Synchronization in Electrically Coupled Neural Networks
(电力行业)电力系统继电保护中英文对照表

126Internalfault 内部故障 127Auxiliarycontacts 辅助触点 128Neutralauto-transformer 中性点接地自耦变压器 129Fusebox/fusiblecutout 熔断器 130Pulserelay/surgerelay 冲击继电器
旅长 2005 七 2007-10-2611:14
139Direct-to-groundcapacity 对地电容 140Shuntrunning 潜动 141Trip/opening 跳闸 142Tripswitch 跳闸开关 143Receivermachine 收信机 144High-frequencydirectionfinder 高频测向器 145Capacitycharge 电容充电 146timeover-current 时限过电流 148Surgeguard 冲击防护 149Oscillatorysurge 振荡冲击 150Failsafeinterlock 五防装置 151Differentialmotion 差动 152Capacitivecurrent 电容电流 154Timedelay 延时 156Normalinverse
Businsulator 母线绝缘器 62 Busrequestcycle 总线请求周期 63 Busreactor 母线电抗器 64 Busprotection 母线保护 65 Busrings 集电环 66 Busrod 汇流母线 67 Bussectionreactor 分段电抗器 68 Busstructure 母线支架;总线结构 69 Bustieswitch 母线联络开关 70 Bus-barchamber 母线箱
线圈调节器 81 Coilcurl 线圈 82 Coilcurrent 线圈电流 83 Coilendleakagereactance 线圈端漏电抗 84 Coilinductance 线圈电感 85 Currenttransformerphaseangle 电流互感器相角 86 Distancerelay;impedancerelay 阻抗继电器 87 Powerrheostat 电力变阻器 88 Electricallyoperatedvalve 电动阀门 89 Electricalgoverningsystem 电力调速系统 90
继电保护中英文对照表

继电保护中英文对照表(1)2011-02-25 18:02:16 发表: dzbzw1 A lagging power-factor 滞后的功率因数2 A mutualky induced e.m.f 互感电动势3 a retarding torque 制动转矩4 Abnormal operating condition 不正常运行状态5 Abnormal overload 异常过载6 Abnormal overvoltage 事故过电压7 Abnormal state 非常态8 Above earth potential 对地电势9 Abrupt signal analysis 突变信号分析10 Absolute potential 绝对电势11 AC circuit breaker 交流断路器12 AC component 交流分量13 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器14 AC distribution system 交流配电系统15 AC reclosing relay 交流重合闸继电器16 Accelerating protection forswitching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作17 Acceleration Trend Relay(ATR) 加速趋势继电器18 Accurate Working Current 精确工作电流19 Accurate Working voltage 精确工作电压20 Activate the breaker trip coil 起动断路器跳闸21 Adaptive features 自适应特性22 Adaptive relay protection 自适应继电保护23 Adaptive relaying 自适应继电保护24 Adaptive segregated directionalcurrent differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护25 Admittance relays 导纳型继电保护装置26 AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能27 Air brake switch 空气制动开关28 Air breaker 空气断路器29 Air-blast circuit breaker 空气灭弧断路器30 Air-blast switch 空气吹弧开关31 Air-space cable 空气绝缘电缆32 Alarm 报警33 Alarm relay 报警信号继电器34 Alarm signal;alerting signal 报警信号35 Alive 带电的36 All-relay interlocking 全部继电连锁37 All-relay selector 全继电式选择器38 Amplitude Comparison 绝对值比较39 Analogue 模拟40 Angle of maximum sensitivity 最大灵敏角41 Annunciator relay 信号继电器42 Approximation component 逼近分量43 Arc extinguishing coil 灭弧线圈44 Arc suppressing coil 消弧线圈45 Arc suppressing reactor 灭弧电抗器46 Arcing fault 电弧接地故障47 Armature 电枢48 Asymmetric load 不对称负载49 Asymmetric short circuit 不对称短路50 Asynchronous resistance 异步电阻51 Asynchronous tractance 异步电抗52 Attacted armature relay 衔铁(磁铁)吸合式继电器53 Automatic quasi-synchronization 自动准同步54 Automatic reclosure 自动重合闸55 auto-put-into device of reserve-source 备用电源自动投入装置56 auto-recosing with self-synchronism 自同步重合闸57 Auxiliary contacts 辅助触点58 Auxiliary relay/intermediate relay 辅助继电器/中间继电器59 B sampling function B样条函数60 Back-spin timer 反转时间继电器61 Back-up over-speed governor 附加超速保护装置62 Back-up protection 后备保护63 Back-up ssystem 后备继电保护64 Biased differential relaying 极化差动继电保护系统65 Bi-directional relay 双向继电器66 Bi-stable 双稳态67 Black-out area 停电区68 Black-start 黑启动69 Blinker 继电器吊牌70 Bloching protection 闭锁式保护71 Blocking relay 连锁继电器72 Blocking signal 闭锁信号73 Blow-out coil 灭弧线圈74 Branch coefficient 分支系数75 Breaker contact point 断路器触点76 Breaker pount wrench 开关把手77 Breaker trip coil 断路器跳闸线圈78 Brushless excitation 无刷励磁79 Buchholtz protecter 瓦斯保护80 Bundle factor 分裂系数81 Bundle-conductor spacer 分裂导线82 Bus bar 母线;导电条83 Bus bar current transformer 母线电流变压器84 Bus bar disconnecting swich 分段母线隔离开关85 Bus compartment 母线室;汇流条隔离室86 Bus coupler CB 母联断路器87 Bus duct 母线槽;母线管道88 Bus hub 总线插座89 Bus insulator 母线绝缘器90 Bus line 汇流线91 Bus protection(Bus-bar protection) 母线保护92 Bus protective relay 母线保护继电器93 Bus reactor 母线电抗器94 Bus request cycle 总线请求周期95 Bus rings 集电环96 Bus rod 汇流母线97 Bus section reactor 分段电抗器98 Bus structure 母线支架;总线结构99 Bus tie switch 母线联络开关100 Bus-bar chamber 母线箱101 Bus-bar fault 母线故障102 Bus-bar insulator 母线绝缘子103 bus-bar protection withfixed circuit xonnection 固定联结式母线保护104 Bus-bar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关105 Bushing 套管106 bushing type xurrent transformer 套管式电流互感器107 Bypass 旁路108 Cable relay 电缆继电器109 Capacitance 电容110 Capacitance effect 电容效应111 Capacitance relay 电容继电器112 Capacitive current 电容电流113 Capacitor 电容器114 Capacitor of series compensation 串补电容115 Capacity charge 电容充电116 Capacity ground 电容接地117 Carrier channel 高频通道118 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay 载波或导引线接受继电器119 Carrier receiver 发讯机120 Carrier transmitter 收讯机121 Cascading outages 连锁故障122 Catch net (protecting net) 保护网123 Chatter 颤振124 Circuit breaker 断路器125 Circuit breaker failure protection 断路器失灵保护126 Circuit control relay 电路控制继电器127 Clip-on leads 夹式引线128 Clock 时钟129 Close by local protection 保护合闸130 Close-up fault 近距离故障131 Closing coil 合闸线圈132 Closing relay 合闸继电器133 Coil adjuster 线圈调节器134 Coil curl 线圈135 Coil current 线圈电流136 Coil end leakage reactance 线圈端漏电抗137 Coil factor 线圈系数138 coil inductance 线圈电感139 Combined bus and transformer protection 母线和变压器共用保护140 Commissioning 投运141 Common-mode voltage 共模电压142 Communication channel 通讯通道143 Communication interface 通讯接口144 Compensation theorem(compensation principle) 补偿原理145 Compensation voltage(compensating voltage) 补偿电压146 Compound relay 复合继电器147 Concentrated coil 集中绕组148 Concussion 震动149 Conductance relay 电导继电器150 Configuration control 组态控制151 Connection with 90degree 90度接线152 Constant 常量153 Contact 触点154 Contact bounce 触点颤动155 Contact multiplying relay 触点多路式继电器156 Continuous load 持续负载157 Continuous rating 连续运行的额定值158 Converter relay 