The Chaotic Monopoly Price Growth Model
垄断与霸权英语作文
垄断与霸权英语作文Title: Monopoly and Hegemony in the Modern Context。
In today's interconnected world, the concepts of monopoly and hegemony hold significant relevance,especially in the realms of economics, politics, and international relations. Both phenomena represent forms of dominance, albeit in different spheres, and understanding their implications is crucial for assessing power dynamics and their impact on societies globally.Firstly, let's delve into the notion of monopoly. A monopoly occurs when a single entity or a group controls a particular market, giving them exclusive power over the production, distribution, and pricing of goods or services within that market. This concentration of power often leads to reduced competition, higher prices for consumers, and stifled innovation. In the business world, monopolies can emerge through various means, including mergers and acquisitions, technological advancements, or regulatorybarriers that prevent new entrants.One prime example of a modern-day monopoly is the dominance of tech giants like Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Apple. These companies have established near-unchallenged control over their respective sectors, whether it be search engines, social media, e-commerce, or consumer electronics. Their vast resources, user bases, and technological infrastructure make it exceedingly difficult for competitors to enter the market on equal footing. Consequently, consumers may face limited choices, potential privacy concerns, and a lack of alternative platforms.On the other hand, hegemony refers to the predominant influence or leadership exercised by one state or entity over others, often in the context of international relations. Unlike a monopoly, which is confined to a specific market, hegemony extends its reach across multiple domains, including political, economic, and cultural spheres. Hegemonic powers wield significant soft and hard power capabilities, shaping global norms, institutions, and policies to align with their interests.The United States has long been regarded as a hegemonic power, particularly in the post-World War II era. Through its economic prowess, military strength, and cultural exports, the U.S. has exerted unparalleled influence on the international stage. Institutions like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and NATO reflect American hegemony, reinforcing its role as a global leader. However, the rise of emerging powers such as China poses a challenge to traditional Western hegemony, leading to shifting dynamics in the geopolitical landscape.While monopoly and hegemony operate in distinct contexts, there are instances where they intersect, amplifying their impact. For example, a tech company that achieves monopoly status may also wield considerable influence over global communications and information flow, thereby contributing to its home country's hegemonic aspirations. Similarly, a hegemonic power may use its influence to favor certain corporations, further entrenching their monopolistic control over markets.Addressing the issues associated with monopoly and hegemony requires a multifaceted approach involving regulation, competition policy, diplomatic engagement, and global governance reforms. Governments must enact antitrust measures to prevent excessive market concentration and promote fair competition. International cooperation is essential to curb the excesses of hegemonic powers and ensure a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities on the global stage.In conclusion, monopoly and hegemony represent forms of dominance that shape our interconnected world in profound ways. Whether in the economic realm of market control or the geopolitical arena of international relations, understanding the dynamics of power is essential for fostering a more inclusive and sustainable future. By addressing the challenges posed by monopoly and hegemony, we can strive towards a world where competition is fair, power is balanced, and prosperity is shared by all.。
国际大宗商品价格上涨及其对人类的影响外文翻译
中文3324字1073单词原文Increase in Commodity Prices and It’s Impacting on Gender Material Source: Gender and trade Author: Parthapratim Pal International commodity prices are on a major upswing since the last few years. IMF index of crude oil prices (base 2005=100) increased from a value of around 36 in January 2002 to more than 230 in May 2008. Non-fuel price index (which include food and industrial input price indices) and the …Food and Beverages‟ price index have also increased quite significantly over the same period (Figure 1). What isnotable from the figure is that the current increase has come after a period of low and sometimes declining international commodity prices.Closer inspection of international commodity prices data reveal that the current commodity price boom has been broad based as prices of three major commodity groups—metals, foods, and agricultural raw materials—have been jointly booming since early 2005. A recent IMF study indicates that the current boom is likely to be sustained. It says: “In sum, the comparison of the current commodity price boom with earlier ones suggests that the current boom has been more broad-based and longer lasting and that prices have risen by more than usual.” (IMF 2008, pp 9)2.A number of factors have contributed to this increase in commodity prices. The increase in fuel prices has been triggered by large increases in demand for fuel from both developed and developing countries. Apart from that, there are usual suspicions that issues like OPEC not increasing oil production, speculation with oil prices and some countries hoarding oil, may be having an upward pressure on oil prices. Increase in fuel prices has led to an increased demand for alternative fuels and as a result, over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in bio-fuel production in the world. According to figures quoted by the World Bank, global Ethanol production has increased from about 4,500 million Gallons in 2000 toaround 13,500 million gallons in 2007. Increase in bio-fuel production has eaten into food-grains production in some countries. Coupled with this, poor weather in a number of major food exporters like Australia and Ukraine has led to a production shortfall of food3. As there has been increased demand for food from high growth in a number of developing countries, a major supply demand mismatch has happened in the international market.To make matters more complicated, commodities have emerged as a new form of speculative asset. Over the past few years, the US financial markets are not performing well. Weakening US dollar, a falling rate of interest and a declining real estate market have made commodities attractive speculative assets. Confluence of these real and speculative factors has led to the unprecedented increased in commodity prices that we are observing nowadays.This increase in food and commodity prices can have significant implications for the international economy. There will be certain beneficiaries from this increase in commodity prices. For example, World Bank projections indicate that at a regional level, the Middle East and North Africa and, to a somewhat lesser extent, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America may emerge as the main beneficiaries of the current commodity price boom. However, due to increase in food and fuel prices, inflation is up in many countries and the external balances of most net commodity importers have deteriorated. These developments are affecting the net food importing developing countries very badly. Even within the countries which are expected to benefit, the poorer segment of the society or the net food buyers are likely to suffer from such rising food prices. On balance, poverty is expected to rise in the poorer countries. A recent paper, which attempted to find out the impact of food price rise on poverty, show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty may differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. Theauthors conclude that the recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially5.World Bank estimate suggests that a doubling of food prices over the last three years could potentially push 100 million people in low-income countries deeper into poverty. Here it is notable that the 2006 edition of the Annual publication of FAO called …State of Food Insecurity in the World‟ shows that for the years 2001-2003, there