Rheological Behavior of the Epoxy Resin Loaded with the Pozzolan
湿法的工艺流程
湿法的工艺流程The wet process is a common method used in various industries to produce products such as paper, textiles, and ceramics. 湿法是一种常见的工艺方法，在各种行业中用来生产纸张、纺织品和陶瓷等产品。
This process involves the use of water as a medium for mixing and reacting with various materials, leading to the formation of a desired product. 这个工艺涉及使用水作为混合和与各种材料发生反应的介质，从而形成所需的产品。
The wet process is particularly important in industries where the production of fine particles and precise control of material properties are crucial. 湿法在需要生产细小颗粒和精确控制材料特性的行业中尤为重要。
It offers a versatile and efficient way to manipulate materials and create high-quality products with specific characteristics. 它提供了一种多功能、高效的方式来操纵材料，并创造具有特定特性的高质量产品。
One key aspect of the wet process is the mixing of materials in a liquid medium. 湿法过程的一个关键方面是在液体介质中混合材料。
This involves dissolving or suspending solid particles in water, creating a slurry or solution that can be further processed to form the final product. 这涉及将固体颗粒溶解或悬浮在水中，形成一个可进一步加工以形成最终产品的泥浆或溶液。
预应力混凝土压浆料流变性能测试
第36卷第10期 娃 酸盐 通 报Vol.36 No.10 2017 年 10 月________________BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY_________________October,2017预应力混凝土压浆料流变性能测试王甲春1，黄国新1，钟哲伦1，翁春阵2，方振聪1(1.厦门理工学院土木工程系，厦门361024;2.厦门浩友建材有限公司，厦门361028)摘要:通过测试在规定的水胶比条件下压浆料的的流动度、坍落扩展度、粘度三个指标的变化规律，给出了压浆料 的流动度与坍落扩展度、流动度与粘度的定量关系。
结果表明:压浆料的流动度与坍落扩展度，流动度与粘度呈线 性变化规律，满足JTG/TF50-2011《公路桥涵施工技术规范》的压浆料流动度指标条件下压浆料的坍落扩展度为 356〜272 m m，压浆料的粘度为395 xl0_3〜2023 xl0_3Pa • s，满足TB/T 3192-2008《铁路后张法预应力混凝土梁 管道压浆技术条件》的压浆料流动度指标条件下压浆料的坍落扩展度为308〜212 m m，粘度为1325 x 10_3〜3186 xl(T3Pa • s。
與落扩展度的测试方法简单和方便，有利于实际工程的应用。
关键词:压浆料；流动度；與落扩展度；粘度；流变性中图分类号:TU528 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-1625 (2017)10-3527-04 Measurement of Rheological Behavior of Grouting Materials inPrestressed ConcreteWANG Jia-chun1，HUANG Guo-xin1，ZH0NG Zhe-lun1,WENG Chun-hui2，FANG Zhen-cong1(1. Department of Civil Engineering,Xiamen University of Technology,Xiamen 361024,China；2. Xiamen Haoyou Building Materials Co. ,Ltd. , Xiamen 361028, China)Abstract ：The relationships between fluidity,slump flow and viscosity of grouting materials are studied under the condition of water-binder r a t io,and the quantitative relationships between f l u i d i t y and slump flow , f l u i d i t y and viscosity are given. The results show that the relationships of f l u i d i t y with slump flow and f l u i d i t y with viscosity of the grouting materials are linear, and the f l u i d i t y index of JTG/T F50-2011 (Technical specification for construction of highway bridge and culvert} i s accorded that slump flow i s 356-272 m m, and the viscosity i s 395 x10 3-2023 x10 3Pa •s.The f l u i d i t y index of TB/T 3192-2008 (Technical specification of cable grouts on post-prestressed concrete railway girder} i s accorded that the slump flow of 308-212 m m,and the viscosity i s 1325 x10 _3-3186 x10 3Pa •s.The t e s t method of slump flow i s simple and convenient, which i s beneficial t o the practical engineering application.Key words ：grouting material ；f l u i d i t y；slump flow ；viscosity ；rheology1引言随着交通设施的不断完善和建设，公路桥梁和铁路桥梁采用后张法预应力技术越来越多，为了提高后张 法预应力混凝土的服役时间和安全性，后张法预应力钢筋的防腐蚀能力十分重要。
The Psychology of Human Behavior
The Psychology of Human Behavior The psychology of human behavior is a complex and multifaceted topic that has been the subject of study and debate for centuries. Understanding the factors that influence human behavior is crucial for various fields such as psychology, sociology, and even business. From the influence of genetics and biology to the impact of social and environmental factors, there are numerous perspectives to consider when exploring the psychology of human behavior. One important perspective to consider when examining human behavior is the role of genetics and biology. Research in the field of behavioral genetics has shown that genetic factors can play a significant role in shaping an individual's behavior. For example, studies have found that certain genetic variations are associated with an increased risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Additionally, research in the field of neuroscience has shown that the structure and function of the brain can also influence behavior. For example, abnormalities in certain brain regions have been linked to impulsive and aggressive behavior. Understanding the genetic and biological factors that contribute to human behavior is important for developing effective interventions and treatments for behavioral and mental health disorders. In addition to genetics and biology, social and environmental factors also play a crucial role in shaping human behavior. Social psychologists have long been interested in understanding how social norms, cultural values, and interpersonal relationships influence behavior. For example, research has shown that individuals are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior when they are in the presence of others. Similarly, studies have found that individuals from collectivist cultures are more likely to prioritize the needs of the group over their individual needs. Environmental factors such as poverty, access to education, and exposure to violence can also have a significant impact on behavior. For example, children who grow up in poverty are more likely to experience chronic stress, which can have long-term effects on their behavior and mental health. Understanding the social and environmental factors that influence behavior is important for developing interventions that promote positive behavior and well-being. Another perspective to consider when examining human behavior is the role of cognitive processes.Cognitive psychologists are interested in understanding how individuals perceive, process, and interpret information from their environment. For example, research has shown that individuals are more likely to remember information that is emotionally salient. Additionally, cognitive biases such as confirmation bias and availability heuristic can influence decision-making and behavior. Understanding the cognitive processes that underlie behavior is important for developing interventions that promote rational decision-making and critical thinking. Furthermore, the study of human behavior also encompasses