联系fixes bag 修复包organize ['ɔ:ɡənaiz]vi. 组织起来；vt. 组织；使有系统化；laundry ['lɔ:ndri, 'lɑ:n-]n. 洗衣店，洗衣房snack [snæk]n. 小吃，快餐；bake [beik]vt. 烤，烘resent [ri'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨tardiness ['tɑ:dinis]n. 缓慢，迟延terminate ['tə:mineit]vt. 使终止；使结束；3 constantly ['kɔnstəntli]adv. 不断地；时常地probing ['prəubiŋ]adj. 好探索的；atmosphere ['ætmə,sfiə]n. 气氛；大气；vigor ['viɡə]n. [生物] 活力planetary ['plænitəri ]adj. 行星的assurance [ə'ʃuərəns]n. 保证；保险；确信；断言tribe [traib]n. 部落；族；marvel ['mɑ:vəl]n. 奇迹dwell [dwel]vi. 居住；存在于；altitude ['æltitju:d]n. 高地；高度slope [sləup]n. 斜坡；倾斜；vegetation [,vedʒi'teiʃən]n. 植被；植物，草木；delicately ['delikət] adv. 微妙地；精致地chill [tʃil]n. 寒冷；寒意；shelter ['ʃeltə]n. 庇护；避难所；crevice ['krevis]n. 裂缝；burrow ['bə:rəu]n. （兔、狐等的）洞穴，地道；anthill ['ænthil]n.人群密集的地方；蚁冢desolate ['desələt, 'desəleit]adj. 荒凉的；无人烟drafty ['drɑ:fti, 'dræfti]adj. 通风良好的eagle ['i:ɡl]n. 老鹰乐队，鹰；老鹰soaring ['sɔ:riŋ]adj. 翱翔的；高耸的；cavern ['kævən]n. 洞穴；rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；vigorous ['viɡərəs]adj. 有力的；establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt. 建立；创办；hostile ['hɔstail, -təl]adj. 敌对的，敌方的4 radiator ['reidieitə]n. 散热器；暖气片；ounce [auns]n. 盎司；少量；cubic ['kju:bik]adj. 立方体的centimeter ['senti,mi:tə ]n. [计量] 厘米gram [ɡræm]n. 克；鹰嘴豆tiny ['taini]adj. 微小的；shrew [ʃru:]n. 泼妇，悍妇mammal ['mæməl]n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物starve [stɑ:v]vi. 饿死；挨饿give off 发出（光等）；长出（枝、杈等5 criticism ['krɪtɪsɪzəm]n. 批评；考证；validity [və'lidəti]n. [计] 有效性；正确；rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的，严厉的；elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的；易忘的；逃避的；难捉摸demonstration [,demən'streiʃən]n. 示范；证明；示威游行submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；objective [əb'dʒektiv, ɔb-]adj. 客观的；目标的；formulation [,fɔ:mju'leiʃən]n. 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述subtle ['sʌtl]adj. 微妙的；精细的；frustrating [frʌ'streitiŋ]v. 使沮丧attempted [ə'temptid]adj. 企图的；currently ['kʌrəntli]adv. 当前；一般地excess [ik'ses]n. 超过，超额；过度，过量；react [ri'ækt, ri:-]vi. 反应；影响；反抗；budget ['bʌdʒit]n. 预算6 marine [mə'ri:n]adj. 船舶的；海生的n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；tenant ['tenənt]n. 承租人；房客；ingenuus n. 自由人telescopic [,teli'skɔpik]adj. 望远镜的owl [aul]n. 猫头鹰；枭；惯于晚上活动的人feeler ['fi:lə]n. [动] 触角；试探；试探者；stray [strei]vi. 流浪；迷路；radius ['reidiəs]n. 半径，半径范围inhabitant [in'hæbitənt]n. 居民；居住者torch [tɔ:tʃ]n. 火把，火炬；手电筒spots n. 斑点（spot的复数）；squid [skwid]n. 鱿鱼；乌贼；squirt [skwə:t]n. 喷射；luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；fluid ['flu(:)id]adj. 流动的；流畅的；vicinity [vɪ'sɪnɪtɪ]n. 邻近，附近；neat [ni:t]adj. 灵巧的；整洁的；优雅的；未搀水的cousin ['kʌzən]n. 堂兄弟姊妹；表兄弟becloud [bi'klaud]vt. 蒙蔽；使变暗darken ['dɑ:kən]vt. 使变暗；varieties n. 品种；种类（variety的复数）；illumination [i,lju:mi'neiʃən]n. 照明；[光] 照度；启发；灯饰（需用复数）；阐明luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；I wish back to the era when life is simple and all you know is just about colors, multiplication and nursery rhymes, but you don’t feel regretful and needn’t to care what you don’t know. Being unware towards all the anxieties and sadness, what you care is all about happiness. I would like to think that the world is with justice and every is honest and kind, for I want to believe that everything is possible.How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic?Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. It has seriously influenced peoples daily life and economic development.To solve the problem, some pieces of advice are put forward. Some people suggest that more streets and roads should be built. In this way, the traffic density can be redncedi hence speeding up the flow of buses and cars.But the new roads and streets will be filled with many cars and buses soon.Some people advise to limit the number of bikes and cars. This can decrease the traffic flow. But on the other haad, this will affect the consumption and make buses more crowded.In my opinion, the number of private cars should be put under control. And at the same time, buses should have their own special routes which cannot be used by other vehicles. Besides, underground train and city train should be developed quickly. ( 151 words)20031 taxas tech探讨科技brick wall 砖壁，砖墙circus ['sə:kəs]n. 马戏；马戏团circus boards马戏团董事会hire [haiə] n. 雇用，租用；test equipment测试设备fellowship ['feləuʃip]n. 友谊；奖学金；congressman ['kɔŋɡresmən]n. 国会议员；众议院议员movement ['mu:vmənt]n. 运动；活动；运转；乐章occupationsn. 职业；行业；politician [,pɔli'tiʃən]n. 政治家，政客calculus ['kælkjuləs]n.结石；微积分学2 mathematical [,mæθi'mætikəl]adj. 数学的，数学上的；精确的philosophy [fi'lɔsəfi, fə-]n. 哲学；哲理；人生观sought [sɔ:t]v. 寻找（seek的过去式和过去分词）fulfil [ful'fil]vt. 履行；完成；实践；满足intrinsic [in'trinsik,-kəl]adj. 本质的，固有的consubstantial [,kɔnsəb'stænʃəl]adj. 同质的；同体的；三位一体的permit [pə'mit]vi. 许可；允许autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权foreseeable ['fɔ:si:əbl]adj. 可预知的；能预测的scope [skəup] n. 范围；余地；视野revolutionary [,revə'lju:ʃənəri] adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革apply to适用于；应用于conic section圆锥曲线navigate ['næviɡeit] vt. 驾驶，操纵；shore [ʃɔ:]vt. 支撑，使稳住；mere [miə]adj. 仅仅的；只不过intellectual curiosity求知欲scarcely ['skεəsli]adv. 几乎不，简直不；conceive [kən'si:v]vt. 怀孕；构思；以为resign [ri'zain]vt. 辞职；放弃；委托；contemporary [kən'tempərəri]n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西ignorance ['iɡnərəns]n. 无知，愚昧；不知disinterestedly [dis'intristidli]adv. 公正地；无私地；advances [əd'va:nsiz]n. 前进astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi]n. 天文学anthropology [,ænθrə'pɔlədʒi]n. 人类学sake [seik]n. 目的；利益；理由；3 psychologists [sai'kɔledʒist]n. 心理学家symphonic [sim'fɔnik]adj. 交响乐的；concert [kən'sə:t, 'kɔnsə:t]n. 音乐会；一致；tempted ['temptid]adj. 有兴趣v. 诱惑；冒…的险orchestra ['ɔ:kistrə, -kes-]n. 管弦乐队；conductor [kən'dʌktə] n.乐队指挥，售票员；competent ['kɔmpitənt]adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的derive [di'raiv]vt. 源于；motion ['məuʃən]n. 动作；移动；手势；4 brilliant ['briljənt]adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气poorly off贫困的；没钱的tuition [tju:'iʃən]n. 学费；讲授guard [ɡɑ:d]n. 守卫；警戒；near-bankrupt濒临破产的stationsn. 