were more than 854 million undernourished people in developing countries. This figure is approximately about 17 percent of the total population of the developing countries. The geographical distribution of undernourished people across the world is shown in Figure 2. The World Bank estimates probably indicate that 100 million more people will be added to this 850 million undernourished people. The World Food Program estimates are even more serious. It projects that 130 million people will be pushed to poverty because of the increase in food prices6. It is also suggested that the increase in food prices will be catastrophic for food and nutrition level of the poor. According to estimates by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), poor people spend around 75 percent of their income on food products and a 50 percent increases in all food prices across the board (holding income constant) will result in a 30 percent decline in iron intake; this, in turn, will result in a significant increase in the prevalence rate of iron deficiency among women and children7. The real impact is likely to be more severe, as there has been a near doubling of food prices over the past one year.One worrying fact is that the increase in food prices is likely to hit hard the women and children among the poor. In developing countries across the world, the price rise means that less real income to be spent on food. As a result, families are cutting meals and substituting less nutritious foods. For example, they are substituting more expensive foods such as meat, fruit and vegetables by basic staples such as rice or maize A nutritionist for WFP, Thorne-Lyman says that his has serious implications for child development as without sufficient vitamins and minerals, children are at greater risk of disease and stunted growth8. The move towards inferior food is also expected to negatively affect the nutrition level available to young mothers and pregnant women in these countries. Also, the price crunch means that less purchasing power will be available to fulfill health, education and other non-food requirements of these people. It is only likely that the rise in food prices.译文国际大宗商品价格上涨及其对人类的影响资料来源: 贸易与人类作者：Parthapratim Pal 在过去几年国际大宗商品价格出现了大幅度的攀升。
2018消费者价格涨幅趋势英语作文
2018消费者价格涨幅趋势英语作文Title: Trend of Consumer Price Increase in 2018Introduction:In 2018, the global economy witnessed various fluctuations, and one of the most significant aspects was the trend of consumer price increase. This essay aims to analyze and explore the reasons behind the rise in consumer prices, as well as its impact on individuals and the economy.Reasons for Consumer Price Increase:There are several factors contributing to the rise in consumer prices in 2018. One of the main reasons is the increase in production costs, including raw materials, labor, and transportation. This leads to higher prices for goods and services. Additionally, changes in government policies, such as tax reforms and trade tariffs, have also impacted consumer prices. Furthermore, the demand for certain products and services has exceeded supply, leading to price inflation.Impact on Individuals:The increase in consumer prices has a direct impact on individuals' purchasing power. With higher prices for basicnecessities, such as food and fuel, individuals have less disposable income to spend on other goods and services. This can lead to a decrease in overall consumer spending, which can have a ripple effect on the economy. Furthermore, inflation can erode the value of savings and investments, impacting individuals' financial stability.Impact on the Economy:The rise in consumer prices can have a significant impact on the economy as a whole. Inflation can lead to a decrease in consumer confidence, as individuals are less optimistic about their financial future. This can result in reduced consumer spending and overall economic growth. Additionally, inflation can also lead to an increase in interest rates, as central banks try to curb inflationary pressures. Higher interest rates can impact borrowing costs for businesses and individuals, further dampening economic activity.Conclusion:In conclusion, the trend of consumer price increase in 2018 has been influenced by various factors, including production costs, government policies, and supply-demand dynamics. This rise in consumer prices has implications for individuals and the economy, impacting purchasing power, consumer spending, andeconomic growth. It is essential for policymakers to monitor inflationary pressures and implement measures to ensure price stability and sustainable economic growth in the future.。
英语作文-医学护肤品制造行业的价格策略与市场定价
英语作文-医学护肤品制造行业的价格策略与市场定价The Pricing Strategy and Market Pricing in the Medical Skincare Manufacturing Industry。
In the highly competitive medical skincare manufacturing industry, pricing strategy plays a crucial role in determining the success of a product. With the increasing demand for skincare products and the growing awareness of the importance of maintaining healthy skin, manufacturers are faced with the challenge of setting prices that are both profitable and attractive to consumers. This article will explore the various pricing strategies employed by companies in the medical skincare manufacturing industry and the factors that influence market pricing.One of the most common pricing strategies used in the medical skincare manufacturing industry is the cost-based pricing approach. This strategy involves calculating the total cost of manufacturing a product and adding a markup to determine the selling price. The markup is typically based on factors such as desired profit margin, production costs, and market demand. By using this approach, companies ensure that their prices cover all expenses and generate a profit.Another pricing strategy frequently used in the industry is value-based pricing. This approach focuses on the perceived value of a product to the customer rather than the cost of production. Companies utilizing this strategy conduct market research to understand the needs and preferences of their target customers. They then set prices based on the value that customers attach to their products. By emphasizing the benefits and results that their skincare products provide, companies can justify higher prices and differentiate themselves from competitors.In addition to cost-based and value-based pricing, companies in the medical skincare manufacturing industry also employ competitive pricing strategies. This involves settingprices based on the prices charged by competitors. By closely monitoring the pricing strategies of their rivals, companies can adjust their own prices to stay competitive in the market. However, it is important to note that simply matching the prices of competitors may not always be the most effective strategy. Companies should consider factors such as product quality, brand reputation, and unique selling propositions when determining their pricing strategy.Market pricing in the medical skincare manufacturing industry is influenced by several factors. Firstly, the cost of raw materials and manufacturing processes directly impacts the pricing of skincare products. Companies must carefully manage their supply chain and production costs to ensure that prices remain competitive. Additionally, market demand and consumer purchasing power play a significant role in determining pricing. Companies must conduct market research to identify the price range that their target customers are willing to pay for skincare products. Economic factors such as inflation and exchange rates also affect market pricing, as they can impact the cost of production and distribution.In conclusion, the pricing strategy and market pricing in the medical skincare manufacturing industry are critical factors in determining the success of a product. Companies employ various strategies such as cost-based pricing, value-based pricing, and competitive pricing to set prices that are both profitable and attractive to consumers. Market pricing is influenced by factors such as raw material costs, market demand, consumer purchasing power, and economic conditions. By carefully considering these factors and implementing effective pricing strategies, companies can position themselves competitively in the market and achieve success in the medical skincare manufacturing industry.。
3 Competition and Monopoly
A less elastic demand curve results in a relatively larger gap between price and marginal cost.