换流器继电器159 Coordination of relay settings 保护的整定配合160 Coordination time interval 保护配合时间阶段161 Core 铁芯162 Counting relay 计数继电器163 Coupler 耦合器164 Critical clearing time 极限切除时间165 Cross-country faults “越野式”双相同时接地故障166 Crystal can relay 晶体密闭继电器167 CT line-break CT断线168 Current actuated leakage protector 电流起动型漏电保护器169 Current attenuation 电流衰减170 Current balance type currentdifferential relay 电流平衡式差动电流继电器;差动平衡式电流继电器171 Current changer 换流器172 Current compensational ground distance relay 电流补偿式接地远距继电器173 Current consumption 电流消耗174 Current differential criterion 电流差动判据175 Current transformer 电流互感器176 Current transformer phase angle 电流互感器相角177 Current transformer saturation 电流互感器的饱和问题178 Current traveling wave 电流行波179 Current-balance relay 电流平衡式继电器180 Current-limiting relay 限流继电器181 Cut-off of supply 停止供电182 Cut-off push 断路器按钮183 Cut-off relay 断路继电器184 Cut-out relay 短路继电器185 Damping circuit 阴尼电路186 Dash current 冲击电流187 Data medium 数据载体188 Data processing 数据处理189 Data transmission 数据传输190 Dead zone(Blind spot) 死区191 Definite time 定时限192 Definite time relay 定时限继电器193 Delay-action relay 缓动继电器194 Delta 三角形195 Differential mode interference 差模干扰196 Differential motion 差动197 Differential protection 差动保护198 Differential protection withpercentage restraining 具有比率制动的差动继电器199 Differential relay 差动继电器200 Differential relay with fast saturatedcurrent transformer带有速饱和变流器的差动继电器201 Differential relay with RestraintCharacteristic 具有制动特性的差动继电器202 Digital protection 数字式保护203 Digital signal processor 数字信号处理器204 Direct axis 直轴205 Directional contact 方向触点206 Directional distance relay 方向距离继电器207 Directional over-current protection 方向过流保护208 Directional over-current relay 方向过流继电器209 Directional pilot relaying 方向纵联继电保护210 Directional protection 方向保护211 Direct-to-ground capacity 对地电容212 Discharge 放电213 Disconnecting switch 隔离开关214 Discontinuous relay 鉴别继电器215 Discriminating zone 判别区216 Dislocation 损失、故障引起的混乱217 Disruption 瓦解、系统解列218 Distance protection 距离保护219 Distance relay(impedance relay) 阻抗继电器220 Distributed capacitance of long line 长线分布电容221 Distribution feeder 配电馈线222 Diviation character 偏移特性223 Double bus bar protection 双母线保护224 Double-ended clip-on leads 双头夹式引线225 Dropout current 回动电流226 Dry-type transformer 干式变压器227 Dual bus 双总线228 Dynamic attributes 动态特性229 Dynamoelectric relay 电动式继电器230 Earth fault 接地故障231 Earth-leakage protection 对地漏电保护232 Economic dispatch system 经济调度系统233 Electric capacity 电容234 Electric interlock relay 连锁继电器235 Electric reset relay 电复位式继电器236 Electrical apparatus(equipments) 电器设备237 Electrical governing system 电力调速系统238 Electrical network(power network) 电网239 Electrically operated valve 电动阀门240 Electro polarized relay 极化继电器241 electrolyte 电解质242 Electromagnetic brake 电磁制动243 Electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩244 Electromagnetical relay 电磁式继电器245 Electromechanic relay 机电的246 Electromotive force 电动势247 Emergency service 事故运行248 Emergency standby 事故备用249 Energy direction relay 能量方向继电器250 Equivalent circuit 等值电路251 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁252 Excitation-loss relay 失磁继电器253 Expert system 专家系统254 Extermal characteristics 外特性255 Extinction coil 消弧线圈256 Extinguishing voltage 灭弧电压257 Extra high voltage 超高压258 Extra-high-voltage transmission line 超高压传输259 Fail safe interlock 五防装置260 Fail-safe unit 五防261 Failure rate 故障率262 False tripping 误动263 Fast ersponse 快速响应264 Fast-operate slow-release relay 快动缓释继电器265 Fast-release relay 快释放继电器266 Fault clearing time 故障切除时间267 Fault component 故障分量268 Fault detecting relay 故障检测继电器269 Fault diagnosis 故障诊断270 Fault line 故障线271 Fault location 故障定位272 Fault phase selection 故障选相273 Fault phase selector 故障选线元件274 Fault recorder 故障录波器275 Fault type 故障类型276 Fault-component algorithms 故障分量算法277 Faulted phase identification 故障相识别元件278 Faults recorder 故障录波279 Feedback 反馈280 Feeder 馈电线281 Fiber optical communication 光纤通信282 Fiber-Optic Pilot 光纤纵联保护283 Field application relay 励磁继电器;激励继电器284 Field failure protection of generator 发电机的失磁保护285 Field test 实地试验286 Filter 滤波器287 Finger 触点的接点288 Fourier algorithm 傅立叶算法289 Free-standing 独立的;无需支撑物的290 Frequency component 频率分量291 Frequency response 频率响应292 Frequency sensing 频率测量293 Frequency window 频窗294 Full-wave phase comparison protection 全波相位比较保护295 Fuse box(Fusible cutout) 熔断器296 Gaseous shield 瓦斯保护装置297 Gas-Insulater switchgear GIS 气体绝缘组合电器298 Generator 发电机299 Generator cutout relay 发电机断路继电器300 Generator Negative Current Protection 发电机负序电流保护301 Generator out of step protection 发电机失步保护302 Generator protection 发电机保护303 Generator protection for negativesequence current 发电机负序电流保护304 Generator stator single phase earth fault 发电机定子绕组单相接地保护305 Generator stator winding short circuit faults 发电机定子绕组短路故障306 Generator-transformer set 发电机-变压器组307 Graded time settings 阶梯型时间配置308 Grading 等级309 Ground fault relay 接地故障继电器310 Ground-fault of ungrounded system 小电流接地系统311 Grounding apparatus 接地装置312 Half-cycle integral algorithm 半周积分算法313 Hard strap 硬压板314 Harmonic current 正弦电流315 Harmonic restraining 谐波制动316 Healthy phases 非故障相317 Heavy load 重负荷318 Hidden failures 隐形故障319 High impedance busbar differetial protection 高阻抗母线差动保护320 High resistance 高阻321 High sensitive relay 高灵敏度继电器322 High speed impedance relay 高速阻抗继电器323 High speed signal acquisition system 高速数字信号采集系统324 High tension electrical porcelain insulator 高压电瓷绝缘子325 High voltage line 高压线路326 High-frequency direction finder 高频测向器327 High-voltage relay 高压继电器328 Immune to electromagnetic interference 不受电磁干扰329 Impedance circle 阻抗圆330 Impedance compensator 阻抗补偿器331 Impedance converter 阻抗变换器332 Impedance mismatch 阻抗失配333 Impulsing relay 冲击继电器334 Inadvertent energization 过激磁335 Incorrect tripping 误动336 Inductance couping 电感耦合337 Induction coefficient 感应系数338 Induction cup relay 感应杯式继电器339 Induction disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器340 