车站；位置（station的复数形式）；extraordinary [ik'strɔ:dənəri, ,ekstrə'ɔ:di-]adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；prodigious [prəu'didʒəs]adj. 惊人的，异常的，奇妙的tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；embrace [im'breis]vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依5 composed [kəm'pəuzd]adj. 镇静的；沉着v. 组成；作曲myriad ['miriəd]adj. 无数的；n. 无数，极大数量public utility 公用事业randomly ['rændəmli]adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的，胡乱地valid ['vælid]adj. 有效的priviledgen. 特权；专用权comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成inherent adj. 固有的；内在的allocation [,æləu'keiʃən]n. 分配，配置；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，insurance [in'ʃuərəns]n. 保险；保险费；6 grueling ['ɡruəliŋ]n. 惩罚；adj. 累垮人的；rough [rʌf]. 艰苦；adj. 粗糙的；exhaustion [iɡ'zɔ:stʃən]n. 枯竭；耗尽；精疲力竭contestant [kən'testənt]n. 竞争者pack [pæk]背包respectably [ri'spektəbli]adv. 相当好地；体面地；可敬地split [split]vt. 分离；使分离；slamming ['slæmiŋ]v. 砰地关上（门、窗等）；猛烈抨击rocky dicth岩石substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的；spectator [spek'teitə, 'spekt-]n. 观众；旁观者Madurese [,mædju'ri:z]adj. 马都拉人的counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；endurance [in'djuərəns]n. 忍耐力；忍耐；giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人rebound n. 回弹device [di'vais]n. 装置；策略；20071 justly ['dﾊstli]adv. 公正地；正当地；恰当地；touch with 接触possessive [pə'zesiv] adj. 占有的；所有的；所有格的crises ['kraisi:z] n. 危机，紧要关头（crisis的复数形式）underestimate [,ʌndə'estimeit]vt. 低估；irritate ['iriteit]vt. 刺激，使兴奋；entertainer [,entə'teinə]n. 演艺人员，表演者cut off中断；使死亡；剥夺继承权resistant [ri'zistənt]adj. 抵抗的，反抗的；assuming [ə'sju:miŋ]adj. 傲慢的；不逊的；v. 假设underdog ['ʌndədɔɡ]失败者；受压迫者；passive ['pæsiv]adj. 被动的，消极的；charm [tʃɑ:m]n. 魅力，吸引力initiative [i'niʃiətiv, -ʃətiv] n. 主动权；adj. 自发的；dominance ['dɔminəns,-nənsi]n. 优势；统治obedient [əu'bi:diənt]adj. 顺从的，服从的；2 condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪；corrupt [kə'rʌpt]adj. 腐败的，贪污的；堕落charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]n. 费用；电荷；掌管；控告；命令；负载penalty ['penəlti]n. 罚款，罚金；press sb into doing sth迫使某人做某事unsurpassed ['ʌnsə(:)'pa:st]adj. 非常卓越的；未被超越conservative [kən'sə:vətiv]n. 保守派，守旧previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；vi. 提交；sentence ['sentəns]宣判，判决hemlock ['hemlɔk]n. 铁杉；毒芹属植物；presence ['prezəns]n. 存在；出席；参加；风度；grief - stricken 极度悲伤grief [ɡri:f] 悲伤的stricken ['strikən]adj. 患病的；受挫折的；sequence ['si:kwəns]顺序；续发事件radical ['rædikəl]adj. 激进的；根本的；unequalled adj. 无与伦比的；不等同的reputed [ri'pju:tid]adj. 名誉好的；3 tolerant ['tɔlərənt]adj. 宽容的；容忍的weigh [wei]vt. 权衡；考虑；voter ['vəutə]n. 选举人，投票人；district ['distrikt]n. 区域；地方；operator ['ɔpəreitə]n. 经营者；操作员；话务员；content n. 内容，目录；满足；historian [his'tɔ:riən]n. 历史学家misled [mis'led]v. 把…带错方向inference ['infərəns]n. 推理；推论；推断frame [freim]n. 框架；结构；5 fluctuate ['flﾊtjueit]vi. 波动；涨落；动摇intriguing [in'tri:ɡiŋ]adj. 有趣的；迷人的interglacial [,intə'ɡleisjəl]adj. 间冰期的geologic [,dʒiəu'lɔdʒik] adj. 地质的；holocene ['hɔləsi:n]adj. 全新世的；epoch ['i:pɔk, 'epək]n. [地质] 世；新纪元glacial ['ɡleisjəl adj. 冰的；冰冷的；Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n]n. 更新世；Wisconsin [wis'kosin]n. 威斯康星州（美国州名）impend [im'pend]vi. 迫近；即将发生amount [ə'maunt]vi. 总计，合计；moisture ['mosi tʃən. 水分；湿度；潮湿；region n. 地区；范围；snowfall ['snəufɔ:l]n. 降雪；melting ['melting adj. 融化的；溶解的；polar ['pəulə]adj. 极地的；两极的accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit]vi. 累积；unanticipated ['ʌnæn'tisipeitid adj. 意料之外的；implication [,impli'keition n. 含义；暗示；6 shrank v. 收缩（shrink的过去式）；缩小acute [ə'kju:t]adj. 严重的，[医] 急性的；respiratory ['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-]adj. 呼吸的syndrome ['sindrəum, -drəm-]n. [临床] 综合征；hospitality [,hɔspi'tæləti]n. 好客；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，扇区；rolling ['rəuliŋ] n. 旋转；动摇expansion[ik'spænʃən]n. 膨胀；阐述；snap up抢购，匆匆吃下manufacturing [,mænju'fæktʃəriŋ] adj. 制造业的生产vehicle ['viːɪk(ə)l]n. [车辆] 车辆；工具；传播媒介；domestic [dəu'mestik]adj. 国内的；家庭stalled [stɔ:ld]失速的residential [,rezi'denʃəl]adj. 住宅的；与居住有关retailing ['ri:teiling v. 零售（retail的ing形式isolate ['aisəleit, -lit]vt. 使隔离；使孤立；crude [kru:d]adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；durable ['djuərəbl]adj. 耐用的，持久的翻译：brutality [bru:'tæləti]n. 无情；残忍；暴行（需用复数形式hatred ['heitrid]n. 憎恨；怨恨；beastliness ['bi:stli:nis]n. 淫猥；兽性barbarianadj. 野蛮的；未开化的20081 giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人adj. 巨大的；enterprise ['entəpraiz]n. 企业；事业；进取心；bureaucratic [,bjurəu'krætik]adj. 官僚的；官僚政治cog [kog]vt. 给…装配齿轮；well-oiled ['wel'oild]adj. 谄媚的；平滑的；烂醉的machinery [mə'ʃi:nəri]n. 机械；机器；机构；wages ['weidʒis]n. [劳经] 工资；报酬ventilate ['ventileit]vt. 使通风；给…装通风设备；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist] n. 心理学家puppet ['pʌpit]n. 木偶；傀儡；受他人操纵的人automate ['ɔ:təmeit]vt. 使自动化，使自动操作confront [kən'frʌnt]vt. 面对；遭遇；比较emotionally [i'məuʃənli]adv. 感情上；情绪上；令人激动地；intellectually [inti'lektʃjuəli]adv. 智力上；理智地；知性上tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；Subordinate[sə'bɔ:dineit]n. 下属，下级；部属，insecure [,insi'kujə]adj. 不安全的；不稳定的promote [prəu'məut]vt. 促进；提升；推销intelligence [in'telidʒəns]n. 智力；情报工作；mixture ['mikstʃə] n. 混合；混合物；submissiveness [səb'misivnis]n. 柔顺；服从get along（勉强）生活；进展；（使）前进；与…和睦相处constant['kɔnstənt]恒定的；经常的consumption [kən'sʌmpʃən]n. 消费；消耗；arrangements [ə'rendʒmənts]n. 安排；准备；整理serve [sə:v]vt. 招待，供应；为…服务；ruling ['ru:liŋ] adj. 统治的；主要的；支配的；流行negligible ['neɡlidʒəbl]adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略harmony ['hɑ:məni]n. 协调；和睦；融洽comparison [kəm'pærisən]n. 比较；对照；比喻；humble ['hʌmbl]谦卑的，谦虚的，谦恭的，component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的，构成的granted ['gra:ntid]conj. 算是如此，但是resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；度假胜地；vi. 求助，诉诸；常去；approval [ə'pru:vəl]n. 批准；认可；赞成2 decade ['dekeid]n. 十年，十年期veterans ['vetərənz]n. 老兵；退伍军人atmospheric [,ætməs'ferik,-kəl]adj. 大气的，大气层的exposure [ik'spəuʒə] n. 暴露；曝光；leukemia [lju'ki:miə]n. 白血病atomic [ə'tɔmik]adj. 原子的definitive [di'finitiv]adj. 决定性的；最后的elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的，易忘难捉摸marines [mə'ri:ns]n. 海军陆战队intensive [in'tensiv]adj. 加强的；集中的；3 hall [hɔ:l]n. 门厅，会堂；食堂；学生宿舍line with按照，与…一致；沿着…排列Vending v. 贩卖，出售obesity [əu'bi:səti, -'be-]n. 肥大lucrative ['lju:krətiv]adj. 