2 Welfare Comparison (p65)
Under perfect
competition, output is QPC and price is PPC ; consumer surplus is area ABC and producer surplus is area CBD. The monopolist produces QM priced at PM; consumer surplus is AEF and producer surplus is EFGD. The deadweight loss resulting from monopoly is area FB revenue equals marginal cost at the optimum price–quantity combination and rearranging terms yields a measure of the degree of market power called the Lerner Index勒纳指数 , or the monopoly markup垄断加成:
The Lerner Index indicates that even a monopolist has only limited control over price. The ability of a firm to profitably raise price above marginal cost depends on the extent to which consumers can substitute to other suppliers. If the price elasticity of demand is high, then a
关于以前玩具的作文英语
关于以前玩具的作文英语Title: Nostalgia Unboxed: Memories of Childhood Toys。
In the attic of my mind lie treasures from a bygone era, each wrapped in the warm embrace of nostalgia. Among these treasures, none shine as brightly as the toys of my childhood. They were more than mere objects; they were portals to realms of imagination, companions in adventures, and custodians of unforgettable memories.One of the most cherished toys from my early years wasa humble wooden train set. Its tracks sprawled across the floor of my room, weaving intricate paths through imaginary landscapes. With each clickety-clack of the wheels, I was transported to distant lands where I was the engineer of my destiny. The train set taught me patience as I meticulously laid down tracks, creativity as I constructed bridges and tunnels, and the joy of exploration as I journeyed to unknown destinations.Another beloved toy was a tattered teddy bear, its fur worn from years of cuddles and whispers. This faithful companion stood by me through laughter and tears, offering silent solace in moments of solitude. With its gentle presence, the teddy bear taught me the importance of empathy and the power of unconditional love.Then there were the action figures, gallant knights and valiant superheroes ready to save the day. They ignited epic battles between good and evil, where the boundaries between imagination and reality blurred into a tapestry of heroic deeds. Through these miniature warriors, I learned about courage, resilience, and the triumph of the human spirit against all odds.Board games adorned with colorful illustrations were portals to family gatherings filled with laughter and friendly competition. From the strategic maneuvers of chess to the chaotic frenzy of Monopoly, each game offered valuable lessons in sportsmanship, strategy, and the joy of shared experiences. These games were not just about winning or losing; they were about building bonds that wouldwithstand the test of time.As I reminisce about these childhood treasures, I am reminded of the innocence and wonder that defined those early years. In a world filled with uncertainties, toys were anchors of stability, constants in a sea of change. They were more than playthings; they were vessels of imagination, catalysts of growth, and guardians of innocence.Though time may have dulled their colors and frayed their edges, the memories they hold remain vibrant and enduring. They are snapshots of a simpler time, a time when the world was filled with infinite possibilities and the only limit was the boundless expanse of the imagination.In the hustle and bustle of adulthood, it's easy to forget the magic that once filled our days. Yet, amidst the chaos of life, a part of me will always remain a wide-eyed child, marveling at the wonders of the world and finding solace in the embrace of cherished memories.So here's to the toys of yesteryear, silent witnesses to the passage of time and guardians of a precious treasure trove of memories. Though they may gather dust in forgotten corners, their legacy lives on in the hearts of those who were lucky enough to call them their own.。
微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性（scarcity)：社会资源的有限性。
经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率（efficiency）：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性.平等（equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本(opportunity cost):为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人(rational people）：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive）:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
市场经济（market economy):当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济.产权（property rights）:个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。
市场失灵(market failure）：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响.市场势力（market power）：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力.生产率(productivity）:一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。
通货膨胀(inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升.经济周期(business cycle）：就业和生产等经济活动的波动(就是生产这类经济活动的波动.）循环流向图(circular-flow diagram)：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型.生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier)：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。
宏观经济学(macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
公共经济学专业英语词汇整理
公共经济学专业英语词汇整理本文档旨在整理公共经济学专业相关的英语词汇，帮助研究者扩大词汇量并提高专业英语能力。
1. 宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）- Aggregate demand: 总需求- Aggregate supply: 总供给- Business cycle: 商业周期- Economic growth: 经济增长- Fiscal policy: 财政政策- Inflation: 通货膨胀- Monetary policy: 货币政策- Unemployment rate: 失业率2. 微观经济学（Microeconomics）- Demand: 需求- Supply: 供给- Market equilibrium: 市场均衡- Price elasticity: 价格弹性- Consumer surplus: 消费者剩余- Producer surplus: 生产者剩余- Monopoly: 垄断3. 经济学方法与理论（Economic Methods and Theories）- Cost-benefit analysis: 成本效益分析- Game theory: 博弈论- Rational choice theory: 理性选择理论- Supply and demand model: 供需模型- Economies of scale: 规模经济- Externalities: 外部性- Opportunity cost: 机会成本- Production possibility frontier: 生产可能性边界4. 公共财政（Public Finance）- Government budget: 政府预算- Taxation: 税收- Public debt: 公共债务- Tax incidence: 税负分担- Public goods: 公共产品- External debt: 外债- Tax evasion: 逃税- Revenue: 收入5. 发展经济学（Development Economics）- Poverty alleviation: 扶贫- Sustainable development: 可持续发展- Foreign direct investment: 外商直接投资- Human capital: 人力资本- Microfinance: 小额信贷- Economic inequality: 经济不平等- Millennium Development Goals: 千年发展目标以上仅为公共经济学专业部分相关英语词汇的简要整理。
新事物占据价格的优势的英语作文