Induction type relay 感应式继电器341 Inductor 电感342 Infeed current 助增电流343 Inrush exciting current of transformer 励磁涌流344 Instantaneous protection 瞬时保护345 Instantaneous under voltageprotection with current supervision 电流闭锁电压速断保护346 Insulation supervision device 绝缘监视347 Insulator 绝缘子348 Insulator arcing horn 绝缘子角形避雷器349 Insulator arc-over 绝缘子闪络350 Insulator bracket 绝缘子托架351 Insulator cap 绝缘子帽352 Insulator chain 绝缘子串353 Inter turn faults 匝间短路354 Interlock 连锁355 Intermittent fault 间歇故障356 Intermittent fillet weld 间接角缝焊接357 Internal fault 内部故障358 Internal resistance 内阻359 Interrupting time 断路时间360 Intertripping underreach protection 远方跳闸欠范围保护361 Inverse phase sequence protection 逆相序保护362 Inverse power protection 逆功率保护363 Isolated neutral system 中性点绝缘系统364 Jumper connection 跳线365 Kalman filter algorithm 卡尔曼滤波算法366 Laplace and Fourier transforms 拉氏和傅里叶变换367 Leased line 租用线路368 LED 发光二极管369 Line trap 线路陷波器370 Load characteristic 负载特性371 Load flow calculations 潮流计算372 Load patterns 负荷形式373 Load schedule according to frequency change 按周波减载374 Load shedding 甩负荷375 Lockout relay 闭锁出口继电器376 Locus of measured impedance 测量阻抗轨迹377 Longitudinal differential protection 纵联差动保护378 Longitudinal differential relay 纵联差动继电器379 Loss of synchronism protection 失步保护380 Low impedance busbar protection 低阻抗母线保护381 Low-frequency component,subharmonic 低频分量,低次谐波382 Low-frequency high-voltage protection 低频高压试验383 Low-voltage protection 低压保护384 Low-voltage rekease relay 低压释放继电器385 Low-voltage relay 低压继电器386 Magnetic flux 磁通387 Magnetic induction 磁感应强度388 Magnetization curve 磁化曲线389 Magnetizing 磁化390 Magnetizing inrush current 劢磁涌流391 Magnitude of current 电流幅值392 Main protection 主保护393 Manipulating organ 操作单元394 Manipulation 操作395 Man-machine interface 人机对话接口396 Margin 裕度397 Measured impedance 测量阻抗398 Measurement 测量399 Measurement signal 测量信号400 Measuring unit 测量元件401 Mechanism latch 机械锁402 Memory circuit 记忆回路403 Metallic fault 金属性故障404 Micro-processor based protective relay 微机继电保护405 Microwave link protection 微波保护406 Minimum load impedance 最小负荷阻抗407 Motor-field failure relay 电动机磁场故障继电器408 Moving coil relay 动圈式继电器409 Muktiole-reclosing breaker 多次重合闸断路器410 Multi-ended circuit protection 多端线路保护411 Multi-finger contactor 多触点接触器412 Multi-phase compensated impedance relay 多相补偿式阻抗继电器413 Multiple earth 多重接地414 Multi-zone rekay 分段限时继电器415 Mutual-induction 互感416 Mutual-induction of zero sequence 零序互感的影响417 Mutually coupled lines 有互感线路418 Negative direction 反方向419 Negative phase relay 负相位继电器420 Negative sequence impedance 负序阻抗421 Negative-phase sequence impendence 负相序继电器422 Network topology 网络拓朴423 Neutral auto-transformer 中性点接地自耦变压器424 Neutral displacement protection 中性点过电压保护425 Neutral-current transformer 零序电流互感器426 Neutral-point earthing 中性点接地427 No-load release 无跳闸428 Non-linear characteristics 非线性特性429 Non-sinusoidal signal 非正弦信号430 Normal inverse 反时限431 Normally closed contacts 常闭节点432 Normally open contacts 常开节点433 Object-oriented 面向对向434 Off-peak 非峰值的435 Off-position 断开位置436 Offset impedance relay 偏移特性阻抗继电器437 Ohm relay 电阻继电器438 Oil-immersed type reactor 油浸式电抗器439 Open-phase relay 断相继电器440 Operating characteristic 动作特性441 Operating eqution(criterion) 动作方程(判据) 442 Operating load 运行负载443 Operating time 动作时间444 Operational(internal)over-voltage 操作(内部)过电压445 Optical link protection 光纤保护446 Option board 选择板447 Optoelectronic coupler 光电耦合器件448 Orthogonal 正交的449 Oscillation 振荡450 Oscillator coil 振荡线圈451 Oscillatory reactivity perturbation 振荡反应性扰动452 Oscillatory surge 振荡冲击453 Out flowing current 外汲电流454 Out going line 引出线455 Out of service 退出运行456 Out of step 失步457 Outlet 出口458 Output(executive) organ 出口(执行)元件459 Over current protection 过电流保护460 Over fluxing ptrtection 过励磁保护461 Over head line 架空线462 Over load 过负荷463 Over reach blocking scheme 超范围闭锁式464 Over voltage protection 过电压保护465 Over voltage relay 过压继电器531466 Over-current relay withunder-voltage supervision 低电压起动的过电流保护467 Over-load relay 过载继电器468 Over-load trip 过载跳闸469 Parallel 并联470 Parallel port 并联出口471 Peak value (交变量的)最大值472 Percentage differential protection 比率差动保护473 Percentage differential relay 比率差动继电器474 Permanent fault 永久性故障475 Permissive under reaching transfertrip scheme 欠范围允许跳闸式476 Permissive underreach protection 允许式欠范围保护477 Phase comparison protection 相位比较保护478 Phase comparison relay 相位比较继电器479 Phase segregated protection 分相保护480 Phase to phase fault 相间故障481 Phase-angle of voltage transformer 电压互感器的相角差482 Phase-shifting algorithm 移相算法483 Pilot protection 高频保护;纵联保护484 Pilot protection using distance relay 距离纵联保护485 Platform 平台486 Pneumatic 气动的487 Pockels effect 波克尔斯效应488 Polar characteristics 极化特性489 Polarized voltage 极化电压490 Pole-pairs 极对数491 Porcelain insulator 瓷绝缘子492 Positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗493 Potential transformer 电压互感器494 Power direction relay 功率方向继电器495 Power factlr relay 功率因数继电器496 Power failure 电源故障497 Power line carrier 电力线载波498 Power line carrier channel 高频通道499 Power line carrier protection 电力线载波保护500 Power relay 功率继电器501 Power rheostat 电力变压器502 Power swing(out of step)blocking 振荡(失步)闭锁503 Power system analysis and computation 电力系统分析与计算504 Power system control 电力系统控制505 Power system oscillation 电力系统振荡506 Power system splitting and reclosing 解列重合闸507 Power system transients 电力系统暂态508 Power-angle 功角509 Power-angle curve 功角特性曲线510 Power-transfer relay 电源切换继电器511 Power-transformer relay 电力传输继电器512 Primary 一次侧的513 Primary protection 主保护514 Private line 专用线路515 Proportional Brake LongitudinalDifferential Protection 比例制动式纵差保护516 Protection against overpressure 超压防护517 Protection against unsymmetrical load 不对称负载保护装置518 Protection criterion 保护判据519 Protection device 保护设备;防护设备520 Protection feature 保护特性521 Protection of generator-transformer set 发电机--变压器保护522 Protection reactor 保护电抗器523 Protection