继电保护发展现状外文翻译
继电保护中英文翻译
Fundamentals of protection practiceThe purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy to consumers. The system should be designed and managed to deliver this energy to the utilization points with both reliability and economy. As these two requirements are largely opposed, it is instructive to look at the reliability of a system and its cost and value to the consumer.One hand ,The diagram mast make sure the reliability in system design,. On the other hand, high reliability should not be pursued as an end in itself, regardless of cost, but should rather be balanced against economy,taking.Security of supply can be bettered by improving plant design, increasing the spare capacity margin and arranging alternative circuits to supply loads. Sub-division of the system into zones. each controlled by switchgear in association with protective gear. provides flexibility during normal operation and ensures a minimum of dislocation following a breakdown.The greatest threat to the security of a supply system is the short circuit,which imposes a sudden and sometimes violent change on system operation. The large current which then flows, accompanied by the localized release of a considerable quantity of energy, can cause fire at the fault location, and mechanical damage throughout the system, particularly to machine and transformer windings. Rapid isolation of the fault by the nearest switchgear will minimize the damage and disruption caused to the system.A power system represents a very large capital investment. To maximize the return on this outlay. the system must be loaded as much as possible. For this reason it is necessary not only to provide a supply of energy which is attractive to prospective users by operating the system ,but also to keep the system in full operation as far as possible continuously, so that it may give the best service to the consumer, and earn the most revenue for the supply authority. Absolute freedom from failure of the plant and system network cannot be guaran- teed. The risk of a fault occurring, however slight for each item, is multiplied by the number of such items which are closely associated in an extensive system, as any fault produces repercussions throughout the network. When the system is large, the chance of a fault occurring and the disturbance that a fault would bring are both so great that without equipment to remove faults the system will become, in practical terms, inoperable. The object of the system will be defeated if adequate provision for fault clearance is not made. Nor is the installation of switchgear alone sufficient; discriminative protective gear, designed according to the characteristics and requirements of the power system. must be provided to control the switchgear. A system is not properly designed and managed if it isnot adequately protected.Protective gearThis is a collective term which covers all the equipment used for detecting,locating and initiating the removal of a fault from the power system. Relays are extensively used for major protective functions, but the term also covers direct-acting a.c.trips and fuses.In addition to relays the term includes all accessories such as current and voltage transformers, shunts, d.c.and a.c. wiring and any other devices relating to the protective relays.In general, the main switchgear, although fundamentally protective in its function, is excluded from the term protective gear, as are also common services, such as the station battery and any other equipment required to secure opera- tion of the circuit breaker.ReliablityThe performance of the protection applied to large power systems is frequently assessed numerically. For this purpose each system fault is classed as an incident and those which are cleared by the tripping of the correct circuit breakers and only those, are classed as 'correct'. The percentage of correct clearances can then be determined.This principle of assessment gives an accurate evaluation of the protection of the system as a whole, but it is severe in its judgement of relay performance, in that many relays are called into operation for each system fault, and all must behave correctly for a correct clearance to be recorded. On this basis, a performance of 94% is obtainable by standard techniques.Complete reliability is unlikely ever to be achieved by further improvements in construction. A very big step, however, can be taken by providing duplication of equipment or 'redundancy'. Two complete sets of equipment are provided, and arranged so that either by itself can carry out the required function. If the risk of an equipment failing is x/unit. the resultant risk, allowing for redundancy, is x2. Where x is small the resultant risk (x2) may be negligible.It has long been the practice to apply duplicate protective systems to busbars, both being required to operate to complete a tripping operation, that is, a 'two-out-of-two' arrangement. In other cases, important circuits have been provided with duplicate main protection schemes, either being able to trip independently, that is, a 'one-out-of- two' arrangement. The former arrangement guards against unwanted operation, the latter against failure to operate.These two features can be obtained together by adopting a 'two-out-of-three' arrangement in which three basic systems are used and are interconnected so that the operation of any two will complete the tripping function. Such schemes have already been used to a limited extent and application of the principle will undoubtedly increase. Probability theory suggests that if a powernetwork were protected throughout on this basis, a protection performance of 99.98% should be attainable. This performance figure requires that the separate protection systems be completely independent; any common factors, such as common current transformers or tripping batteries, will reduce the overall performance.SELECTIVITYProtection is arranged in zones, which should cover the power system completely, leaving no part unprotected. When a fault occurs the protection is required to select and trip only the neareat circuit breakers. This property of selective tripping is also called 'discrimination' and is achieved by two general methods:a Time graded systemsProtective systems in successive zones are arranged to operate in times which are graded through the sequence of equipments so that upon the occurrence of a fault, although a number of protective equipments respond, only those relevant to the faulty zone complete the tripping functiopn. The others make incomplete operations and then reset.b Unit systemsIt is possible to design protective systems which respond only to fault conditions lying within a clearly defined zone. This 'unit protection' or 'restricted protection' can be applied throughout a power system and, since it does not involve time grading, can be relatively fast in operation.Unit protection is usually achieved by means of a comparison of quantities at the boundaries of the zone. Certain protective systems derive their 'restricted' property from the configuration of the power system and may also be classed as unit protection.Whichever method is used, it must be kept in mind that selectivity is not merely a matter of relay design. It also depends on the correct co-ordination of current transformers and relays with a suitable choice of relay settings, taking into account the possible range of such variables as fault currents. maximum load current, system impedances and other related factors, where appropriate. STABILITYThis term, applied to protection as distinct from power networks, refers to the ability of the system to remain inert to all load conditions and faults external to the relevant zone. It is essentially a term which is applicable to unit systems; the term 'discrimination' is the equivalent expression applicable to non-unit systems.SPEEDThe function of automatic protection is to isolate faults from the power system in a very much shorter time than could be achieved manually, even with a great deal of personal supervision. Theobject is to safeguard continuity of supply by removing each disturbance before it leads to widespread loss of synchronism, which would necessitate the shutting down of plant.Loading the system produces phase displacements between the voltages at different points and therefore increases the probability that synchronism will be lost when the system is disturbed by a fault. The shorter the time a fault is allowed to remain in the system, the greater can be the loading of the system. Figure 1.5 shows typical relations between system loading and fault clearance times for various types of fault. It will be noted that phase faults have a more marked effect on the stability of the system than does a simple earth fault and therefore require faster clearance. SENSITIVITYSensitivity is a term frequently used when referring to the minimum operating current of a complete protective system. A protective system is said to be sensitive if the primary operating current is low.When the term is applied to an individual relay, it does not reter to a current or voltage setting but to the volt-ampere consumption at the minimum operating current.A given type of relay element can usually be wound for a wide range of setting currents; the coil will have an impedance which is inversely proportional to the square of the setting current value, so that the volt-ampere product at any setting is constant. This is the true measure of the input requirements of the relay, and so also of the sensitivity. Relay power factor has some significance in the matter of transient performance .For d.c. relays the VA input also represents power consumption, and the burden is therefore frequently quoted in watts.PRIMARY AND BACK-UP PROTECTIONThe reliability of a power system has been discussed in earlier sections. Many factors may cause protection failure and there is always some possibility of a circuit breaker failure. For this reason, it is usual to supplement primary protection with other systems to 'back-up' the operation of the main system and to minimize the possibility of failure to clear a fault from the system. Back-up protection may be obtained automatically as an inherent feature of the main protection scheme, or separately by means of additional equipment. Time graded schemes such as overcurrent or distance protection schemes are examples of those providing inherent back-up protection; the faulty section is normally isolated discriminatively by the time grading, but if the appropriate relay fails or the circuit breaker fails to trip, the next relay in the grading sequence will complete its operation and trip the associated circuit breaker, thereby interrupting the fault circuit one section further back. In this way complete back- up cover is obtained; one more section is isolated than is desirable but this is inevitable in the event of the failure of circuit breaker. Wherethe system interconnection is more complex, the above operation will be repeated so that all parallel infeeds are tripped.If the power system is protected mainly by unit schemes, automatic back-up protection is not obtained, and it is then normal to supplement the main protection with time graded overcurrent protection, which will provide local back-up cover if the main protective relays have failed, and will trip further back in the event of circuit breaker failure.Such back-up protection is inherently slower than the main protection and, depending on the power system con- figuration, may be less discriminative. For the most important circuits the performance may not be good enouugh, even as a back-up protection, or, in some cases, not even possible, owing to the effect of multiple infeeds. In these cases duplicate high speed protective systems may be installed. These provide excellent mutual back-up cover against failure of the protective equipment, but either no remote back-up protection against circuit breaker failure or, at best, time delayed cover.Breaker fail protection can be obtained by checkina that fault current ceases within a brief time interval from the operation of the main protection. If this does not occur, all other connections to the busbar section are interrupted, the condition being necessarily treated as a busdar fault. This provides the required back-up protection with the minimum of time delay, and confines the tripping operation to the one station, as compared with the alternative of tripping the remote ends of all the relevant circults.The extent and type of back-up protection which is applied will naturally be related to the failure risks and relative economic importance of the system. For distribution systems where fault clearance times are not critical, time delayed remote back-up protection is adequate but for EHV systems, where system stability is at risk unless a fault is cleared quickly, local back-up, as described above, should be chosen.Ideal back-up protection would be completely indepen_ dent of the main protection. Current transformers, voltage transformers, auxiliary tripping relays, trip coils and d.c. supplies would be duplicated. This ideal is rarely attained in practice. The following compromises are typical:a. Separate current transformers (cores and secondary windings only) are used for each protective system, as this involves little extra cost or accommodation compared with the use of common current transformers which would have to be larger because of the combined burden.b. Common voltage transformers are used because duplication would involve a considerable increase in cost, because of the voltage transformers themselves, and also because of the increased accommodation which would have to be provided. Since security of the VT output is vital, it isdesirable that the supply to each protection should be separately fused and also continuously supervised by a relay which wil1 give an alarm on failure of the supply and, where appropriate, prevent an unwanted operation of the protection.c. Trip supplies to the two protections should be separately fused. Duplication of tripping batteries and of tripplng coils on circuit breakers is sometimes provided. Trip circuits should be continuously supervised.d. It is desirable that the main and back-up protections (or duplicate main protections) should operate on different princlples, so that unusual events that may cause failure of the one will be less likely to affect the other.继电保护原理发电并将电力供应给用户这就是电力系统的作用。
电力系统继电保护中英文对照表(doc 87页)
电力系统继电保护中英文对照表(doc 87页)1 Directional protection方向保护2 Distance protection距离保护3 Over current protection过流保护4 Pilot protection高频保护5 Differential protection差动保护6 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护7 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护8 Over fluxing protection过励磁保护9 Back-up protection后备保护11 Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸12 Start up/Pick up起动13 Breaker断路器14 Disconnecting switch 隔离开关15 Current transformer 电流互感器16 Potential transformer 电压互感器17 Dead zone/Blind spot 死区18 Vibration/Oscillation振荡19 Reliability可靠性20 Sensitivity灵敏性21 Speed速动性22 Selectivity选择性23 Step-type distance relay 分段距离继电器24 Time delay延时25 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁26 Incorrect tripping误动27 Phase to phase fault相间故障28 Earth fault接地故障29 Through- fault穿越故障30 Permanent fault永久性故障31 Temporary fault瞬时性故障32 Overload过负荷34 Contact multiplying relay 触点多路式继电器35 Timer relay时间继电器40 Ground fault relay接地故障继电器41 Recloser重合闸42 Zero-sequence protection 零序保护43 Soft strap软压板44 Hard strap硬压板45 High resistance高阻46 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动47 CT line-breakCT断线48 PT line-breakPT断线49 Secondary circuit二次回路50 AC circuit breaker交流开关电路51 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器52 Breaker point wrench开关把手53 Breaker trip coil断路器跳闸线圈54 Bus bar母线; 导电条55 Bus bar current transformer母线电流变压器56Bus bar disconnecting switch分段母线隔离开关57Bus compartment母线室; 汇流条隔离室58Bus duct母线槽; 母线管道59Bus hub总线插座60Bus line汇流线61Bus insulator母线绝缘器62Bus request cycle 总线请求周期63Bus reactor母线电抗器64Bus protection母线保护65Bus rings集电环66Bus rod汇流母线67Bus section reactor 分段电抗器68Bus structure母线支架; 总线结构69Bus tie switch母线联络开关70Bus-bar chamber母线箱71Bus-bar fault母线故障72Bus-bar insulator母线绝缘子73Busbar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关74Current attenuation电流衰减75Current actuated leakage protector电流起动型漏电保护器76Current balance type current differential re 电流平衡式差动电流继电器;差动平衡式电器77Current changer换流器78Current compensational ground distance re 电流补偿式接地远距继电器79Current consumption电流消耗80Coil adjuster线圈调节器81Coil curl线圈82Coil current线圈电流83Coil end leakage reactance 线圈端漏电抗84Coil inductance线圈电感85Current transformer phase angle 电流互感器相角86Distance relay; impedance relay 阻抗继电器87Power rheostat电力变阻器88Electrically operated valve电动阀门89Electrical governing system电力调速系统90Field application relay励磁继电器; 激励继电器91High tension electrical porcelain insulator 高压电瓷绝缘子92Option board任选板; 选配电路板; 选择板93Oscillator coil振荡线圈94Over-Voltage relay过压继电器95Power factor relay功率因素继电器96Protection against overpressure超压防护97Protection against unsymmetrical load 不对称负载保护装置98Protection device保护设备; 防护设备99Protection reactor保护电抗器100Protection screen保护屏101Protection switch保护开关102Insulator cap绝缘子帽; 绝缘子帽103Insulator chain绝缘子串; 绝缘子串104Insulator arc-over绝缘子闪络; 绝缘子闪络105Insulator arcing horn绝缘子角形避雷器; 绝缘子角形避雷器106Insulator bracket绝缘子托架; 绝缘子托架107Impedance compensator阻抗补偿器108 Resistance grounded neutral system 中心点电阻接地方式109 Reactance bond电抗耦合; 接合扼流圈110 Reactance of armature reaction电枢反应电抗111 Under-Voltage relay欠压继电器112 Voltage differential relay电压差动继电器114 Relay must-operate value继电器保证启动值115 Relay act trip继电器操作跳闸116 Relay overrun继电器超限运行117 Longitudinal differential protection 纵联差动保护118 Phase-angle of voltage transformer电压互感器的相角差119 Zero-sequence current/residual current 零序电流120 Residual current relay零序电流继电器121 Bus bar protection/bus protection母线保护122 Breaker contact point断路器触点123 Cut-off push断路器按钮124 Gaseous shield瓦斯保护装置125 Neutral-point earthing中性点接地126 Internal fault内部故障127 Auxiliary contacts辅助触点128 Neutral auto-transformer 中性点接地自耦变压器129 Fuse box/fusible cutout 熔断器130 Pulse relay/surge relay冲击继电器1帖帖七戒旅长2005七2007-10-26 11:14131 Auxiliary relay/intermediate relay中间继电器132 Common-mode voltage共模电压133 Impedance mismatch阻抗失配134 Intermittent fillet weld间断角缝焊接135 Loss of synchronism protection失步保护136 Closing coil合闸线圈137 Electro polarized relay极化继电器138 Power direction relay功率方向继电器139 Direct-to-ground capacity 对地电容140 Shunt running潜动141 Trip/opening跳闸142 Trip switch跳闸开关143 Receiver machine收信机144 High-frequency direction finder 高频测向器145 Capacity charge电容充电146 time over-current时限过电流148 Surge guard冲击防护149 Oscillatory surge振荡冲击150 Fail safe interlock五防装置151 Differential motion差动152 Capacitive current 电容电流154 Time delay延时156 Normal inverse反时限157 Definite time定时限158 Multi-zone relay 分段限时继电器159 Fail-safe unit五防161 Unbalance current 不平衡电流162 Blocking autorecloser 闭锁重合闸163 Primary protection 主保护164 Tap分接头165 YC (telemetering)遥测167 Fault clearing time故障切除时间168 Critical clearing time 极限切除时间169 Switch station开关站170 Traveling wave行波171 Protection feature保护特性172 Fault phase selector故障选线元件173 Fault type故障类型174 Inrush励磁涌流175 Ratio restrain比率制动176 Laplace and Fourier transforms 拉氏和傅利叶变换177 Short circuit calculations短路计算178 Load flow calculations潮流计算179 Oscillatory reactivity perturbation 振荡反应性扰动180 Quasi-steady state准稳态181 Automatic quasi-synchronization 自动准同步182 Protective relaying equipment继电保护装置183 AC directional overcurrent relay 交流方向过流继电器184 AC reclosing relay交流重合闸继电器185 Annunciator relay信号继电器188 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay载波或导引线接受继电器189 Current-limiting relay限流继电器190 Definite time relay定时限继电器192 Lockout relay闭锁继电器；保持继电器；出口继电器193 Micro-processor based protective relay 微机继电保护194 Voltage -controlled overcurrent relay 电压控制过电流继电器196 Fault diagnosis故障诊断197 Back-up protection 后备保护198 Overhead line架空线199 High voltage line高压线路200 Underground cable 埋地电缆201 Circuit breaker断路器202 Brushless excitation 无刷励磁203 Interlock闭锁204 Trigger触发器205 Winding-to-winding insulation 绕组间的绝缘206 Porcelain insulator瓷绝缘子207 Tie line联络线208 Leased line租用线路209 Private line专用线路211 Remote Terminal Unit远程终端设备212 Economic dispatch system经济调度系统213 State estimation状态估计214 Trip by local protection保护跳闸215 Close by local protection保护合闸216 Operational (internal) overvoltage 操作（内部）过电压217 Sampling and holding采样保持218 Synchronized sampling采样同步219 Manipulation操作220 Measuring/Metering unit测量元件221 Locus of measured impedance测量阻抗轨迹222 Differential mode interference差模干扰223 Output (executive) organ出口（执行）元件224 Overcurrent relay with undervoltage supervision低电压起动的过电流保护225 Low impedance busbar protection低阻抗母线保护回复2帖3帖七戒旅长2005六2007-10-26 11:15228 Half-cycle integral algorithm半周积分算法230 Coordination of relay settings保护的整定配合231 Reach (setting) of protection保护范围（定值）232 Coordination time interval保护配合时间阶段233 Percentage differential relay比率差动继电器234 Electromagnetic relay电磁型继电器236 Instantaneous undervoltage protection with current supervis 电流闭锁的电压速断保护237 Operating equation (criterion)动作方程（判据）238 Operating characteristic动作特性239Harmonic restraining谐波制动241Segregated current differential protection 分相电流差动保护242Branch coefficient分支系数243Power line carrier channel (PLC)高频通道245High speed signal acquisition system高速数字信号采集系统246Busbar protection with fixed circuit connection 固定联结式母线保护247Fault recorder故障录波器248Fault phase selection故障选相249Optoelectronic coupler光电耦合器件251Compensating voltage补偿电压252Polarized voltage极化电压253Memory circuit记忆回路254Unblocking signal解除闭锁信号255Power system splitting and reclosing 解列重合闸256Connection with 90 degree90度接线257Insulation supervision device绝缘监视258Inrush exciting current of transformer 励磁涌流259Two star connection scheme两相星形接线方式260Zero mode component of traveling wave 零模行波261Inverse phase sequence protection逆相序保护262Offset impedance relay偏移特性阻抗继电器263Frequency response频率响应264Activate the breaker trip coil起动断路器跳闸266Permissive under reaching transfer trip scheme 欠范围允许跳闸式267Slight (severe) gas protection轻（重）瓦斯保护268Man－machine interface人机对话接口270Three phase one shot reclosure三相一次重合闸271Out-of-step失步272Accelerating protection for switching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作275Abrupt signal analysis突变信号分析276Out flowing current外汲电流277False tripping误动279Turn to turn fault，inter turn faults 匝间短路280Relay based on incremental quantity 增量（突变量）继电器281Vacuum circuit breaker真空开关282Power swing (out of step) blocking 振荡（失步）闭锁284Successive approximation type A/D 逐次逼进式A/D285Infeed current助增电流286Self reset自动复归287Adaptive segregated directional current differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护288Adaptive relay protection自适应继电保护289Pilot protection纵联保护291Angle of maximum sensitivity最大灵敏角292Out of service退出运行294Waveform波形295Outlet出口296 Electromechanical机电的297Magnitude of current 电流幅值299Traveling wave signal行波信号300Measurement signal测量信号301Traveling wave relay行波继电器302Transmission line malfunction 输电线路异常运行303Subsystem子系统304Positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗305Negative sequence impedance 负序阻抗306Zero sequence impedance零序阻抗307Digital signal processor数字信号处理器308Frequency sensing频率测量309Cable relay电缆继电器310Under power protection低功率保护311Under voltage protection低电压保护312Transient analysis暂态分析313Voltage sensor电压传感器314Zero-sequence protection零序保护315Zero sequence current transducer 零序电流互感器316Shunt旁路，并联317Series串联，级数318Parallel并联319Saturation饱和320Free-standing独立的，无需支撑物的321Troidal环形的，曲面，螺旋管形322Bushing套管323Magnetizing磁化324Dropout current回动电流325Reactor grounded neutral system 中性点电抗接地系统326Grounding apparatus接地装置327Dual bus双总线328Thyristor晶闸管329Spark gap火花隙330Damping circuit 阻尼电路331 Discharge放电332Platform平台333Grading等级334Line trap线路陷波器335Field test实地试验337Off-position“断开”位置，“开路”位置338Power-angle功角339Power-angle curve功角特性曲线340Torque-angle转矩角341Symmetrical components 对称分量342Constant常量，恒定343Coupler耦合器345。