the role of emotions and motivation. Emotions play a crucial role in shaping behavior, as they influence how individuals perceive and respond to their environment. For example, research has shown that individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they are experiencing strong emotions such as anger or fear. Similarly, motivation is a key factor in driving behavior, as individuals are more likely to engage in a behavior if they are motivated to do so. For example, individuals are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors such as exercise and diet if they are motivated by a desire to improve their health. Understanding the role of emotions and motivation in behavior is important for developing interventions that promote positive behavior change. In conclusion, the psychology of human behavior is a complex and multifaceted topic that encompasses a wide range of perspectives. From the influence of genetics and biology to the impact of social and environmental factors, there are numerous factors to consider when examining human behavior. Understanding the various perspectives that contribute to human behavior is important for developing interventions and treatments that promote positive behavior and well-being. By considering the role of genetics, biology, social and environmental factors, cognitive processes, and emotions and motivation, researchers and practitioners can gain a more comprehensive understanding of human behavior and develop effective strategies for promoting positive behavior change.。
心理压力对自我损耗的影响
二。一二年五月 Ｍａｙ，２０１２
心理压力对自我损耗的影响
摘要
自我损耗是指先前的自我控制行为会导致个体在随后的自我控制任务中表现下 降，其核心思想是意志行为会损耗一些有限的资源。前人的研究常常把心理压力与自 我控制任务失败联系在一起，可是Ｂａｕｍｅｉ ｓｔｅｒ等研究者又指出，只有那些需要非常 大的意志努力或克服优势反应干扰的自我控制，才会损耗自我控制资源。因此，我们 就产生了疑问：急性心理压力是否会产生自我损耗？压力条件下，自我控制是否会损 耗更多的心理资源？
ｏｖｅｒｃｏｍｅ ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ．Ｓｏ ｈｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ： Ｗｉｌｌ ｔｈｅ ａｃｕｔｅ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ｒｅｓｕｌｔ ｉｎ ｅｇｏ ｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎ？Ｕｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ，ｗｉｌｌ ｔｈｅ
ｔｅｓｔｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｓｅｌｆ－ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｏｎ ｅｇｏ ｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｔｗｏ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓ．
Ｓｍｄｙ １ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｌｅａｄ ｔｏ ｅｇｏ ｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎ．Ｕｓｉｎｇ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ－ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓ ｄｅｓｉｇｎｓ，ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｔａｋｅ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ（ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ＶＳ． ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ）ａｓ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅ，ａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ ａｓ ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅ（Ｌｅｖｅｌ ５ ｒａｔｉｎｇ）．Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｄｉｄｎ’ｔ ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ ｏｕｒ ｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｓ ｔｈａｔ ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｒｅｓｕｌｔ ｉｎ ｍｏｒｅ ａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｍｅａｎｓ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｅｇｏ ｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎ ｄｉｄｎ’ｔ ｈａｐｐｅｎ．
化工单元操作英文教材-流体流动现象Fluid-flow phenomena
Bingham plastic
The rheological behavior of liquids called non-Newtonian.
o
du/dy
Figure 3 Shear stress versus velocity gradient for non-Newtonian fluids.
turbulent flow: The fluid moves erratically in form of crosscurrents and eddies.
Gas :
kinematic viscosities increase more rapidly with temperature than does the absolute viscosity.
Turbulence
It has long been known that a fluid can flow through a pipe or conduit in two different ways:
One-dimensional flow
Velocity is a vector, but only one velocity component is required. This simple situation is called Onedimensional flow.
Example: steady flow through straight pipe.
The assumptions of steady one-dimensional flow is the basis of following discussion. All we will talk about in this course belong to one dimensional steady flow
阳离子水性封闭型聚异氰酸酯交联剂的制备与性能
阳离子水性封闭型聚异氰酸酯交联剂的制备与性能孙祥;韦军【摘要】以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和三乙醇胺(TEOA)制备支化型异氰酸酯基(-NCO)封端的预聚体,分别以N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为亲水扩链剂,最后用二甲基吡唑(DMP)封闭剩余的-NCO基团得到阳离子水性封闭型聚异氰酸酯交联剂,并用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)表征了交联剂的结构.主要研究了预聚反应时异氰酸酯指数(R1值)以及亲水扩链剂的种类对交联剂性能的影响.研究表明:亲水扩链剂的种类对交联剂的解封温度有显著的影响,当以MDEA为亲水扩链剂、R1值为1.9时,交联剂的性能达到最佳.【期刊名称】《涂料工业》【年(卷),期】2016(046)005【总页数】5页(P60-64)【关键词】阳离子;水性;封闭聚异氰酸酯;交联剂【作者】孙祥;韦军【作者单位】常州大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏常州213164;盐城工学院材料工程学院,江苏盐城224051【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ630.4+3随着人们环保意识的加强，水性涂料越来越受到关注，水性封闭型聚异氰酸酯交联剂作为水性涂料固化剂以其安全稳定，环境友好等特点［1-2］被广泛应用于汽车、家具等的涂层、丝绸以及粘合剂等领域［3-6］。
水性封闭型聚异氰酸酯交联剂主要是在非亲水预聚体中接入部分亲水性基团使整个分子达到亲水的效果，而且封闭型聚异氰酸酯可以将活性异氰酸酯基团（—NCO）保护起来，避免其与空气中的水反应，高温释活后的—NCO可重新与活泼氢发生反应，从而提高产品的物理性能［7-9］。
根据亲水基团的离子性质，水性封闭型聚异氰酸酯交联剂可分为阳离子型、阴离子型以及非离子型，其中，阳离子型聚异氰酸酯交联剂由于具有良好的润湿性、抗菌防霉等特点，在化纤整理与复合［10］、木器涂料［11］和阴极电泳漆［12］等领域有着广阔的应用前景，但目前针对阳离子型聚异氰酸酯交联剂的研究报道相对较少。
分子量分布系数英文
分子量分布系数英文Molecular Weight Distribution CoefficientOne of the fundamental characteristics of polymeric materials is their molecular weight distribution (MWD), which is a critical parameter that significantly impacts the physical and mechanical properties of the final product. The molecular weight distribution coefficient, also known as the polydispersity index (PDI), is a measure of the breadth or heterogeneity of the molecular weight distribution.The molecular weight distribution of a polymer is typically represented by a Gaussian or normal distribution curve, where the x-axis represents the molecular weight and the y-axis represents the relative abundance or frequency of the various molecular weight species. The shape of this curve can provide valuable insights into the synthesis and processing of the polymer.The polydispersity index is a dimensionless quantity that is calculated by dividing the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) by