screen 保护屏524 Protection switch 保护开关525 Protective cap 保护帽526 Protective casing 保护外壳527 Protective cover(protective housing) 保护罩528 Protective device(protective gear) 保护装置529 Protective earthing 保护接地530 Protective earthing outer insulation 保护接地外绝缘531 Protective equipment 保护设备532 Protective gap 保护间隙533 Protective ground 保护性接地534 Protective link 保护线路535 Protective panel 保护屏柜536 Protective relaying equipment 继电保护装置537 Protective switch 保护开关538 Protective system 保护系统539 Protective transformer 保护变压器540 PT line-break PT断线541 Pulse 脉冲542 Pulse relay(surge relay) 冲击继电器543 Quadrature 正交544 Quadrature axis 交轴545 Quasi-steady state 准稳态546 Rated armature current 额定电枢电流547 Rated burden/Rated load 额定负载548 Rated primary voltage 一次额定电压549 Rated secondary voltage 二次额定电压550 Ratio restrain 比率制动551 Reach(setting)of protection 保护范围(定值)552 Reactance 电抗553 Reactance bond 电抗耦合554 Reactance of armature reaction 电枢反应电抗555 Reactive power cimpensation 无功补偿器556 Reactor grounded neutral system 中性点电抗接地系统557 Receiver machine 收信机558 Reclaim time 复归时间559 Recloser 重合闸560 Rectangular wave 矩形波561 Rectifier bridge 整流桥562 Recursive least square algorihm 最小二乘算法563 Redundancy of relaying system 保护配置的冗余度564 Relay acceleration after auto-reclosing 重合闸后加速保护565 Relay acceleration before auto-reclosing 重合闸前加速保护566 Relay act trip 继电器操作跳闸567 Relay based on incremental quantity 增量(突变量)继电器568 Relay based on transient component 暂态保护569 Relay location 保护安装处570 Relay must-operate value 继电器保证启动值571 Relay overrun 继电器超限运行572 Relay system configuration 保护配置573 Remote backup protection 远后备保护574 Remote controlled 遥控的575 Remote Terminal Unit 远程终端设备576 Remote-control apparatus 远程控制设备577 Reserve bus 备用母线578 Residual current 零序电流579 Residual current relay 零序电流继电器580 Residual magnetism 剩磁581 Resistance grounded neutral system 中性点接地方式582 Resultant torque 合成转矩583 Returning current of protection device 保护装置返回584 Reverse power flows 功率逆潮流585 Rotor 转子586 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护587 Rwliability 可靠性588 Sampling and holding 采样保持589 Sampling interruption service program 采样中断服务程序590 Satuation detection 饱和检测591 Saturation curve 饱和曲线592 SCADA 监控与数据采集593 Scalarproduct restraint differentrial relay 标积制动式差动继电器594 Scan 扫描595 Sealed transformer 密封式变压器596 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动597 Secondary circuit 二次回路598 Section selectovity of protection 保护的区选择性599 Sectionalizer 分段断路器600 Security 安全性601 Segregated current differential protection 分相电流差动保护602 Selectivity 选择性603 Self excited 自励604 Self reset 自动复归605 Self-check 自检606 Self-energizing 自激的607 Self-induction 自感608 Self-polarize mho 自极化姆欧(导纳)继电器609 Self-polarizing 电流极化继电器610 Semiconductor diode 半导体二极管611 Semi-orthogonal wavelet 半正交小波612 Sensitive polarized 灵敏极化继电器613 Sensitivity 灵敏性614 Sequence of events recorder 事件顺序记录器615 Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸616 Serial port 串行接口617 Series 串联618 Series excited 串励619 Sesitive relay 灵敏继电器620 Setting calculation 整定计算621 Severe gas protection 重瓦斯保护622 Short circuit calculations 短路计算623 Short-term load forecasting 短期负荷预测624 Shunt 旁路;并联625 Shunt excited 并励626 Shunt running 潜动627 Shutter 挡板628 Sigle-phase transmission line 单相传输线629 Single-chip microcontroller 单片机630 Sinusoidal variations 正弦变量631 Slight gas protection 轻瓦斯保护632 Slow-to release relay 缓放继电器633 Soft strap 软压板634 Solenoid relay 螺管式继电器635 Spark gap 火花间隙636 Speed 速动性637 Splitphase transverse differential protection 裂相横差保护638 Spottily excited 他励639 Star 星形640 Start up(Pick up) 起动641 Starting current of protection device 保护装置启动电流642 State estimation 状态估计643 Static distance relay 静态距离继电器644 Static relay 静电继电器645 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护646 Stator ground protection based onzero sequence current 零序电流构成的定子接地保护647 Step-type distance relay 分段距离继电器648 Strap 压板649 Subsystem 子系统650 Successive approximation typw A/D 逐次逼近型A/D651 Superimposed component protection 叠加分量保护652 Surge guard 冲击防护653 Surge impedance 波阻抗654 Surge voltage 冲击电压655 Sustained faults 持续性故障656 Sustained overload 持续657 Switch cabinet 开关柜658 Switch station 开关站659 Switching surge 开关冲击660 Symmetrical 对称的661 Symmetrical comoinents 对称分量662 Synchronization check 同期检查663 Synchronized sampling 采样同步664 Synchronizing by reference parameter vector 参数矢量同步法665 Synchronous condenser 同步调相机666 Synchronous reactance 同步电抗667 Synchronous speed 同步转速668 Tap 分接头669 Telemeter data 遥测数据670 Temperature limiting relay 过热继电器671 Temporary fault 瞬时性故障672 Terminal board 端子排673 Terminal voltage 端电压674 Test-block 试验端子675 Test-plug 试验插头676 The applied voltage 外施电压677 The no-load power factor 空载功率因数678 Thermal protection 过热保护679 Thermostat relay 恒温继电器680 Three phase one shot reclosure 三相一次重合闸681 Three terminal line protection 三端线路保护682 Through-fault 穿越故障683 Thyristor 晶体管684 Tie line 联络线685 Time interval 时间间隔686 Time over-current 时限过电流687 Time pulse relay 定时脉冲继电器688 Time-current characteristic 时间-电流特性689 Time-delay relay 时间继电器690 Time-invariant 不变时的691 Timer relay 延时继电器692 Timing relay(Timed relay) 定时继电器693 Topological information 拓朴信息694 Topology analysis 拓朴分析695 Torque-angle 转矩角696 Torsional vibration 扭转振动697 Tower 杆塔698 Transfer of auxiliary supply 后备电源切换699 Transformation matrix 变换矩阵700 Transformer protection schemes 变压器保护配置原则701 Transient analysis 暂态分析702 Transistor(type)relay 晶体管(型)继电器703 Transition impedance 过渡阻抗704 Transmission line malfunction 输电线路异常运行705 Transmitting relay 发送继电器706 Transverse differential protection 横差保护707 Transverse differential protectionfor Generator turn-to-turn faults 发电机横差保护708 Traveling wave 行波709 Traveling wave protection 行波保护710 Traveling wave relay 行波继电器711 Traveling wave signal 行波信号712 Trigger 触发器713 Trip by lical protection 保护跳闸714 Trip relay 跳闸继电器715 Trip switch 跳闸开关716 Tripping battery 跳闸用蓄电池717 Troidal 环形的;曲面;螺旋管形718 Turn to turn gault 