外文翻译
Overview of Power System Protection1 IntroductionPower system protection is to ensure the safe operation of power systems, enhance economic efficiency and effective technology. Successfully applied to computer control technology in power system protection, relay protection technology trends make the future a computerized network, intelligence and so on.Subject of protection, technology, manufacturing and personnel training relay from scratch, living in a small absorption of foreign advanced technology protection equipment and operation, based on the completion of a team with deep theoretical knowledge and rich experience in running Relay team. After 60 years of development and exploration, China has built a protection research, design, manufacturing, operation and maintenance, and teaching the complete system.2Development Status of relay60s of last century to the vigorous protection transistor 80 is widely used in the development and age. One Tianjin University and Nanjing Electric Power Automation Equipment Factory collaborative research direction of 500kV high-frequency transistors, Nanjing Automation Research Institute, protection and development of high-frequency blocking distance protection transistors, running at Gezhouba 500kV line, ending a 500kV line protection totally dependent on imports from abroad era. 70s in the 20th century, based on an integrated operational amplifier integrated circuit protection has begun to study. Protection of the late '80s has formed a complete series of integrated circuits, and gradually replace the transistor protection. IC 90 protection early development, production and application is still in a dominant position, which is integrated circuit protection era. 70 China from the late 20th century, already started the research of computer protection, North China Electric Power University in 1984, developed the original transmission line through the identification of the first microprocessor-based protection devices, and access to applications in the system, opened the development of protection new page in history for the computer opens the way for the promotion of protection. From 90 years of relay protection technology has entered the computer age. Different principles, different types of computer equipment protection circuit and the main distinctive for a new generation power system provides excellent performance, fully functional and reliable relay protection device. With the computer protection device studies in computer protection software, algorithms have also made a lot of theoretical results.3 Power System Development3.1 ComputerizationAccording to the famous Moore's Law, chip integration doubling every 18-24 months. The result is not only doubled the performance of computer hardware, prices are rapidly declining. Mainly reflected the development of microprocessor technology and related functions in a single great enhancement, on-chip hardware resources have been greatly expanded, both MCU and DSP chip technology integration significantly increased computing power and network communications chips embedded The emergence and application aspects. These developments make the hardware design is more convenient, cost-effective redundancy design makes it possible to achieve a flexible, high reliability, and modular hardware and software platform to create the conditions for the general.Of 220kV and above in 2000, microprocessor-based protection system was 43.99%, 86% of microprocessor-based protection circuit to the end of 2003, 220kV or more microprocessor-based protection system has been accounted for 70.29%, of microprocessor rate of 97.6%. Actual operation, the microprocessor-based protection of the right action rate was significantly higher than other protection, generally higher than the average normal operation 0.2-0.3 percentage points.Computerized relay protection devices is an irreversible trend. Power system protection requirements on the computer increasing, in addition to the protection of basic functions, but also with large-capacity long-term failure information and data storage space, fast data processing capabilities, powerful communications capabilities, and other protection, control and scheduling of networked devices for system-wide data sharing, information and network resource capacity, high-level language programming.3.2 NetworkNetwork protection is computer technology, communication technology, network technology and the product of the combination of microprocessor-based protection, achieved through a variety of computer network protection features such as line protection, transformer protection, busbar protection. The greatest benefit is the network protection data sharing can be achieved have been protected by the high-frequency, fiber protection can be achieved in the pilot protection. In addition, the substation protection system for all circuit breakers at the station collected the amount of current, bus voltage amount, so it is easy bus protection can be achieved without the need for additional bus protection.Power system network based protection is a new type of relay protection, computer protection technology is the inevitable trend of development. It is built on computer technology, network technology, communication technology and the development of computer technology on the basis of protection. Network protection systems in the network at the provincial level, provincial municipal and city level backbone network topology, and topology of sub-station system can be simple and reliable bus structure, star structure, ring structure. Substation protection system across the network protection system is the most important aspect. Substation protection system has 2 modes: one is the use of existing microprocessor-based protection; the other is the formation of the new system, various protection functions entirely by the sub-station machine to achieve protection and management system. Because of the importance of relay protection inpower, must take control of a targeted strategy for network security to ensure the network protection system security.3.3 IntelligentWith the rapid development of computer technology and computer power system protection in the general field of application of new control principles and methods continue to be used in the computer relay protection in recent years, artificial intelligence technologies such as expert systems, artificial neural network, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, wavelet theory in power systems have been applied in various fields, so that the protection of the development to a higher level, there has been notable new trend. For example, the field of power system protection using artificial neural networks occurs (ANN) to determine the type of fault, fault distance determination, direction, protection, master protection. In the transmission line both sides of the potential of a system point of view the case laid out by the transition resistance of the short circuit occurred is a nonlinear problem, the distance protection is difficult to determine the correct position to make trouble, resulting in malfunction or refuse to move; if the neural network method After training a large number of fault samples, as long as the sample set given full consideration to all the circumstances, it can be in the event of any failure of correct classification.With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, new methods are constantly emerging, in the power system relay protection is also expanding the scope for the development of protection inject new vitality. Artificial intelligence technology will be a different combination of uncertain factors on the protective system, thereby improving the reliability of protection action, the development of the future direction of intelligent protection. While the above method in Power System Protection Intelligent application yielded some results, but the theory itself is not very mature and need further improvement. With the rapid development of power systems and computers, communications and other advances in technology and development, can be predicted that the field of artificial intelligence technology in the protection will be applied to solve using conventional methods are difficult to solve.3.4 AutomationModern computer technology, communications technology and network technology to change the current substation monitoring, control, protection and measuring devices and systems division provides the optimal combination of state and system integration technology base. High Voltage, EHV substation is facing a technological innovation. Protection and realization of the close combination of integrated automation, which is exhibited in integration and resource sharing, remote control and information sharing. The remote terminal unit (RTU), computer protection device as the core, the substation control, signals, measurement, billing and other loops into the computer system to replace the traditional control of the screen, to reduce footprint and substations equipment investment, improve the reliability of the secondary system.Integrated automation system to break the traditional boundaries of secondary systemsand equipment for the professional division of the principle of the conventional protection can not be changed and scheduling (control) the defect central communications, to the substation automation has given meaning and content updates, on behalf of the substation The development of a trend of automation technology. With the development of science and technology, more whole, more intelligent level, the system better EHV substation integrated automation system, power grid construction in China will continue to emerge, the network's security, stability and improved economic performance to a new level.电力系统继电保护概述1 引言电力系统继电保护是保证电力系统安全运行、提高经济效益的有效技术。
继电保护外文翻译
外文资料APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PATTERN RECOGNITION IN DEVELOPING RELAY PROTECTION AND CONTROLV.E.GLazyrinNovosibirsk State Technical UniversityReliable and timely recognition of emergency states in electrical systems requires solutions that are adequate for the technical equipment being used. For more than ten years discrete computing devices have been widely implemented in relay protection and control. The appearance of microprocessors has given developers extremely powerful tools for using new principles and algorithms in designing relay systems. Despite this, the design strategy remains practically unchanged, though the new element base exceeds the capabilities of the conventional one to the degree that it is simply on a qualitatively higher level. In connection with this, the necessity has ripened for qualitatively new approaches to designing relay systems.Conventional design methods very much depend on the intuition and experience of the developer. The execution of the work is frequently unpredictable, since the developer must simultaneously represent the state of many (sometimes more than ten) parameters. At the same time, a person has a limited capacity to simultaneously keep in mind many objects. This causes not only complexity in developing new devices, but also causes the subjective phenomenon of a group of relay protection experts which have on an intuitive level mastered a combination a several groups of concepts.This reduces the number of objects which must be kept in mind simultaneously, but the formation of these combined groups has not been formalized, which hinders mutual understanding.During the development of new complex devices of relay systems, the quantity of parameters,with which the developer has to work simultaneously increases even more. This not only complicates the design, but also increases the probability of errors, whichsimultaneously hinders the control of the accuracy of the execution of activities for creating algorithms, designing devices, writing programs and conducting correction tests. In the conventional design approach, a successive analysis of signals is made and decisions are made as they are received. In so doing the evaluation of the current state of the examined object is carried out by the successive analysis of transitions of measuring from one condition to another. This approach to developing algorithms has also become a constraining factor in developing effective algorithms.As an example, we shall consider one of the complex relay system devices, detectors of asynchronous operation. The most developed are those detectors having remote units and units for direction of power. An asynchronous mode is recognized by analyzing the sequence of transitions of the measured resistance value which is defined by the relationship with the voltage and current inputted into the measuring units. During the operation of the object, the end of the vector Z, can move relative to the operating ranges of the units depending on the character of the operational mode.The standard device consists of three relay assembly of resistance, having various characteristics of switching, of maximum relay assembly of power and of counter of cycles of asynchronous operation. In addition, it contains a unit for determining the sign of the slip, circuits for registering the asynchronous mode in the first cycle, circuits for controlling the period of asynchronous operation, a unit for additional time. grading, unit for resetting the device, and also circuits for registering a fault in the device, the signaling system , and the output circuits. The device consists of three stages, each of which has output circuit .The first stage is intended for the fastest detection (in the first cycle) of an asynchronous mode in the controlled section and the sign of the slip. The second stage is intended for the detection of an asynchronous mode in the controlled section and the sign of the slip at the end of the second, third or fourth cycles. The third stage is intended for liquidation of the asynchronous mode after executing measures for resynchronization, if during the additional time lag a specific quantity of cycles of the asynchronous mode are registered. Besides that,in order to make sure the device does not operate during short-circuits a unit of reverse sequence for blocking thedevice in asymmetrical modes is advisable.Thus, it is clear, that the device contains a great number of units working jointly. It should also work in various ways depending not only on the combination of the states of its units, but also on the relationship between the times that input units are found in various states. That means that the behavior of the device should depend on a combination of the states of a large number of operational units, and the time relationships of appearance and disappearance of signals from various units also must be taken into consideration. The description of the logic of the operation of such a device constructed using a conventional element base is adduced in and takes more than 20 pages. The device itself is made in the form of a standard relay panel. Attempts to make a formal description of the logic of the device's operation, which would be convenient to use to create an effective program for a microprocessor, have turned out to be very labor-consuming and have not given a reliable outcome.To overcome this difficulty a special mathematical apparatus has been applied that has received the title "theory of a pattern recognition". It has broad application in other areas of science and engineering, such as radio-location, echo-location, processing the outcomes of air photography for agricultural needs, and also for technical diagnostics. Applying the method of pattern recognition assumes parallel information processing. The prototype for such processing is human perception, which takes the entire input data and practically instantly comes to the most valid solution which determines its response to changes in its external environment.For the design of a microprocessor detector of asynchronous modes the following characteristics of operation of measuring devices were adopted. For remote devices the characteristics of operation are adopted as anti-parallel programs, whose bases coincide and lateral legs are located in such a manner that the sensitive device envelops a larger area, than the rough one, and middle lines coincide. The power direction unit has the characteristic of a straight line running along the middle line and its extensions. The position of operational zones of remote devices in a complex plane of resistance is selected so that they envelop a financial calculation center of hunting.In such an arrangement of operational characteristics, the entire complex plane of resistance is broken into 6 zones. If the resistance 2, falls into the operating range of any unit, then it corresponds to a "1" in the appropriate position of the unit state register. Otherwise "0" is installed in this position. Thus, for the full description of the state 2, relative to the operating ranges it is enough to have three positions, which are combined into "a code of the state of measuring devices" (CSMD). Since for the detection of an asynchronous mode it is not important in what zone is 2, at the given moment but in what order and with what speed it passes these zones, a 16-digit word is formed, in which current CSMD values are recorded in turn at the moment of transition of 2,from one zone to another (before recording CSMD in rightmost positions of the word there is a logical shift to the left by three positions). Thus, the information on the trajectory of motion of the end of vector 2, during the period it passes by four boundaries between zones is stored in one 16-digit word.Possible paths of motion of the end of vector 2, during asynchronous mode correspond to a rather limited dictionary of indicators, which allows, not only an asynchronous mode to be discovered but also allows the determination of the direction of relative motion of EMF, vectors in an asynchronous mode.Research of the behavior of the microprocessor detector, using' this method of analysis of the system state, has shown that detection of an asynchronous mode in the first cycle is impossible without taking into account the duration of time of the presence of the end of vector Z, in each zone. Therefore, for a more full characteristic of a transient image, a check of the duration of the presence of the end of vector 2in each zone is entered in the algorithm. If its duration in an appropriate zone turns out to be more than a given threshold, then the fact of its exceeding the limit is recorded in an additional register "code of a timer conditions" (CTC). Similarly to CSMD, values formed in CTC at the moment of transition from one zone to another, are recorded in a word of time states (whose formation is implemented by a logical shift of the previous value and an adding of the new value).The introduction of additional information has permitted expansion of the dictionary, by including in it combinations which take into account not only trajectory of motion, but also theduration of the end of vector Z, in each zone. To realize an operational algorithm of the asynchronous mode detector it is enough to register an excess of duration of the end of vector Z, in the given zone above the threshold value.The use of time thresholds allows to reliably determine, whether the preceding mode was a long normal mode of joint activity of power systems. Because of this, the "first stage" of an asynchronous mode detector is realized, since the first cycle of an asynchronous mode will always come after a long working mode. For detection of a long working mode it is enough to make sure that over a large enough time span the end of vector Z has been outside of the operating ranges of remote devices.The control of the duration of the end of vector Z in one of the zones is also necessary for detection of a distinctive feature of an asynchronous mode which is exhibited most clearly in the first cycle, substantial difference in the time between the entrance of the end of vector Z, in the operating range of the sensitive remote device and its entrance into the operating range of the rough one.The use of this indicator allows to reliably distinguish a short-circuit mode, in which the transition from the normal mode zone into the operating range of the rough remote device happens practically instantly.One more important factor that limits the efficiency of using conventional asynchronous mode detectors is the large switching time of analog measuring devices near a operational zone boundary. This is the reason for failures in operation when the slip is large. The application of digital algorithms in the construction of remote devices and power direction device enables this shortcoming to be overcome.In selecting device parameter settings for liquidation of an asynchronous mode a big difficulty is selecting operating zones of measuring devices because the selected thresholds should satisfy the whole set of operational modes of the considered section. Frequently selecting thresholds for one set of measuring devices turns out to be difficult. Using several detectors to detect an asynchronous mode in one section is not usually considered because of the cost of this solution. But, implementing microprocessors using the theory of patternrecognition can provide the necessary quantity of detectors, which have various zones of measuring device operation, without additional hardware costs. Hence, enough detectors can be realized in the microprocessor system, that the necessary properties can be achieved.It should be noted that the approach to detecting abnormal and emergency operation in relay systems using the theory of pattern recognition is not limited only to asynchronous mode detectors. It would be expedient to investigate the possibility of using this approach in the synthesis of algorithms and other kinds of complex devices of relay systems.中文翻译继电保护发展和控制中图样识别理论的应用V.E.GLazyrin俄罗斯新西伯利亚州工业大学电力系统紧急情况状态的可靠和实时性识别要求对使用的技术设备作出恰当的反应。
继电保护系统外文文献