the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer. This ratio provides a measure of the distribution of molecular weights within the polymer sample. A PDI value of 1 indicates a perfectlymonodisperse system, where all polymer chains have the same molecular weight. In contrast, a higher PDI value (greater than 1) suggests a broader distribution of molecular weights, with a greater range of chain lengths present in the sample.The polydispersity index can have a significant impact on the properties of a polymer. Polymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution (low PDI) tend to exhibit better mechanical properties, such as higher tensile strength and impact resistance, as well as improved processability. This is because the polymer chains are more uniform in length, allowing for more efficient packing and better stress transfer within the material.On the other hand, polymers with a broader molecular weight distribution (high PDI) can exhibit enhanced melt flow properties, which can be advantageous in certain processing techniques, such as injection molding or extrusion. The presence of shorter chains can improve the flow characteristics of the polymer melt, allowing for better filling of molds or die cavities.The polydispersity index is a crucial parameter in the characterization and optimization of polymer synthesis processes. It can be influenced by various factors, such as the polymerization mechanism, the presence of chain transfer agents, and the reaction conditions. For example, step-growth polymerizations, such as polycondensation,typically result in broader molecular weight distributions and higher PDI values compared to chain-growth polymerizations, such as free radical or anionic polymerization.In addition to the impact on physical and mechanical properties, the molecular weight distribution can also affect the rheological behavior of polymers, which is particularly important in processing operations. Polymers with a broader MWD tend to exhibit shear-thinning behavior, where the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. This can be advantageous in certain processing techniques, such as extrusion or injection molding, where the polymer needs to flow easily through the die or mold.To determine the polydispersity index of a polymer, various analytical techniques can be employed, such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) or gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These techniques separate the polymer chains based on their size or hydrodynamic volume, allowing for the determination of the number-average and weight-average molecular weights, and subsequently, the calculation of the PDI.In conclusion, the molecular weight distribution coefficient, or polydispersity index, is a critical parameter in the characterization and understanding of polymeric materials. It provides valuable insights into the synthesis, processing, and ultimate performance ofpolymers, making it an essential tool in the development and optimization of various polymer-based products.。
青少年自我伤害行为影响因素与情绪管理对策-社会心理学论文-社会学论文
青少年自我伤害行为影响因素与情绪管理对策-社会心理学论文-社会学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——心理学情绪管理论文第五篇：青少年自我伤害行为影响因素与情绪管理对策摘要：自我伤害行为是应对负性情绪的常用策略, 普遍存在于冲动型、情绪管理薄弱的青少年群体中, 严重影响其身心健康和发展, 是重要的疾病负担之一, 应引起广大学者和学校卫生工作者的关注和重视。
作者对自我伤害行为的概念和界定、流行病学和危害、影响因素进行了文献研究和分析, 并提出以培养青少年情绪管理能力为重点的预防和干预策略。
关键词：情绪; 自我伤害行为; 精神卫生; 青少年;Emotional regulation and self-injury behavior among adolescentsTANG JieDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical UniversityAbstract：Self-injury behavior, a common strategy for coping with negative emotions, is widespread among adolescents with impulsive and emotional dysregulation. Self-injury behavior severely impacts an adolescents mental and physical well-being, and has become one of the important disease burdens, which deserves much attention from both scholars and school health care providers. Based on literature review, the definition, epidemiology and influencing factors of self-injury,as well as proposed prevention and intervention strategies for self-injury focusing on emotional regulation, were provided.自我伤害行为(self-harm behavior, SB) 是一个宽泛的概念, 其核心内涵指个体故意伤害自己的身体组织。
219401794_沙棘果多糖的理化特征及其体外抗氧化活性
赵志强，朱叙丞，冯真颖，等. 沙棘果多糖的理化特征及其体外抗氧化活性[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（13）：30−38. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070288ZHAO Zhiqiang, ZHU Xucheng, FENG Zhenying, et al. Physicochemical Characteristic and Antioxidant Activity in Vitro of Seabuckthorn Fruit Polysaccharide[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(13): 30−38. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070288· 研究与探讨 ·沙棘果多糖的理化特征及其体外抗氧化活性赵志强1，朱叙丞1，冯真颖1，陈海婷1，余佳乐1，闫 笛1，宋松泉2，申迎宾1, *，唐翠芳2,*（1.广州大学生命科学学院，广东广州 510006；2.湘南学院南岭现代种业研究院，湖南郴州 423043）摘 要：本研究通过热水提取法从沙棘果实中提取并初步纯化得到一种精制多糖（Seabuckthorn Berry Polysaccha-ride ，SBP ），对其单糖组成、分子量组成、微观表征、热稳定性、流变学特性等理化特征进行表征，并采用四种体外模型评价其抗氧化活性。
结果表明：该多糖的主要组分是一种大分子的酸性多糖，分子量为37.82×104 Da ，由岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、葡萄糖醛酸等单糖构成，其摩尔比为0.244:0.098:0.265:0.075:0.091:0.081:0.103，含有α、β型糖苷键以及羰基、羧基、醛基、羟基等官能团，具有三螺旋结构，微观结构呈片状。
泥浆制备的工艺流程
泥浆制备的工艺流程Mud preparation is a crucial part of many industrial processes, including drilling, construction, and mining. The process involves mixing water and various additives to create a slurry with specific properties that are essential for the success of the operation. Mud preparation plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficiency and safety of the overall process.泥浆制备是许多工业过程中至关重要的一部分，包括钻探、建筑和采矿等。
这个过程涉及将水和各种添加剂混合在一起，形成具有特定性能的泥浆，这对于操作的成功至关重要。
泥浆制备在确保整体过程的效率和安全方面起着至关重要的作用。
One of the key aspects of mud preparation is the selection and addition of additives. Additives are chemicals or materials that are mixed into the mud to alter its properties and enhance its performance. These additives can include bentonite, polymers, and weighting agents, among others. The proper selection and addition of additives are critical to achieving the desired rheological properties of the mud.泥浆制备的关键方面之一是添加剂的选择和添加。
AFG_90环氧树脂_氰酸酯树脂共聚物流变特性研究
热固性树脂Thermosetting Resin 第25卷第5期Vol.25No.52010年9月Sep.2010AFG －90环氧树脂/氰酸酯树脂共聚物流变特性研究欧秋仁1，嵇培军1，赵亮1，曹辉2（1.航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所，北京100074； 2.中国航天科工集团科技工程中心，北京100074）摘要：通过动态粘度和等温粘度测试研究了AFG －90环氧树脂/氰酸酯共聚物体系的流变特性，根据双阿累尼乌斯方程建立了环氧树脂/氰酸酯共聚物的化学流变模型，并对共聚物的粘度和工艺条件进行了预测。