匝间短路719 Two star connection scheme 两相星形接线方式720 Two-phase grounding fault 两相接地短路故障721 Two-phase short circuit fault 两相短路故障722 Two-position relay 二位置继电器723 Ultra-high voltage transmission 超高压输电724 Unavailability 不可用率;失效率725 Unbalance current 不平衡电流726 Unblocking signal 解除闭锁信号727 Under power protection 低功率保护728 Under power relay 低功率继电器729 Under-frequency protection 低频保护730 Under-groind cable 地埋电缆731 Under-impedance relay 低阻抗继电器732 Under-load relay 负载不足继电器733 Under-voltage protection 欠压保护734 Under-voltage relay 欠压继电器735 Under-voltage release736 Under-voltage trip 低电压跳闸737 Unit protection 单元式保护738 Vacuum circuit breaker 真空开关739 Vacuum-tube relay 电子管继电器740 Variable bridge principle protection 变电桥保护741 Vibration 振荡742 Voltage balance relay 电压平衡继电器743 Voltage differential relay 电压差动继电器744 Voltage dip 电压下降745 Voltage inception angle 电压初始角746 Voltage instability 电压不稳747 Voltage regulation 电压调节748 Voltage responsive relay 电压响应继电器749 Voltage selection relay 电压选择继电器750 Voltage sensor 电压传感器751 Voltage traveling wave 电压行波752 Voltage waveform destortion 电压波形畸变753 Voltage-controlled over-current relay 电压控制过电流继电器754 Volt-amphere characteristic 伏安特性755 Wave impedance 波阻抗756 Wave propagation velocity 波速757 Waveform 波形758 Waveform identification 波形识别法759 Wavelet transform 小波变换760 Weak power end protection 弱电源端保护761 Winding-to-winding insulation 绕组间的绝缘762 Window function 窗函数763 Zero drift 零点漂移764 Zero mode component of traveling wave 零模行波765 Zero-power-factor 零功率因数766 Zero-sequence current 零序电流767 Zero-sequence current compensation 零序电流补偿768 Zero-sequence current relay 零序电流继电器769 Zero-sequence current transducer 零序电流互感器770 Zero-sequence impedance 零序阻抗771 Zero-sequence protection 零序保护910个继电保护英文名词来源[公司 --继保工作室--] 点击次数:453 最后更新:2010-7-1 14:27:51序号 英文全称 中文解释1 Directional protection 方向保护2 Distance protection 距离保护3 Over current protection 过流保护4 Pilot protection 高频保护5 Differential protection 差动保护6 Rotor earth‐fault protection 转子接地保护7 Stator earth‐fault protection 定子接地保护8 Over fluxing protection 过励磁保护9 Back‐up protection 后备保护11 Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸12 Start up/Pick up 起动13 Breaker 断路器14 Disconnecting switch 隔离开关15 Current transformer 电流互感器16 Potential transformer 电压互感器17 Dead zone/Blind spot 死区18 Vibration/Oscillation 振荡19 Reliability 可靠性20 Sensitivity 灵敏性21 Speed 速动性22 Selectivity 选择性23 Step‐type distance relay 分段距离继电器24 Time delay 延时25 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁26 Incorrect tripping 误动27 Phase to phase fault 相间故障28 Earth fault 接地故障29 Through‐ fault 穿越故障30 Permanent fault 永久性故障31 Temporary fault 瞬时性故障32 Overload 过负荷34 Contact multiplying relay 触点多路式继电器35 Timer relay 时间继电器40 Ground fault relay 接地故障继电器41 Recloser 重合闸42 Zero‐sequence protection 零序保护43 Soft strap 软压板44 Hard strap 硬压板45 High resistance 高阻46 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动47 CT line‐break CT断线48 PT line‐break PT断线49 Secondary circuit 二次回路50 AC circuit breaker 交流开关电路51 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器52 Breaker point wrench 开关把手53 Breaker trip coil 断路器跳闸线圈54 Bus bar 母线; 导电条55 Bus bar current transformer 母线电流变压器56 Bus bar disconnecting switch 分段母线隔离开关57 Bus compartment 母线室; 汇流条隔离室58 Bus duct 母线槽; 母线管道59 Bus hub 总线插座60 Bus line 汇流线61 Bus insulator 母线绝缘器62 Bus request cycle 总线请求周期63 Bus reactor 母线电抗器64 Bus protection 母线保护65 Bus rings 集电环66 Bus rod 汇流母线67 Bus section reactor 分段电抗器68 Bus structure 母线支架; 总线结构69 Bus tie switch 母线联络开关70 Bus‐bar chamber 母线箱71 Bus‐bar fault 母线故障72 Bus‐bar insulator 母线绝缘子73 Busbar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关74 Current attenuation 电流衰减75 Current actuated leakage protector 电流起动型漏电保护器。
Synchronization of Coupled Chaotic Dynamics on Networks

a r X i v :n l i n /0510008v 1 [n l i n .C D ] 4 O c t 2005Synchronization of Coupled Chaotic Dynamics on NetworksR.E.Amritkar ∗and Sarika Jalan †Physical Research Laboratory,Navrangpura,Ahmedabad 380009,India.Abstract We review some recent work on the synchronization of coupled dynamical systems on a variety of networks.When nodes show synchronized behaviour,two interesting phenomena can be observed.First,there are some nodes of the floating type that show intermittent behaviour between getting attached to some clusters and evolving independently.Secondly,two different ways of cluster formation can be identified,namely self-organized clusters which have mostly intra-cluster couplings and driven clusters which have mostly inter-cluster couplings.I.INTRODUCTION The phenomena of synchronization of several dynamical variables or oscillators is im-portant for many physical and biological systems [1].Some important physical systems showing synchronization are arrays of lasers [2],microwave oscillators and superconductingJosephson junctions [1]while some important biological systems are synchronous firing of neurons [3],networks of pacemaker cells in the heart [4],metabolic synchrony in yeast cell suspensions [5],congregations of synchronously flashing fireflies [6],and cricket that chirp in unison [7].Coupled oscillators werefirst studied by Winfree[8]and Kuramoto[9].The Kuramoto model describes a large population of coupled limit cycle oscillators with random frequencies. If the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold,the system exhibits a phase transition to a synchronous state where several oscillators synchronize and lock to a common frequency [10].Two important developments have regenerated interest in the study of synchronization of dynamical variables.First is the recognition that chaotic dynamical systems can show exact or phase synchronization[11].Second is the observation that several natural systems have an underlying geometric structure which can be described by complex networks[12,13]. This has opened up the possibility of discovering