Protection relayMicrocomuter-based RlayingA newer development in the of power system protection is the of computers (usually microcomputers) for relaying. Although computers provide the same protection as that supplied by conventional relays, there are some advantages to the use of computer-based relaying. The logic capability and application expansion possibilities for computer-based relaying is much greater than for electromechanical devices. Computer-based relaying samples the values of the current, voltage, and other items covered in the protection scheme several times a second, and by use of A/D converters, change these analog values to digital form and then send them to the computer. In the event of a fault, the computer can calculate the fault’s current values and characteristics, and settings can be changed merely by reprogramming. Computer-based relaying are also capable of locating faults, which has been one of the most popular features in their application. In addition, self-checking features can be built in and sequence of events information can be downloaded to remote computers for fast analysis of relaying operations. Computer-based relying system consists of subsystems with well defined functions. Although a specific subsystem may be different in some of its details, these subsystems are most likely to be incorporated in its design in some form. The block diagram in Figure 13-1 shows the principal subsystems of a computer-based relaying. The processor is the center of its organization. It is responsible for the execution of relaying programs, maintenance of various timing functions, and communicating with its peripheral equipment. Several types of memories are shown in Figure 13-1─each of them serves a specific need. The Random Access Memory (RAM) holds the input sample data as they are brought in and processed. The Read Only Memory (ROM) or Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) is used to store the programs permanently. In some cases the programs may execute directly form the ROM if its read time is short enough. If this is not the case, the programs must be copied form the ROM into the RAM during an initialization stage, and then the real-time execution would take place form the RAM. The Erasable PROM (EPROM) is needed for storing certain parameters (such as the relaying settings) which may be changed form time to time, but once it is set it must remain fixed even if the power supply to the computer is interrupted. The relaying inputs are currents and voltages─or, to a lesser extent─digital signals indicating contact status. The analog signals must be converted to voltage signals suitable for conversion to digital form. The current and voltage signals obtained form current and voltage transformer secondary windings must be restricted to a full scale value of ±10 volts. The current inputs must be converted to voltages by resistive shunts. As the normal current transformer secondary currents may be as hundreds of amperes, shunts of resistance of a few milliohms are needed to produce the desired voltage for Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). An alternative arrangement would be to use an auxiliary current transformer to reduce the current to lower level. An auxiliary current transformer serves another function: that of providing electrical isolation between the min CT secondary and the computer input system. Since the digital computer can be programmed to perform several functions as long as it has the input and output signals needed for those functions. It is simple matter to the relaying computer to do many other substation tasks, for example, measuring and monitoring flows and voltages in transformers and transmission lines, controlling the opening and closing of circuit breakers and switches, providing backup for other devices that have failed, are functions that can be taken over by the relaying computer. With the programability and communication capability, the computer-based relaying offers yet another possible advantage that is not easily realizable in a conventional system. This is the ability to change the relay characteristics (settings) as the system conditions warrant it. With reasonable prospects of having affordable computer-based relaying which can be dedicated to single protection function, attention soon turned to the opportunities offered by computer-based relaying to integrate them into a substation, perhaps even a system-wide network. Integrated computer systems for substations which handle relaying, monitoring, and control tasks offer novel opportunities for improving overall system performance.Computer relaying The electric power industry has been one of the earliest users of the digital computer as a fundamental aid in the various design and analysis aspects of its activity. Computer-based systems have evolved to perform such complex tasks as generation control, economic dispatch (treated in chapter 11)and load-flow analysis for planning and operation , to name just a few application areas. research efforts directed at the prospect using digital computers to perform the tasks involved in power system protection date back to the mien-sixties and were motivated by the emergence of process-control computers a great deal of research is going on in this field, which is now referred to as computer relaying. Up to the early 1980s there had been no commercially availability protection systems offering digital computer-based relays. However, the availability of microprocessor technology has provided an impetus to computer relaying.*Microprocessors used as a replace*and solid state relays non provide a number of advantages while meeting the basic protection philosophy requirement of decentralization. There are many perceived benefits of a digital relaying system: 1. Economics: with the steady decrease in cost of digital hardware, coupled with the increase in cost of conventional relaying. It seems reasonable to assume that computer relaying is an attractive alternative. Software development cost can be expected to be evened out by utilizing economies of scale in producing microprocessors dedicated to basic relaying tasks. 2. Reliability: a digital system is continuously active providing a high level of a self-diagnosis to detect accidental failures within the digital relaying system. 3. Flexibility: revisions or modifications made necessary by changing operational conditions can be accommodated by utilizing the programmability features of a digital system. This would lead to reduced inventories of parts for repair and maintenance purposes 4. System interaction: the availability of digital hardware that monitors continuously the system performance at remote substations can enhance the level of information available to the control center. Post fault analysis of transient data can be performed on the basis of system variables monitored by the digital relay and recorded by the peripherals.The main elements of a digital computer-based relay are indicated in Figure 9-59. The input signals to the relay are analog (continuous) and digital power system variables. The digital inputs are of the order of five to ten and include status changes (on-off) of contacts and changes in voltage levels in a circuit. The analog signals are the 60-Hz currents and voltages. The number of analog signals needed depends on the relay function but is in the range of 3 to 30 in all cases. The analog signals are scaled down (attenuated) to acceptable computer input levels (10 volts maximum) and then converted to digital (discrete) form through analog/digital converters (ADC). These functions are performed in the block labeled “Analog Input Subsystem.” The digital output of the relay is available through the computer’s parallel output port, five-to-ten digital outputs are sufficient for most applications. The analog signals are sampled at a rate between 210 Hz to about 2000 Hz. The sampled signals are entered into the scratch pad (RAM) and are storedin a secondary data file for historical recording. A digital filter removes noise effects from the sampled signals. The relay logic program determines the functional operation of the relay and uses the filtered sampled signals to arrive at a trip or no trip decision which is then communicated to the system. The heart of the relay logic program is a relaying algorithm that is designed to perform the intended relay function such as over currents detection, differential protection, or distance protection, etc. It is not our intention in this introductory text to purse this involved in a relaying algorithm, we discuss next one idea for peak current detection that is the function of a digital over current relay.。
电力系统继电保护外文及翻译演示教学
电力系统继电保护外文及翻译Power System ProtectionsThe steady-state operation of a power system is frequently disturbed by various faults on electrical equipment. To maintain the proper operation of the power system, an effective, efficient and reliable protection scheme is required. Power system components are designed to operate under normal operating conditions.However, due to any reason, say a fault, there is an abnormality, it is necessary that there should be a device which senses these abnormal conditions and if so, the element or component where such an abnormality has taken place is removed, i.e. deleted from the rest of the system as soon as possible. This is necessary because the power system component can never be designed to withstand the worst possible conditions due to the fact that this will make the whole system highly uneconomical. And therefore, if such an abnormality takes place in any element or component of the power system network, it is desirable that the affected element/component is removed from the rest of the system reliably and quickly in order to restore power in the remaining system under the normal condition as soon as possible.The protection scheme includes both the protective relays and switching circuits, i.e. circuit breakers. The protective relay which functions as a brain is a very important component. The protective relay is a sensing device, which senses the fault, determines its location and then sends command to the proper circuit breaker by closing its trip coil. The circuit breaker after getting command from the protective relay disconnects only the faulted element. this is why the protective relay must be reliable, maintainable and fast in operation.In early days, there used to be electromechanical relay of induction disk-type.However, very soon the disk was replaced by inverted cup, i.e.hollow cylinder and the new relay obtained was known as an induction cup or induction cylinder relay. This relay, which is still in use, possesses several important features such as higher speed; higher torque for a given power input an more uniform torque.However, with the advent of electronic tubes, electronic relays having distinct features were developed during 1940s. With the discovery of solid state components during 1950s, static relays with numerous advantages were developed. The use of digital computers for protective relaying purposes has been engaging the attention of research and practicing engineers since layer 1960s and 1980s. Now, the microprocessor/mini computer-based relaying scheme, because of its numerous advantages such as self –checking feature and flexibility, has been widely used in power system all over the world.The overall system protection is divided into following sections: (i)Generator protection,(ii)Transformer protection,(iii)Bus protection,(iv)Feederprotection,(v)Transmission line protection.Basic Requirements to Protective RelaysAny protection scheme, which i.e. required to safeguard the power system components against abnormal conditions such as faults, consists basically of two elements(i)Protective relay and (ii) Circuit breaker .The protective relay which is primarily the brain behind the whole scheme plays a very important role. Therefore proper care should be taken in selecting an appropriate protective relay which is reliable, efficient and fast in operation. The protective relay must satisfy the following requirements:⑴ since faults on a well designed and healthy system are normally rare, therelays are called upon to operate only occasionally. This means that therelaying scheme is normally idle and must operate whenever fault occurs. Inother words, it must be reliable.⑵ Since the reliability partly depends upon the maintenance, the relay mustbe easily maintainable.⑶ The palpation of the relay can be in two ways. One is the failure to operatein case a fault occurs an second is the relay operation when there is no fault.As a matter of fact, relay must operate if there is a fault and must notoperate if there is no fault.⑷Relaying scheme must be sensitive enough to distinguish between normaland the faulty system.Protective RelaysThe function of the protective relay is to sense the fault and energize the tripcoil of the circuit breaker. The following types of the protective relays are usedfor the apparatus such as synchronous machines, bus bar, transformer and theother apparatus and transmission line protection.(1) Over current relays,(2) Under voltage relays,(3) Under frequency relays,(4) Directional relays,(5) Thermal relays,(6) Phase sequence relays such as(i)negative sequence relays and, (ii)zerosequence relays,(7) Differential relays and percentage differential relays,(8) Distance relays such as (I)plane impedance relays,(ii)angle impedance relay,i.e. Ohm or reactance relays,(iii)angle admittance relays,i.e. Mho relaysand ,(iv)offset and restricted relays,(9)Pilot relays such as (i) wire pilot relays,(ii)carrier channel pilotrelays,(iii)microwave pilot relays. There are different types of the relayingscheme based on construction. They are:(i)electromechanicaltype,(ii)thermal relays,(iii) transduction relays,(iv)rectifier bridgerelay,(v)electronic relays,(vi)digital relaying schemes.电力系统继电保护电力系统的稳态运行经常会因各种电力设备配故障原因而被扰乱。
电力系统继电保护中英文对照表
电力系统继电保护中英文对照表中文词汇英文词汇电力系统Power system继电保护Relay protection保护装置Protective device故障Fault故障电流Fault current故障检测Fault detection故障分类Fault classification故障定位Fault location故障记录器Fault recorder过电压保护Overvoltage protection过电流保护Overcurrent protection地电流保护Earth current protection短路Short circuit短路电流Short circuit current瞬时值Instantaneous value时限值Time limit value跳闸Tripping启动电流Starting current感应式电流互感器Inductive current transformer 压板式电流互感器Plate-type current transformer 合闸Closing开关刀闸Switch disconnector接地刀闸Ground disconnector电流互感器Current transformer功率互感器Power transformer电压互感器Voltage transformer电流差动保护Current differential protection 电压差动保护Voltage differential protection 闭锁Blocking重保Backup protection保护跳闸Protection tripping故障保护Fault protection过零保护Zero-crossing protection过频保护Over-frequency protection沉侵保护Inrush protection远方保护Remote protection就地保护Local protection瞬变保护Transient protection空气开关Air switch隔离开关Isolation switch封闭开关Enclosed switch电力系统自动化Power system automation 故障指示灯Fault indicator电源Power supply接线Wiring电流Current电压Voltage功率Power频率Frequency相位Phase直流Direct current交流Alternating current以上是电力系统继电保护中英文对照表，希望对您有所帮助。
电力系统继电保护中英文对照表
1 Directional protection方向保护2 Distance protection距离保护3 Over current protection过流保护4 Pilot protection高频保护5 Differential protection差动保护6 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护7 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护8 Over fluxing protection过励磁保护9 Back-up protection后备保护11 Sequential tripping顺序跳闸12 Start up/Pick up起动13 Breaker断路器14 Disconnecting switch隔离开关15 Current transformer电流互感器16 Potential transformer电压互感器17 Dead zone/Blind spot死区18 Vibration/Oscillation振荡19 Reliability可靠性20 Sensitivity灵敏性21 Speed速动性22 Selectivity选择性23 Step-type distance relay分段距离继电器24 Time delay延时25 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁26 Incorrect tripping误动27 Phase to phase fault相间故障28 Earth fault接地故障29 Through- fault穿越故障30 Permanent fault永久性故障31 Temporary fault瞬时性故障32 Overload过负荷34 Contact multiplying relay触点多路式继电器35 Timer relay时间继电器40 Ground fault relay接地故障继电器41 Recloser重合闸42 Zero-sequence protection零序保护43 Soft strap软压板44 Hard strap硬压板45 High resistance高阻46 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动47 CT line-breakCT断线48 PT line-breakPT断线49 Secondary circuit二次回路50 AC circuit breaker交流开关电路51 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器52 Breaker point wrench开关把手53 Breaker trip coil断路器跳闸线圈54 Bus bar母线; 导电条55 Bus bar current transformer母线电流变压器56Bus bar disconnecting switch分段母线隔离开关57Bus compartment母线室; 汇流条隔离室58Bus duct母线槽; 母线管道59Bus hub总线插座60Bus line汇流线61Bus insulator母线绝缘器62Bus request cycle总线请求周期63Bus reactor母线电抗器64Bus protection母线保护65Bus rings集电环66Bus rod汇流母线67Bus section reactor分段电抗器68Bus structure母线支架; 总线结构69Bus tie switch母线联络开关70Bus-bar chamber母线箱71Bus-bar fault母线故障72Bus-bar insulator母线绝缘子73Busbar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关74Current attenuation电流衰减75Current actuated leakage protector电流起动型漏电保护器76Current balance type current differential relay 电流平衡式差动电流继电器;差动平衡式电流继电器77Current changer换流器78Current compensational ground distance relay 电流补偿式接地远距继电器79Current consumption电流消耗80Coil adjuster线圈调节器81Coil curl线圈82Coil current线圈电流83Coil end leakage reactance线圈端漏电抗84Coil inductance线圈电感85Current transformer phase angle电流互感器相角86Distance relay; impedance relay阻抗继电器87Power rheostat电力变阻器88Electrically operated valve电动阀门89Electrical governing system电力调速系统90Field application relay励磁继电器; 激励继电器91High tension electrical porcelain insulator 高压电瓷绝缘子92Option board任选板; 选配电路板; 选择板93Oscillator coil振荡线圈94Over-Voltage relay过压继电器95Power factor relay功率因素继电器96Protection against overpressure超压防护97Protection against unsymmetrical load 不对称负载保护装置98Protection device保护设备; 防护设备99Protection reactor保护电抗器100Protection screen保护屏101Protection switch保护开关102Insulator cap绝缘子帽; 绝缘子帽103Insulator chain绝缘子串; 绝缘子串104Insulator arc-over绝缘子闪络; 绝缘子闪络105Insulator arcing horn绝缘子角形避雷器; 绝缘子角形避雷器106Insulator bracket绝缘子托架; 绝缘子托架107Impedance compensator阻抗补偿器108 Resistance grounded neutral system中心点电阻接地方式109 Reactance bond电抗耦合; 接合扼流圈110 Reactance of armature reaction电枢反应电抗111 Under-Voltage relay欠压继电器112 Voltage differential relay电压差动继电器114 Relay must-operate value继电器保证启动值115 Relay act trip继电器操作跳闸116 Relay overrun继电器超限运行117 Longitudinal differential protection纵联差动保护118 Phase-angle of voltage transformer电压互感器的相角差119 Zero-sequence current/residual current 零序电流120 Residual current relay零序电流继电器121 Bus bar protection/bus protection母线保护122 Breaker contact point断路器触点123 Cut-off push断路器按钮124 Gaseous shield瓦斯保护装置125 Neutral-point earthing中性点接地126 Internal fault部故障127 Auxiliary contacts辅助触点128 Neutral auto-transformer中性点接地自耦变压器129 Fuse box/fusible cutout熔断器130 Pulse relay/surge relay冲击继电器帖戒旅长 2005七2007-10-26 11:14131 Auxiliary relay/intermediate relay中间继电器132 Common-mode voltage共模电压133 Impedance mismatch阻抗失配134 Intermittent fillet weld间断角缝焊接135 Loss of synchronism protection失步保护136 Closing coil合闸线圈137 Electro polarized relay极化继电器138 Power direction relay功率方向继电器139 Direct-to-ground capacity对地电容140 Shunt running潜动141 Trip/opening跳闸142 Trip switch跳闸开关143 Receiver machine收信机144 High-frequency direction finder 高频测向器145 Capacity charge电容充电146 time over-current时限过电流148 Surge guard冲击防护149 Oscillatory surge振荡冲击150 Fail safe interlock五防装置151 Differential motion差动152 Capacitive current电容电流154 Time delay延时156 Normal inverse反时限157 Definite time定时限158 Multi-zone relay分段限时继电器159 Fail-safe unit五防161 Unbalance current不平衡电流162 Blocking autorecloser 闭锁重合闸163 Primary protection主保护164 Tap分接头165 YC (telemetering)遥测167 Fault clearing time 故障切除时间168 Critical clearing time 极限切除时间169 Switch station开关站170 Traveling wave行波171 Protection feature保护特性172 Fault phase selector故障选线元件173 Fault type故障类型174 Inrush励磁涌流175 Ratio restrain比率制动176 Laplace and Fourier transforms 拉氏和傅利叶变换177 Short circuit calculations短路计算178 Load flow calculations潮流计算179 Oscillatory reactivity perturbation 振荡反应性扰动180 Quasi-steady state准稳态181 Automatic quasi-synchronization 自动准同步182 Protective relaying equipment继电保护装置183 AC directional overcurrent relay 交流方向过流继电器184 AC reclosing relay交流重合闸继电器185 Annunciator relay188 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay载波或导引线接受继电器189 Current-limiting relay限流继电器190 Definite time relay定时限继电器192 Lockout relay闭锁继电器；保持继电器；出口继电器193 Micro-processor based protective relay 微机继电保护194 Voltage -controlled overcurrent relay 电压控制过电流继电器196 Fault diagnosis故障诊断197 Back-up protection后备保护198 Overhead line架空线199 High voltage line高压线路200 Underground cable埋地电缆201 Circuit breaker断路器202 Brushless excitation无刷励磁203 Interlock闭锁触发器205 Winding-to-winding insulation 绕组间的绝缘206 Porcelain insulator瓷绝缘子207 Tie line联络线208 Leased line租用线路209 Private line专用线路211 Remote Terminal Unit远程终端设备212 Economic dispatch system经济调度系统213 State estimation状态估计214 Trip by local protection保护跳闸215 Close by local protection保护合闸216 Operational (internal) overvoltage 操作（部）过电压217 Sampling and holding采样保持218 Synchronized sampling采样同步219 Manipulation操作220 Measuring/Metering unit测量元件221 Locus of measured impedance测量阻抗轨迹222 Differential mode interference差模干扰223 Output (executive) organ出口（执行）元件224 Overcurrent relay with undervoltage supervision低电压起动的过电流保护225 Low impedance busbar protection低阻抗母线保护回复2帖戒旅长 2005六2007-10-26 11:15228 Half-cycle integral algorithm半周积分算法230 Coordination of relay settings保护的整定配合231 Reach (setting) of protection保护围（定值）232 Coordination time interval保护配合时间阶段233 Percentage differential relay比率差动继电器234 Electromagnetic relay电磁型继电器236 Instantaneous undervoltage protection with current supervision 电流闭锁的电压速断保护237 Operating equation (criterion)动作方程（判据）238 Operating characteristic动作特性239Harmonic restraining谐波制动241Segregated current differential protection分相电流差动保护242Branch coefficient分支系数243Power line carrier channel (PLC)高频通道245High speed signal acquisition system高速数字信号采集系统246Busbar protection with fixed circuit connection 固定联结式母线保护247Fault recorder故障录波器248Fault phase selection故障选相249Optoelectronic coupler光电耦合器件251Compensating voltage补偿电压252Polarized voltage极化电压253Memory circuit记忆回路254Unblocking signal解除闭锁信号255Power system splitting and reclosing解列重合闸256Connection with 90 degree90度接线257Insulation supervision device绝缘监视258Inrush exciting current of transformer 励磁涌流259Two star connection scheme两相星形接线方式260Zero mode component of traveling wave 零模行波261Inverse phase sequence protection逆相序保护262Offset impedance relay偏移特性阻抗继电器263Frequency response频率响应264Activate the breaker trip coil起动断路器跳闸266Permissive under reaching transfer trip scheme 欠围允许跳闸式267Slight (severe) gas protection轻（重）瓦斯保护268Man－machine interface人机对话接口270Three phase one shot reclosure三相一次重合闸271Out-of-step失步272Accelerating protection for switching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作275Abrupt signal analysis突变信号分析276Out flowing current外汲电流277False tripping误动279Turn to turn fault，inter turn faults匝间短路280Relay based on incremental quantity增量（突变量）继电器281Vacuum circuit breaker真空开关282Power swing (out of step) blocking振荡（失步）闭锁284Successive approximation type A/D逐次逼进式A/D285Infeed current助增电流286Self reset自动复归287Adaptive segregated directional current differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护288Adaptive relay protection自适应继电保护289Pilot protection纵联保护291Angle of maximum sensitivity最大灵敏角292Out of service退出运行294Waveform波形295Outlet出口296Electromechanical机电的297Magnitude of current电流幅值299Traveling wave signal行波信号300Measurement signal测量信号301Traveling wave relay行波继电器302Transmission line malfunction 输电线路异常运行303Subsystem子系统304Positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗305Negative sequence impedance负序阻抗306Zero sequence impedance零序阻抗307Digital signal processor数字信号处理器308Frequency sensing频率测量309Cable relay电缆继电器310Under power protection低功率保护311Under voltage protection低电压保护312Transient analysis暂态分析313Voltage sensor电压传感器314Zero-sequence protection零序保护315Zero sequence current transducer 零序电流互感器316Shunt旁路，并联317Series串联，级数318Parallel并联319Saturation饱和320Free-standing独立的，无需支撑物的321Troidal环形的，曲面，螺旋管形322Bushing套管323Magnetizing磁化324Dropout current回动电流325Reactor grounded neutral system 中性点电抗接地系统326Grounding apparatus接地装置327Dual bus双总线328Thyristor晶闸管329Spark gap火花隙330Damping circuit阻尼电路331Discharge放电332Platform平台333Grading等级334Line trap线路陷波器335Field test实地试验337Off-position“断开”位置，“开路”位置338Power-angle功角339Power-angle curve功角特性曲线340Torque-angle转矩角341Symmetrical components 对称分量342Constant常量，恒定343Coupler耦合器345Concussion震动348Filter滤波器349Analogue模拟350Insulator绝缘子351Switch cabinet开关柜352Rated burden\load额定负载353Primary一次侧的354Remote-control apparatus 远距离控制设备355Capacitance电容356Capacitor电容器357Reactance电抗358Inductor电感359Internal resistance阻360Blow-out coil消弧线圈361Bundle-conductor spacer 分裂导线362Bundle factor分裂系数363Electromotive force电动势364Volt-amphere characteristic伏安特性365Outgoing