结果表明：60 160ħ时共聚物体系的相对粘度特性符合双阿累尼乌斯粘度方程；低于60ħ时体系共聚反应迟缓，初始粘度较高；随着温度升高，树脂初始粘度下降，在170ħ附近粘度急剧上升，粘度随时间延长增加，理想的加压时机是温度升至125ħ后保温30min 。
关键词：环氧树脂；氰酸酯；共聚物；流变特性；双阿累尼乌斯方程中图分类号：TQ323.5文献标识码：A文章编号：1002－7432（2010）05－0004－04【收稿日期】2009－12－04；修回日期：2009－12－23【作者简介】欧秋仁（1983—），男，湖南新化人，在读硕士研究生，主要从事氰酸酯树脂改性及其复合材料成型工艺研究。
Studies on rheological properties of AFG －90epoxy resin /cyanate copolymerOU Qiu －ren 1，JI Pei －jun 1，ZHAO Liang 1，CAO Hui 2（1.Research Institute of Special Aerospace Materials ＆Technology ，Beijing100074，China ；2.Sci －tech Engineering Center of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation ，Beijing 100074，China ）Abstract ：The rheological properties of AFG －90epoxy resin /cyanate copolymer were studied by dynamic viscosi-ty and isothermal viscosity tests.A chemrheological model based on Dual －Arrhenius equation was established and the viscosity and process conditions of the copolymers were predicated.The results showed that the relative viscosity characteristics of copolymers were accorded with Dual －Arrhenius equation at 60－160ħ.The copolymerization was slow below 60ħ.The initial viscosity of the system was higher and decreased with the increasing of temperature but increased sharply at about 170ħ.The visctsity was increased with the increasing of time.The ideal pressure time was after holding the temperature at 125ħfor 30min.Key words ：epoxy resin ；cyanate ；copolymer ；rheological behavior ；dual －arrhenius equation0引言氰酸酯树脂（CE ）是近年来快速发展的一种新型热固性树脂，其具有良好的介电性能和力学性能、低吸湿率和高耐热性，可广泛用于航空航天、电子等领域，但氰酸酯单体容易结晶、固化反应温度高、转化率低、脆性大，因此通常需用其他热固性树脂、热塑性树脂、橡胶以及双键化合物对其进行共混或共聚改性以提高其综合性能，满足航空航天产品对材料耐热性、耐湿热性及电磁性能发展需求［1 8］。
流变学
几本流变学方向专业书籍1. Rheology FundenmentalISBN: 1-895198-09-7Title: Rheology FundenmentalAuthor: Malkin, Aleksandr YakovlevichPublisher: ChemTec PublishingNumber Of Pages: 326Rheological behavior of a material depends on time and space scales of observation (experiment). The former is important as a measure of the ratio of the rate of inherent processes in a material to the time of experiment and/or observation; the latter determines the necessity to treat a material as homo- or heterogeneous. Rheological properties of a material can be understood via balance (or conservation) equations (equations of solid state continuum or fluid dynamics), being a method to transit from properties at a point to an observed behavior of an item or a medium as a whole. The results of macroscopic description of behavior of real engineering and biological media, based on their rheological properties, are used in numerous applications related to technology of synthesis, processing, and shaping of different materials (plastics and ceramics, emulsions and dispersions in the chemical and food industries, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, transport, oil industry, etc.), theirlong-term properties, natural phenomena, such as movement of mud streams and glaciers, and biological problems (dynamics of blood circulation, work of bones). One can conclude that the first goal of rheology is a search for stress versus deformation relationships for various technological and engineering materials in order to solve macroscopic problems related to continuum mechanics of these materials.The second goal of rheology consists of establishing relationships between rheological properties of a material and its molecular composition content. It is an important independent problem related to estimating quality of materials, understanding laws of molecular movements and intermolecular interactions. The term microrheology, related to classical works by Einstein,4 devoted to viscous properties of suspensions, is sometimes used in this line of thought, and it means that the key interest is devoted not only to movements of physical points but also to what happens inside the point during deformation of a medium.下载地址:/d/1994%20 ... 23343ccd5298a4c2000该书作者是流变动力学方面的牛人，呵呵2. RheologyISBN:Title: RheologyAuthor: E. J. HinchPublisher: WileyNumber Of Pages: 112这本书偏重于流变基础理论，所举的例子多以非牛顿流体为主，并非专指高分子复杂流体。
petmp在涂料中的作用_概述及解释说明
petmp在涂料中的作用概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述本篇文章旨在探讨PETMP（聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯）在涂料中的作用，以及其对涂料性能的影响机制。
涂料作为一种常用的表面保护材料，在工业、建筑和家居装饰等领域广泛应用。
而PETMP作为一种重要的添加剂，被广泛运用在涂料中，但其具体作用机制尚不完全清楚。
1.2 文章结构本文包括以下几个部分：引言、PETMP在涂料中的作用、实验与案例分析、结论和参考文献。
通过这些部分的探讨，我们希望能够更全面地了解PETMP在涂料中的使用情况以及其对涂料性能的影响。
1.3 目的本文旨在通过文献综述和实验分析，深入了解PETMP在涂料中的具体应用领域，并阐明其对涂料性能的改善机制。
同时，我们也希望展望PETMP在未来涂料领域中的发展前景，为相关研究提供参考和借鉴。
以上是“1. 引言”部分的详细内容，接下来将继续撰写“2. PETMP在涂料中的作用”的内容。
2. PETMP在涂料中的作用2.1 PETMP的定义与特性PETMP，全称为聚乙烯醇缩水甲醛，是一种常用的涂料添加剂。
其化学结构中包含多个羟基和甲醛基团，这使得它具有良好的交联性能和稳定性。
2.2 PETMP在涂料中的应用领域PETMP广泛应用于各类涂料体系中，如水性涂料、溶剂型涂料以及粉末涂料等。
由于其优异的耐水性和化学稳定性，PETMP被广泛应用于室内外墙面、家具、地板和金属等物体的防腐、防刮擦和抗污染涂装。
2.3 PETMP对涂料性能的影响机制PETMP作为一种交联剂，在涂料中发挥着重要作用。
首先，在固化过程中，PETMP能够与其他成分发生缩合反应，形成三维网状结构，从而提高了涂料的硬度和耐磨性。
此外，PETMP还能增加涂层膜的致密程度，提升其抗渗透性、耐化学药品性和耐候性。
同时，PETMP的存在可以优化涂料的流变特性，改善涂装工艺性能和表面平整度。
此外，PETMP还能提高涂料的粘附力和附着力，在涂装过程中减少膜剥离、开裂和起皮等问题。
高韧性环氧基体树脂的制备与性能
Fig． 2 Effects of DGEBF on curing of epoxy systems
可以看出，环氧体系的固化峰值温度在 240℃ 左 右，高于 TGDDM /4，4' － DDS 体系( 224℃［20］) 。这主
T2567—2008，在 Instron 3365 型万能试验机上进行。 要是由于 6FBAB 分子结构中的—CF3 具有较强的电 流变测试采用 TA 公司的 AR2000 型流变仪，采用平 负性，使得氨基的电子云密度降低，降低了其反应活
陈伟明等人采用 TDE － 85 和 1，4 － 双［( 4 － 氨
基 － 2 － 三氟甲基) 苯氧基］苯( 6FAPB) 对 TGDDM / 4，4' － DDS 体系进行了增韧研究［12 － 14］。Hodgkin 等 人考察了商业化宇航级环氧碳纤维复合材料 8552 / IM7 的结构与热老化行为的关系［15 。 － 16］
关键词 环氧树脂，增韧，含氟二胺，热性能，力学性能
Preparation and Properties of Novel Epoxy Matrix Resins With High Toughness
Shen Dengxiong Song Tao Liu Jingang Yang Shiyong
( Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Material，Institute of Chemistry，Chinese Academic of Sciences，Beijing 100190)
量的影响曲线，表 1 给出了环氧体系的流变数据。
图 4 双酚 F 用量对树脂流变行为的影响 Fig． 4 Effects of 8220 on rheological behavior of epoxy resins
第三章 生化制药反应器总结
发酵液组成
• • • • 多相 液相：水 固相：细胞以及不溶物 气相：好氧发酵（气泡）
Composition of the fermentation broth
• • • • Multiphase Liquid: water Solid phase: cells and insoluble matter Gas: aerobic fermentation (bubbles)
第三章 生化制药反应器
3.1 生物发酵培养基的流变学特性 3.2 微生物发酵反应器 3.3 动植物细胞培养反应器
Chapter III Biopharmaceutical reactor
3.1 Rheological properties of biological fermentation medium 3.2 fermentation reactor 3.3 Animal and plant cell culture reactor
3.1.1研究发酵液流变学特性的原 因和意义