新事物占据价格的优势的英语作文The Dominance of New Products in the Marketplace: A Price Perspective.In the dynamic and ever-evolving world of business, the emergence of new products often brings about significant changes in the market landscape. Among these changes, one of the most prominent is the way new products gain a competitive edge by offering price advantages over existing alternatives. The ability to offer lower prices can be a powerful tool for new entrants to capture market share and establish themselves as viable competitors.To understand why new products often have a pricing edge, it is essential to explore the underlying reasons behind this phenomenon. Firstly, new products often benefit from technological advancements and innovations that allow for more efficient production processes. These efficiencies can translate into cost savings, which in turn, can be passed on to consumers through lower prices. For instance,the advent of digital technologies has enabled companies to automate many manual processes, reducing labor costs and operational expenses.Moreover, new products often enjoy economies of scale as they grow in popularity. As demand increases, manufacturers can spread fixed costs over a larger number of units, thereby reducing the unit cost. This cost reduction can then be reflected in the selling price, making the product more attractive to consumers.Apart from technological advancements and economies of scale, new products also have the advantage of being able to target niche markets more effectively. By focusing on specific consumer segments, new products can develop tailored solutions that meet the unique needs of these groups. By doing so, they can create a competitive advantage by offering something that is both differentiated and highly valued by a specific set of customers. This differentiation can translate into higher prices or increased market share, depending on the positioning strategy adopted by the company.Additionally, new products often enjoy the benefit of being able to capitalize on marketing and advertising trends. With the advent of digital marketing and social media, it has become easier for companies to reach out to their target audiences directly. This direct access to consumers allows for more effective marketing campaignsthat can create brand awareness and drive sales. By leveraging these marketing channels effectively, new products can establish themselves as market leaders more quickly than their older competitors.However, it is important to note that while new products may enjoy initial pricing advantages, maintaining this edge over time can be challenging. Competition in the marketplace is fierce, and existing players are likely to respond to new entrants with their own strategies and price adjustments. Therefore, it is crucial for companies introducing new products to innovate continuously and stay ahead of the curve.In conclusion, the pricing advantages enjoyed by newproducts are the result of a combination of factors including technological advancements, economies of scale, market positioning, and effective marketing strategies. These advantages allow new entrants to capture market share and establish themselves as competitive forces in their respective industries. However, to maintain this edge over time, companies must remain vigilant and continue to innovate, adapt, and evolve with the changing market landscape.。
垄断市场英语作文
垄断市场英语作文Monopoly Market: A Double-Edged SwordIn the complex landscape of economics, the concept of a monopoly market holds significant importance and poses various challenges and implications.A monopoly occurs when a single company or entity has exclusive control over the supply of a particular good or service, eliminating competition. This can lead to several advantages for the monopolistic firm. It can achieve economies of scale, allowing for lower average costs and potentially greater efficiency in production. The monopoly might also have the financial resources to invest heavily in research and development, leading to innovations that could benefit consumers in the long run.However, the drawbacks of a monopoly market are numerous and significant. Firstly, consumers often face higher prices as the monopolist has the power to set prices without the constraint of competition. This can lead to a reduction in consumer surplus and a lower overall welfare. Secondly, monopolies may lack the incentive to improvequality or offer better services since there are no competitors pushing them to do so. Moreover, monopolies can restrict output, limiting the availability of goods or services and potentially causing shortages.To prevent the negative effects of monopolies, governments often intervene through antitrust laws and regulations. These measures aim to promote competition, protect consumers' rights, and ensure a more efficient and fair market.In conclusion, while a monopoly market can offer certain benefits in specific circumstances, its potential to harm consumers and distort the economy makes it necessary for effective regulation and oversight. Only through a balance between the interests of monopolistic firms and the well-being of the public can a healthy and prosperous economic environment be maintained.。
The Chaotic Monopoly Price Growth Model
Chinese Business Review, ISSN 1537-1506November 2011, Vol. 10, No. 11, 985-989The Chaotic Monopoly Price Growth ModelVesna D. JablanovicUniversity of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaDeterministic chaos refers to an irregular or chaotic motion that is generated by nonlinear systems. The chaoticbehavior is not to quantum-mechanical-like uncertainty. Chaos theory is used to prove that erratic and chaoticfluctuations can indeed arise in completely deterministic models. Chaotic systems exhibit a sensitive dependenceon initial conditions. Seemingly insignificant changes in the initial conditions produce large differences inoutcomes. To maximize profit, the monopolist must first determine its costs and the characteristics of marketdemand. Given this knowledge, the monopoly firm must then decide how much to produce. The monopoly firm candetermine price, and the quantity it will sell at that price follows from the market demand curve. The basic aim ofthis paper is to construct a relatively simple chaotic growth model of the monopoly price that is capable ofgenerating stable equilibria, cycles, or chaos. A key hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that the coefficient,b—the coefficient of the marginal cost function of the monopoly firm, m—the coefficient of the inverse demandfunction, e—the coefficient of the price elasticity of the monopoly demand, α—the coefficient.ll Rights Reserved.Keywords: monopoly, price, chaosIntroductionChaos theory attempts to reveal structure in unpredictable dynamic systems. It is important to construct deterministic, nonlinear economic dynamic models that elucidate irregular, unpredictable economic behavior.Deterministic chaos refers to irregular or chaotic motion that is generated by nonlinear systems evolvingaccording to dynamical laws that uniquely determine the state of the system at all times from the knowledge ofthe system’s previous history. Chaos embodies three important principles: (1) extreme sensitivity to initialconditions; (2) cause and effect are not proportional; and (3) nonlinearity.Chaos theory can explain effectively unpredictable economic long time behavior arising in a deterministic dynamical system because of sensitivity to