有利可图的，赚钱的；contract with承包；与…订有合约steering ['stiəriŋ] n. 操纵；指导；beverage ['bevəridʒ]n. 饮料stock [stɔk]vt. 进货；备有；n. 股份，股票；库存dispense [dis'pens]vt. 分配，分发；demonstrate ['demənstreit]vt. 证明；展示；access to接近；有权使用motivator ['məutiveitə]n. 动力；激励因素surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生institute ['institjut, -tu:t]vt. 开始（调查）；制定；创立；n. 学会，协会implement ['implimənt, 'impliment]vt. 实施，执行；实现n. 工具，器具mandated [mæn'deitid]adj. 委托统治的v. 托管；强制执行congress ['kɔŋɡres, kən'ɡres] n. 国会；代表大会professionals [prə'feʃənl]n. 专业人员pessimistic [,pesi'mistik]adj. 悲观的，厌世的；condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪4 crumbling ['krʌmbliŋv. 破碎；崩溃ruins n. 遗迹graveyard ['ɡreivjɑ:d]n. 墓地glimpse [ɡlimps]n. 一瞥，一看domes [dəumz]n. 穹顶；拱形结构；mosque [mɔsk]n. 清真寺tomb [tu:m]n. 坟墓；死亡glitter ['ɡlitə]vi. 闪光；闪烁evocative [i'v iv]adj. 唤起的；唤出的thrill [θril]n. 激动；震颤；orchard ['ɔ:tʃəd]n. 果园；果树林prophet ['prɔfit]n. 先知；预言者；overawe [,auvə'rɔ:]vt. 威慑；吓住；使大感敬畏elm tree n. 榆树flock [flɔk]n. 群；棉束minaret ['minəret, ,minə'ret]n. 尖塔donkey ['dɔŋki]n. 驴子；傻瓜；dismount [,dis'maunt]vt. 下车；使下马；possessed [pə'zest]adj. 疯狂的；着魔的drew [dru:]v. 牵引（draw的过去式）；描绘；adventure [əd'ventʃə, æd-]n. 冒险；冒险精神；trinket ['triŋkit]n. 小装饰品fizzy ['fizi]adj. 起泡沫的5 component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的manifestation [,mænife'steiʃən]n. 表现；显示；infant ['infənt]n. 婴儿；幼儿；shortcut ['ʃɔ:tkʌt]n. 捷径；被切短的东西convey [kən'vei] vt. 传达；运输；observation [,ɔbzə:'veiʃən]n. 观察；监视；grossly ['grəusli]adv. 很；非常element ['elimənt]n. 元素；要素；原理；abuse [ə'bju:z, ə'bju:s]n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂；infancy ['infənsi]n. 初期；婴儿期；unfavourable [,ʌn'feivərəbl]adj. 不利的；不适宜的；反对的inadequate [in'ædikwit]adj. 不充分的，不适当facilitiesn. 设施；工具feature ['fi:tʃə]n. 特色，特征；容貌immobility [i,məu'biləti]n. 不动，固定quietness ['kwaiətnis]n. 平静，安静investigation [in,vesti'ɡeiʃən]n. 调查；substitute ['sʌbstitju:t, -tu:t]n. 代用品；代替者climax ['klaimæks]n. 高潮；顶点；significant [sig'nifikənt]adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的n. 象征；perceive [pə'si:v]vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知shatter ['ʃætə]vt. 粉碎；打碎；fondle ['fɔndl]vt. 爱抚；ministration [,mini'streiʃən] n. 援助；服侍；职务spontaneous [spɔn'teiniəs]adj. 自发的；无意识的wholeheartedly adv. 全心全意地，全神贯注exaggerate [iɡ'zædʒəreit]vt. 使扩大；vi. 夸大sensory ['sensəri]adj. 感觉的；知觉的employ [im'plɔi]vt. 使用，采用；雇用；master ['mɑ:stə, 'mæstə]vt. 控制；精通；n. 硕士；主人；6 monopoly [mə'nɔpəli]n. 垄断；垄断者rail [reil]n. 铁轨；扶手；vi. 抱怨freight [freit]vt. 运送；装货；supporter [sə'pɔ:tə]n. 支持者；拥护者merger ['mə:dʒə]n. （企业等的）合并；并购；吸收fierce [fiəs]adj. 凶猛的；猛烈的substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的reduction [ri'dʌkʃən]n. 减少；下降；bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积，容量；vt. 使扩大commodity [kə'mɔditi]n. 商品，货物；grain [ɡrein]n. 粮食；颗粒；throat [θrəut]n. 喉咙；consolidation [kən,sɔli'deiʃən]n. 巩固；合并captive ['kæptiv]adj. 被俘虏的；被迷住的appeal [ə'pi:l]vi. 呼吁，恳求；上诉relief [ri'li:f]n. 救济；减轻，解除；discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；option ['ɔpʃən]n. [计] 选项；选择权switch [switʃ] vt. 转换；subscribe [səb'skraib]vi. 订阅；捐款；认购vt. 签署；赞成；flourish ['flauriʃ]n. 兴旺；茂盛arbiter ['ɑ:bitə]n. [法] 仲裁者Brightening v. 擦亮；照明invest [in'vest]vt. 投资；覆盖；surging ['sə:dʒiŋ]v. 冲击（surge的ing形式）；transaction [træn'zækʃən]n. 交易；事务；办理；Grip n. 紧握；柄；支配coordination [kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən]n. 协调，调和；indifferent [in'difərənt]adj. 漠不关心的；indignant [in'diɡnənt]adj. 愤愤不平的；apprehensive [,æpri'hensiv]adj. 忧虑的；不安的rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；作文：University mergence is a new trend in university development. As a hot topic on and off campus,(校内和校外)it has received much of public attention. People's attitudes towards it vary 变化greatly.People who against it see it as a hasty轻率的decision, which has some potential problems. They claim, for instance, located far away from each other, universities involved with mergence are usually faced with the tough problem of management.Other people who favor it see it as a step that universities take towards the goal of first-rate world university. They argue that, only through mergence can university take full play of advantages and make up their disadvantages. Like the mergence between Tsinghua University and the Institude of Applied Arts. The university's strengths in the field of high techonology complement补足the latter university that has a reputation名声for art. They also point out that by mergence the Chinese universities will increase their competitie power in the world.In my opinion, the university mergence has more advantages than disadvantages, but the university should take into account考虑the potential dangers resulting from the mergence.。
中山大学2012研究生专业参考书目及考试范围
中山大学2012年硕士研究生招生考试范围及参考书目211翻译硕士英语①英美概况部分参见《英语国家社会与文化入门》上、下册，朱永涛编，高等教育出版社，2005。
②其它部分不列参考书。
241英语①《新编英语教程》（1-3册），李观仪等，上海外语教育出版社，1999。
242俄语①《俄语入门》第二册，周鼎、徐振新编，外语教学与研究出版社，2000。
②《大学俄语基础教程》第二、三册，张智罗、童强等，高等教育出版社，1994。
243日语①《中日交流标准日本语》初级上、下册，集体合著，人民教育出版社、光村图书出版株式会社，2005。
244法语①《公共法语》上、下册，吴贤良主编，上海外语教育出版社，1997245德语①《大学德语》修订本（1-2册），赵仲、戴鸣钟等编，高等教育出版社，2001-2002。
246西班牙语①董燕生、刘建：《现代西班牙语》第一册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
②董燕生、刘建：《现代西班牙语》第二册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
③岑楚兰、蔡绍龙：《新编西班牙语阅读课本》第一册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
247韩语①郭一诚：《韩国语能力考试真题精解及模拟800题（中级）》，世界图书出版公司248阿拉伯语①新编阿拉伯语( 1-4册），国少华主编，外语教学与研究出版社，ISBN7560033199 ②《阿拉伯语阅读》（上、下），《阿拉伯语阅读》组，出版社：外语教学与研究出版社，ISBN756000620308护理综合根据《2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试护理综合考试科目及参考大纲》确定。
331社会工作原理 1.《社会工作概论》，王思斌，高等教育出版社，1999（2004）。
2.《社会学》，戴维.波普诺,中国人民大学出版社,2000。
3.《西方社会学理论教程》侯均生主编，南开大学出版社，2001。
333教育综合 1、教育学原理：教育学概述、教育的概念、教育与人的发展、教育与社会发展、教育目的、教育制度（包括学学校制度等）、课程、教学、德育、班主任、教师、学校管理。
中山大学中英文介绍