河马英语作文
河马英语作文Hippopotamus often referred to as hippo for short is one of the most fascinating creatures found in the African continent. Here is an English essay about hippos highlighting their characteristics habitat and behavior.Title The Majestic HippopotamusIntroductionThe hippopotamus is a large semiaquatic mammal native to subSaharan Africa. Known for its size and unique behavior the hippo is a sight to behold in its natural habitat. This essay aims to explore the life of the hippo from its physical attributes to its role in the ecosystem.Physical DescriptionHippos are the thirdlargest land mammal only behind elephants and rhinoceroses. They have a barrelshaped body short legs and a large head with a wideopening mouth. Their skin is thick and can secrete a red substance that acts as a natural sunscreen helping to protect them from the harsh sun.HabitatHippos are primarily found in rivers lakes and swamps where they spend most of their day submerged in water to keep cool and protect their sensitive skin from the sun. They are most active during the night when they venture onto land to graze on grasses.DietDespite their herbivorous diet hippos are considered one of the most dangerous animals in Africa. They consume a large amount of grass each night which can be up to 150 pounds and their powerful jaws can crush bones with ease.BehaviorHippos are social animals and live in groups called bloats. They communicate with each other using a variety of vocalizations and body language. Males are territorial and can be aggressive especially during the mating season.ReproductionHippos breed yearround and after a gestation period of about eight months a female hippo gives birth to a single calf. The calves are vulnerable to predators but their mothers are fiercely protective.Conservation StatusHippos are currently listed as vulnerable due to habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts are underway to protect these magnificent creatures and their habitats. ConclusionThe hippopotamus is a fascinating and essential part of the African ecosystem. With their unique characteristics and behaviors they serve as a reminder of the diversity and richness of life on our planet. It is crucial that we continue to learn about and protect these incredible animals for future generations to appreciate.This essay provides an overview of the hippopotamus covering its physical appearance habitat diet behavior reproduction and conservation status. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and protecting these creatures to maintain the balance of the ecosystem.。
有关结合生活现象学习流变学的作文
有关结合生活现象学习流变学的作文英文回答：Rheology is the study of how materials flow and deform under the influence of external forces. It is a branch of physics that is widely applicable in various fields, including engineering, medicine, and materials science. In this essay, I will discuss the relevance of rheology in our daily lives and provide examples to illustrate its principles.One common example of rheology in daily life is the flow of liquids. When we pour water from a bottle, it flows smoothly and quickly. However, if we try to pour honey or syrup, we notice that they flow much more slowly and stick to the sides of the container. This is because honey and syrup are non-Newtonian fluids, meaning their viscosity changes with the applied shear stress. Understanding the rheological behavior of such fluids is crucial inindustries that involve processing and handling of liquids,such as food production and cosmetics.Another example of rheology in everyday life is the behavior of materials under stress. When we squeeze a stress ball, it deforms and changes shape. This is due to the viscoelastic properties of the material, which means it exhibits both viscous and elastic behavior. The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation is important in applications such as rubber manufacturing and designing shock absorbers for vehicles.Furthermore, rheology plays a significant role in understanding the flow of blood in our bodies. Blood is a complex fluid with non-Newtonian behavior. Its viscosity changes with the shear rate, which is the rate at which the blood flows. This property is essential for the efficient transport of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Medical professionals use rheological principles to study blood flow patterns and diagnose conditions such asarterial blockages.中文回答：流变学是研究物质在外力作用下的流动和变形规律的学科。
东华大学 材料学 专业英语翻译 高分子方向
Graft copolymerization is an efficient method to modify polymers .Various vinyl monomers have been investigated to graft onto starch ,and the starch graft copolymers have been used as flocculating agents , superabsorbents,ion exchanges and matrix or filler of thermo plastics. In this paper,mo dified starch paste by grafting with butylacrylate(BA) is firstly investigated as rubber-reinforcing filler. Three types of natural rubber(NR)/starch composites are prepared . Properties and morphology of these composites and corresponding starch powders are examined .The observed reinforcement effect of modified starch powder on NR/starch composites is interpreted.NO20this exploratory investigation examined the structural mechanism accounting for the enhanced compressive properties of heat-treated Kevlar-29 fibers . A novel theory was set forth that hydrogen-bond disruption and concurrent misorientation of crystallites may account for the observed augmentation of compressive properties. To examine the said theory ,as-received Kevlar-29 fibers were characterized by themogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry in an effort to determine if crosslinking and/or hydrogen disruption was responsible for the improved behavior in compression.NO21to prevent the loss of fiber strength , ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were treated with an ultraviolet radiation technique combined with a corana-discharge treatment .the physical and chemical changes in the fiber surface were examined with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance .the gel contents of the fibers were measured by a standard device .the mechanical properties of the treated fibers and the interfacial adhesion properties of UHMWPE-fiber-reinforced vinyl ester resin composites were investigated with