initial conditions. A deterministic dynamical system is perfectlypredictable given perfect knowledge of the initial condition, and is in practice always predictable in the short term.The key to long-term unpredictability is a property known as sensitivity to (or sensitive dependence on) initialconditions.Chaos theory started with Lorenz’s (1963) discovery of complex dynamics arising from three nonlinearVesna D. Jablanovic, Associate Professor of Eonomics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade.Correspondence about this article should be sent to Vesna D. Jablanovic, Vinogradski venac 20, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. E-mail:***************.THE CHAOTIC MONOPOLY PRICE GROWTH MODEL986 differential equations leading to turbulence in the weather system. Li and Yorke (1975) discovered that the simple logistic curve can exibit very complex behavior. Further, May (1976) described chaos in population biology. Chaos theory has been applied in economics by Benhabib and Day (1981, 1982), Day (1982, 1983, 1997), Grandmont (1985), Goodwin (1990), Medio (1993, 1996), Lorenz (1993), Jablanovic (2010, 2011), among many others.The basic aim of this paper is to provide a relatively simple chaotic the monopoly price growth model that is capable of generating stable equilibria, cycles, or chaos.A Simple Chaotic Price Growth Model of a Profit-Maximizing MonopolyIn the model of a profit-maximizing monopoly, take the inverse demand function:P t = n – mQ t (1)Where P —monopoly price; Q —monopoly output; n , m —coefficients of the inverse demand function.Further, suppose the quadratic marginal-cost function for a monopoly is:MC t = a + bQ t + cQ t 2 (2)MC —marginal cost; Q —monopoly output ; a, b, c —coefficients of the quadratic marginal-cost function.Marginal revenue is:(3)MR —marginal revenue; P —monopoly price; e —the coefficient of the price elasticity of demand.A monopoly firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginalcost. Thus the profit-maximizing condition is that: MR t = MC t (4) Further,MC t+1 = MC t + ΔMC (5)OrMC t+1 = MC t + αMC t+1 (6)i.e.,(1-α ) MC t+1 = MC t (7)Thus, the chaotic model of the profit-maximizing monopoly is presented by the equations (1)-(4) and (7). Where: Q —output of the monopoly firm; MC —marginal cost; MR —marginal revenue; P —monopoly price; e —the coefficient of the price elasticity of demand; n , m —coefficients of the inverse demand function; a , b , c —coefficients of the quadratic marginal-cost function.Firstly, it is supposed that a = 0 and n = 0.(8) Further, it is assumed that the monopoly price is restricted by its maximal value in its time series. This premise requires a modification of the growth law. Now, the monopoly price growth rate depends on the current size of the monopoly price, P , relative to its maximal size in its time series P m . We introduce p as p = P /P m . Thus, p ranges between 0 and 1. Again we index p by t , i.e., write p t to refer to the size at time steps t = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... Now, growth rate of the monopoly price is measured as:ll Rights Reserved.THE CHAOTIC MONOPOLY PRICE GROWTH MODEL 987(9)This model given by equation (9) is called the logistic model. For most choices of b, c, m, and e, there is no explicit solution for equation (9). Namely, knowing b, c, m, and e and measuring p0 would not sufficient to predict p t for any point in time, as it was previously possible. This is at the heart of the presence of chaos in deterministic feedback processes. Lorenz (1963) discovered this effect—the lack of predictability in deterministic systems. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions is one of the central ingredients of what is called deterministic chaos.This kind of difference equation (9) can lead to a very interesting dynamic behavior, such as cycles that repeat themselves every two or more periods, and even chaos, in which there is no apparent regularity in the behavior of p t. This difference in equation (9) will possess a chaotic region. Two properties of the chaotic solution are important: firstly, given a starting point p0 the solution is highly sensitive to variations of the parameters b, c, m, and e; secondly, given the parameters b, c, m, and e the solution is highly sensitive to variations of the initial point p0. In both cases the two solutions are for the first few periods rather close to each other, but later on they behave in a chaotic manner.Logistic EquationThe logistic map is often cited as an example of how complex, chaotic behavior can arise from very simple non-linear dynamical equations. The logistic model was originally introduced as a demographic model by Pierre François Verhulst. It is possible to show that iteration process for the logistic equation:z t+1 = πz t(1 - z t), π∈[ 0 ,4], z t∈[0 ,1](10)is equivalent to the iteration of growth model (9) when we use the following identification:(11) and(12)On the other hand, using equations (10)-(12) we obtain:ll Rights Reserved.THE CHAOTIC MONOPOLY PRICE GROWTH MODEL988is really the same as iterating z t +1 = πz t (1 - z t It is important because the dynamic properties of the logistic equation (10) have been widely analyzed (Li & Yorke, 1975; May, 1976).It is obtained that:(1) For parameter values 0 < π < 1 all solutions will converge to z = 0;(2) For 1 < π < 3.57, there exist fixed points the number of which depends on π;(3) For 1 < π< 2, all solutions monotnically increase to z = (π - 1)/π;(4) For 2 < π < 3, fluctuations will converge to z = (π - 1)/π;(5) For 3 < π < 4, all solutions will continously fluctuate;(6) For 3.57 < π < 4, the solution become “chaotic” wihch means that there exist a totally aperiodic solution or periodic solutions with a very large, complicated period. This means that the path of z t fluctuates in an apparently random fashion over time, not settling down into any regular pattern whatsoever.ConclusionThis paper suggests conclusion for the use of the simple chaotic model of a profit—maximizing monopoly in predicting the fluctuations of the monopoly price. The model (9) has to rely on specified parameters b , c , m , and e , and initial value of the monopoly price, p 0. But even slight deviations from the values of parametersparameters b , c , m , and e and initial value of the monopoly price, show the difficulty of predicting a long-termbehavior of the monopoly price, p 0.A key hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that the coefficient plays a crucial role in explaining local stability of the monopoly price:where b is the coefficient of the marginal cost function of the monopoly firm, m is the coefficient of the inverse demand function, e is the coefficient of the price elasticity of monopoly’s demand, α is the coefficient.The quadratic form of the marginal cost function of the monopoly firm is important ingredient of the presented chaotic