line引出线366electrolyte电解质368Load characteristic负载特性369Self-induction自感370Mutual-induction互感371Induction coefficient感应系数372Inductance couping电感耦合373Time-invariant时不变的回复3帖戒旅长 2005五2007-10-26 11:16 374Terminal voltage端电压Non-linear characteristics 非线性特性376External characteristics 外特性378Harmonic current正弦电流379Pole-pairs极对数380Quadrature正交381Angular velocity角频率382Magnetic induction磁感应强度385Armature电枢386Peak value（交变量的）最大值387A mutually induced e.m.f 互感电动势388The applied voltage外施电压Zero-power-factor零功率因数390The no-load power factor 空载功率因数391Sinusoidal variations正弦变量392A lagging power factor 滞后的功率因数393Equivalent circuit等值电路394Capacitance effect电容效应395Direct axis直轴396Quadrature axis交轴398Concentrated coil集中绕组399Magnetization curve磁化曲线400Residual magnetism剩磁Rated armature current 额定电枢电流402Series excited串励403Self excited自励404Shunt excited并励405spottily excited他励407Electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩408a retarding torque制动转矩409Rectangular wave矩形波410Synchronous speed同步转速411Electromagnetic brake 电磁制动412synchronous reactance 同步电抗synchronous condenser同步调相机414Load shedding甩负荷415Black-start黑启动417Distribution feeder配电馈线418Commissioning投运419Reactive power compensation 无功补偿器420Continuous rating连续运行的额定值421AI (artificial intelligence)人工智能422Network topology网络拓补424Configuration control组态控制425Topological information拓补信息Black-out area停电区428Adaptive relaying自适应继电保护429Adaptive features自适应特性430Phase comparison relays相位比较继电器431Directional contact方向触点432Protective gap保护间隙433Protective earthing保护接地434Protective earthing; outer insulation 保护绝缘435Protection switch保护开关436Protective cap保护帽437Protective panel保护屏柜Protection device保护设备440Protective casing保护外壳441Catch net; protecting net保护网442Protection system保护系统443Protective link保护线路444Protective ground保护性接地445Protective cover; Protective housing 保护罩446Protection device; Protective gear 保护装置447Protective transformer保护变压器448Alarm relay报警信号继电器449Alarm signal；alerting signal报警信号Admittance relays导纳型继电保护装置451Low-voltage protection低压保护452Under-voltage release低电压跳闸453Under-voltage trip低电压自动跳闸454Under-run低负荷运行455Under-power protection低功率保护456Under-power relay低功率继电器457Under-frequency protection低频保护458Low-frequency high-voltage test 低频高压实验459Low-voltage relay低压继电器460Low-voltage release relay低压释放继电器Under-frequency protection 低周波保护463Under-impedance relay低阻抗继电器465Conductance relay电导继电器466Motor-field failure relay电动机磁场故障继电器467Dynamoelectric relay电动式继电器468Electric reset relay电复位继电器469Power-transformer relay电力传输继电器471Power system oscillation电力系统振荡472Electric interlock relay连锁继电器473Current overload电流过载474Self-polarizing relay电流极化继电器Current-balance relay 电流平衡式继电器476Circuit control relay电路控制继电器479Capacitance relay电容继电器480Capacity ground电容接地481Voltage balance relay电压平衡继电器482Circuit control relay电路控制继电器483Voltage responsive relay 电压响应继电器484Voltage selection relay 电压选择继电器485Power failure电源故障486Power-transfer relay电源切换继电器487vacuum-tube relay电子管继电器Ohm relay电阻继电器489Timing relay; timed relay定时继电器490Time pulse relay定时脉冲继电器492Directional over-current relay方向过流继电器493Directional over-current protection 方向过流保护494Directional distance relay方向距离继电器495Directional pilot relaying方向纵联继电保护497Cut-off relay断路继电器498Circuit breaker failure protection 断路器故障保护装置500Open-phase relay断相继电器501Earth-leakage protection对地漏电保护Multiple-reclosing breaker多次重合闸断路器503Multi-ended circuit protection多端线路保护506Multiple earth多重接地507Two-position relay二位置继电器508Generator protection发电机保护509Generator cutout relay发电机断路继电器510Generator protection for negative sequence current 发电机负序电流保护511Transmitting relay发送继电器512Back-spin timer反转时间继电器513Auxiliary relay辅助继电器514Negative phase relay负相位继电器Negative-phase sequence impendence负相序继电器516Under-load relay负载不足继电器517Back-up over-speed governor附加超速保护装置518Induction cup relay感应杯式继电器520Induction type relay感应式继电器521Induction disc relay感应圆盘式继电器522High sensitive relay高灵敏度继电器回复4帖戒旅长 2005四2007-10-26 11:16523High-speed impedance relay高速阻抗继电器524High-voltage relay高压继电器525Power relay功率继电器527Transition impedance过渡阻抗528Thermal protection过热保护529Temperature limiting relay过热继电器530Overload relay过载继电器531Overload trip过载跳闸532Thermostat relay恒温继电器533Closing relay合闸继电器534Transverse differential protection 横差保护535Transfer of auxiliary supply后备电源切换536Back-up system后备继电保护537Delay-action relay缓动继电器538Slow-to release relay缓放继电器539Converter relay换流器继电器540Electromechanical relay机电继电器541Biased differential relaying极化差动继电保护系统542Discontinuous relay鉴别继电器543Transistor relay晶体管继电器544Crystal can relay晶体密闭继电器545Static relay静电继电器546Fast-operate slow-release relay 快动缓释继电器547Fast-release relay快释放继电器549Excitation-loss relay失磁继电器553Two-phase short circuit fault 两相短路故障554Two-phase grounding fault 两相接地短路故障556Sensitive polarized relay灵敏极化继电器558Sensitive relay灵敏继电器560Abnormal overload异常过载561Abnormal overvoltage事故过电压562Above earth potential对地电势563Absolute potential绝对电势564AC circuit breaker交流断路器565AC component交流分量566AC distribution system交流配电系统567Air-blast circuit breaker 空气灭弧断路器568Air-blast switch空气吹弧开关569Air brake switch空气制动开关571Air breaker空气断路器572Air-space cable空气绝缘电缆573Alive带电的574All-relay interlocking全部继电连锁575All-relay selector全继电式选择器578Arc extinguishing coil 灭弧线圈579Arc suppressing reactor 灭弧电抗器580Asymmetric load不对称负载581Asymmetric short circuit 不对称短路582Asynchronous reactance 异步电抗583Asynchronous resistance 异步电阻584Biased differential relaying 极化差动继电保护系统585Bi-directional relay双向继电器586Blinker继电器吊牌587Blocking relay连锁继电器589Blowout coil灭弧线圈590Bus hub总线插座591Bus protective relay母线保护继电器592Bus section breaker母线分段断路器593Bus terminal fault母线终端故障594Bus separation母线分离595Bus tie circuit breaker 母线联络继电器596Bypass旁路597Coil factor线圈系数598Compound relay复合电路599Continuous load持续负载600Counting relay计数继电器602Cut-off of supply停止供电603Cut-out relay短路继电器604Dash current冲击电流605Data medium数据载体606Data processing数据处理607Data transmission数据传输608Emergency service事故运行609Emergency standby 事故备用611Extinction coil消弧线圈612Extinguishing voltage 消弧线圈613Extra high voltage超高压614Fault line故障线615Fault location故障定位616Feedback反馈617Feeder馈电线618Interlock连锁619Intermittent fault间歇故障620Interrupting time断路时间621Negative direction反方向622No-load release无跳闸623Off-peak非峰值的624Operating load运行负载625Orthogonal正交的626Rated primary voltage 一次额定电压627Rated secondary volage 二次额定电压628Remote controlled 遥控的629Reserve bus备用母线630Rotor转子631 Sectionalizer分段断路器632Self-energizing自激的633Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸637Surge voltage冲击电压638Sustained overload 持续过电压639 Symmetrical对称的640Fault component 故障分量641Wavelet transform 小波变换642Object-oriented面向对象643Faults recorder故障录波644Setting calculation整定计算645Topology analysis拓扑分析646Expert system专家系统647Security安全性651Load schedule according to frequency change按周波减载653Semiconductor, semiconductor diode, transistor 半导体、半导体二级管、三极管654Semi-orthogonal wavelet半正交小波656Saturation, saturation detection, saturation curve 饱和，饱和检测，饱和曲线657Relay location保护安装处658Coordination of relay settings保护的整定配合659Coordination time interval保护配合时间阶段660Relay system configuration保护配置661Redundancy of relaying system保护配置的冗余度663Protection devices, protection equipment保护装置664Starting current and returning current of protection device 保护装置的起动电流和返回电流665Alarm报警666Approximation component逼近分量668B sampling functionB样条函数670Transformation matrix变换矩阵672Fault type故障类别673。
电力系统继电保护中英文对照表
1 Directional protection方向保护2 Distance protection距离保护3 Over current protection过流保护4 Pilot protection高频保护5 Differential protection差动保护6 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护7 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护8 Over fluxing protection过励磁保护9 Back—up protection后备保护11 Sequential tripping顺序跳闸12 Start up/Pick up起动13 Breaker断路器14 Disconnecting switch隔离开关15 Current transformer电流互感器16 Potential transformer电压互感器17 Dead zone/Blind spot死区18 Vibration/Oscillation振荡19 Reliability可靠性20 Sensitivity灵敏性21 Speed速动性22 Selectivity选择性23 Step-type distance relay分段距离继电器24 Time delay延时25 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁26 Incorrect tripping误动27 Phase to phase fault相间故障28 Earth fault接地故障29 Through- fault穿越故障30 Permanent fault永久性故障31 Temporary fault瞬时性故障32 Overload过负荷34 Contact multiplying relay触点多路式继电器35 Timer relay时间继电器40 Ground fault relay接地故障继电器41 Recloser重合闸42 Zero—sequence protection 零序保护43 Soft strap软压板44 Hard strap硬压板45 High resistance高阻46 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动47 CT line-breakCT断线48 PT line—breakPT断线49 Secondary circuit二次回路50 AC circuit breaker交流开关电路51 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器52 Breaker point wrench开关把手53 Breaker trip coil断路器跳闸线圈54 Bus bar母线; 导电条55 Bus bar current transformer母线电流变压器56Bus bar disconnecting switch分段母线隔离开关57Bus compartment母线室；汇流条隔离室58Bus duct母线槽; 母线管道59Bus hub总线插座60Bus line汇流线61Bus insulator母线绝缘器62Bus request cycle总线请求周期63Bus reactor母线电抗器64Bus protection母线保护65Bus rings集电环66Bus rod汇流母线67Bus section reactor分段电抗器68Bus structure母线支架；总线结构69Bus tie switch母线联络开关70Bus-bar chamber母线箱71Bus-bar fault母线故障72Bus—bar insulator母线绝缘子73Busbar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关74Current attenuation电流衰减75Current actuated leakage protector电流起动型漏电保护器76Current balance type current differential relay电流平衡式差动电流继电器;差动平衡式电流继电器77Current changer换流器78Current compensational ground distance relay电流补偿式接地远距继电器79Current consumption电流消耗80Coil adjuster线圈调节器81Coil curl线圈82Coil current线圈电流83Coil end leakage reactance线圈端漏电抗84Coil inductance线圈电感85Current transformer phase angle电流互感器相角86Distance relay；impedance relay阻抗继电器87Power rheostat电力变阻器88Electrically operated valve电动阀门89Electrical governing system电力调速系统90Field application relay励磁继电器；激励继电器91High tension electrical porcelain insulator 高压电瓷绝缘子92Option board任选板；选配电路板; 选择板93Oscillator coil振荡线圈94Over—Voltage relay过压继电器95Power factor relay功率因素继电器96Protection against overpressure超压防护97Protection against unsymmetrical load 不对称负载保护装置98Protection device保护设备; 防护设备99Protection reactor保护电抗器100Protection screen保护屏101Protection switch保护开关102Insulator cap绝缘子帽; 绝缘子帽103Insulator chain绝缘子串; 绝缘子串104Insulator arc—over绝缘子闪络; 绝缘子闪络105Insulator arcing horn绝缘子角形避雷器; 绝缘子角形避雷器106Insulator bracket绝缘子托架；绝缘子托架107Impedance compensator阻抗补偿器108 Resistance grounded neutral system中心点电阻接地方式109 Reactance bond电抗耦合; 接合扼流圈110 Reactance of armature reaction电枢反应电抗111 Under—V oltage relay欠压继电器112 V oltage differential relay电压差动继电器114 Relay must—operate value继电器保证启动值115 Relay act trip继电器操作跳闸116 Relay overrun继电器超限运行117 Longitudinal differential protection纵联差动保护118 Phase—angle of voltage transformer电压互感器的相角差119 Zero—sequence current/residual current 零序电流120 Residual current relay零序电流继电器121 Bus bar protection/bus protection母线保护122 Breaker contact point断路器触点123 Cut—off push断路器按钮124 Gaseous shield瓦斯保护装置125 Neutral-point earthing中性点接地126 Internal fault内部故障127 Auxiliary contacts辅助触点128 Neutral auto—transformer中性点接地自耦变压器129 Fuse box/fusible cutout熔断器130 Pulse relay/surge relay冲击继电器七戒旅长2005七2007-10—26 11：14131 Auxiliary relay/intermediate relay中间继电器132 Common—mode voltage共模电压133 Impedance mismatch阻抗失配134 Intermittent fillet weld间断角缝焊接135 Loss of synchronism protection失步保护136 Closing coil合闸线圈137 Electro polarized relay极化继电器138 Power direction relay功率方向继电器139 Direct-to—ground capacity对地电容140 Shunt running潜动141 Trip/opening跳闸142 Trip switch跳闸开关143 Receiver machine收信机144 High—frequency direction finder 高频测向器145 Capacity charge电容充电146 time over—current时限过电流148 Surge guard冲击防护149 Oscillatory surge振荡冲击150 Fail safe interlock五防装置151 Differential motion差动152 Capacitive current电容电流154 Time delay延时156 Normal inverse反时限157 Definite time定时限158 Multi-zone relay分段限时继电器159 Fail—safe unit五防161 Unbalance current不平衡电流162 Blocking autorecloser 闭锁重合闸163 Primary protection主保护164 Tap分接头165 YC （telemetering) 遥测167 Fault clearing time故障切除时间168 Critical clearing time 极限切除时间169 Switch station开关站170 Traveling wave行波171 Protection feature保护特性172 Fault phase selector故障选线元件173 Fault type故障类型174 Inrush励磁涌流175 Ratio restrain比率制动176 Laplace and Fourier transforms 拉氏和傅利叶变换177 Short circuit calculations短路计算178 Load flow calculations潮流计算179 Oscillatory reactivity perturbation 振荡反应性扰动180 Quasi—steady state准稳态181 Automatic quasi-synchronization 自动准同步182 Protective relaying equipment继电保护装置183 AC directional overcurrent relay 交流方向过流继电器184 AC reclosing relay交流重合闸继电器185 Annunciator relay信号继电器188 Carrier or pilot—wire receiver relay载波或导引线接受继电器189 Current-limiting relay限流继电器190 Definite time relay定时限继电器192 Lockout relay闭锁继电器；保持继电器;出口继电器193 Micro—processor based protective relay 微机继电保护194 V oltage —controlled overcurrent relay 电压控制过电流继电器196 Fault diagnosis故障诊断197 Back-up protection后备保护198 Overhead line架空线199 High voltage line高压线路200 Underground cable埋地电缆201 Circuit breaker断路器202 Brushless excitation无刷励磁203 Interlock闭锁204 Trigger触发器205 Winding—to—winding insulation 绕组间的绝缘206 Porcelain insulator瓷绝缘子207 Tie line联络线208 Leased line租用线路209 Private line专用线路211 Remote Terminal Unit远程终端设备212 Economic dispatch system经济调度系统213 State estimation状态估计214 Trip by local protection保护跳闸215 Close by local protection保护合闸216 Operational (internal) overvoltage 操作（内部）过电压217 Sampling and holding采样保持218 Synchronized sampling采样同步219 Manipulation操作220 Measuring/Metering unit测量元件221 Locus of measured impedance测量阻抗轨迹222 Differential mode interference差模干扰223 Output （executive）organ出口(执行）元件224 Overcurrent relay with undervoltage supervision低电压起动的过电流保护225 Low impedance busbar protection低阻抗母线保护回复2帖帖七戒旅长2005六2007—10-26 11：15228 Half—cycle integral algorithm半周积分算法230 Coordination of relay settings保护的整定配合231 Reach （setting）of protection保护范围（定值）232 Coordination time interval保护配合时间阶段233 Percentage differential relay比率差动继电器234 Electromagnetic relay电磁型继电器236 Instantaneous undervoltage protection with current supervision电流闭锁的电压速断保护237 Operating equation （criterion)动作方程(判据)238 Operating characteristic动作特性239Harmonic restraining谐波制动241Segregated current differential protection分相电流差动保护242Branch coefficient分支系数243Power line carrier channel （PLC）高频通道245High speed signal acquisition system高速数字信号采集系统246Busbar protection with fixed circuit connection 固定联结式母线保护247Fault recorder故障录波器248Fault phase selection故障选相249Optoelectronic coupler光电耦合器件251Compensating voltage补偿电压252Polarized voltage极化电压253Memory circuit记忆回路254Unblocking signal解除闭锁信号255Power system splitting and reclosing解列重合闸256Connection with 90 degree90度接线257Insulation supervision device绝缘监视258Inrush exciting current of transformer励磁涌流259Two star connection scheme两相星形接线方式260Zero mode component of traveling wave 零模行波261Inverse phase sequence protection逆相序保护262Offset impedance relay偏移特性阻抗继电器263Frequency response频率响应264Activate the breaker trip coil起动断路器跳闸266Permissive under reaching transfer trip scheme 欠范围允许跳闸式267Slight （severe）gas protection轻（重）瓦斯保护268Man－machine interface人机对话接口270Three phase one shot reclosure三相一次重合闸271Out—of-step失步272Accelerating protection for switching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作275Abrupt signal analysis突变信号分析276Out flowing current外汲电流277False tripping误动279Turn to turn fault，inter turn faults匝间短路280Relay based on incremental quantity增量(突变量)继电器281Vacuum circuit breaker真空开关282Power swing （out of step) blocking振荡(失步)闭锁284Successive approximation type A/D逐次逼进式A/D285Infeed current助增电流286Self reset自动复归287Adaptive segregated directional current differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护288Adaptive relay protection自适应继电保护289Pilot protection纵联保护291Angle of maximum sensitivity 最大灵敏角292Out of service退出运行294Waveform波形295Outlet出口296Electromechanical机电的297Magnitude of current电流幅值299Traveling wave signal行波信号300Measurement signal测量信号301Traveling wave relay行波继电器302Transmission line malfunction 输电线路异常运行303Subsystem子系统304Positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗305Negative sequence impedance 负序阻抗306Zero sequence impedance零序阻抗307Digital signal processor数字信号处理器308Frequency sensing频率测量309Cable relay电缆继电器310Under power protection低功率保护311Under voltage protection低电压保护312Transient analysis暂态分析313V oltage sensor电压传感器314Zero—sequence protection零序保护315Zero sequence current transducer 零序电流互感器316Shunt旁路，并联317Series串联，级数318Parallel并联319Saturation饱和320Free—standing独立的,无需支撑物的321Troidal环形的，曲面，螺旋管形322Bushing套管323Magnetizing磁化324Dropout current回动电流325Reactor grounded neutral system 中性点电抗接地系统326Grounding apparatus接地装置327Dual bus双总线328Thyristor晶闸管329Spark gap火花隙330Damping circuit阻尼电路331Discharge放电332Platform平台333Grading等级334Line trap线路陷波器335Field test实地试验337Off—position“断开”位置，“开路"位置338Power-angle功角339Power—angle curve功角特性曲线340Torque—angle转矩角341Symmetrical components 对称分量342Constant常量，恒定343Coupler耦合器345Concussion震动348Filter滤波器349Analogue模拟350Insulator绝缘子351Switch cabinet开关柜352Rated burden\load额定负载353Primary一次侧的354Remote—control apparatus 远距离控制设备355Capacitance电容356Capacitor电容器357Reactance电抗358Inductor电感359Internal resistance内阻360Blow—out coil消弧线圈361 Bundle—conductor spacer 分裂导线362Bundle factor分裂系数363Electromotive force电动势364V olt—amphere characteristic伏安特性365Outgoing line引出线366electrolyte电解质368Load characteristic负载特性369Self-induction自感370Mutual—induction互感371Induction coefficient感应系数372Inductance couping电感耦合373Time-invariant时不变的回复3帖4帖七戒旅长2005五2007—10-26 11:16Terminal voltage端电压375Non—linear characteristics 非线性特性376External characteristics外特性378Harmonic current正弦电流379Pole—pairs极对数380Quadrature正交381Angular velocity角频率382Magnetic induction磁感应强度385Armature电枢386Peak value(交变量的）最大值387A mutually induced e。
继电保护外文翻译
Relay protection development present situation Abstract reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement proposed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes networked protects the control the survey the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization. Key word relay protection present situation development，relay protections future development1 relay protection development present situationThe electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request the electronic technology computer technology and the communication rapiddevelopment unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development therefore the relay protection technology is advantageous has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time.After the founding of the nation our country relay protection discipline the relay protection design the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50s our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption the digestion have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical teams establishment. The acheng relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research the design the manufacture the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60s. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prosper swas our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.From the end of the 50s the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the 60s to the 80s in are the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely uses. Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from the protection moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv line finished the 500kv line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.From the 70s started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the complete series to at the end of 80s integrated circuit protection substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development the production the application the integrated circuit protects which to the beginning of the 90s still were in the dominant position this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated electricity road work frequency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power automation research institute high frequency protected the vital role the Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi- strip 220kv and on the500kv line.Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the end of the 70s the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunners function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology southeast the university the North China electric power institute the Xian Jiaotong University the Tianjin University Shanghai Jiaotong University the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation researchinstitute one after another has all developed the different principle the different patternmicrocomputer protective device. In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal and in the system the find application had opened in our country relay protection history the new page protected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the host equipment protection aspect the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magnetism protection the generator protection and the generator Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989 in 1994 through appraisal investment movement. The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops microcomputer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal. The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993 in 1996 through the appraisal. Heres the different principle the different type microcomputer line and the host equipment protect unique provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical power system fine the function has been complete the work reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device research in microcomputer aspect and so on protection software algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result. May say started our country relay protection technology from the 90s to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.2 relay protections future development -2-The relay protection technology future the tendency will be to computerizes networked the intellectualization will protect the control the survey and the data communication integration development.2.1 computerizes Along with the computer hardware swift and violent development the microcomputer protection hardware also unceasingly is developing. The original North China electric power institute develops the microcomputer line protection hardware has experienced 3 development phases: Is published from 8 lists cpu structure microcomputer protection does not develop to 5 years time to the multi- cpu structure latter developed to the main line does not leave the module the big modular structure the performance enhances greatly obtained the widespread application. Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops the microcomputer protection also is from 8 cpu develops to take the labor controlling machine core partially as the foundation 32 microcomputers protection.The Nanjing electric power automation research institute from the very beginning has developed 16 cpu is the foundation microcomputer line protection obtained the big area promotion at present also is studying 32 protections hardware system. Southeast the university develops the microcomputer host equipment protects the hardware also passed through improved and the enhancement many times. The Tianjin University from the very beginning is the development take more than 16 cpu as the foundation microcomputer line protection in 1988 namely started to study take 32 digital signals processor dsp as the foundation protection the control the survey integration microcomputer installment at present cooperated with the Zhuhai Jin automatic equipment company develops one kind of function complete 32 big modules a module was a minicomputer. Uses 32 microcomputers chips only to focus by no means on the precision because of the precision the a/d switch resolution limit is surpassed time 16 all is accepts with difficulty in the conversion rate and the cost aspect 32 microcomputers chips have the very high integration rate more importantly very high operating frequency and computation speed very big addressing space rich command system and many inputs outlet. The cpu register the data bus the address bus all are 32 has the memory management function thememory protection functionand the duty transformation function and cache and the floating number part all integrates the high speed buffer in cpu.The electrical power system the request which protects to the microcomputer enhances unceasingly besides protection basic function but also should have the large capacity breakdown information and the data long-term storage space the fast data processing function the formidable traffic capacity with other protections the control device and dispatches the networking by to share the entire system data the information and the network resources ability the higher order language programming and so on. This requests the microcomputer protective device to have is equal to a pc machine function. In the computer protection development initial period once conceived has made the relay protection installment with a minicomputer. At that time because the small machine volume big the cost high the reliability was bad this tentative plan was not realistic. Now with the microcomputer protective device size similar labor controlling machine function the speed the storage capacity greatly has surpassed the same year small machine therefore made the relay protection with complete set labor controlling machine the opportunity already to be mature this will be one of development directions which the microcomputer protected. The Tianjin University has developed the relay protection installment which Cheng Yongtong microcomputer protective device structure quite same not less thanone kind of labor controlling machine performs to change artificially becomes. This kind of equipment merit includes: has the 486pc machine complete function can satisfy each kind of function request which will protect to current and the future microcomputer. size and structure and present microcomputer protective device similar the craft excellent quakeproof guards against has been hot guards against electronmagetic interference ability may move in the very severe working conditions the cost may accept. uses the std main line or the pc main line the hardware modulation may select the different module wilfully regarding the different protection the disposition nimble is easy to expand.Relay protection installment computerizes is the irreversible development tendency. How butto satisfies the electrical power system request well how further enhances the relay protection the reliability how obtains the bigger economic efficiency and the social efficiency still must conduct specifically the thorough research.2.2 networked The computer network has become the information age as the information and the data communication tool the technical prop caused the human production and the social life appearance has had the radical change. It profoundly is affecting each industry domain also has provided the powerful means of communication for each industry domain. So far besides the differential motion protection and the vertical association protection all relay protections installment all only can respond the protection installment place electricity spirit. The relay protection function also only is restricted in the excision breakdown part reduces the accident to affect the scope. This mainly is because lacks the powerful data communication method. Overseas already had proposed the system protection concept this in mainly referred to the safe automatic device at that time. Because the relay protection function not only is restricted in the excision breakdown part and the limit accident affects the scope this is most important task but also must guarantee the entire system the security stable movement. This requests each protection unit all to be able to share the entire system the movement and the breakdown information data each protection unit and the superposition brake gear in analyze these information and in the data foundation the synchronized action guarantees the system the security stable movement. Obviously realizes this kind of system protection basic condition is joins the entire system each main equipment protective device with the computer network that is realization microcomputer protective device networked. This under the current engineering factor is completely possible.Regarding the general non- systemprotection the realization protective device computer networking also has the very big advantage. The relay protection equipment can obtain system failure information more then to the breakdown nature the breakdown position judgment and the breakdown distance examination is more accurate. Passed through the very long time to the auto-adapted protection principle research also has yielded the certain result but must realize truly protects to the system movement way and the malfunction auto-adapted must obtain the more systems movement and the breakdown information only then realization protection computer networked can achieve this point.Regarding certain protective device realization computer networkings also can enhance the protection the reliability. The Tianjin University in 1993 proposed in view of the future Three Gorges hydroelectric power station 500kv ultrahigh voltage multi- return routes generatrix one kind of distributional generatrix protection principle developed successfully this kind of equipment initially. Its principle is disperses the traditional central generatrix protection certain with to protect generatrix to return way to be same the generatrix protection unit the dispersible attire is located in on various return routes protection screen each protection unit joins with the computer network each protection unit only inputs this return route the amperage after transforms it the digital quantity transmits through the computer network for other all return routes protection unit each protection unit acts according to this return route the amperage and other all return routes amperage which obtains from the computer network carries on the generatrix differential motion protection the computation if the computed result proof is the generatrix interior breakdown then only jumps the book size return route circuit breaker Breakdown generatrix isolation. When generatrix area breakdown each protection unit all calculates for exterior breakdown does not act. This kind the distributional generatrix protection principle which realizes with the computer network has the high reliability compared to the traditional central generatrix protection principle. Because if a protection unit receives the disturbance or the miscalculation when moves by mistake only can wrongly jump the book size return route cannot create causes the generatrix entire the malignant accident which excises this regarding looks like the Three Gorges power plant to have the ultrahigh voltage generatrix the system key position to be extremely important.By above may know microcomputer protective device may enhance the protection performance and the reliability greatly this is the microcomputer protection development inevitable trend.2.3 protections control survey data communication integrations In realization relay protection computerizing with under the condition the protective device isin fact a high performance the multi-purpose computer is in an entire electrical power system computer network intelligent terminal. It may gain the electrical power system movement and breakdown any information and the data from the net also may protect the part which obtain.翻译后：继电保护的发展现状摘要回顾了我国电力系统继电保护技术发展的过程，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展的趋势是：计算机化网络化保护控制测量数据通信一体化和人工智能化。
电力系统继电保护中英文对照表
1 Directional protection方向保护2 Distance protection距离保护3 Over current protection过流保护4 Pilot protection高频保护5 Differential protection差动保护6 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护7 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护8 Over fluxing protection过励磁保护9 Back-up protection后备保护11 Sequential tripping顺序跳闸12 Start up/Pick up起动13 Breaker断路器14 Disconnecting switch隔离开关15 Current transformer电流互感器16 Potential transformer电压互感器17 Dead zone/Blind spot死区18 Vibration/Oscillation振荡19 Reliability可靠性20 Sensitivity灵敏性21 Speed速动性22 Selectivity选择性23 Step-type distance relay分段距离继电器24 Time delay延时25 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁26 Incorrect tripping误动27 Phase to phase fault相间故障28 Earth fault接地故障29 Through- fault穿越故障30 Permanent fault永久性故障31 Temporary fault瞬时性故障32 Overload过负荷34 Contact multiplying relay触点多路式继电器35 Timer relay时间继电器40 Ground fault relay接地故障继电器41 Recloser重合闸42 Zero-sequence protection零序保护43 Soft strap软压板44 Hard strap硬压板45 High resistance高阻46 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动47 CT line-breakCT断线48 PT line-breakPT断线49 Secondary circuit二次回路50 AC circuit breaker交流开关电路51 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器52 Breaker point wrench开关把手53 Breaker trip coil断路器跳闸线圈54 Bus bar母线; 导电条55 Bus bar current transformer母线电流变压器56Bus bar disconnecting switch分段母线隔离开关57Bus partment母线室; 汇流条隔离室58Bus duct母线槽; 母线管道59Bus hub总线插座60Bus line汇流线61Bus insulator母线绝缘器62Bus request cycle总线请求周期63Bus reactor母线电抗器64Bus protection母线保护65Bus rings集电环66Bus rod汇流母线67Bus section reactor分段电抗器68Bus structure母线支架; 总线结构69Bus tie switch母线联络开关70Bus-bar chamber母线箱71Bus-bar fault母线故障72Bus-bar insulator母线绝缘子73Busbar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关74Current attenuation电流衰减75Current actuated leakage protector电流起动型漏电保护器76Current balance type current differential relay电流平衡式差动电流继电器;差动平衡式电流继电器77Current changer换流器78Current pensational ground distance relay电流补偿式接地远距继电器79Current consumption电流消耗80Coil adjuster线圈调节器81Coil curl线圈82Coil current线圈电流83Coil end leakage reactance线圈端漏电抗84Coil inductance线圈电感85Current transformer phase angle电流互感器相角86Distance relay; impedance relay阻抗继电器87Power rheostat电力变阻器88Electrically operated valve电动阀门89Electrical governing system电力调速系统90Field application relay励磁继电器; 激励继电器91High tension electrical porcelain insulator 高压电瓷绝缘子92Option board任选板; 选配电路板; 选择板93Oscillator coil振荡线圈94Over-V oltage relay过压继电器95Power factor relay功率因素继电器96Protection against overpressure超压防护97Protection against unsymmetrical load 不对称负载保护装置98Protection device保护设备; 防护设备99Protection reactor保护电抗器100Protection screen保护屏101Protection switch保护开关102Insulator cap绝缘子帽; 绝缘子帽103Insulator chain绝缘子串; 绝缘子串104Insulator arc-over绝缘子闪络; 绝缘子闪络105Insulator arcing horn绝缘子角形避雷器; 绝缘子角形避雷器106Insulator bracket绝缘子托架; 绝缘子托架107Impedance pensator阻抗补偿器108 Resistance grounded neutral system 中心点电阻接地方式109 Reactance bond电抗耦合; 接合扼流圈110 Reactance of armature reaction电枢反应电抗111 Under-Voltage relay欠压继电器112 V oltage differential relay电压差动继电器114 Relay must-operate value继电器保证启动值115 Relay act trip继电器操作跳闸116 Relay overrun继电器超限运行117 Longitudinal differential protection纵联差动保护118 Phase-angle of voltage transformer电压互感器的相角差119 Zero-sequence current/residual current 零序电流120 Residual current relay零序电流继电器121 Bus bar protection/bus protection母线保护122 Breaker contact point断路器触点123 Cut-off push断路器按钮124 Gaseous shield瓦斯保护装置125 Neutral-point earthing中性点接地126 Internal fault内部故障127 Auxiliary contacts辅助触点128 Neutral auto-transformer中性点接地自耦变压器129 Fuse box/fusible cutout熔断器130 Pulse relay/surge relay冲击继电器七戒旅长2005七2007-10-26 11:14131 Auxiliary relay/intermediate relay中间继电器132 mon-mode voltage共模电压133 Impedance mismatch阻抗失配134 Intermittent fillet weld间断角缝焊接135 Loss of synchronism protection失步保护136 Closing coil合闸线圈137 Electro polarized relay极化继电器138 Power direction relay功率方向继电器139 Direct-to-ground capacity对地电容140 Shunt running潜动141 Trip/opening跳闸142 Trip switch跳闸开关143 Receiver machine收信机144 High-frequency direction finder 高频测向器145 Capacity charge电容充电146 time over-current时限过电流148 Surge guard冲击防护149 Oscillatory surge振荡冲击150 Fail safe interlock五防装置151 Differential motion差动152 Capacitive current电容电流154 Time delay延时156 Normal inverse反时限157 Definite time定时限158 Multi-zone relay分段限时继电器159 Fail-safe unit五防161 Unbalance current不平衡电流162 Blocking autorecloser 闭锁重合闸163 Primary protection主保护164 Tap分接头165 YC (telemetering)遥测167 Fault clearing time故障切除时间168 Critical clearing time 极限切除时间169 Switch station开关站170 Traveling wave行波171 Protection feature保护特性172 Fault phase selector故障选线元件173 Fault type故障类型174 Inrush励磁涌流175 Ratio restrain比率制动176 Laplace and Fourier transforms 拉氏和傅利叶变换177 Short circuit calculations短路计算178 Load flow calculations潮流计算179 Oscillatory reactivity perturbation 振荡反应性扰动180 Quasi-steady state准稳态181 Automatic quasi-synchronization 自动准同步182 Protective relaying equipment继电保护装置183 AC directional overcurrent relay 交流方向过流继电器184 AC reclosing relay交流重合闸继电器185 Annunciator relay信号继电器188 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay载波或导引线接受继电器189 Current-limiting relay限流继电器190 Definite time relay定时限继电器192 Lockout relay闭锁继电器；保持继电器；出口继电器193 Micro-processor based protective relay 微机继电保护194 V oltage -controlled overcurrent relay 电压控制过电流继电器196 Fault diagnosis故障诊断197 Back-up protection后备保护198 Overhead line架空线199 High voltage line高压线路200 Underground cable埋地电缆201 Circuit breaker断路器202 Brushless excitation无刷励磁203 Interlock闭锁204 Trigger触发器205 Winding-to-winding insulation绕组间的绝缘206 Porcelain insulator瓷绝缘子207 Tie line联络线208 Leased line租用线路209 Private line专用线路211 Remote Terminal Unit远程终端设备212 Economic dispatch system经济调度系统213 State estimation状态估计214 Trip by local protection保护跳闸215 Close by local protection保护合闸216 Operational (internal) overvoltage 操作（内部）过电压217 Sampling and holding采样保持218 Synchronized sampling采样同步219 Manipulation操作220 Measuring/Metering unit测量元件221 Locus of measured impedance测量阻抗轨迹222 Differential mode interference差模干扰223 Output (executive) organ出口（执行）元件224 Overcurrent relay with undervoltage supervision低电压起动的过电流保护225 Low impedance busbar protection低阻抗母线保护回复2帖帖七戒旅长2005六2007-10-26 11:15228 Half-cycle integral algorithm半周积分算法230 Coordination of relay settings保护的整定配合231 Reach (setting) of protection保护X围（定值）232 Coordination time interval保护配合时间阶段233 Percentage differential relay比率差动继电器234 Electromagnetic relay电磁型继电器236 Instantaneous undervoltage protection with current supervision电流闭锁的电压速断保护237 Operating equation (criterion)动作方程（判据）238 Operating characteristic动作特性239Harmonic restraining谐波制动241Segregated current differential protection分相电流差动保护242Branch coefficient分支系数243Power line carrier channel (PLC)高频通道245High speed signal acquisition system高速数字信号采集系统246Busbar protection with fixed circuit connection 固定联结式母线保护247Fault recorder故障录波器248Fault phase selection故障选相249Optoelectronic coupler光电耦合器件251pensating voltage补偿电压252Polarized voltage极化电压253Memory circuit记忆回路254Unblocking signal解除闭锁信号255Power system splitting and reclosing 解列重合闸256Connection with 90 degree90度接线257Insulation supervision device绝缘监视258Inrush exciting current of transformer 励磁涌流259Two star connection scheme两相星形接线方式260Zero mode ponent of traveling wave 零模行波261Inverse phase sequence protection逆相序保护262Offset impedance relay偏移特性阻抗继电器263Frequency response频率响应264Activate the breaker trip coil起动断路器跳闸266Permissive under reaching transfer trip scheme 欠X围允许跳闸式267Slight (severe) gas protection轻（重）瓦斯保护268Man－machine interface人机对话接口270Three phase one shot reclosure三相一次重合闸271Out-of-step失步272Accelerating protection for switching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作275Abrupt signal analysis突变信号分析276Out flowing current外汲电流277False tripping误动279Turn to turn fault，inter turn faults匝间短路280Relay based on incremental quantity增量（突变量）继电器281Vacuum circuit breaker真空开关282Power swing (out of step) blocking振荡（失步）闭锁284Successive approximation type A/D逐次逼进式A/D285Infeed current助增电流286Self reset自动复归287Adaptive segregated directional current differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护288Adaptive relay protection自适应继电保护289Pilot protection纵联保护291Angle of maximum sensitivity 最大灵敏角292Out of service退出运行294Waveform波形295Outlet出口296Electromechanical机电的297Magnitude of current电流幅值299Traveling wave signal行波信号300Measurement signal测量信号301Traveling wave relay行波继电器302Transmission line malfunction 输电线路异常运行303Subsystem子系统304Positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗305Negative sequence impedance 负序阻抗306Zero sequence impedance零序阻抗307Digital signal processor数字信号处理器308Frequency sensing频率测量309Cable relay电缆继电器310Under power protection低功率保护311Under voltage protection低电压保护312Transient analysis暂态分析313V oltage sensor电压传感器314Zero-sequence protection零序保护315Zero sequence current transducer 零序电流互感器316Shunt旁路，并联317Series串联，级数318Parallel并联319Saturation饱和320Free-standing独立的，无需支撑物的321Troidal环形的，曲面，螺旋管形322Bushing套管323Magnetizing磁化324Dropout current回动电流325Reactor grounded neutral system 中性点电抗接地系统326Grounding apparatus接地装置327Dual bus双总线328Thyristor晶闸管329Spark gap火花隙330Damping circuit阻尼电路331Discharge放电332Platform平台333Grading等级334Line trap线路陷波器335Field test实地试验337Off-position“断开”位置，“开路”位置338Power-angle功角339Power-angle curve 功角特性曲线340Torque-angle转矩角341Symmetrical ponents 对称分量342Constant常量，恒定343Coupler耦合器345Concussion震动348Filter滤波器349Analogue模拟350Insulator绝缘子351Switch cabinet开关柜352Rated burden\load额定负载353Primary一次侧的354Remote-control apparatus 远距离控制设备355Capacitance电容356Capacitor电容器357Reactance电抗358Inductor电感359Internal resistance内阻360Blow-out coil消弧线圈361Bundle-conductor spacer 分裂导线362Bundle factor分裂系数363Electromotive force电动势364V olt-amphere characteristic伏安特性365Outgoing line引出线366electrolyte电解质368Load characteristic负载特性369Self-induction自感370Mutual-induction互感371Induction coefficient感应系数372Inductance couping电感耦合373Time-invariant时不变的回复3帖4帖七戒旅长2005五2007-10-26 11:16Terminal voltage端电压375Non-linear characteristics 非线性特性376External characteristics 外特性378Harmonic current正弦电流379Pole-pairs极对数380Quadrature正交381Angular velocity角频率382Magnetic induction磁感应强度385Armature电枢386Peak value（交变量的）最大值387A mutually induced e.m.f 互感电动势The applied voltage外施电压389Zero-power-factor零功率因数390The no-load power factor 空载功率因数391Sinusoidal variations正弦变量392A lagging power factor 滞后的功率因数393Equivalent circuit等值电路394Capacitance effect电容效应395Direct axis直轴396Quadrature axis交轴398Concentrated coil集中绕组399Magnetization curve磁化曲线Residual magnetism剩磁401Rated armature current 额定电枢电流402Series excited串励403Self excited自励404Shunt excited并励405spottily excited他励407 Electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩408a retarding torque制动转矩409Rectangular wave矩形波410Synchronous speed同步转速411 Electromagnetic brake 电磁制动synchronous reactance同步电抗413synchronous condenser 同步调相机414Load shedding甩负荷415Black-start黑启动417Distribution feeder配电馈线418missioning投运419Reactive power pensation 无功补偿器420Continuous rating连续运行的额定值421AI (artificial intelligence) 人工智能422Network topology网络拓补424Configuration control组态控制Topological information拓补信息426Black-out area停电区428Adaptive relaying自适应继电保护429Adaptive features自适应特性430Phase parison relays相位比较继电器431Directional contact方向触点432Protective gap保护间隙433Protective earthing保护接地434Protective earthing; outer insulation 保护绝缘435Protection switch保护开关436Protective cap保护帽Protective panel保护屏柜439Protection device保护设备440Protective casing保护外壳441Catch net; protecting net保护网442Protection system保护系统443Protective link保护线路444Protective ground保护性接地445Protective cover; Protective housing 保护罩446Protection device; Protective gear 保护装置447Protective transformer保护变压器448Alarm relay报警信号继电器Alarm signal；alerting signal报警信号450Admittance relays导纳型继电保护装置451Low-voltage protection低压保护452Under-voltage release低电压跳闸453Under-voltage trip低电压自动跳闸454Under-run低负荷运行455Under-power protection低功率保护456Under-power relay低功率继电器457Under-frequency protection低频保护458Low-frequency high-voltage test 低频高压实验459Low-voltage relay低压继电器Low-voltage release relay 低压释放继电器461Under-frequency protection 低周波保护463Under-impedance relay低阻抗继电器465Conductance relay电导继电器466Motor-field failure relay电动机磁场故障继电器467Dynamoelectric relay电动式继电器468Electric reset relay电复位继电器469Power-transformer relay电力传输继电器471Power system oscillation 电力系统振荡472Electric interlock relay连锁继电器473Current overload电流过载Self-polarizing relay电流极化继电器475Current-balance relay 电流平衡式继电器476Circuit control relay电路控制继电器479Capacitance relay电容继电器480Capacity ground电容接地481V oltage balance relay电压平衡继电器482Circuit control relay电路控制继电器483V oltage responsive relay 电压响应继电器484V oltage selection relay 电压选择继电器485Power failure电源故障486Power-transfer relay电源切换继电器vacuum-tube relay电子管继电器488Ohm relay电阻继电器489Timing relay; timed relay定时继电器490Time pulse relay定时脉冲继电器492Directional over-current relay方向过流继电器493Directional over-current protection 方向过流保护494Directional distance relay方向距离继电器495Directional pilot relaying方向纵联继电保护497Cut-off relay断路继电器498Circuit breaker failure protection 断路器故障保护装置500Open-phase relay断相继电器Earth-leakage protection对地漏电保护502Multiple-reclosing breaker多次重合闸断路器503Multi-ended circuit protection多端线路保护506Multiple earth多重接地507Two-position relay二位置继电器508Generator protection发电机保护509Generator cutout relay发电机断路继电器510Generator protection for negative sequence current 发电机负序电流保护511Transmitting relay发送继电器512Back-spin timer反转时间继电器513Auxiliary relay辅助继电器Negative phase relay负相位继电器515Negative-phase sequence impendence负相序继电器516Under-load relay负载不足继电器517Back-up over-speed governor附加超速保护装置518Induction cup relay感应杯式继电器520Induction type relay感应式继电器521Induction disc relay感应圆盘式继电器522High sensitive relay高灵敏度继电器回复4帖5帖七戒旅长2005四2007-10-26 11:16523High-speed impedance relay高速阻抗继电器524High-voltage relay高压继电器525Power relay功率继电器527Transition impedance过渡阻抗528Thermal protection过热保护529Temperature limiting relay过热继电器530Overload relay过载继电器531Overload trip过载跳闸532Thermostat relay恒温继电器533Closing relay合闸继电器534Transverse differential protection 横差保护535Transfer of auxiliary supply后备电源切换536Back-up system后备继电保护Delay-action relay缓动继电器538Slow-to release relay缓放继电器539Converter relay换流器继电器540Electromechanical relay机电继电器541Biased differential relaying极化差动继电保护系统542Discontinuous relay鉴别继电器543Transistor relay晶体管继电器544Crystal can relay晶体密闭继电器545Static relay静电继电器546Fast-operate slow-release relay 快动缓释继电器547Fast-release relay快释放继电器Excitation-loss relay失磁继电器553Two-phase short circuit fault 两相短路故障554Two-phase grounding fault 两相接地短路故障556Sensitive polarized relay灵敏极化继电器558Sensitive relay灵敏继电器560Abnormal overload异常过载561Abnormal overvoltage事故过电压562Above earth potential对地电势563Absolute potential绝对电势564AC circuit breaker交流断路器565AC ponent交流分量AC distribution system 交流配电系统567Air-blast circuit breaker 空气灭弧断路器568Air-blast switch空气吹弧开关569Air brake switch空气制动开关571Air breaker空气断路器572Air-space cable空气绝缘电缆573Alive带电的574All-relay interlocking 全部继电连锁575All-relay selector全继电式选择器578Arc extinguishing coil 灭弧线圈579Arc suppressing reactor 灭弧电抗器Asymmetric load不对称负载581Asymmetric short circuit 不对称短路582Asynchronous reactance 异步电抗583Asynchronous resistance 异步电阻584Biased differential relaying 极化差动继电保护系统585Bi-directional relay双向继电器586Blinker继电器吊牌587Blocking relay连锁继电器589Blowout coil灭弧线圈590Bus hub总线插座591Bus protective relay母线保护继电器Bus section breaker 母线分段断路器593Bus terminal fault母线终端故障594Bus separation母线分离595Bus tie circuit breaker 母线联络继电器596Bypass旁路597Coil factor线圈系数598pound relay复合电路599Continuous load持续负载600Counting relay计数继电器602Cut-off of supply停止供电603Cut-out relay短路继电器Dash current冲击电流605Data medium数据载体606Data processing数据处理607Data transmission数据传输608Emergency service事故运行609Emergency standby 事故备用611Extinction coil消弧线圈612Extinguishing voltage 消弧线圈613Extra high voltage超高压614Fault line故障线615Fault location故障定位Feedback反馈617Feeder馈电线618Interlock连锁619Intermittent fault间歇故障620Interrupting time断路时间621Negative direction反方向622No-load release无跳闸623Off-peak非峰值的624Operating load运行负载625Orthogonal正交的626Rated primary voltage 一次额定电压Rated secondary volage 二次额定电压628Remote controlled遥控的629Reserve bus备用母线630Rotor转子631Sectionalizer分段断路器632Self-energizing自激的633Sequential tripping顺序跳闸637Surge voltage冲击电压638Sustained overload持续过电压639Symmetrical对称的640Fault ponent故障分量Wavelet transform小波变换642Object-oriented面向对象643Faults recorder故障录波644Setting calculation整定计算645Topology analysis拓扑分析646Expert system专家系统647Security安全性651Load schedule according to frequency change 按周波减载653Semiconductor, semiconductor diode, transistor 半导体、半导体二级管、三极管654Semi-orthogonal wavelet半正交小波656Saturation, saturation detection, saturation curve 饱和，饱和检测，饱和曲线Relay location保护安装处658Coordination of relay settings保护的整定配合659Coordination time interval保护配合时间阶段660Relay system configuration保护配置661Redundancy of relaying system保护配置的冗余度663Protection devices, protection equipment保护装置664Starting current and returning current of protection device 保护装置的起动电流和返回电流665Alarm报警666Approximation ponent逼近分量668B sampling functionB样条函数670Transformation matrix变换矩阵。