tensile testing .NO22bicomponent fiber were wet-spun from soybean protein and poly(vinyl alcohol). the protein core of spun bicomponent fiber was brittle .our effort was then to study the soybean protein solution ,with the aim of trying to understand the cause for fiber brittleness and to determine the optimum solution conditions for fiber spinning . the effectsof alkali ,urea ,and sodium sulfite on the viscosity of the soybean protein solution were examined. the hydrolytic stability of the soybean protein solution was examined at various pH values at two temperatures .NO13a novel natural polymer blend ,namely ,a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN)composed of crosslinked chitosan with glutaraldehyde and silk fibroin was prepared .the FTIR spectra of the semi-IPN manifested that the chitosan and silk fibroin had a strong hydrogen-bond interaction and formed an interpolymer complex . the semi-IPN showed good pH sensitivity and ion sensitivity, and could also act as an "artificial muscle" because its swelling-shrinking behavior exhibited a fine reversibility.a number of papers have been published on the structure of PAN using X-ray diffraction ,infrared spectroscopy ,nuclear resonance ,and molecular simulations .based on the scattering pattern ,PAN is considered either orthorhombic with 3D,or hexagonal with 2D order . it has been proposed that hexagonal packing ,of PAN chains in dry samples becomes orthorhombic due to co-crystallization of PAN with polar solvent molecules .in this study ,we use in still XRD measurements, and draw upon these earlier publication ,to understand the deformation process on microscopic scale in PAN and its nanocompositeNO15new organic-inorganic hybrids based on PS/TiO2 hybrid membranes were prepared by sol-gel and phase inversion process. the membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, structure ,hydrophlicity, UF ,performance and thermal stability .the results showed that macrovoids were nearly suppressed with formation of sponge like membrane structure .the TiO2 particles were uniformly dispersed in membrane . the nanodispersed morganic network formed after sol-gel process and the strong interaction between inorganic network and polymeric chains led to the improvement of porosity and thermal stability.NO16polymers carrying a hydrolyzable ester function and bactericidal quaternary ammonium salts were successfully synthesized in two steps . the first one was the modification of hydroxyl functions of poly(vinyl alcohol) by chloroacetic anhydride . the structure of synthesized polymers was confirmed by infrared ,1H-,and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance .the kinetic results were consistent with a 1-order reaction ,and the activation energy in the case of total modification was found to be 16.8(J/Mol) . the second step was the quaternization of the pendant chlorine atom with a long alkyl chain or aromatic tertiary amines.NO17blending homopolymers with block copolymers has been proved to be another interesting approach to modify the morphology of the block copolymer self-assembly. by blending homopolymer of identical chemical structure with one block in the copolymer , the dimension of the domains in the final phase separation has been adjusted , by changing either the volume fraction or the molecular weight of the homopolymer .at low volume fraction of the block copolymers , the structure formation is analogous to micelle formation of surfactant molecules in solutions, and the interfacial tension between the copolymer and the homopolymer is a critical factor.NO18differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical zhermal analysis techniques have been used to characterize different Kevlar/epoxy composites. tetra-functional aliphatic amine and anhydride/diglycidyl epoxy have been used as matrix and different quantities of continuous Kevlar fibers as reinforcement .Kevlar fibers had different effects on curing kinetics and final thermal properties depending on epoxy matrix type . a significant decrease in the glass transition temperature(Tg)was observed as Kevlar content increased when anhydride matrix was used .NO10the electrostatic spinning technique was used to produce ultrafine polyamide-6 fibers. the effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the average diameter of as-spun fibers were investigated by optical scanning and scanning electron ,microscopy techniques . it was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity , surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the fibers obtained .among these three properties ,solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect . solutions with high enough viscosities were necessary to produce fibers without beads.NO11ternary blend fibers (TBFs) ,based on melt blends of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) , poly(ethylene terephthalate ), and a thermotropic liquid-crystal polymer (TLCP), were prepared by a process of melt blending and spinning to achieve high performance fibers . the reinforcement effect of the polymer matrix by the TLCP component the fibrillar structure with TLCP fibrils of high aspect ratios and the development of more ordered and perfect crystalline structures by an annealing process resulted in the improvement of the tensile strength and modulus for the TBFs .NO12an amphiphilic AB block copolymer composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as a hydrophilic segment and poly (10-undecenoic acid) as a hydrophobic segment was synthesized . the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymer was 30.8 ..,as determined by the turbidity method . the block copolymer forms micells in an aqueous medium. transmission electron microscopy images showed that these nanoparticles were regularly spherical in shap . the micelle size determined by size analysis was around 160 nm .NO7this work examines the PBT/PET sheath/core conjugated fiber with reference to melt spinning, fiber properties and thermal bonding . regarding the rheological behaviors in the conjugated spinning , PET and PBT show the smallest difference between their melt -viscosity at temperatures of 290 and 260 respectively , which has been thought to represent optimal spinning conditions . the effect of processing parameters