monopoly price growth model (9).ReferencesBenhabib, J., & Day, R. H. (1981). Rational choice and erratic behaviour. Review of Economic Studies, 48, 459-471.Benhabib, J., & Day, R. H. (1982). Characterization of erratic dynamics in the overlapping generation model. Journal of EconomicDynamics and Control, 4, 37-55.Benhabib, J., & Nishimura, K. (1985). Competitive equilibrium cycles. Journal of Economic Theory, 35, 284-306.Day, R. H. (1982). Irregular growth cycles. American Economic Review, 72, 406-414.Day, R. H. (1983). The emergence of chaos from classica economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98, 200-213.Day, R. H. (1997). Complex economic dynamics volume I: An introduction to dynamical systems and market mechanism. InDiscrete Dynamics in Nature and Society (pp. 177-178), 1. MIT Press.Gandolfo, G. (2009). Economic dynamics (4th ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.ll Rights Reserved.THE CHAOTIC MONOPOLY PRICE GROWTH MODEL 989 Goodwin, R. M. (1990). Chaotic economic dynamics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Grandmont, J. M. (1985). On enodgenous competitive business cycles. Econometrica, 53, 994-1045.Jablanović, V. (2010). Chaotic population growth. Belgrade: Cigoja.Jablanović, V. (2011). The chaotic saving growth model: G 7. Chinese Business Review, 10(5), 317-327.Li,T., & Yorke, J. (1975). Period three implies chaos. American Mathematical Monthly, 8, 985-992.Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 20, 130-141.Lorenz, H. W. (1993). Nonlinear dynamical economics and chaotic motion (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.May, R. M. (1976). Mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature, 261, 459-467.Medio, A. (1993). Chaotic dynamics: Theory and applications to economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Medio, A. (1996). Chaotic dynamics. Theory and applications to economics. De Economist, 144(4), 695-698.Peitgen, H. O., Jürgens, H., & Saupe, D. (1992). Chaos and fractals-new frontiers of science. New York: Springer-Verlag.Rössler, O. E. (1976). An equation for continuous chaos. Physics Letters A, 57, 397-398.Tu, P. N. V. (1994). Dynamical systems. Verlag: Springer.ll Rights Reserved.。
白菜的价格飙升英语作文
白菜的价格飙升英语作文The Soaring Price of Cabbage。
Recently, the price of cabbage has been skyrocketing, causing concern among consumers and economists alike. This sudden surge in cabbage prices has left many wondering what could be causing this unexpected increase in cost.There are several factors that could be contributing to the rise in cabbage prices. One possible reason is the recent extreme weather conditions that have affected cabbage crops. Heavy rains and flooding in some regions have led to a decrease in cabbage production, resulting in a limited supply of this popular vegetable. As a result, the demand for cabbage has remained high, leading to an increase in prices.Another factor that may be driving up the price of cabbage is the growing popularity of healthy eating habits. In recent years, there has been a trend towards healthiereating, with more people choosing to incorporate fresh vegetables like cabbage into their diets. This increased demand for cabbage has put pressure on farmers to produce more, leading to higher prices.Additionally, the rising cost of transportation and distribution may also be contributing to the increase in cabbage prices. As fuel prices continue to rise, the cost of transporting cabbage from farms to markets has also increased. This added expense is often passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices.The soaring price of cabbage has had a significant impact on consumers, particularly those on a tight budget. Many families rely on cabbage as a staple food item, and the sudden increase in price has made it more difficult for them to afford this nutritious vegetable. Some consumers have had to cut back on their cabbage consumption or look for cheaper alternatives, which can have negative consequences for their health.Economists are also concerned about the implications ofthe rising cabbage prices. Inflationary pressures can have a ripple effect on the economy, leading to higher pricesfor other goods and services. This can ultimately impact consumer spending and overall economic growth.In conclusion, the soaring price of cabbage is a complex issue with multiple factors at play. While the exact reasons for the increase in cabbage prices may vary, it is clear that consumers and economists alike are feeling the effects of this trend. As we continue to monitor the situation, it will be important to consider how best to address the challenges posed by the rising cost of cabbage.。
高一经济学原理英语阅读理解30题
高一经济学原理英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics. It determines the prices of goods and services and the quantities that are produced and consumed.The law of demand states that as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity demanded decreases. Conversely, as the price decreases, the quantity demanded increases. This is because consumers are generally more willing to buy a product when it is cheaper.The law of supply is the opposite. As the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied also increases. Producers are more willing to supply a product when they can earn a higher price for it.Several factors can influence supply and demand. Changes in consumer tastes and preferences can shift demand. For example, if people suddenly become more health-conscious and start preferring organic foods, the demand for organic products will increase. Technological advancements can also affect supply. New production methods can make it cheaper and easier to produce goods, increasing the supply.In addition, government policies can have a significant impact on supply and demand. Taxes and subsidies can change the prices of goodsand services, affecting both the quantity supplied and demanded.1. According to the law of demand, when the price of a good increases, the quantity demanded ___.A. increasesB. decreasesC. remains the sameD. fluctuates randomly答案：B。
国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译