电力系统继电保护的探索
电力系统继电保护的探索1 引言电力系统继电保护是保证电力系统安全运行、提高经济效益的有效技术。
计算机控制技术成功运用到电力系统继电保护中,使得未来继电保护技术发展趋势具有计算机化、网络化、智能化等特点。
Power system relay protection is to guarantee the safe operation of the power system, improve the economic benefit of technology effectively. Computer control technology is successfully used in electric power system relay protection, make the future developing direction of relay protection technology has the characteristics of computerized, networked, intelligent.我国继电保护学科、技术、继电器制造和人才队伍培养从无到有,在小活吸收国外先进继电保护设备和运行技术的基础上,建成了一支具有深厚理论功底和丰富运行经验的继电保护队伍。
经过60年的发展和探索,我国已经建成了继电保护研究、设计、加工制造、运行维护和教学的完整体系。
Relay protection discipline, technology, relay manufacturing in China and talent training from scratch, live in the small absorb advanced foreign technology, relay protection equipment and operation, on the basis of built a deep theoretical background and rich operating experience of relay protection team. After 60 years of development and exploration, our//country has built relay protection research, design, manufacture, operation maintenance and complete teaching system.2 我国继电保护的发展现状2 the relay protection development present situation in our country上世纪60年代到80年代是晶体管继电保护蓬勃发展和广泛采用的时代。
继电保护中英文对照表
继电保护中英文对照表1 A lagging power-factor 滞后的功率因数2 A mutualky induced 互感电动势3 a retarding torque 制动转矩4 Abnormal operating condition 不正常运行状态5 Abnormal overload 异常过载6 Abnormal overvoltage 事故过电压7 Abnormal state 非常态8 Above earth potential 对地电势9 Abrupt signal analysis 突变信号分析10 Absolute potential 绝对电势11 AC circuit breaker 交流断路器12 AC component 交流分量13 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器14 AC distribution system 交流配电系统15 AC reclosing relay 交流重合闸继电器16 Accelerating protection forswitching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作17 Acceleration Trend Relay(ATR) 加速趋势继电器18 Accurate Working Current 精确工作电流19 Accurate Working voltage 精确工作电压20 Activate the breaker trip coil 起动断路器跳闸21 Adaptive features 自适应特性22 Adaptive relay protection 自适应继电保护23 Adaptive relaying 自适应继电保护24 Adaptive segregated directionalcurrent differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护25 Admittance relays 导纳型继电保护装置26 AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能27 Air brake switch 空气制动开关28 Air breaker 空气断路器29 Air-blast circuit breaker 空气灭弧断路器30 Air-blast switch 空气吹弧开关31 Air-space cable 空气绝缘电缆32 Alarm 报警33 Alarm relay 报警信号继电器34 Alarm signal;alerting signal 报警信号35 Alive 带电的36 All-relay interlocking 全部继电连锁37 All-relay selector 全继电式选择器38 Amplitude Comparison 绝对值比较39 Analogue 模拟40 Angle of maximum sensitivity 最大灵敏角41 Annunciator relay 信号继电器42 Approximation component 逼近分量43 Arc extinguishing coil 灭弧线圈44 Arc suppressing coil 消弧线圈45 Arc suppressing reactor 灭弧电抗器46 Arcing fault 电弧接地故障47 Armature 电枢48 Asymmetric load 不对称负载49 Asymmetric short circuit 不对称短路50 Asynchronous resistance 异步电阻51 Asynchronous tractance 异步电抗52 Attacted armature relay 衔铁（磁铁）吸合式继电器53 Automatic quasi-synchronization 自动准同步54 Automatic reclosure 自动重合闸55 auto-put-into device of reserve-source 备用电源自动投入装置56 auto-recosing with self-synchronism 自同步重合闸57 Auxiliary contacts 辅助触点58 Auxiliary relay/intermediate relay 辅助继电器／中间继电器59 B sampling function B样条函数60 Back-spin timer 反转时间继电器61 Back-up over-speed governor 附加超速保护装置62 Back-up protection 后备保护63 Back-up ssystem 后备继电保护64 Biased differential relaying 极化差动继电保护系统65 Bi-directional relay 双向继电器66 Bi-stable 双稳态67 Black-out area 停电区68 Black-start 黑启动69 Blinker 继电器吊牌70 Bloching protection 闭锁式保护71 Blocking relay 连锁继电器72 Blocking signal 闭锁信号73 Blow-out coil 灭弧线圈74 Branch coefficient 分支系数75 Breaker contact point 断路器触点76 Breaker pount wrench 开关把手77 Breaker trip coil 断路器跳闸线圈78 Brushless excitation 无刷励磁79 Buchholtz protecter 瓦斯保护80 Bundle factor 分裂系数81 Bundle-conductor spacer 分裂导线82 Bus bar 母线；导电条83 Bus bar current transformer 母线电流变压器84 Bus bar disconnecting swich 分段母线隔离开关85 Bus compartment 母线室；汇流条隔离室86 Bus coupler CB 母联断路器87 Bus duct 母线槽；母线管道88 Bus hub 总线插座89 Bus insulator 母线绝缘器90 Bus line 汇流线91 Bus protection(Bus-bar protection) 母线保护92 Bus protective relay 母线保护继电器93 Bus reactor 母线电抗器94 Bus request cycle 总线请求周期95 Bus rings 集电环96 Bus rod 汇流母线97 Bus section reactor 分段电抗器98 Bus structure 母线支架；总线结构99 Bus tie switch 母线联络开关100 Bus-bar chamber 母线箱101 Bus-bar fault 母线故障102 Bus-bar insulator 母线绝缘子103 bus-bar protection withfixed circuit xonnection 固定联结式母线保护104 Bus-bar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关105 Bushing 套管106 bushing type xurrent transformer 套管式电流互感器107 Bypass 旁路108 Cable relay 电缆继电器109 Capacitance 电容110 Capacitance effect 电容效应111 Capacitance relay 电容继电器112 Capacitive current 电容电流113 Capacitor 电容器114 Capacitor of series compensation 串补电容115 Capacity charge 电容充电116 Capacity ground 电容接地117 Carrier channel 高频通道118 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay 载波或导引线接受继电器119 Carrier receiver 发讯机120 Carrier transmitter 收讯机121 Cascading outages 连锁故障122 Catch net (protecting net) 保护网123 Chatter 颤振124 Circuit breaker 断路器125 Circuit breaker failure protection 断路器失灵保护126 Circuit control relay 电路控制继电器127 Clip-on leads 夹式引线128 Clock 时钟129 Close by local protection 保护合闸130 Close-up fault 近距离故障131 Closing coil 合闸线圈132 Closing relay 合闸继电器133 Coil adjuster 线圈调节器134 Coil curl 线圈135 Coil current 线圈电流136 Coil end leakage reactance 线圈端漏电抗137 Coil factor 线圈系数138 coil inductance 线圈电感139 Combined bus and transformer protection 母线和变压器共用保护140 Commissioning 投运141 Common-mode voltage 共模电压142 Communication channel 通讯通道143 Communication interface 通讯接口144 Compensation theorem(compensation principle) 补偿原理145 Compensation voltage（compensating voltage) 补偿电压146 Compound relay 复合继电器147 Concentrated coil 集中绕组148 Concussion 震动149 Conductance relay 电导继电器150 Configuration control 组态控制151 Connection with 90degree ９０度接线152 Constant 常量153 Contact 触点154 Contact bounce 触点颤动155 Contact multiplying relay 触点多路式继电器156 Continuous load 持续负载157 Continuous rating 连续运行的额定值158 Converter relay 换流器继电器159 Coordination of relay settings 保护的整定配合160 Coordination time interval 保护配合时间阶段161 Core 铁芯162 Counting relay 计数继电器163 Coupler 耦合器164 Critical clearing time 极限切除时间165 Cross-country faults “越野式”双相同时接地故障166 Crystal can relay 晶体密闭继电器167 CT line-break ＣＴ断线168 Current actuated leakage protector 电流起动型漏电保护器169 Current attenuation 电流衰减170 Current balance type currentdifferential relay 电流平衡式差动电流继电器；差动平衡式电流继电器171 Current changer 换流器172 Current compensational ground distance relay 电流补偿式接地远距继电器173 Current consumption 电流消耗174 Current differential criterion 电流差动判据175 Current transformer 电流互感器176 Current transformer phase angle 电流互感器相角177 Current transformer saturation 电流互感器的饱和问题178 Current traveling wave 电流行波179 Current-balance relay 电流平衡式继电器180 Current-limiting relay 限流继电器181 Cut-off of supply 停止供电182 Cut-off push 断路器按钮183 Cut-off relay 断路继电器184 Cut-out relay 短路继电器185 Damping circuit 阴尼电路186 Dash current 冲击电流187 Data medium 数据载体188 Data processing 数据处理189 Data transmission 数据传输190 Dead zone(Blind spot) 死区191 Definite time 定时限192 Definite time relay 定时限继电器193 Delay-action relay 缓动继电器194 Delta 三角形195 Differential mode interference 差模干扰196 Differential motion 差动197 Differential protection 差动保护198 Differential protection withpercentage restraining 具有比率制动的差动继电器199 Differential relay 差动继电器200 Differential relay with fast saturatedcurrent transformer 带有速饱和变流器的差动继电器）201 Differential relay with RestraintCharacteristic 具有制动特性的差动继电器202 Digital protection 数字式保护203 Digital signal processor 数字信号处理器204 Direct axis 直轴205 Directional contact 方向触点206 Directional distance relay 方向距离继电器207 Directional over-current protection 方向过流保护208 Directional over-current relay 方向过流继电器209 Directional pilot relaying 方向纵联继电保护210 Directional protection 方向保护211 Direct-to-ground capacity 对地电容212 Discharge 放电213 Disconnecting switch 隔离开关214 Discontinuous relay 鉴别继电器215 Discriminating zone 判别区216 Dislocation 损失、故障引起的混乱217 Disruption 瓦解、系统解列218 Distance protection 距离保护219 Distance relay(impedance relay) 阻抗继电器220 Distributed capacitance of long line 长线分布电容221 Distribution feeder 配电馈线222 Diviation character 偏移特性223 Double bus bar protection 双母线保护224 Double-ended clip-on leads 双头夹式引线225 Dropout current 回动电流226 Dry-type transformer 干式变压器227 Dual bus 双总线228 Dynamic attributes 动态特性229 Dynamoelectric relay 电动式继电器230 Earth fault 接地故障231 Earth-leakage protection 对地漏电保护232 Economic dispatch system 经济调度系统233 Electric capacity 电容234 Electric interlock relay 连锁继电器235 Electric reset relay 电复位式继电器236 Electrical apparatus(equipments) 电器设备237 Electrical governing system 电力调速系统238 Electrical network(power network) 电网239 Electrically operated valve 电动阀门240 Electro polarized relay 极化继电器241 electrolyte 电解质242 Electromagnetic brake 电磁制动243 Electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩244 Electromagnetical relay 电磁式继电器245 Electromechanic relay 机电的246 Electromotive force 电动势247 Emergency service 事故运行248 Emergency standby 事故备用249 Energy direction relay 能量方向继电器250 Equivalent circuit 等值电路251 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁252 Excitation-loss relay 失磁继电器253 Expert system 专家系统254 Extermal characteristics 外特性255 Extinction coil 消弧线圈256 Extinguishing voltage 灭弧电压257 Extra high voltage 超高压258 Extra-high-voltage transmission line 超高压传输259 Fail safe interlock 五防装置260 Fail-safe unit 五防261 Failure rate 故障率262 False tripping 误动263 Fast ersponse 快速响应264 Fast-operate slow-release relay 快动缓释继电器265 Fast-release relay 快释放继电器266 Fault clearing time 故障切除时间267 Fault component 故障分量268 Fault detecting relay 故障检测继电器269 Fault diagnosis 故障诊断270 Fault line 故障线271 Fault location 故障定位272 Fault phase selection 故障选相273 Fault phase selector 故障选线元件274 Fault recorder 故障录波器275 Fault type 故障类型276 Fault-component algorithms 故障分量算法277 Faulted phase identification 故障相识别元件278 Faults recorder 故障录波279 Feedback 反馈280 Feeder 馈电线281 Fiber optical communication 光纤通信282 Fiber-Optic Pilot 光纤纵联保护283 Field application relay 励磁继电器；激励继电器284 Field failure protection of generator 发电机的失磁保护285 Field test 实地试验286 Filter 滤波器287 Finger 触点的接点288 Fourier algorithm 傅立叶算法289 Free-standing 独立的；无需支撑物的290 Frequency component 频率分量291 Frequency response 频率响应292 Frequency sensing 频率测量293 Frequency window 频窗294 Full-wave phase comparison protection 全波相位比较保护295 Fuse box(Fusible cutout) 熔断器296 Gaseous shield 瓦斯保护装置297 Gas-Insulater switchgear GIS 气体绝缘组合电器298 Generator 发电机299 Generator cutout relay 发电机断路继电器300 Generator Negative Current Protection 发电机负序电流保护301 Generator out of step protection 发电机失步保护302 Generator protection 发电机保护303 Generator protection for negativesequence current 发电机负序电流保护304 Generator stator single phase earth fault 发电机定子绕组单相接地保护305 Generator stator winding short circuit faults 发电机定子绕组短路故障306 Generator-transformer set 发电机－变压器组307 Graded time settings 阶梯型时间配置308 Grading 等级309 Ground fault relay 接地故障继电器310 Ground-fault of ungrounded system 小电流接地系统311 Grounding apparatus 接地装置312 Half-cycle integral algorithm 半周积分算法313 Hard strap 硬压板314 Harmonic current 正弦电流315 Harmonic restraining 谐波制动316 Healthy phases 非故障相317 Heavy load 重负荷318 Hidden failures 隐形故障319 High impedance busbar differetial protection 高阻抗母线差动保护320 High resistance 高阻321 High sensitive relay 高灵敏度继电器322 High speed impedance relay 高速阻抗继电器323 High speed signal acquisition system 高速数字信号采集系统324 High tension electrical porcelain insulator 高压电瓷绝缘子325 High voltage line 高压线路326 High-frequency direction finder 高频测向器327 High-voltage relay 高压继电器328 Immune to electromagnetic interference 不受电磁干扰329 Impedance circle 阻抗圆330 Impedance compensator 阻抗补偿器331 Impedance converter 阻抗变换器332 Impedance mismatch 阻抗失配333 Impulsing relay 冲击继电器334 Inadvertent energization 过激磁335 Incorrect tripping 误动336 Inductance couping 电感耦合337 Induction coefficient 感应系数338 Induction cup relay 感应杯式继电器339 Induction disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器340 Induction type relay 感应式继电器341 Inductor 电感342 Infeed current 助增电流343 Inrush exciting current of transformer 励磁涌流344 Instantaneous protection 瞬时保护345 Instantaneous under voltageprotection with current supervision 电流闭锁电压速断保护346 Insulation supervision device 绝缘监视347 Insulator 绝缘子348 Insulator arcing horn 绝缘子角形避雷器349 Insulator arc-over 绝缘子闪络350 Insulator bracket 绝缘子托架351 Insulator cap 绝缘子帽352 Insulator chain 绝缘子串353 Inter turn faults 匝间短路354 Interlock 连锁355 Intermittent fault 间歇故障356 Intermittent fillet weld 间接角缝焊接357 Internal fault 内部故障358 Internal resistance 内阻359 Interrupting time 断路时间360 Intertripping underreach protection 远方跳闸欠范围保护361 Inverse phase sequence protection 逆相序保护362 Inverse power protection 逆功率保护363 Isolated neutral system 中性点绝缘系统364 Jumper connection 跳线365 Kalman filter algorithm 卡尔曼滤波算法366 Laplace and Fourier transforms 拉氏和傅里叶变换367 Leased line 租用线路368 LED 发光二极管369 Line trap 线路陷波器370 Load characteristic 负载特性371 Load flow calculations 潮流计算372 Load patterns 负荷形式373 Load schedule according to frequency change 按周波减载374 Load shedding 甩负荷375 Lockout relay 闭锁出口继电器376 Locus of measured impedance 测量阻抗轨迹377 Longitudinal differential protection 纵联差动保护378 Longitudinal differential relay 纵联差动继电器379 Loss of synchronism protection 失步保护380 Low impedance busbar protection 低阻抗母线保护381 Low-frequency component,subharmonic 低频分量,低次谐波382 Low-frequency high-voltage protection 低频高压试验383 Low-voltage protection 低压保护384 Low-voltage rekease relay 低压释放继电器385 Low-voltage relay 低压继电器386 Magnetic flux 磁通387 Magnetic induction 磁感应强度388 Magnetization curve 磁化曲线389 Magnetizing 磁化390 Magnetizing inrush current 劢磁涌流391 Magnitude of current 电流幅值392 Main protection 主保护393 Manipulating organ 操作单元394 Manipulation 操作395 Man-machine interface 人机对话接口396 Margin 裕度397 Measured impedance 测量阻抗398 Measurement 测量399 Measurement signal 测量信号400 Measuring unit 测量元件401 Mechanism latch 机械锁402 Memory circuit 记忆回路403 Metallic fault 金属性故障404 Micro-processor based protective relay 微机继电保护405 Microwave link protection 微波保护406 Minimum load impedance 最小负荷阻抗407 Motor-field failure relay 电动机磁场故障继电器408 Moving coil relay 动圈式继电器409 Muktiole-reclosing breaker 多次重合闸断路器410 Multi-ended circuit protection 多端线路保护411 Multi-finger contactor 多触点接触器412 Multi-phase compensated impedance relay 多相补偿式阻抗继电器413 Multiple earth 多重接地414 Multi-zone rekay 分段限时继电器415 Mutual-induction 互感416 Mutual-induction of zero sequence 零序互感的影响417 Mutually coupled lines 有互感线路418 Negative direction 反方向419 Negative phase relay 负相位继电器420 Negative sequence impedance 负序阻抗421 Negative-phase sequence impendence 负相序继电器422 Network topology 网络拓朴423 Neutral auto-transformer 中性点接地自耦变压器424 Neutral displacement protection 中性点过电压保护425 Neutral-current transformer 零序电流互感器426 Neutral-point earthing 中性点接地427 No-load release 无跳闸428 Non-linear characteristics 非线性特性429 Non-sinusoidal signal 非正弦信号430 Normal inverse 反时限431 Normally closed contacts 常闭节点432 Normally open contacts 常开节点433 Object-oriented 面向对向434 Off-peak 非峰值的435 Off-position 断开位置436 Offset impedance relay 偏移特性阻抗继电器437 Ohm relay 电阻继电器438 Oil-immersed type reactor 油浸式电抗器439 Open-phase relay 断相继电器440 Operating characteristic 动作特性441 Operating eqution(criterion) 动作方程(判据)442 Operating load 运行负载443 Operating time 动作时间444 Operational(internal)over-voltage 操作(内部)过电压445 Optical link protection 光纤保护446 Option board 选择板447 Optoelectronic coupler 光电耦合器件448 Orthogonal 正交的449 Oscillation 振荡450 Oscillator coil 振荡线圈451 Oscillatory reactivity perturbation 振荡反应性扰动452 Oscillatory surge 振荡冲击453 Out flowing current 外汲电流454 Out going line 引出线455 Out of service 退出运行456 Out of step 失步457 Outlet 出口458 Output(executive) organ 出口(执行)元件459 Over current protection 过电流保护460 Over fluxing ptrtection 过励磁保护461 Over head line 架空线462 Over load 过负荷463 Over reach blocking scheme 超范围闭锁式464 Over voltage protection 过电压保护465 Over voltage relay 过压继电器531466 Over-current relay withunder-voltage supervision 低电压起动的过电流保护467 Over-load relay 过载继电器468 Over-load trip 过载跳闸469 Parallel 并联470 Parallel port 并联出口471 Peak value （交变量的）最大值472 Percentage differential protection 比率差动保护473 Percentage differential relay 比率差动继电器474 Permanent fault 永久性故障475 Permissive under reaching transfertrip scheme 欠范围允许跳闸式476 Permissive underreach protection 允许式欠范围保护477 Phase comparison protection 相位比较保护478 Phase comparison relay 相位比较继电器479 Phase segregated protection 分相保护480 Phase to phase fault 相间故障481 Phase-angle of voltage transformer 电压互感器的相角差482 Phase-shifting algorithm 移相算法483 Pilot protection 高频保护；纵联保护484 Pilot protection using distance relay 距离纵联保护485 Platform 平台486 Pneumatic 气动的487 Pockels effect 波克尔斯效应488 Polar characteristics 极化特性489 Polarized voltage 极化电压490 Pole-pairs 极对数491 Porcelain insulator 瓷绝缘子492 Positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗493 Potential transformer 电压互感器494 Power direction relay 功率方向继电器495 Power factlr relay 功率因数继电器496 Power failure 电源故障497 Power line carrier 电力线载波498 Power line carrier channel 高频通道499 Power line carrier protection 电力线载波保护500 Power relay 功率继电器501 Power rheostat 电力变压器502 Power swing(out of step)blocking 振荡（失步）闭锁503 Power system analysis and computation 电力系统分析与计算504 Power system control 电力系统控制505 Power system oscillation 电力系统振荡506 Power system splitting and reclosing 解列重合闸507 Power system transients 电力系统暂态508 Power-angle 功角509 Power-angle curve 功角特性曲线510 Power-transfer relay 电源切换继电器511 Power-transformer relay 电力传输继电器512 Primary 一次侧的513 Primary protection 主保护514 Private line 专用线路515 Proportional Brake LongitudinalDifferential Protection 比例制动式纵差保护516 Protection against overpressure 超压防护517 Protection against unsymmetrical load 不对称负载保护装置518 Protection criterion 保护判据519 Protection device 保护设备；防护设备520 Protection feature 保护特性521 Protection of generator-transformer set 发电机--变压器保护522 Protection reactor 保护电抗器523 Protection screen 保护屏524 Protection switch 保护开关525 Protective cap 保护帽526 Protective casing 保护外壳527 Protective cover(protective housing) 保护罩528 Protective device(protective gear) 保护装置529 Protective earthing 保护接地530 Protective earthing outer insulation 保护接地外绝缘531 Protective equipment 保护设备532 Protective gap 保护间隙533 Protective ground 保护性接地534 Protective link 保护线路535 Protective panel 保护屏柜536 Protective relaying equipment 继电保护装置537 Protective switch 保护开关538 Protective system 保护系统539 Protective transformer 保护变压器540 PT line-break PT断线541 Pulse 脉冲542 Pulse relay(surge relay) 冲击继电器543 Quadrature 正交544 Quadrature axis 交轴545 Quasi-steady state 准稳态546 Rated armature current 额定电枢电流547 Rated burden/Rated load 额定负载548 Rated primary voltage 一次额定电压549 Rated secondary voltage 二次额定电压550 Ratio restrain 比率制动551 Reach(setting)of protection 保护范围(定值)552 Reactance 电抗553 Reactance bond 电抗耦合554 Reactance of armature reaction 电枢反应电抗555 Reactive power cimpensation 无功补偿器556 Reactor grounded neutral system 中性点电抗接地系统557 Receiver machine 收信机558 Reclaim time 复归时间559 Recloser 重合闸560 Rectangular wave 矩形波561 Rectifier bridge 整流桥562 Recursive least square algorihm 最小二乘算法563 Redundancy of relaying system 保护配置的冗余度564 Relay acceleration after auto-reclosing 重合闸后加速保护565 Relay acceleration before auto-reclosing 重合闸前加速保护566 Relay act trip 继电器操作跳闸567 Relay based on incremental quantity 增量(突变量)继电器568 Relay based on transient component 暂态保护569 Relay location 保护安装处570 Relay must-operate value 继电器保证启动值571 Relay overrun 继电器超限运行572 Relay system configuration 保护配置573 Remote backup protection 远后备保护574 Remote controlled 遥控的575 Remote Terminal Unit 远程终端设备576 Remote-control apparatus 远程控制设备577 Reserve bus 备用母线578 Residual current 零序电流579 Residual current relay 零序电流继电器580 Residual magnetism 剩磁581 Resistance grounded neutral system 中性点接地方式582 Resultant torque 合成转矩583 Returning current of protection device 保护装置返回584 Reverse power flows 功率逆潮流585 Rotor 转子586 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护587 Rwliability 可靠性588 Sampling and holding 采样保持589 Sampling interruption service program 采样中断服务程序590 Satuation detection 饱和检测591 Saturation curve 饱和曲线592 SCADA 监控与数据采集593 Scalarproduct restraint differentrial relay 标积制动式差动继电器594 Scan 扫描595 Sealed transformer 密封式变压器596 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动597 Secondary circuit 二次回路598 Section selectovity of protection 保护的区选择性599 Sectionalizer 分段断路器600 Security 安全性601 Segregated current differential protection 分相电流差动保护602 Selectivity 选择性603 Self excited 自励604 Self reset 自动复归605 Self-check 自检606 Self-energizing 自激的607 Self-induction 自感608 Self-polarize mho 自极化姆欧（导纳）继电器609 Self-polarizing 电流极化继电器610 Semiconductor diode 半导体二极管611 Semi-orthogonal wavelet 半正交小波612 Sensitive polarized 灵敏极化继电器613 Sensitivity 灵敏性614 Sequence of events recorder 事件顺序记录器615 Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸616 Serial port 串行接口617 Series 串联618 Series excited 串励619 Sesitive relay 灵敏继电器620 Setting calculation 整定计算621 Severe gas protection 重瓦斯保护622 Short circuit calculations 短路计算623 Short-term load forecasting 短期负荷预测624 Shunt 旁路；并联625 Shunt excited 并励626 Shunt running 潜动627 Shutter 挡板628 Sigle-phase transmission line 单相传输线629 Single-chip microcontroller 单片机630 Sinusoidal variations 正弦变量631 Slight gas protection 轻瓦斯保护632 Slow-to release relay 缓放继电器633 Soft strap 软压板634 Solenoid relay 螺管式继电器635 Spark gap 火花间隙636 Speed 速动性637 Splitphase transverse differential protection 裂相横差保护638 Spottily excited 他励639 Star 星形640 Start up(Pick up) 起动641 Starting current of protection device 保护装置启动电流642 State estimation 状态估计643 Static distance relay 静态距离继电器644 Static relay 静电继电器645 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护646 Stator ground protection based onzero sequence current 零序电流构成的定子接地保护647 Step-type distance relay 分段距离继电器648 Strap 压板649 Subsystem 子系统650 Successive approximation typw A/D 逐次逼近型A/D651 Superimposed component protection 叠加分量保护652 Surge guard 冲击防护653 Surge impedance 波阻抗654 Surge voltage 冲击电压655 Sustained faults 持续性故障656 Sustained overload 持续657 Switch cabinet 开关柜658 Switch station 开关站659 Switching surge 开关冲击660 Symmetrical 对称的661 Symmetrical comoinents 对称分量662 Synchronization check 同期检查663 Synchronized sampling 采样同步664 Synchronizing by reference parameter vector 参数矢量同步法665 Synchronous condenser 同步调相机666 Synchronous reactance 同步电抗667 Synchronous speed 同步转速668 Tap 分接头669 Telemeter data 遥测数据670 Temperature limiting relay 过热继电器671 Temporary fault 瞬时性故障672 Terminal board 端子排673 Terminal voltage 端电压674 Test-block 试验端子675 Test-plug 试验插头676 The applied voltage 外施电压677 The no-load power factor 空载功率因数678 Thermal protection 过热保护679 Thermostat relay 恒温继电器680 Three phase one shot reclosure 三相一次重合闸681 Three terminal line protection 三端线路保护682 Through-fault 穿越故障683 Thyristor 晶体管684 Tie line 联络线685 Time interval 时间间隔686 Time over-current 时限过电流687 Time pulse relay 定时脉冲继电器688 Time-current characteristic 时间-电流特性689 Time-delay relay 时间继电器690 Time-invariant 不变时的691 Timer relay 延时继电器692 Timing relay(Timed relay) 定时继电器693 Topological information 拓朴信息694 Topology analysis 拓朴分析695 Torque-angle 转矩角696 Torsional vibration 扭转振动697 Tower 杆塔698 Transfer of auxiliary supply 后备电源切换699 Transformation matrix 变换矩阵700 Transformer protection schemes 变压器保护配置原则701 Transient analysis 