new interesting phenomena in coupled dynamical systems on complex networks.We discuss some of these aspects in this article.Several networks in the real world consist of dynamical elements interacting with each other and the interactions define the links of the network.Several of these networks have a large number of degrees of freedom and it is important to understand their dynamical behaviour.A general model of coupled dynamical systems on networks will consist of the following three elements.1.The evolution of uncoupled elements.2.The nature of couplings.3.The topology of the network.Most of the earlier studies of synchronized cluster formation in coupled chaotic systems have focused on networks with large number of connections(∼N2)[14]or nearest neighbour couplings on lattice models.Recently,we have considered complex networks with number of connections of the order of N[15].This small number of connections allows us to study the role that different connections play in synchronizing different nodes and the mechanism of synchronized cluster formation.The study reveals two interesting phenomena.First,when nodes form synchronized clusters,there can be some nodes which show an intermittentbehaviour between independent evolution and evolution synchronized with some cluster. Secondly,the cluster formation can be in two different ways,driven and self-organized phase synchronization[15].The connections or couplings in the self-organized phase synchronized clusters are mostly of the intra-cluster type while those in the driven phase synchronized clusters are mostly of the inter-cluster type.We will briefly review these features in this article.II.SYNCHRONIZATION OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMSSynchronization of different dynamical variables can be defined in several ways.Exact synchronization corresponds to the situation where the dynamical variables have identical values,i.e.two dynamical variables x i and x j are exactly synchronized if x i(t)=x j(t)[16]. Generalised synchronization is defined by some functional relation between the dynamical variables[17].Several other types of synchronization such as phase synchronization[18],lag synchronization[19],anticipatory synchronization[20]etc.have been defined.A.Kuramoto model of coupled oscillatorsKuramoto model of coupled oscillators can be introduced through the evolution equation [9]˙θi =ωi+KNNj=1e iθjwhere r measures the phase coherence,andψis the average phase.Clearly,r vanishes for a uniform distribution of phasesθi,and r=1if allθi are equal.The evolution equation for the phases can be written as,˙θ=ωi+Krsin(ψ−θi)iThis is a meanfield form of the equation.For K less than some threshold K c,the oscillators show unsynchronized behaviour.But,when K>K c,the oscillator population splits into two groups,the oscillators near the center of the frequency distribution lock together at some frequencyω0to form a synchronized cluster,while those in the tail retain their natural frequencies and drift relative to the synchronized cluster.This state is often called partially synchronized state.With further increase in K,more and more oscillators are recruited into the synchronized clusters[9,21,22].Kuramoto’s model was originally motivated by biological oscillators[8],but it has found applications in many diverse systems such asflavour evolution of neutrinos[23],arrays of Josephson junction[24],semiconductor lasers[25]and in several other systems[26,27].B.Synchronization of chaotic systemsPecora and Carroll showed that two identical chaotic systems can synchronize if appror-piate driving mechanisms are introduced[11].Let x be an n dimensional dynamical variable evolving as(drive system)˙x=f(x).(2) Divide the dynamical variables into two parts,x=(x d,x r),a drive part and a response part.Consider another dynamical system(response system)given by˙x′=f(x d,x′r).(3) where the drive variables x d are obtained from Eq.(2).Under suitable conditions,i.e.the conditional Lyapunov exponents are negative,the response variable x′r synchronize with those of the drive system,x r.The conditional Lyapunov exponents are obtained by con-sidering the subspace of response variables.The important interesting feature is that thevariables synchronize even when they are evolving chaotically.Thus we do not have fre-quency locking,but we can have phase synchronization if a suitable phase variable can be defined[18].Such phase synchronization is observed in several biological systems[1]C.Coupled dynamics on Complex NetworksSeveral complex systems have underlying structures that are described by networks or graphs[12,13].Recent interest in networks is due to the discovery that several naturally occurring networks come under some universal classes and they can be simulated with simple mathematical models,viz small-world networks[28],scale-free networks[29]etc.Consider a network of N nodes and N c connections(or couplings)between the nodes. Let each node of the network be assigned an m-dimensional dynamical variable x i,i= 1,2,...,N.A very general dynamical evolution can be written asd x idt =f(x i)+ǫdt =f(x i)+ǫk ij∈{k i}g(x j(t)).