中山大学中英文介绍(2013-01-10 23:52:41)英文Welcome to Sun Yat-sen University. SYSU is a comprehensive national key university founded in 1924 by Dr Sun Yat-sen, a revolutionary leader of the 20th century, and has a teaching tradition spanning over a century. Located in Guangdong, the frontier of the reform and opening up of China, the University has four campuses in two beautiful cities: Guangzhou, the city of mountain and river, and the coastal city of Zhuhai. It shows its cultural features in an open and practical style. Since its foundation, the University has followed its motto:“ Study extensively; Enquire accurately; Reflect carefully; Discriminate clearly; Practise earnestly” and educated many students who are committed to rejuvenating China and serving the mankind. Today, SYSU has become a cradle for talents, a center for knowledge and technology innovation, a pillar to serve society and a base for cultural inheritance and innovation. The University is now standing on a new starting point and striving to become one of the world-class universities.SYSU is the center of learning and culture in South China where great academic masters gather together. Many renowned scholars in early modern and modern China once taught at the University. Their strong characteristics and outstanding academic achievements have been influencing generations of students and have been urging them to advance the great academic traditions. We are proud that the University today has many distinguished scholars including academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, professors of Thousand Talents Program, chair professors of Chang Jiang Scholars Program, and recipients of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. They carry on the traditions of the forerunners and become the academic pillars of the University. Faculty and students work together to create a liberal academic atmosphere for interdisciplinary studies, provide positive conditions for students to learn and grow, and build a harmonious academic environment for science and technology innovation and cultural inheritance and innovation.The aim of talent cultivation at SYSU is to nurture high-quality, interdisciplinary and top-notch students with international perspectives, a sense of social responsibility and innovative spirit. To achieve thisgoal, faculty and staff make unremitting efforts to innovate mechanisms of talent cultivation in accordance with the fundamental principle of “educating with love”.SYSU is what it is today thanks to the endeavors of generations of faculty, staff and students and the support of friends who care about SYSU. In the past decade in particular, the University has benefited from the joint construction mechanism of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, the support of local governments, the advancement of reform and opening up in Guangdong and the generosity of local and international communities. We believe that the path of SYSU will be wider and its tomorrow will be better.Sun Yat-sen University, originally known as Guangdong University, was founded in 1924 by Dr. Sun Yat-sen (also called Sun Zhongshan), a great democratic revolutionary leader of the 20th century. The University is located in Guangdong Province, an area neighboring Hong Kong and Macao, which is at the forefront of China’s reform and opening up.Being one of the leading universities in the People’s Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen University is a comprehensive multi-disciplinary university, including the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, technical sciences, medical sciences, pharmacology, and management sciences.It has about 5,300 students studying on four campuses in Guangzhou and Zhuhai. Benefiting from its location near Hong Kong and Macao and the regional advantage of opening and economic development, the university has become an important base for training high-level talents, scientific research, providing services to society and inheriting cultural traditions.The University has also successfully built international cooperation and exchange relationships with many top universities in the world. According to the Times Higher Education World University Ranking for 2010-2011, Sun Yat-sen University was ranked in the top 200 in the world.At present, Sun Yat-sen University covers a total area of 6.17 square kilometers and has 4 campuses: Guangzhou South Campus, Guangzhou North Campus, Guangzhou East Campus, and Zhuhai Campus.University Motto"Study Extensively, Enquire Accurately, Reflect Carefully, DiscriminateClearly, Practice Earnestly"CampusesGuangzhou South CampusThe Guangzhou South Campus is the main campus,with a total area of 1.17 square kilometers. Thecampus is divided from east to west into threeregions of student dormitories and recreationalfacilities, teaching and research blocks and staff quarters. The campus grounds are also quite unique in its magnificent and historic foliage. The emphasis of the South Campus is fundamental subject education.Address: No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. ChinaGuangzhou North CampusThe Guangzhou North Campus is located in downtownGuangzhou city and covers an area of 0.39 squarekilometers. The campus is divided into teaching and research area, student area and faculty and staff area (Zhusi Village). It is a campus mainly for disciplines in medical sciences.Address: No. 74, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510085, P. R. ChinaZhuhai CampusThe Zhuhai Campus covers an area of 3.48 squarekilometers and is divided into two neighborhoods:Li Garden and Rong Garden. It lies against theseaside hills, with captivating views of the sea.In order to continue to improve educational quality, Zhuhai Campus emphasizes new, emerging subjects and joint education with foreign universities as well as universities in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.Address: Tang Jia Wan, Zhuhai, 519082, P. R. ChinaGuangzhou East CampusThe Guangzhou East Campus is located at theUniversity City (Higher Education Mega Center) inthe east part of Guangzhou city and covers an area of 1.13 square kilometers. The Guangzhou University City is a major development made by the People’s Government of Guangdong Province in an effort to strengthen Guangdong through science and education. The first batch of students started school there in September, 2004. The East Campus emphasizes applied sciences.Address: Xiaoguwei Island, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China中文中山大学是由孙中山先生亲手创立，有着一百多年办学传统的综合性重点大学。