暂态分析702 Transistor(type)relay 晶体管(型)继电器703 Transition impedance 过渡阻抗704 Transmission line malfunction 输电线路异常运行705 Transmitting relay 发送继电器706 Transverse differential protection 横差保护707 Transverse differential protectionfor Generator turn-to-turn faults 发电机横差保护708 Traveling wave 行波709 Traveling wave protection 行波保护710 Traveling wave relay 行波继电器711 Traveling wave signal 行波信号712 Trigger 触发器713 Trip by lical protection 保护跳闸714 Trip relay 跳闸继电器715 Trip switch 跳闸开关716 Tripping battery 跳闸用蓄电池717 Troidal 环形的；曲面；螺旋管形718 Turn to turn gault 匝间短路719 Two star connection scheme 两相星形接线方式720 Two-phase grounding fault 两相接地短路故障721 Two-phase short circuit fault 两相短路故障722 Two-position relay 二位置继电器723 Ultra-high voltage transmission 超高压输电724 Unavailability 不可用率；失效率725 Unbalance current 不平衡电流726 Unblocking signal 解除闭锁信号727 Under power protection 低功率保护728 Under power relay 低功率继电器729 Under-frequency protection 低频保护730 Under-groind cable 地埋电缆731 Under-impedance relay 低阻抗继电器732 Under-load relay 负载不足继电器733 Under-voltage protection 欠压保护734 Under-voltage relay 欠压继电器735 Under-voltage release736 Under-voltage trip 低电压跳闸737 Unit protection 单元式保护738 Vacuum circuit breaker 真空开关739 Vacuum-tube relay 电子管继电器740 Variable bridge principle protection 变电桥保护741 Vibration 振荡742 Voltage balance relay 电压平衡继电器743 Voltage differential relay 电压差动继电器744 Voltage dip 电压下降745 Voltage inception angle 电压初始角746 Voltage instability 电压不稳747 Voltage regulation 电压调节748 Voltage responsive relay 电压响应继电器749 Voltage selection relay 电压选择继电器750 Voltage sensor 电压传感器751 Voltage traveling wave 电压行波752 Voltage waveform destortion 电压波形畸变753 Voltage-controlled over-current relay 电压控制过电流继电器754 Volt-amphere characteristic 伏安特性755 Wave impedance 波阻抗756 Wave propagation velocity 波速757 Waveform 波形758 Waveform identification 波形识别法759 Wavelet transform 小波变换760 Weak power end protection 弱电源端保护761 Winding-to-winding insulation 绕组间的绝缘762 Window function 窗函数763 Zero drift 零点漂移764 Zero mode component of traveling wave 零模行波765 Zero-power-factor 零功率因数766 Zero-sequence current 零序电流767 Zero-sequence current compensation 零序电流补偿768 Zero-sequence current relay 零序电流继电器769 Zero-sequence current transducer 零序电流互感器770 Zero-sequence impedance 零序阻抗771 Zero-sequence protection 零序保护序号英文全称中文解释1 Directional protection 方向保护2 Distance protection 距离保护3 Over current protection 过流保护4 Pilot protection 高频保护5 Differential protection 差动保护6 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护7 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护8 Over fluxing protection 过励磁保护9 Back-up protection 后备保护11 Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸12 Start up/Pick up 起动13 Breaker 断路器14 Disconnecting switch 隔离开关15 Current transformer 电流互感器16 Potential transformer 电压互感器17 Dead zone/Blind spot 死区18 Vibration/Oscillation 振荡19 Reliability 可靠性20 Sensitivity 灵敏性21 Speed 速动性22 Selectivity 选择性23 Step-type distance relay 分段距离继电器24 Time delay 延时25 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁26 Incorrect tripping 误动27 Phase to phase fault 相间故障28 Earth fault 接地故障29 Through- fault 穿越故障30 Permanent fault 永久性故障31 Temporary fault 瞬时性故障32 Overload 过负荷34 Contact multiplying relay 触点多路式继电器35 Timer relay 时间继电器40 Ground fault relay 接地故障继电器41 Recloser 重合闸42 Zero-sequence protection 零序保护43 Soft strap 软压板44 Hard strap 硬压板45 High resistance 高阻46 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动47 CT line-break CT断线48 PT line-break PT断线49 Secondary circuit 二次回路50 AC circuit breaker 交流开关电路51 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器52 Breaker point wrench 开关把手53 Breaker trip coil 断路器跳闸线圈54 Bus bar 母线; 导电条55 Bus bar current transformer 母线电流变压器56 Bus bar disconnecting switch 分段母线隔离开关57 Bus compartment 母线室; 汇流条隔离室58 Bus duct 母线槽; 母线管道59 Bus hub 总线插座60 Bus line 汇流线61 Bus insulator 母线绝缘器62 Bus request cycle 总线请求周期63 Bus reactor 母线电抗器64 Bus protection 母线保护65 Bus rings 集电环66 Bus rod 汇流母线67 Bus section reactor 分段电抗器68 Bus structure 母线支架; 总线结构69 Bus tie switch 母线联络开关70 Bus-bar chamber 母线箱71 Bus-bar fault 母线故障72 Bus-bar insulator 母线绝缘子73 Busbar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关74 Current attenuation 电流衰减75 Current actuated leakage protector 电流起动型漏电保护器76 Current balance type current differential relay 电流平衡式差动电流继电器;差动平衡式电流继电器77 Current changer 换流器78 Current compensational ground distance relay 电流补偿式接地远距继电器79 Current consumption 电流消耗80 Coil adjuster 线圈调节器81 Coil curl 线圈82 Coil current 线圈电流83 Coil end leakage reactance 线圈端漏电抗84 Coil inductance 线圈电感85 Current transformer phase angle 电流互感器相角86 Distance relay; impedance relay 阻抗继电器87 Power rheostat 电力变阻器88 Electrically operated valve 电动阀门89 Electrical governing system 电力调速系统90 Field application relay 励磁继电器; 激励继电器。
电力系统继电保护技术的现状与发展
电力系统继电保护技术的现状与发展作者：王俊星刘洋来源：《中小企业管理与科技·下旬刊》2021年第09期【摘要】在科学技术水平提高和现代化社会发展的共同作用下，电力资源成为我国生产生活各个领域发展中不可或缺的资源之一，电力系统也因此被视作重要的供应系统。
电力系统本身就是大型且安全隐患较多的作业系统，因此，对电力系统的继电保护十分关键，并且难度很大。
基于此，论文分析了继电保护技术的相关概念，汇总了电力工程继电保护故障的成因，随后探究了电力工程继电保护技术的运用原则，最后分析了电力系统继电保护技术的未来发展趋势，以供相关人士交流参考。
【Abstract】Under the joint action of the improvement of science and technology level and the development of modern society， power resources have become one of the indispensable resources in the development of various fields of production and life in China. Therefore， power system is also regarded as an important supply system. The power system itself is a large-scale operation system with many security risks. Therefore， the relay protection of the power system is very critical and difficult. Based on this， this paper analyzes the related concepts of relay protection technology，summarizes the causes of relay protection faults in power engineering， then explores the application principles of relay protection technology of power engineering， and finally analyzes the future development trend of relay protection technology of power system， for relevant people to exchange and reference.【关键词】电力系统;继电保护技术;现状;发展【Keywords】power system; relay protection technology; current situation; development【中图分类号】TM77 【文献标志码】A 【文章编号】1673-1069（2021）09-0185-031 引言当前，电力资源是人们生产生活中不可或缺的重要资源，供电系统也成为保证人们正常生活和稳定生产的主要能源系统，电力系统中的任何部位出现安全隐患都会影响整个电力系统的安全运行，甚至引发大面积停电现象。
继电保护系统外文文献
Protection relayMicrocomuter—based RlayingA newer development in the of power system protection is the of computers （usually microcomputers) for relaying。
Although computers provide the same protection as that supplied by conventional relays， there are some advantages to the use of computer-based relaying. The logic capability and application expansion possibilities for computer—based relaying is much greater than for electromechanical devices。
Computer—based relaying samples the values of the current，voltage, and other items covered in the protection scheme several times a second， and by use of A/D converters, change these analog values to digital form and then send them to the computer。
In the event of a fault， the computer can calculate the fault’s current values and characteristics，and settings can be changed merely by reprogramming。
Protectionrelay（继电保护）外文翻译资料
Protectionrelay（继电保护）外文翻译资料Protection relayProtective relayingProtective relaying is that area of power system design concerned with minimizing service interruption and limiting damage to equipment when failures occur. The function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt removal of a defective element from a power system. The defective element may have a short circuit or it may be operating in an abnormal manner. Protective relaying systems are designed to detect such failures or abnormal conditions quickly and to open a minimum of circuit breakers to isolate the defective element. The effect of quick isolation is threefold: (1) it minimizes or prevents damage to the defective element, thus reducing the time and expense of repairs and permitting quicker restoration of the element to service; (2) it minimizes the seriousness and duration of the defective elements affecting on the normal operation of the power system; and (3) it maximizes the power that can be transferred on power systems. The second and third points are of particular significance because they indicate the important role protective relaying plays in assuring maximum service reliability and in system design. The power that can be transmitted across system without the loss of synchronism is the function of fault clearing times. It is apparent that fast fault clearing times permit a higher power transfer than longer clearing times. High-speed clearing of faults can often provide a means for achieving higher power transfers and thereby defer investment in additional transmission facilities.A protective relaying system is based on detecting faultconditions by continuously monitoring the power system variables such as current, voltage, power, frequency, and impedance. Measuring of currents and voltage is performed by instrument transformers of the potential type (PT) or current type (CT). Instrument transformers feed the measured variables to the relay system, which in turn, upon detecting a fault, commands circuit breaker (CB) to disconnect the faulted section of the system.An electric power system is divided into several protective zones for generators, transformers, buses, transmission and distribution circuit, and motors. The division is such that zones are given adequate protection while keeping service interruption to a minimum. It is to be noted that each zone is overlapped to avoid unprotect (blind) areas. The connections of current transformers achieve the overlapping. The general philosophy of 1。
继电保护发展现状外文翻译
Relay protection development present situation[ Abstract ] reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement, proposed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization.[ Key word ] relay protection present situation development，relay protections future development1 relay protection development present situationThe electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time.After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection discipline, the relay protection design, the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50's, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology , completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The acheng relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology, has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60's. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.From the end of the 50's, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the60's to the 80's in are the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely uses. Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from the protection, moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv line , finished the 500kv line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.From the 70's, started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the complete series to at the end of 80's integrated circuit protection,substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development, the production, the application the integrated circuit protects which to the beginning of the 90's still were in the dominant position, this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated electricity road work frequency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power automation research institute high frequency protected the vital role , the Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi- strip 220kv and on the 500kv line.Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the end of the 70's , the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunner's function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, southeast the university, the North China electric power institute, the Xian Jiaotong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation research institute one after another has all developed the different principle, the different pattern microcomputer protective device. In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal, and in the system the find application, had opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the host equipment protection aspect, the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magnetism protection, the generator protection and the generator?Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989, in 1994 through appraisal, investment movement. The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops microcomputer lineprotective device also in 1991 through appraisal. The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection, the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through the appraisal. Heres, the different principle, the different type microcomputer line and the host equipment protect unique, provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical power system fine, the function has been complete, the work reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device research, in microcomputer aspect and so on protection software, algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result. May say started our country relay protection technology from the 90's to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.2 relay protections future developmentThe relay protection technology future the tendency will be to computerizes, networked, the intellectualization, will protect, the control, the survey and the data communication integration development.2.1 computerizesAlong with the computer hardware swift and violent development, the microcomputer protection hardware also unceasingly is developing. The original North China electric power institute develops the microcomputer line protection hardware has experienced 3 development phases: Is published from 8 lists cpu structure microcomputer protection, does not develop to 5 years time to the multi- cpu structure, latter developed to the main line does not leave the module the big modular structure, the performance enhances greatly, obtained the widespread application. Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops the microcomputer protection also is from 8 cpu, develops to take the labor controlling machine core partially as the foundation 32 microcomputers protection.The Nanjing electric power automation research institute from the very beginning has developed 16 cpu is the foundation microcomputer line protection, obtained the big area promotion, at present also is studying 32 protections hardware system. Southeastthe university develops the microcomputer host equipment protects the hardware also passed through improved and the enhancement many times. The Tianjin University from the very beginning is the development take more than 16 cpu as the foundation microcomputer line protection, in 1988 namely started to study take 32 digital signals processor (dsp) as the foundation protection, the control, the survey integration microcomputer installment, at present cooperated with the Zhuhai Jin automatic equipment company develops one kind of function complete 32 big modules, a module was a minicomputer. Uses 32 microcomputers chips only to focus by no means on the precision, because of the precision the a/d switch resolution limit, is surpassed time 16 all is accepts with difficulty in the conversion rate and the cost aspect; 32 microcomputers chips have the very high integration rate more importantly, very high operating frequency and computation speed, very big addressing space, rich command system and many inputs outlet. The cpu register, the data bus, the address bus all are 32, has the memory management function, the memory protection function and the duty transformation function, and (cache) and the floating number part all integrates the high speed buffer in cpu.The electrical power system the request which protects to the microcomputer enhances unceasingly, besides protection basic function, but also should have the large capacity breakdown information and the data long-term storage space, the fast data processing function, the formidable traffic capacity, with other protections, the control device and dispatches the networking by to share the entire system data, the information and the network resources ability, the higher order language programming and so on. This requests the microcomputer protective device to have is equal to a pc machine function. In the computer protection development initial period, once conceived has made the relay protection installment with a minicomputer. At that time because the small machine volume big, the cost high, the reliability was bad, this tentative plan was not realistic. Now, with the microcomputer protective device size similar labor controlling machine function, the speed, the storage capacity greatly has surpassed the same year small machine, therefore, made the relay protection with complete set labor controlling machine the opportunity already to be mature, this will be one of development directions which the microcomputer protected. The Tianjin University has developed the relay protection installment which Cheng Yongtong microcomputer protective device structure quite same not less than one kind of labor controlling machine performs to change artificially becomes. This kind of equipmentmerit includes: has the 486pc machine complete function, can satisfy each kind of function request which will protect to current and the future microcomputer. size and structure and present microcomputer protective device similar, the craft excellent, quakeproof, guards against has been hot, guards against electronmagetic interference ability, may move in the very severe working conditions, the cost may accept. uses the std main line or the pc main line, the hardware modulation, may select the different module wilfully regarding the different protection, the disposition nimble, is easy to expand.Relay protection installment , computerizes is the irreversible development tendency. How but to satisfies the electrical power system request well, how further enhances the relay protection the reliability, how obtains the bigger economic efficiency and the social efficiency, still must conduct specifically the thorough research.2.2 networkedThe computer network has become the information age as the information and the data communication tool the technical prop, caused the human production and the social life appearance has had the radical change. It profoundly is affecting each industry domain, also has provided the powerful means of communication for each industry domain. So far, besides the differential motion protection and the vertical association protection, all relay protections installment all only can respond the protection installment place electricity spirit. The relay protection function also only is restricted in the excision breakdown part, reduces the accident to affect the scope. This mainly is because lacks the powerful data communication method. Overseas already had proposed the system protection concept, this in mainly referred to the safe automatic device at that time. Because the relay protection function not only is restricted in the excision breakdown part and the limit accident affects the scope (this is most important task), but also must guarantee the entire system the security stable movement. This requests each protection unit all to be able to share the entire system the movement and the breakdown information data, each protection unit and the superposition brake gear in analyze these information and in the data foundation the synchronized action, guarantees the system the security stable movement. Obviously, realizes this kind of system protection basic condition is joins the entire system each main equipment protective device with the computer network, that is realizationmicrocomputer protective device networked. This under the current engineering factor is completely possible.Regarding the general non- system protection, the realization protective device computer networking also has the very big advantage. The relay protection equipment can obtain system failure information more, then to the breakdown nature, the breakdown position judgment and the breakdown distance examination is more accurate. Passed through the very long time to the auto-adapted protection principle research, also has yielded the certain result, but must realize truly protects to the system movement way and the malfunction auto-adapted, must obtain the more systems movement and the breakdown information, only then realization protection computer networked, can achieve this point.Regarding certain protective device realization computer networkings, also can enhance the protection the reliability. The Tianjin University in 1993 proposed in view of the future Three Gorges hydroelectric power station 500kv ultrahigh voltage multi- return routes generatrix one kind of distributional generatrix protection principle, developed successfully this kind of equipment initially. Its principle is disperses the traditional central generatrix protection certain (with to protect generatrix to return way to be same) the generatrix protection unit, the dispersible attire is located in on various return routes protection screen, each protection unit joins with the computer network, each protection unit only inputs this return route the amperage, after transforms it the digital quantity, transmits through the computer network for other all return routes protection unit, each protection unit acts according to this return route the amperage and other all return routes amperage which obtains from the computer network, carries on the generatrix differential motion protection the computation, if the computed result proof is the generatrix interior breakdown then only jumps the book size return route circuit breaker, Breakdown generatrix isolation. When generatrix area breakdown, each protection unit all calculates for exterior breakdown does not act. This kind the distributional generatrix protection principle which realizes with the computer network, has the high reliability compared to the traditional central generatrix protection principle. Because if a protection unit receives the disturbance or the miscalculation when moves by mistake, only can wrongly jump the book size return route, cannot create causes the generatrix entire the malignant accident which excises, this regarding looks like the Three Gorges power plant to have the ultrahigh voltage generatrix the system key position to be extremelyimportant.By above may know, microcomputer protective device may enhance the protection performance and the reliability greatly, this is the microcomputer protection development inevitable trend.2.3 protections, control, survey, data communication integrationsIn realization relay protection computerizing with under the condition, the protective device is in fact a high performance, the multi-purpose computer, is in an entire electrical power system computer network intelligent terminal. It may gain the electrical power system movement and breakdown any information and the data from the net, also may protect the part which obtains it any information and the data transfer for the network control center or no matter what a terminal. Therefore, each microcomputer protective device not only may complete the relay protection function, moreover in does not have in the breakdown normal operation situation also to be possible to complete the survey, the control, the data communication function, that is realization protection, control, survey, data communication