(7)andx i(t+1)=f(x i(t))+ǫIn numerical studies,for the discrete evolution we can use any descrete map such as logistic or circle maps while for the continuous case we can use chaotic systems such as Lorenz or R¨o ssler systems.As noted before synchronization of coupled dynamical systems[1]is manifested by the appearance of some relation between the functionals of different dynamical variables.When the number of connections in the network is small(N C∼N)and when the local dynamics of the nodes(i.e.function f(x))is in the chaotic zone,and we look at exact synchronization, only few synchronized clusters with small number of nodes are formed.However,when we look at phase synchronization,synchronized clusters with larger number of nodes are obtained.III.GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SYNCHRONIZED DYNAMICS ON COMPLEXNETWORKSWe consider some general properties of synchronized dynamics.They are valid for any coupled discrete and continuous dynamical systems.Also,these properties are applicable for exact as well as phase or any other type of synchronization and are independent of the type of network.A.Behavior of individual nodesAs the network evolves,it splits into several synchronized clusters.Depending on their asymptotic dynamical behaviour the nodes of the network can be divided into three types.(a)Cluster nodes:A node of this type synchronizes with other nodes and forms a syn-chronized cluster.Once this node enters a synchronized cluster it remains in that cluster afterwards.(b)Isolated nodes:A node of this type does not synchronize with any other node and re-mains isolated for all the time.(c)Floating Nodes:A node of this type keeps on switching intermittently between an inde-pendent evolution and a synchronized evolution attached to some cluster.Of particular interest are thefloating nodes and we will discuss some of their properties afterwards.B.Mechanism of cluster formationThe study of the relation between the synchronized clusters and the couplings between the nodes represented by the adjacency matrix C shows two different mechanisms of cluster formation[15,30].(i)Self-organized clusters:The nodes of a cluster can be synchronized because of intra-cluster couplings.We refer to this as the self-organized synchronization and the corresponding synchronized clusters as self-organized clusters.(ii)Driven clusters:The nodes of a cluster can be synchronized because of inter-cluster couplings.Here the nodes of one cluster are driven by those of the others.We refer to this as the driven synchronization and the corresponding clusters as driven clusters.In numerical studies it is possible to observe ideal clusters of both the types,as well as clusters of the mixed type where both ways of synchronization contribute to cluster formation.Fig.1shows some examples of ideal as well as mixed clusters in coupled map networks[15].In general wefind that the scale free networks and the Caley tree networks lead to better cluster formation than the other types of networks with the same average connectivity.FIGURES1020304050010203040500102030405001020304050FIG.1.The figure shows node versus node diagrams for several examples illustrating the self-organized and driven phase synchronization and the variety of clusters that are formed.The examples are for coupled maps on a scale free network with N =50,the local dynamics is given by the logistic 4x (1−x )and the coupling function is linear.The solid circles show that the two corresponding nodes are coupled (i.e.C ij =1)and the open circles show that the corresponding nodes are phase synchronized.In each case the node numbers are reorganized so that nodes be-longing to the same cluster are numbered consecutively and the clusters get displayed in decreasing sizes.(a)Figure shows turbulent phase for coupling constant ǫ=0.10.(b)An ideal self-organized phase synchronization for ǫ=0.16.(c)Mixed behavior for ǫ=0.32.(d)An ideal driven phase synchronization for ǫ=0.90.Geometrically the two mechanisms of cluster formation can be easily understood by considering a tree type network.A tree can be broken into different clusters in different ways.(a)A tree can be broken into two or more disjoint clusters with only intra-cluster couplings by breaking one or more connections.Clearly,this splitting is not unique and will lead to self-organized clusters.Figure2(a)shows a tree forming two synchronized clusters of self-organized type.This situation is similar to an Ising ferromagnet where domains of up and down spins can be formed.(b)A tree can also be divided into two clusters by putting connected nodes into different clusters.This division is unique and leads to two clusters with only inter-cluster couplings, i.e.driven clusters.Figure2(b)shows a tree forming two synchronized clusters of the driven type.This situation is similar to an Ising anti-ferromagnet where two sub-lattices of up and down spins are formed.(c)Several other ways of splitting a tree are possible.E.g.it is easy to see that a tree can be broken into three clusters of the driven type.This is shown infigure2(c).There is no simple magnetic analog for this type of cluster formation.It can be observed close to a period three orbit.We note that four or more clusters of the driven type are also possible.As compared to the cases(a)and(b)discussed above which are commonly observed,the clusters of case (c)are not so common and are observed only for some values of the parameters.(a)(b)(c)FIG.2.Different ways of cluster formation in a tree structure are demonstrated.The open, solid and gray circles show nodes belonging to different clusters.(a)shows two clusters of the self-organized type,(b)shows two clusters of driven type and(c)shows three clusters of the driven type.IV.LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSISA suitable network to study the stability of self-organized synchronized clusters is the globally coupled network.The stability of globally coupled maps is well studied in the literature[31–33].An ideal example to consider the stability of the driven synchronized state is a complete bipartite network.A complete bipartite network consists of two sets of nodes with each node of one set connected with all the nodes of the other set and no connection between the nodes of the same set.Let N1and N2be the number of nodes belonging to the two sets.We define a bipartite synchronized state as the one that has all N1elements of thefirst set synchronized to some value,say X1(t),and all N2elements of the second set synchronized to some other value,say X2(t).All the eigenvectors and the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix for the bipartite synchro-nized state can be determined explicitly.The eigenvectors of the type(α,...,α,β,...,β)T determine the synchronization manifold and this manifold has dimension two.All other eigenvectors correspond to the transverse manifold.Lyapunov exponents corresponding to the transverse eigenvectors for Eq.