Key Terms of International EconomicsChapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势Absolute advantage 绝对优势Opportunity cost 机会成本Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入Relative price 相对价格Relative demand curve相对需求曲线Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线Relative wage 相对工资Relative quantity 相对产量Ricardian model 李嘉图模型Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论Nontraded goods 非贸易商品Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化Factor abundance 要素丰裕度Factor intensity 要素密集度Scarce factor 稀缺要素Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论land-intensive 土地密集型Labor-intensive劳动密集型the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比Land-labor ratio ，the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比Chapter 5 The standard Trade Model--------------------------精品文档，可以编辑修改，等待你的下载，管理，教育文档----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Biased growth 偏向性增长Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长Immiserizing growth 贫困化增长Import-biased growth 进口偏向性增长Isovalue line等价值线Marginal propensity to spend边际消费倾向T erms of trade贸易条件Transfers of income转移支付Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and in ternational TradeDumping 倾销External economies of scale外部规模经济Imperfect competition 不完全竞争Interindustry trade 产业间贸易Intraindustry trade 产业内贸易Internal economies of scale内在规模经济Monopolistic competion垄断竞争Reciprocal dumping 相互倾销Increasing return 报酬递增Chapter 7 The Instruments of Trade policyad valorem tariff从价税Specific tariff从量税Consumer surplus消费者剩余Producer surplus生产者剩余Production distortion loss生产扭曲损失Consumption distortion loss消费扭曲损失Effective rate of protection有效保护率Efficiency loss效率损失Export restraint出口限制Export subsidy出口补贴Import quota进口配额--------------------------精品文档，可以编辑修改，等待你的下载，管理，教育文档----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Voluntary export restraint自愿出口限制Local content requirement国产化程度要求nontariff barriers非关税避垒Quota rent配额租金Chapter 8 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments The Balance of Payment AccountsCurrent accountFinancial accountCapital accountChapter 9 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market:An Asset ApproachAppreciation升值Arbitrage套汇、套利Depreciation贬值Exchange rate汇率Forward exchange rate远期汇率Interest parity condition利率平价条件Rate of appreciation升值率Rate of depreciation贬值率Real rate of return实际收益率Spot exchange rate即期汇率Vehicle currency载体货币Foreign exchange外汇Chapter 10 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange ratesMoney Supply 货币供给Money Demand 货币需求Short-Run Price Rigidity 短期价格粘性Long-run Price Flexibility 长期灵活价格permanent increase in the U.S. money supply 货币供给永久性增长overshooting 超调--------------------------精品文档，可以编辑修改，等待你的下载，管理，教育文档----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 11 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Law of one price 一价定律Nominal exchange rate 名义汇率Nominal interest rate 名义利率Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Real appreciation实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Real exchange rate 实际汇率Relative PPP相对购买力平价Market rigidity市场刚性Price rigidity价格刚性Price stickiness价格粘性Chapter 12 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run Aggregate demand 总需求Fiscal policy 财政政策J-curve J曲线Real exchange rate 实际汇率Real appreciation 实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Chapter 13 Fixed, Floating Exchange Rate and Policies Effects Sterilization冲销Sterilized foreign exchange intervention冲销性外汇干预Devaluation法定贬值Revaluation法定升值Clean float 清洁浮动Dirty float 肮脏浮动Capital flight 资本抽逃Chapter 14 The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas--------------------------精品文档，可以编辑修改，等待你的下载，管理，教育文档----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------optimum currency areas 最优货币区Monetary efficiency gain 货币效率收益Economic integration 经济一体化Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率--------------------------精品文档，可以编辑修改，等待你的下载，管理，教育文档----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
第12课市场竞争外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译
第12课市场竞争外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（第12课市场竞争外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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第12课市场竞争Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle软饮料战:下一次战争一、（Excerpts）（摘录)The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again.可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。
But Coca—Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another fight， and this time they’re picking on the little guys： non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper。
By Monci Jo Williams但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜"和“佩拍博士”。
In the U.S。
soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales， Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars。
青蒿素的经济效应英语作文
青蒿素的经济效应英语作文## The Economic Ripple Effects of Artemisinin Emerging from the depths of ancient Chinese wisdom, artemisinin, a potent antimalarial compound derived from the sweet wormwood plant, has not only revolutionized the fight against malaria but also ignited a wave of economic transformations across the globe. Its impact transcends the boundaries of public health, weaving a complex tapestry of economic effects that touch the lives of millions. The most immediate and profound economic impact of artemisinin lies in its life-saving capabilities. Byeffectively combating malaria, a disease that has plagued humanity for millennia, artemisinin has fostered healthier populations, particularly in developing nations where malaria's burden is most severe. This translates into a more productive workforce, increased school attendance, and ultimately, a boost to economic productivity. Families are no longer burdened by the exorbitant costs associated with malaria treatment and prevention, allowing them to allocate resources towards education, entrepreneurship, and other avenues of economic advancement. The ripple effect of improved health outcomes extends to tourism and foreign investments, as healthier populations and a reduced disease burden make countries more attractive destinations for travelers and businesses alike. Beyond its direct impact on health, the discovery and development of artemisinin have spurred significant economic activity within the pharmaceutical industry. Research and development efforts have intensified, leading to the creation of new drugs and therapies based on artemisinin. This has generated employment opportunities for scientists, researchers, and other skilled professionals, fostering a thriving ecosystem of innovation and economic growth. Moreover, the production and distribution of artemisinin-based drugs have created a lucrative market, attracting investments and stimulating economic activity along the entire supply chain, from cultivation and extraction to manufacturing and distribution. However, the economic landscape surrounding artemisinin is not without its complexities. The reliance on a single plant species for artemisinin extraction has raised concerns regarding sustainability and price volatility. Fluctuations in sweet wormwood harvests due to weather patterns, pests, and other factors can lead to supply shortages and price spikes, impacting access to affordable antimalarial treatments. To mitigatethese challenges, scientists and entrepreneurs are exploring alternative sources of artemisinin, including synthetic production methods and genetic engineering. These endeavors hold the potential to stabilize supply, reduce costs, and ensure the long-term sustainability of artemisinin-based therapies. Furthermore, the economic benefits of artemisinin are not always evenly distributed. While countries with endemic malaria experience the most significant health gains, the economic rewards of research, development, and manufacturing often flow to more developed nations. Addressing this imbalance requires a multifaceted approach, including technology transfer initiatives, capacity building programs, and equitable partnerships that empower developing countries to participate more fully in the artemisinin value chain. In conclusion, artemisinin's economic impact extends far beyond its medicinal properties. It is a catalyst for economic growth, a driver of innovation, and a testament to the power of scientific discovery. As research and development efforts continue, and access to artemisinin-based therapies expands, the economic ripple effects of this remarkable compound will undoubtedly continue to shape the lives of millions across the globe, paving the way for a healthier and more prosperous future.。