on the crystallinity of core material-PET was observed and listed . in order of importance , these factors are the draw ratio, the heat-set temperature , and the drawing temperature.NO8thermoresponsive shape memory fibers were prepared by melt spinning form a polyester polyol-based polyurethane shape memory polymer and were subjected to different postspinning operations to modify their structure . the effect of drawing and heatsetting operations on the shape memory behavior , mechanical properties , and structure of the fibers was studied . in contrast to the as-spun fibers , which were found to show permanent shape , the drawn and heat-set fibers showed significantly higher stresses and complete recovery.NO9the dry-jet-wet spinning process was employed to spin poly(lactic acid) fiber by the phase inversion technique using chloroform and methanol as solvent and nonsolvent ,respectively , for PLA . the as-spun fiber was subjected to two-stage hot drawing to study the effect of various process parameters , such as take-up speed ,drawing temperature , and heat-setting temperature on the fiber structural propertics . the take-up speed speed had a pronounced influence on the maximum draw ratio of the fiber . the optimum drawing temperature was observed to be 90 to get a fiber with the tenacity of 0.6 GPa for the draw ratio of 8 .NO1the purpose of this work is to examine zhe changes in thermal properties and zhe crystallization behavior of polyamide 6(PA6) when filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). the composites were produced by melt mixing starting from an industrial available masterbatch containing as produced MWCNT . the focus of this article is a detailed discussion of results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) ,X-ray ,diffraction (XRD) dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and water sorption . the influence of CNT on zhe thermal transitions (glass transition temperature ,melting ,and crystallization) of PA6 is investigated .NO2the effects of nucleating agents (NAs) on fracture toughness of injection-molded isotactic poly(propylene)/ethylene-diene terpolymer (PP/EPDM) were studied in this work . compared with PP/EPDM blends without any NA,EP/EPDM/NA blends show very small and homo geneous PP sphernlites . as we expected ,PP/EPDM blends nucleated with B-phase NA(TMB-5) present not only a significant enhancement in toughness but also a promotion of brittle-ductile transition . however ,the addition of A-phase NA(DMDBS) has no apparent affect on the toughness of the blends . the impact-fractured surface morphologies of such samples were analyzed via scanning electronic microscope(SEM).NO3solutions of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) or EVOH ,ranging in composition from 56 to 71 wt% vinyl alcohol ,can be readily electrospun at room temperature from solutions in 70% 2-propanol/water . the solutions are prepared at 80 and allowed to cool to room temperature .interestingly, the solutions are not stable at room temperature and eventually the polymer precipitates after several hours . however prior to precipitation , electrospinning is extensive and rapid ,allowing coverage of fibers on various substrates . fiber diameters of ca. 0.2-8.0 um were obtained depending upon the solution concentration .NO4the use of macromonomers is a convenient method for preparing branched polymers . however graft copolymers obtained by conventional radical copolymerization of macromonomers often exhibit poorly controlled molecular weights and high polydispersities as well as large compositional heterogeneities from chain-to-chain . in contrast , the development of "living"/controlled radical polymerization has facilitated the precise synthesis of well-defined polymers with lowpolydispersities in addition to enabling synthetic chemists to prepare polymers with novel and complex architectures .NO5the thermal and electrical conductivities in nanocomposites of single ,walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and polyethylene (PE) are investigated in terms of SWNT loading the degree of PE crystallinity , and the PE alignment . isotropic SWNT/PE nanocomposites show a significant increase in thermal conductivity with increasing SWNT loading , having 1.8 and 3.5 W/m K at a SWNT volume fraction of ———0.2 in low-density PE(LDPE) and high-density PE (HDPE), respectively . this increase suggests a reduction of the interfacial thermal resistance . oriented SWNT/HDPE nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal conductivities , which are attributed primarily to the aligned PE matrix .NO6we previously discovered that isotropic monomer solution show birefringence due to its anisotropic structure after gelation in the presence of a small amount of rod-like polyelectrolyte. here ,we focus on what mechanism is responsible for the formation of anisotropic structure during gelation .various optical measurements are perfected to elucidate the structure change during gelation . it is found that the existence of a large-size structure in monomer solution with the rod-like polyelectrolyte is essentially important to induce birefringence during gelation .。
基于大振幅振荡剪切（LAOS）的沥青非线性流变行为研究
第52卷第7期2021年7月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.52No.7Jul.2021基于大振幅振荡剪切(LAOS)的沥青非线性流变行为研究樊泽鹏1,2，王梓佳1,3，徐加秋1，王大为1,2，OESER Markus 2(1.哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院，黑龙江哈尔滨，150090；2.亚琛工业大学道路工程研究所，德国亚琛，52074；3.北京中企卓创科技发展有限公司，北京，100101)摘要：借助先进的流变测试平台和非线性流变学方法(傅立叶流变学和Lissajous 曲线)，研究LAOS 测试条件(温度、速率)和沥青性质(产地、老化状态)对其非线性流变行为的影响规律。
研究结果表明：24℃条件下沥青的三阶相对谐波强度比I 3/I 1远比36℃和48℃的三阶相对谐波强度比I 3/I 1大，该指标随测试温度升高明显减小。
对比沥青的I 3/I 1和Lissajous 曲线发现，沥青材料的非线性程度随温度降低而显著增大，随速率增大而增大；对比2种针入度分级相同、来源产地不同的基质沥青，发现其I 3/I 1和Lissajous 曲线均未见明显差异，说明沥青的来源产地不会明显影响其非线性流变行为；对比未老化、短期老化和长期老化沥青的I 3/I 1和Lissajous 曲线，发现随老化程度增加，I 3/I 1明显增大，Lissajous 曲线出现扭曲，表明老化会显著增强沥青的非线性程度。