integration.At present, in order to survey, the protection and the control need, outdoor transformer substation all equipment, like the transformer, the line and so on the secondary voltage, the electric current all must use the control cable to direct to . Lays the massive control cable not only must massively invest, moreover makes the secondary circuit to be extremely complex. But if the above protection, the control, the survey, the data communication integration computer installation, will install in outdoor transformer substation by the protection device nearby, by the protection device voltage, the amperage is changed into after this installment internal circulation the digital quantity, will deliver through the computer network, then might avoid the massive control cable. If takes the network with the optical fiber the transmission medium, but also may avoid the electronmagetic interference. Now the photoelectric current mutual inductor (ota) and the photovoltage mutual inductor (otv) in the research trial stage, future inevitably obtained the application in the electrical power system. In uses ota and in the otv situation, the protective device should place is apart from ota and the otv recent place, that is should place by the protection device nearby. Ota and the otv light signal inputs after this integration installment in and transforms the electrical signal, on the one hand serves as the protection the computationjudgment; On the other hand took the survey quantity, delivers through the network. May to deliver from through the network by the protection device operation control command this integrated installment, carries out the circuit breaker operation from this the integrated installment. In 1992 the Tianjin University proposed the protection, the control, the survey, the correspondence integration question, and has developed take the tms320c25 digital signal processor (dsp) as a foundation protection, the control, the survey, the data communication integration installment.2.4 intellectualizationsIn recent years, the artificial intelligence technology like nerve network, the genetic algorithms, the evolution plan, the fuzzy logic and so on all obtained the application in electrical power system each domain, also started in the relay protection domain application research. The nerve network is one non-linear mapping method, very many lists the complex non-linear problem with difficulty which the equation or solves with difficulty, the application nerve network side principle may be easily solved. For example exhibits in the situation in the transmission line two sides systems electric potential angle to occur after the transition resistance short-circuits is a non-linear problem, very difficult correctly to make the breakdown position from the protection the distinction, thus creates moves by mistake or resists to move; If thinks after the network method, passes through the massive breakdowns sample training, so long as the sample centralism has fully considered each kind of situation, then in breaks down time any all may correctly distinguish. Other like genetic algorithms, the evolution plan and so on also all have its unique solution complex question the ability. May cause the solution speed these artificial intelligence method suitable unions to be quicker. The Tianjin University carries on the nerve network type relay protection from 1996 the research, has yielded the preliminary result ]. May foresee, the artificial intelligence technology must be able to obtain the application in the relay protection domain, by solves the problem which solves with difficulty with the conventional method.3 ConclutionSince the founding of China's electric power system protection technology has undergone four times. With the rapid development of power systems and computertechnology, communications technology, relay technology faces the further development of the trend. Domestic and international trends in the development of protection technologies: computerization, networking, protection, control, measurement, data communications integration and artificial intelligence, which made protection workers difficult task, but also opened up the activities of vast.继电保护发展现状【摘要】回顾我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。
继电保护的发展现状
继电保护的发展现状relayprotectiondevelopmentpresentsituation[keyword]relayprotectionpresentsituationdevelopment，relayprotectionsfuturedevelopment.2relayprotectionsfuturedevelopment2.3intellectualizations3conclutionmadeprotectionworkersdifficulttask,butalsoopeneduptheactivitiesofvast.【关键词】继电保护现状发展，继电保护的未来发展【摘要】回顾我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。
1继电保护发展现状电力系统的迅速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术，计算机技术的快速发展不断为继电保护技术的发展注入新的活力，因此，继电保护技术是有利的，在40多年的时间里已完成发展了4个历史阶段。
建国后，我国继电保护学科、继电保护设计、继电器生产工业和继电保护技术队伍从无到有，在大约10年的时间里走到了一流国家半个世纪走到的道路。
50年代，我国工程技术人员创造性地稀释、消化、掌控了国外一流的继电保护设备性能和运转技术，投入使用了一支具备浓厚继电保护理论造诣和多样运转经验的继电保护技术队伍，对全国继电保护技术队伍的创建和蜕变起至了指导作用。
阿城继电器厂引入消化了当时国外一流的继电器生产技术，创建了我国自己的继电器制造业。
因而在60年代中我国已投入使用了继电保护研究、设计、生产、运转和教学的完备体系。
这就是机电式继电保护经济繁荣的时代，为我国继电保护技术的发展打下了坚实基础。
自50年代末，晶体管继电保护已在开始研究。
60年代中到80年代中是晶体管继电保护蓬勃发展和广泛采用的时代。
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Relay protection development present situation[ Abstract ] reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement, proposed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization.[ Key word ] relay protection present situation development，relay protections future development1 relay protection development present situationThe electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time.After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection discipline, the relay protection design, the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50's, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology , completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The acheng relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology, has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60's. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.From the end of the 50's, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the60's to the 80's in are the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely uses. Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from the protection, moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv line , finished the 500kv line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.From the 70's, started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the complete series to at the end of 80's integrated circuit protection,substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development, the production, the application the integrated circuit protects which to the beginning of the 90's still were in the dominant position, this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated electricity road work frequency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power automation research institute high frequency protected the vital role , the Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi- strip 220kv and on the 500kv line.Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the end of the 70's , the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunner's function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, southeast the university, the North China electric power institute, the Xian Jiaotong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation research institute one after another has all developed the different principle, the different pattern microcomputer protective device. In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal, and in the system the find application, had opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the host equipment protection aspect, the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magnetism protection, the generator protection and the generator?Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989, in 1994 through appraisal, investment movement. The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops microcomputer lineprotective device also in 1991 through appraisal. The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection, the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through the appraisal. Heres, the different principle, the different type microcomputer line and the host equipment protect unique, provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical power system fine, the function has been complete, the work reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device research, in microcomputer aspect and so on protection software, algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result. May say started our country relay protection technology from the 90's to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.2 relay protections future developmentThe relay protection technology future the tendency will be to computerizes, networked, the intellectualization, will protect, the control, the survey and the data communication integration development.2.1 computerizesAlong with the computer hardware swift and violent development, the microcomputer protection hardware also unceasingly is developing. The original North China electric power institute develops the microcomputer line protection hardware has experienced 3 development phases: Is published from 8 lists cpu structure microcomputer protection, does not develop to 5 years time to the multi- cpu structure, latter developed to the main line does not leave the module the big modular structure, the performance enhances greatly, obtained the widespread application. Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops the microcomputer protection also is from 8 cpu, develops to take the labor controlling machine core partially as the foundation 32 microcomputers protection.The Nanjing electric power automation research institute from the very beginning has developed 16 cpu is the foundation microcomputer line protection, obtained the big area promotion, at present also is studying 32 protections hardware system. Southeastthe university develops the microcomputer host equipment protects the hardware also passed through improved and the enhancement many times. The Tianjin University from the very beginning is the development take more than 16 cpu as the foundation microcomputer line protection, in 1988 namely started to study take 32 digital signals processor (dsp) as the foundation protection, the control, the survey integration microcomputer installment, at present cooperated with the Zhuhai Jin automatic equipment company develops one kind of function complete 32 big modules, a module was a minicomputer. Uses 32 microcomputers chips only to focus by no means on the precision, because of the precision the a/d switch resolution limit, is surpassed time 16 all is accepts with difficulty in the conversion rate and the cost aspect; 32 microcomputers chips have the very high integration rate more importantly, very high operating frequency and computation speed, very big addressing space, rich command system and many inputs outlet. The cpu register, the data bus, the address bus all are 32, has the memory management function, the memory protection function and the duty transformation function, and (cache) and the floating number part all integrates the high speed buffer in cpu.The electrical power system the request which protects to the microcomputer enhances unceasingly, besides protection basic function, but also should have the large capacity breakdown information and the data long-term storage space, the fast data processing function, the formidable traffic capacity, with other protections, the control device and dispatches the networking by to share the entire system data, the information and the network resources ability, the higher order language programming and so on. This requests the microcomputer protective device to have is equal to a pc machine function. In the computer protection development initial period, once conceived has made the relay protection installment with a minicomputer. At that time because the small machine volume big, the cost high, the reliability was bad, this tentative plan was not realistic. Now, with the microcomputer protective device size similar labor controlling machine function, the speed, the storage capacity greatly has surpassed the same year small machine, therefore, made the relay protection with complete set labor controlling machine the opportunity already to be mature, this will be one of development directions which the microcomputer protected. The Tianjin University has developed the relay protection installment which Cheng Yongtong microcomputer protective device structure quite same not less than one kind of labor controlling machine performs to change artificially becomes. This kind of equipmentmerit includes: has the 486pc machine complete function, can satisfy each kind of function request which will protect to current and the future microcomputer. size and structure and present microcomputer protective device similar, the craft excellent, quakeproof, guards against has been hot, guards against electronmagetic interference ability, may move in the very severe working conditions, the cost may accept. uses the std main line or the pc main line, the hardware modulation, may select the different module wilfully regarding the different protection, the disposition nimble, is easy to expand.Relay protection installment , computerizes is the irreversible development tendency. How but to satisfies the electrical power system request well, how further enhances the relay protection the reliability, how obtains the bigger economic efficiency and the social efficiency, still must conduct specifically the thorough research.2.2 networkedThe computer network has become the information age as the information and the data communication tool the technical prop, caused the human production and the social life appearance has had the radical change. It profoundly is affecting each industry domain, also has provided the powerful means of communication for each industry domain. So far, besides the differential motion protection and the vertical association protection, all relay protections installment all only can respond the protection installment place electricity spirit. The relay protection function also only is restricted in the excision breakdown part, reduces the accident to affect the scope. This mainly is because lacks the powerful data communication method. Overseas already had proposed the system protection concept, this in mainly referred to the safe automatic device at that time. Because the relay protection function not only is restricted in the excision breakdown part and the limit accident affects the scope (this is most important task), but also must guarantee the entire system the security stable movement. This requests each protection unit all to be able to share the entire system the movement and the breakdown information data, each protection unit and the superposition brake gear in analyze these information and in the data foundation the synchronized action, guarantees the system the security stable movement. Obviously, realizes this kind of system protection basic condition is joins the entire system each main equipment protective device with the computer network, that is realizationmicrocomputer protective device networked. This under the current engineering factor is completely possible.Regarding the general non- system protection, the realization protective device computer networking also has the very big advantage. The relay protection equipment can obtain system failure information more, then to the breakdown nature, the breakdown position judgment and the breakdown distance examination is more accurate. Passed through the very long time to the auto-adapted protection principle research, also has yielded the certain result, but must realize truly protects to the system movement way and the malfunction auto-adapted, must obtain the more systems movement and the breakdown information, only then realization protection computer networked, can achieve this point.Regarding certain protective device realization computer networkings, also can enhance the protection the reliability. The Tianjin University in 1993 proposed in view of the future Three Gorges hydroelectric power station 500kv ultrahigh voltage multi- return routes generatrix one kind of distributional generatrix protection principle, developed successfully this kind of equipment initially. Its principle is disperses the traditional central generatrix protection certain (with to protect generatrix to return way to be same) the generatrix protection unit, the dispersible attire is located in on various return routes protection screen, each protection unit joins with the computer network, each protection unit only inputs this return route the amperage, after transforms it the digital quantity, transmits through the computer network for other all return routes protection unit, each protection unit acts according to this return route the amperage and other all return routes amperage which obtains from the computer network, carries on the generatrix differential motion protection the computation, if the computed result proof is the generatrix interior breakdown then only jumps the book size return route circuit breaker, Breakdown generatrix isolation. When generatrix area breakdown, each protection unit all calculates for exterior breakdown does not act. This kind the distributional generatrix protection principle which realizes with the computer network, has the high reliability compared to the traditional central generatrix protection principle. Because if a protection unit receives the disturbance or the miscalculation when moves by mistake, only can wrongly jump the book size return route, cannot create causes the generatrix entire the malignant accident which excises, this regarding looks like the Three Gorges power plant to have the ultrahigh voltage generatrix the system key position to be extremelyimportant.By above may know, microcomputer protective device may enhance the protection performance and the reliability greatly, this is the microcomputer protection development inevitable trend.2.3 protections, control, survey, data communication integrationsIn realization relay protection computerizing with under the condition, the protective device is in fact a high performance, the multi-purpose computer, is in an entire electrical power system computer network intelligent terminal. It may gain the electrical power system movement and breakdown any information and the data from the net, also may protect the part which obtains it any information and the data transfer for the network control center or no matter what a terminal. Therefore, each microcomputer protective device not only may complete the relay protection function, moreover in does not have in the breakdown normal operation situation also to be possible to complete the survey, the control, the data communication function, that is realization protection, control, survey, data communication integration.At present, in order to survey, the protection and the control need, outdoor transformer substation all equipment, like the transformer, the line and so on the secondary voltage, the electric current all must use the control cable to direct to . Lays the massive control cable not only must massively invest, moreover makes the secondary circuit to be extremely complex. But if the above protection, the control, the survey, the data communication integration computer installation, will install in outdoor transformer substation by the protection device nearby, by the protection device voltage, the amperage is changed into after this installment internal circulation the digital quantity, will deliver through the computer network, then might avoid the massive control cable. If takes the network with the optical fiber the transmission medium, but also may avoid the electronmagetic interference. Now the photoelectric current mutual inductor (ota) and the photovoltage mutual inductor (otv) in the research trial stage, future inevitably obtained the application in the electrical power system. In uses ota and in the otv situation, the protective device should place is apart from ota and the otv recent place, that is should place by the protection device nearby. Ota and the otv light signal inputs after this integration installment in and transforms the electrical signal, on the one hand serves as the protection the computationjudgment; On the other hand took the survey quantity, delivers through the network. May to deliver from through the network by the protection device operation control command this integrated installment, carries out the circuit breaker operation from this the integrated installment. In 1992 the Tianjin University proposed the protection, the control, the survey, the correspondence integration question, and has developed take the tms320c25 digital signal processor (dsp) as a foundation protection, the control, the survey, the data communication integration installment.2.4 intellectualizationsIn recent years, the artificial intelligence technology like nerve network, the genetic algorithms, the evolution plan, the fuzzy logic and so on all obtained the application in electrical power system each domain, also started in the relay protection domain application research. The nerve network is one non-linear mapping method, very many lists the complex non-linear problem with difficulty which the equation or solves with difficulty, the application nerve network side principle may be easily solved. For example exhibits in the situation in the transmission line two sides systems electric potential angle to occur after the transition resistance short-circuits is a non-linear problem, very difficult correctly to make the breakdown position from the protection the distinction, thus creates moves by mistake or resists to move; If thinks after the network method, passes through the massive breakdowns sample training, so long as the sample centralism has fully considered each kind of situation, then in breaks down time any all may correctly distinguish. Other like genetic algorithms, the evolution plan and so on also all have its unique solution complex question the ability. May cause the solution speed these artificial intelligence method suitable unions to be quicker. The Tianjin University carries on the nerve network type relay protection from 1996 the research, has yielded the preliminary result ]. May foresee, the artificial intelligence technology must be able to obtain the application in the relay protection domain, by solves the problem which solves with difficulty with the conventional method.3 ConclutionSince the founding of China's electric power system protection technology has undergone four times. With the rapid development of power systems and computertechnology, communications technology, relay technology faces the further development of the trend. Domestic and international trends in the development of protection technologies: computerization, networking, protection, control, measurement, data communications integration and artificial intelligence, which made protection workers difficult task, but also opened up the activities of vast.继电保护发展现状【摘要】回顾我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。