关于价格英文作文
关于价格英文作文Title: Exploring the Dynamics of Pricing: Understanding the Complexities and Strategies。
In today's dynamic marketplace, pricing plays a pivotal role in shaping consumer behavior, influencing purchasing decisions, and ultimately determining the success of businesses. The intricacies of pricing strategies involve a delicate balance between maximizing profits, staying competitive, and satisfying customer expectations. In this essay, we delve into the multifaceted nature of pricing, exploring its various dimensions, challenges, and strategic implications.First and foremost, pricing is not merely about assigning a numerical value to a product or service; rather, it encompasses a strategic process that takes into account numerous factors, including production costs, market demand, competition, and perceived value. Finding the optimal price point requires a deep understanding of these variables andtheir interplay. For instance, setting prices too high may deter price-sensitive consumers, while pricing too low may undermine perceived quality or profitability.Moreover, pricing strategies often differ across industries and market segments. In highly competitive markets, businesses may engage in price wars to gain market share or undercut rivals. However, such tactics can lead to eroded profit margins and diminish brand reputation in the long run. Alternatively, premium pricing strategies target affluent consumers willing to pay a premium for superior quality or exclusivity. Luxury brands exemplify this approach, leveraging prestige and craftsmanship to justify higher price points.Furthermore, the advent of e-commerce and digital technologies has revolutionized pricing dynamics, enabling real-time price adjustments and personalized pricing algorithms. Online retailers employ dynamic pricing algorithms that analyze factors such as browsing history, location, and purchasing behavior to offer customized prices to individual consumers. While this level of pricecustomization enhances consumer experience and maximizes revenue potential, it also raises concerns about fairness, transparency, and data privacy.In addition to external factors, internal considerations also shape pricing decisions within organizations. Cost-based pricing methods involve calculating production costs and adding a markup to ensure profitability. However, this approach overlooks market demand and competitive factors, potentially leading to suboptimal pricing decisions. Alternatively, value-based pricing focuses on the perceived value of the product or service to the customer, allowing businesses to capture a greater share of consumer surplus. By aligning prices with perceived value, companies can maximize profits while enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.Nevertheless, pricing decisions are not static; they require continuous monitoring, analysis, and adaptation to changing market conditions. Pricing experiments, such asA/B testing and price elasticity analysis, help businesses gauge consumer sensitivity to price changes and optimizepricing strategies accordingly. Additionally, strategic partnerships and bundling strategies enable businesses to create value propositions that resonate with customers while maximizing revenue potential.In conclusion, pricing is a multifaceted aspect of business strategy that influences consumer behavior, market dynamics, and organizational performance. By understanding the complexities of pricing and adopting strategic approaches that balance profitability with customer value, businesses can effectively navigate competitive landscapes, drive growth, and achieve sustainable success in today's dynamic marketplace.。
世界价格飞涨英文作文
世界价格飞涨英文作文英文回答：In recent months, the world has witnessed a surge in prices of various commodities, a phenomenon commonly referred to as "global inflation." This widespread increase in the cost of living has created a significant economic burden on individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide.The causes of global inflation are complex and multifaceted. One primary factor is supply chain disruptions, which have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions, particularly the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. These disruptions have led to shortages of essential goods and raw materials, driving up prices.Additionally, monetary policy has contributed to inflation. Central banks in many countries have implementedexpansionary monetary policies, such as interest rate cuts and quantitative easing, to stimulate economic growth during the pandemic. However, this has also led to an increase in the money supply, which can contribute to rising prices when combined with supply chain constraints.Moreover, the war in Ukraine has further amplified inflationary pressures. Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of commodities such as oil, gas, wheat, and fertilizers, and the conflict has disrupted their production and distribution. The resulting shortages have sent prices soaring on the global market.The consequences of global inflation are substantial. For individuals, rising prices reduce purchasing power and make it more difficult to afford basic necessities. Businesses face increased costs for raw materials and transportation, leading to lower profits or even losses. Governments grapple with higher costs for public services and social programs while trying to balance the need for inflation control with the potential negative effects of monetary tightening.To address global inflation, policymakers face a delicate balancing act. Central banks must carefully navigate interest rate adjustments to curb inflation without stifling economic growth. Governments need to implement measures to support businesses and individuals struggling with rising prices. Additionally, international cooperation is essential to address supply chain disruptions and coordinate efforts to stabilize commodity markets.中文回答：世界价格飞涨。