关键词：沥青；非线性流变；大振幅剪切振荡；傅立叶变换；Lissajous 曲线中图分类号：U414文献标志码：A开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)文章编号：1672-7207（2021）07-2258-10Study on nonlinear rheological behavior of bitumen based onlarge amplitude oscillation shear (LAOS)testFAN Zepeng 1,2,WANG Zijia 1,3,XU Jiaqiu 1,WANG Dawei 1,2,OESER Markus 2(1.School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150090,China;2.Institute of Highway Engineering,RWTH Aachen University,Aachen 52074,Germany;3.Beijing Zhongqi Zhuochuang Technology Development Co.Ltd,Beijing 100101,China)Abstract:The advanced rheology test platform and the nonlinear rheology methods (Fourier transform rheology and Lissajous curve method)were employed and introduced to investigate the effects of LAOS testing conditions (temperature and rate)and bitumen properties (origin and aging degree)on the nonlinear rheological behavior of收稿日期：2021−04−05；修回日期：2021−05−23基金项目(Foundation item)：国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFE0116300)；黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(JJ2020ZD0015)(Project(2019YFE0116300)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China;Project (JJ2020ZD0015)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province)通信作者：王大为，博士，教授，从事功能性材料及绿色路面材料研究；E-mail ：*********************.deDOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2021.07.013引用格式：樊泽鹏,王梓佳,徐加秋,等.基于大振幅振荡剪切(LAOS)的沥青非线性流变行为研究[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2021,52(7):2258−2267.Citation:FAN Zepeng,WANG Zijia,XU Jiaqiu,et al.Study on nonlinear rheological behavior of bitumen based on large amplitude oscillation shear (LAOS)test[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2021,52(7):2258−2267.第7期樊泽鹏，等：基于大振幅振荡剪切(LAOS)的沥青非线性流变行为研究bitumen.The results show that the third-order relative harmonic intensity ratio of I 3/I 1of bitumen at 24℃were much greater than those of the 36℃and 48℃cases ,and this index significantly decreases with parisons based on the Lissajous curves and third-order relative harmonic intensity ratio of I 3/I 1indicate that the nonlinearity of bitumen increases with the decrease of temperature,but increases with the increase of rate.A comparison of two base bitumen binders with the same penetration grade but different origin shows that no significant difference was observed in term of the index I 3/I 1and Lissajous curves.This means that the origin of bitumen does not significantly affect the nonlinearity of bitumen.Finally,the comparison among unaged,short-term aged and long-term aged bitumen binders shows that with the increase of aging degree,the index I 3/I 1increases significantly and the Lissajous curves distortion becomes obvious,indicating an enhanced nonlinearity of bitumen with aging.Key words:bitumen;nonlinear rheology;large amplitude oscillation shear;Fourier transform;Llissajous curve沥青是道路铺面材料的重要组成部分，其在沥青混合料中起到黏结的作用。
generalized maxwell model
Generalized Maxwell Model1. IntroductionThe Maxwell model is a linear viscoelastic model used to describe the rheological behavior of viscoelastic materials. It consists of a spring and a dashpot in parallel, and ismonly used to model the behavior of polymers, gels, and otherplex fluids. In this article, we will explore the generalized Maxwell model, which is an extension of the original Maxwell model and provides a more accurate representation of the viscoelastic properties of materials.2. The Maxwell modelThe Maxwell model, first proposed by James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century, consists of a spring and a dashpot in parallel. The spring represents the elastic behavior of the material, while the dashpot represents the viscous behavior. The constitutive equation of the Maxwell model is given by:σ(t) = Eε(t) + ηdε(t)/dtWhere σ(t) is the stress, ε(t) is the strain, E is the elastic modulus, η is the viscosity, and dε(t)/dt is the rate of strain. The Maxwellmodel is simple and easy to understand, but it fails to capture the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of many materials.3. The generalized Maxwell modelTo ovee the limitations of the original Maxwell model, the generalized Maxwell model introduces multiple springs and dashpots in parallel, each with its own elastic modulus and viscosity. This allows for a more accurate representation of theplex viscoelastic behavior of materials. The constitutive equation of the generalized Maxwell model is given by:σ(t) = ∑(Eiε(t) + ηidε(t)/dt)Where the summation is taken over all the springs and dashpots in the model, and Ei and ηi are the elastic moduli and viscosities of the individual elements. By including multiple elements with different relaxation times, the generalized Maxwell model can accurately describe the behavior of materials with nonlinear viscoelastic properties.4. Applications of the generalized Maxwell modelThe generalized Maxwell model has found wide applications in various fields, including polymer science, biomedicalengineering, and materials science. It has been used to study the viscoelastic behavior of polymers, gels, and foams, and to design materials with specific viscoelastic properties. In biomedical engineering, the model has been used to study the mechanical behavior of soft tissues and to develop new biomaterials for tissue engineering. In materials science, the model has been used to characterize the viscoelastic properties ofposites and to optimize their performance.5. Comparison with other viscoelastic modelsThe generalized Maxwell model is just one of many viscoelastic models used to describe the rheological behavior of materials. Other popular models include the Kelvin-Voigt model, the Burgers model, and the Zener model. Each of these models has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of model depends on the specific material and the behavior of interest. The generalized Maxwell model is particularly useful for materials withplex viscoelastic behavior, as it allows for a more detailed description of the relaxation processes.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the generalized Maxwell model is a powerful tool for describing the viscoelastic behavior of materials. Byextending the original Maxwell model to include multiple springs and dashpots, the generalized Maxwell model provides a more accurate representation of the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of materials. It has found wide applications in various fields and has contributed to our understanding of the mechanical behavior ofplex fluids and solids. As our knowledge of viscoelastic materials continues to grow, the generalized Maxwell model will undoubtedly remain an important tool for researchers and engineers alike.。