中山大学2002,2005,2007,2011,2015--2019年考博真题+资料
2).呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）是指因CO2排出障碍或CO2吸入过多，导致血浆H2CO3浓度升高、PH值呈降低趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3).代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）指细胞外液碱增多和/或H+丢失而引起的以血浆HCO3-增多、PH值呈上升趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学考博病理生理学名词解释总结
1.septic shock=感染性休克：在sepsis的基础上病情持续加重，虽大量补液但仍发生低血压或需要应用血管活性药物，存在灌注异常表现；但如合并使用影响肌收缩的药物或血管加压药，可以不出现低血压。
中山大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题
博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of [D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ mor e workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before long.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do with his c ontrol of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burnin g car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at l east two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a society that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufact urers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor f or research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA t o see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。
2012年中山大学研究生英语期末试题
Passage 1One motivational analyst who became curious to know there had been such a great rise in impulse buying at supermarkets was James Vicary. He suspected that some special psychology must be going on inside the women as they shopped in supermarkets. His suspicion was that perhaps they underwent such an increase in tension when confronted with so many possibilities that they were forced into making quick purchases. He set out to find out if this was true. The best way to detect what was going on inside the shopper was through the use of a galvanometer or lie detector. That obviously was impractical. The next best thing was to use a hidden motion-picture camera and record the eye-blink rate of the women as they shopped. How fast a person blinks his eyes is a pretty good index of his state of inner tension. The average person, according to Mr. Vicary, normally blinks his eyes about 32 times a minute. If he is tense, he blinks them more frequently; and, under extreme tension, he may blink up to 50 or 60 times. If he is notably relaxed, on the other hand, his eye-blink rate may drop to a subnormal twenty or less.Mr. Vicary set up his cameras and started following the ladies as they entered the store. The results were startling, even to him. Their eye-blink rate, instead of going up to indicate mounting tension, went down and down, to a very subnormal fourteen blinks a minute. The ladies fell into what Mr. Vicary calls a hypnoidal trance, a light kind of trance that, he explains, is the firststage of hypnosis. Mr. Vicary has decided that the main cause of the trance is that the supermarket is packed with products which in former years would have been items only kings and queens could have afforded and here in this fairyland they were available to all. Mr. Vicary theorizes: “Just within this generation, anyone can be a king or queen and go through these stores where the products say ‘buy me, buy me’.”1 Vicary’s curiosity was aroused by the fact that _________.A. there was a decrease in sales in supermarketsB. women were showing strong resistance to products in supermarketsC. there seemed to be no logic in women’s buying habitsD. women were shopping very carefully2 According to the article, eye-blink rate is an indication of ________.A. the truth or falsity of a statementB. the mental ability of a personC. blood pressureD. the emotional state of a person3 Mr. Vicary’s test ________________.A. proved his original hypothesis to be trueB. proved that the tension of a woman shopper, after entering the store, decreased rather than increasedC. nullified the eye-blink rate as a measurement of tensionD. showed that a woman’s reaction to the products in a supermarket isimpossible todetermine4 After his tests, Mr. Vicary concluded that _____________.A. shopping was apt to create serious nervous disordersB. a supermarket is a fantastic placeC. women are entranced by the many wonderful items available in supermarketsD. women develop an inferiority complex when in supermarkets5 Implied but not stated: _______________.A. Quick purchases are the result of inner tensionB. The first stage of hypnosis is a light tranceC. Research conducted by motivation analysis can disprove their original premisesD. Supermarkets seeking a fairyland atmosphere should install hidden movie cameras Passage 2 In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. Ifobservations confirm the scientists’predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.6 “Bricks”are mentioned in Paragraph 3 to indicate how _________.A. mathematicians approach scienceB. building a house is like performing experimentsC. science is more than a collection of factsD. scientific experiments have led to improved technology7 In the fourth paragraph, the author implies that imagination is most important to scientists when they ________.A. evaluate previous work on a problemB. formulate possible solutions to a problemC. gather known factsD. close an investigation8 In the last paragraph, the author refers to hypothesis as “a leap into the unknown”in order to show that hypotheses ________________.A. are sometimes ill-conceivedB. can lead to dangerous resultsC. go beyond available factsD. require effort to formulate9 In the last paragraph, what does the author imply is a major function of hypotheses?A. Sifting through known facts.B. Communicating a scientist’s thoughts to others.C. Providing direction for scientific research.D. Linking together different theories.10 Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A. Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B. It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C. A scientist’s most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D. A good scientist needs to be creative.Passage 3For most of us, the work is the central, dominating fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is done, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative. Inequality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society.We cannot hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from the frustrations created by inequality at work, unless we tackle it head-on. Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities. They are constantly learning; they are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and others’working lives. Most important of all, they have opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, and for a growing number of white-collar workers, work is a boring, dull, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable --- for themselves --- by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership.11 In the writer’s opinion, people judge others by_________.A. the type of work they doB. the place where they workC. the time they spend at workD. the amount of money they earn12 According to the writer, in the future, work will ________.A. matter less than it does nowB. be as important as it is nowC. be better paid than it is nowD. offer more satisfaction13 What does the writer think is needed to solve our industrial problems?A. A reduction in the number of strikesB. Equality in salariesC. A more equal distribution of responsibilityD. An improvement in moral standards14 What advantages does the writer say managers have over other workers?A. They cannot lose their jobs.B. They get time off to attend courses.C. They can work at whatever interests them.D. They can make their own decisions.15 Working conditions generally remain bad because _______________.A. the workers are quite satisfied with themB. no one can decide what to do about themC. managers see no need to change themD. office workers want to protect their positions。
中大博士英语考试
中大博士英语考试The pursuit of a doctoral degree is a rigorous and demanding process that requires a deep commitment to academic excellence. For non-native English speakers, the challenge is compounded by the need to demonstrate proficiency in English, which is often a prerequisite for admission and successful completion of the program. The English examination for doctoral candidates at Chinese universities is designed to assess the ability of these students to engage with scholarly discourse and contribute to academic conversations in English.The examination typically encompasses a range of skills, including reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking. The reading section often includes scholarly articles from a variety of disciplines, requiring candidates to not only understand complex texts but also to analyze and synthesize information. Writing tasks may involve composing essays that demonstrate clarity of thought, argumentation skills, and the ability to present research findings coherently.Listening components can include lectures or discussions on academic topics, where students must show they can follow and engage with complex ideas presented orally. Speaking assessments are designed to evaluate the candidate's ability to articulate their thoughts clearly and participate in academic discussions, often through presentations or oral examinations.To prepare for such an examination, candidates must immerse themselves in the English language, often through extensive reading of academic texts, practice in writing essays and reports, and participation in discussions and presentations. Language proficiency courses and workshops can also be beneficial, providing structured learning environments where students can refine their skills.Moreover, the examination serves as a gatekeeper, ensuring that those who advance to doctoral candidacy possess the language skills necessary to contribute meaningfully to their field of study. It is a testament to the candidate's preparedness to engage with the global academic community, where English often serves as the lingua franca.In conclusion, the English examination for doctoral candidates is a critical component of the academic journey, ensuring that students are equipped with the language skills necessary to excel in their studies and beyond. It is a reflection of the global nature of academia and the importance of communication skills in disseminating and advancing knowledge.This document has been crafted to align with the requirements provided, focusing on the English examination for doctoral candidates in Chinese universities. It aims to provide an overview of the examination's purpose, structure, and significance within the academic context, using precise, vivid, and concise language to maintain a smooth and coherent flow throughout the text. 。
中山大学2012生科院博士生招生目录(正式公布)
04 健康养殖与环境生态 05 动物健康养殖与营养调控 曹永长 06 动物健康养殖与疾病控制 07 生物技术与食品安全
方向（03、04） （1）1101 英语 （2）2205 分子生物学（二） （3）3222 细胞生物学 方向（05） （1）1101 英语 （2）2205 分子生物学（二） （3）3233 动物营养学或 3238 动 物生物化学 方向（06） （1）1101 英语 张文庆 （2）2205 分子生物学（二） （3）3238 动物生物化学或 3246 动物免疫学 方向（07、08） （1）1101 英语 （2）2205 分子生物学（二） （3）3247 基因工程
陈尚武 16 蛋白质组学与免疫学 17 动物病毒分子生物学 18 昆虫分子生物学 19 植物发育与代谢的 RNA 调控 20 疾病的分子机制 21 分子肿瘤学 张雁 22 干细胞学 23 生物发育进化的分子调控机制 24 生物钟的分子调节机制 25 蛋白质结构与功能 26RNA 干扰与肿瘤治疗 071011 生物物理学 张鹏 郭金虎 谢伟 宋尔卫 方向（01） （1）1101 英语 01 结构生物学 谢伟 （2）2210 生物化学 （3）3222 细胞生物学 071300 生态学 01 景观生态学 余世孝 02 生物多样性 03 生物多样性与保护生物学 04 全球变化生态学 彭少麟 05 恢复生态学 06 污染生态学 07 生态毒理学 叶志鸿 杨中艺 栾天罡 何芳良 方向（01） （1）1101 英语 （2）2212 植被生态学或 2213 地 理信息系统 （3）3231 生态学 方向（02、03、04、05、07） （1）1101 英语 （2）2212 植被生态学 （3）3231 生态学 方向（06） （1）1101 英语 （2） 2206 植物学 （含植物生理学） （3）3231 生态学 方向（08） 08 数学生态学 何芳良 （1）1101 英语 （2）2214 生物统计学（二） （3）3231 生态学 071020 食品安全生物学 01 环境与食品安全 栾天罡 02 食品安全与生态毒理 03 食品安全与生物防治 何建国 方向（01、02） （1）1101 英语 （2） 2205 分子生物学 （二） 2215 或 分析化学 （3）3245 污染生态学 彭宣宪 曹永长 徐卫华 陈月琴 吴玉萍
中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷
中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷详解一、文章类型本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面。
文章结构清晰，逻辑性强，对于准备参加中山大学考博英语考试的学生具有很高的参考价值。
二、思路梳理1、引言：简述中山大学考博英语考试的意义和重要性。
2、试题构成：详细介绍中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成，包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等部分。
3、考试形式：阐述各部分考试形式的安排和特点。
4、难度分析：对不同部分的难度进行深入分析，为学生提供备考建议。
5、应对策略：提出有效的应对策略，帮助学生顺利通过中山大学考博英语考试。
三、展开论述1、引言中山大学考博英语考试是面向博士生申请者的重要英语水平测试，旨在评估申请者的英语综合应用能力和学术交流能力。
该考试对于申请者的重要性不言而喻，因此本文将详细介绍其试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面，为学生提供参考和指导。
2、试题构成中山大学考博英语考试主要包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等四个部分。
其中，听力部分主要测试考生在听力理解方面的能力，包括听力和填空两个题型；阅读部分主要测试考生在阅读理解方面的能力，包括单项选择和多项选择两个题型；翻译部分主要测试考生在英语翻译方面的能力，包括中译英和英译中两个题型；写作部分主要测试考生在学术写作方面的能力，包括议论文和说明文两个题型。
3、考试形式中山大学考博英语考试采用闭卷、笔试形式，考试时间为180分钟。
听力部分通过录音设备播放，考试时间为30分钟；阅读部分考试时间为40分钟；翻译部分考试时间为60分钟；写作部分考试时间为50分钟。
整个考试过程中，考生需在规定时间内完成相应题型的答题，并在考试结束前将答案填涂在答题卡上。
4、难度分析听力部分的难度主要集中在听力和填空题型上，其中填空题需要考生在理解听力材料的基础上进行填空，难度较大。
阅读部分的难度主要集中在单项选择和多项选择题型上，其中多项选择题容易出现模棱两可的选项，难度较大。
中山大学2012年英语翻译基础真题及详解【圣才出品】
中山大学2012年英语翻译基础真题及详解PART I VOCABULARY [60 MIN] (1×30=30 POINTS)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH [30 MIN]Translate the following Chinese terms into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 中小企业2. 洗钱3. 人民币升值4. 次贷危机5. 水土流失6. 贸易顺差7. 企业社会责任8. 主权信用评级9. 贩卖人口10. 美国驻华大使11. 温室效应12. 投资回报率13. 供应链14. 劳动密集型产业15. 防止核扩散条约SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE [30 MIN]Translate the following English terms into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. capital chain2. humanitarian intervention3. credit facilities4. exclusive interview5. clean governance6. poll7. double-dip recession8. the State Council9. debt limit10. a Palestinian proposal to apply for statehood11. social security12. an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude on the Richter Scale13. a cease-fire agreement14. oil leak15. organizing committeePARTⅡTranslation [120 MIN] (2×60=120 POINTS)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH [60 MIN]Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路。
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(回忆版)
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（回忆版）阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happenedmore than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating pictureof the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet‟s environmentfrom hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the humanbrain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endingsof Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to mostEnglish-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevita ble one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA is inevitable in radical education reforms.B is but all too natural in language development.C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty.B. personality.C. liveliness.D. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author'sA. interest in their language.B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory.D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”.B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”.D. “humble” is to “noble”阅读3Massive changes in all of the world‟s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it‟s one of London‟s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irishriders.The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here,one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Cola or Budweiser as well The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $ 10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting thatsoccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of asport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Tide” fight, and this mean s that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!1. Globalization of sporting culture means that ___.A. more people are taking up sports.B. traditional sports are getting popular.C. many local sports are becoming internationalD. foreigners are more interested in local sports2. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?A. Good economic returns.B. Revival of sports.C. Communications technology.D. Marketing strategies.3.What is the author‟s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?A. Favourable.B. Unclear.C. Reserved.D. Critical.4. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because___.A. they become more professional than ever.B. they regard sports as consumer goods.C. there exist few world-class championshipsD. sports events are exciting and stimulating阅读4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they havenot said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world‟s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.1.What is the author‟s opinion of housing p roblems in the first paragraph?A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.B.a new building material will have been invented.C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.A.is difficult to foresee.B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.D.is the question of finding enough ground space.4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.A.standards of building are low.B.only minimum shelter will be possible.C.there is not enough ground space.D.the population growth will be the greatest.5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C.Hong Kong‟s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.阅读5Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleepresearcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events —until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.11. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA.can be modified in their coursesB.are susceptible to emotional changesC.reflect our innermost desires and fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA it's function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of dreams to emotionsD its difference from the prefrontal cortex13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend toA aggravate in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC persist till the time we fall asleepD show up in dreams early at night14. Cartwright seems to suggest thatA waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC dreams should be left to their natural progressionD dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?A Lead your life as usual B.Seek professional helpC Exercise conscious controlD Avoid anxiety in the daytime完型填空：Celebrities (名人)lead very stressful lives, for no matter how fascinating or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.For one thing，celebrities don‟t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed on the front pages of the National Enquirer and the Globe so that bored supermarket shoppers can read about "Leonardo DiCaprio"s Awful Secret" or "The Heartbreak behind Winona Ryder's Smile." Even a celebrity's family is made public. A teenage son's arrest for using drug or a wife's drinking problem becomes the subject of headlines. Photographers chase celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and on the street, hoping to get a picture of Halle Berry in curlers (卷发器)or Jim Carrey drinking beer. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat out or attend a football game, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless photographers.Celebrities must also cope with the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from public attention, inviting remarks like "She really looks old" or "Boy, has she put on weight." Embarrassing pictures of celebrities are sold at high prices, which increases the pressure on celebrities to look good at all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act claim and collected under any circumstances. Because they are constantly observed, they have no freedom to be angry or to do something just a little crazy.Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly behaviors such as kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity‟s hai r, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers bear some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s-Princess Diana. Whether or not their pursuit caused the accident that took her life, it‟s clear she was chased by reporters like an escaped prisoner chased by police dogs. And celebrities can even fall victim to deliberately deadly attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people could not get these world-famous figures off their minds. As a result, famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game-and never out of season.排序段落：In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation. The problem for the governors is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality of their colleges and universities helps drive the economic engines of their states. And they are constantly beingtold by everyone from college administrators to editorial writers that the only way to make their state universities better is to spend more money.So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but on how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy in the 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, the study could produce a push for higher standards, more efficiency and greater accountability. “When it comes to higher education, we talk a lot about money, but we don‟t often talk of standards and accountability. With tuition ri sing faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say, …Enough!‟” Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.Such proposals would be sure to shake up those who protect the status quo and trigger a major public debate. Education establishments that often believe that they know best tend to get nervous when elected officials seek to become involved. Utah GOP Gov. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion represented a “major shift” in the way governors address higher education and signaled their desire for greater direct involvement by the state chief executives in the oversight of their state university systems. While the governors were quick to note that American higher education still is the best in the world, they say adjustments that reflect the changing realities of the global economy might be needed to keep it that way.英译汉：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist‟s intellectual preparation for his or her career.But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.1. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Part B 选择搭配Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps.remain a huge strength, bring together students and researchers from all disciplines and all parts of the world, and guarantee a human scale of values within a big university.1) Above everything else will still rise the questioning, tough-minded hunger for learning, for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever outwards. That has characterized this university.2) . Not in the heart of the city: the colleges, the river and the commons and meadows that cluster around it. The。
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中山大学2012年非医学博士研究生英语（科目代码：1101）入学考试说明1．英语考试为水平测试，着重考核基础英语实际运用能力。
主观题占55%，客观题占45%。
文理学科共用一份考试试卷。
考试时间为180分钟。
2．考试共有六大题型。
具体的题型、题量及分值如下：
3．试题有以下几个特点：
(1)第一题是阅读理解题，主要考查考生的英语阅读能力。
共有6篇短文，每篇约350单词，每篇有5个问题，每个问题1分，共30分。
阅读理解题的内容涉及文理科的各种通识性内容。
(2)第二题是完型填空题，主要是检查考生的英语综合运用能力。
其类型属于“无选项填空”题。
试题为一篇短文，内含20处填空，在需要填空的地方不提供选择答案，考生必须根据上下文的逻辑关系自己填上一个词性、意义和词形都合适的单词。
每个填空0.5分，共10分。
(3)第三题是“选择搭配题”。
形式为一篇阅读文章，里面有5处句子留空。
考生需根据上下文的逻辑关系，从给出的10个句子中分别选择5个句子来填空，每句3分，共15分。
(4)第四题是“英译汉”翻译题。
要求考生把在一段文章中指定的5
个英文句子翻译成汉语。
每个句子3分，共15分。
(5)第五题是“汉译英”翻译题。
要求考生把一段约200字的汉语短文翻译成英语，共10分。
(6)第六题是作文题，共有两道题，考生可任选其中一题进行写作，写两题者不得分。
文体一般为议论文，要求写200至250个英语单词。
文章要求审题准确，语句通顺连贯，思路清晰，内容充实。
本题共20分。
中山大学研究生招生办公室
2012年2月28日。