(8)with one dimensional variables and g(x)=f(x)areλ1=ln|(1−ǫ)|+1τlimτ→∞τt=1ln|f′(X2)|,(9)andλ1andλ2are respectively N1−1and N2−1fold degenerate[30].Here,f′(X1)andf′(X2)are the derivatives of f(x)at X1and X2respectively.The synchronized state is stable provided the transverse Lyapunov exponents are negative.If f′is bounded then from Eqs.(9)we see that forǫlarger than some critical value,ǫb(<1),bipartite synchronizedstate will be stable.Note that this bipartite synchronized state will be stable even if one or both the remaining Lyapunov exponents corresponding to the synchronization manifold are positive,i.e.the trajectories are chaotic.The linear stability analysis for other type of couplings and dynamical systems can be done along similar lines.V.FLOATING NODESWe had noted earlier that the nodes can be divided into three types,namely cluster nodes,isolated nodes andfloating nodes,depending on the asymptotic behavior of the nodes.Here,we discuss some properties of thefloating nodes which show an intermittent behavior between synchronized evolution with some cluster and an independent evolution.Letτdenote the residence time of afloating node in a cluster(i.e.the continuous time interval that the node is in a cluster).Figure3plots the frequency of residence timeν(τ)of afloating node as a function of the residence timeτ.A good straight linefit on log-linear plot shows an exponential dependence,ν(τ)∼exp(−τ/τr)(10)whereτr is the typical residence time for a given node.We have also studied the distribution of the time intervals for which afloating node is not synchronized with a given cluster.This also shows an exponential distribution.FIG.3.Thefigure plots the frequency of residence timeν(τ)of afloating node in a cluster as a function of the residence timeτ.A good straight linefit on log-linear plot shows exponential dependence.Several natural systems show examples offloating nodes,e.g.some birds may show intermittent behaviour between freeflying andflying in aflock.An interesting example in physics is that of particles or molecules in a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor where the particles intermittently belong to the liquid and vapor.Under suitable conditions it is possible to argue that the residence time of a tagged particle in the liquid phase should have an exponential distribution[30],i.e.a behavior similar to that of thefloating nodes (Eq.(10)).VI.CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONWe have briefly discussed synchronization properties of coupled dynamical elements on complex networks.In the course of time evolution these dynamical elements form synchro-nized clusters.In several cases when synchronized clusters are formed there are some isolated nodes which do not belong to any cluster.More interestingly there are somefloating nodes which show an intermittent behavior between an independent evolution and an evolution synchro-nized with some cluster.The residence time spent by afloating node in the synchronized cluster shows an exponential distribution.We have identified two mechanisms of cluster formation,self-organized and driven phase synchronization.For self-organized clusters intra-cluster couplings dominate while for driven clusters inter-cluster couplings dominate.REFERENCES[1]A.Pikovsky,M.Rosenblum and J.Kurth,Synchronization:A universal concept innonlinear dynamics(Cambridge University Press,2001).[2]Z.Jiang,M.McCall,J.Opt.Soc.Am.10,155(1993).[3]P.A.Robinson,J.J.Wright and C.J.Rennie,Phys.Rev.Lett.57,4578,(1998).[4]C.S.Peskin,Mathematical Aspects of Heart Physiology(Courant Institute of Mathe-matical Science Publication,New York,1975,pp.268).[5]J.Aldridge,E.K.Pye,Nature259,670(1976).[6]J.Buck,E.Buck,Scientific Am.234,74(1996).[7]T.J.Walker,Science166,891(1969).[8]A.T.Winfree,The Geometry of Biological Time(Springer-Verlag,New York,1980).[9]Y.Kuramoto,Chemical Oscillations,Waves,and Turbulence(Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1984).[10]A.T.Winfree,J.Theoret.Biol.1615(1967).[11]L.M.Pecora and T.L.Carroll,Phys.Rev.Lett.64,821(1990).[12]S.H.Strogatz,Nature410,268(2001)and references therein.[13]R.Albert and A.L.Barab¨a si,Rev.Mod.Phys.74,47(2002)and references therein.[14]K.Kaneko,Physica D124(1998)322.[15]S.Jalan,R.E.Amritkar,Phys.Rev.Lett.90(2003)014101.[16]H.Fujisaka and T.Yamada,Prog.Theor.Phys.69,32(1983).[17]H.F.Rulkov,M.M.Sushchik,L.S.Tsimring and H.D.I.Abarbanel,Phys.Rev.E51,980(1995).[18]M.G.Rosenblum,A.S.Pikovsky,and J.Kurth,Phys.Rev.Lett.76,1804(1996).[19]M.G.Rosenblum,A.S.Pikovsky,and J.Kurth,Phys.Rev.Lett.78,4193(1997).[20]H.U.Voss,Phys.Rev.E61,5115(2000).[21]J.D.Crawford,J.Statist.Phys.,74,1047(1994);J.D.Crawford and K.T.R.Davies,Physica D1251(1999).[22]S.H.Strogatz,Physica D,1431(2000).[23]J.Pantaleone,Phys.Rev.D58,3002(1998).[24]K.Wiesenfeld,P.Colet,S.H.Strogatz,Phys.Rev.E57,1563(1998).[25]G.Kozyreff,A.G.Vladimirov and 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无机非金属材料专业材料概论英语词汇

Chapter 1alloy 合金atomic-scale architecture 原子尺度结构(构造)brittle 脆性的ceramic 陶瓷composite 复合材料concrete 混凝土conductor导体crystalline 晶态的devitrified 反玻璃化的(晶化的)ductility (可)延(展)性,可锻性electronic and magnetic material电子和磁性材料element 元素fiberglass 玻璃钢glass 玻璃glass-ceramic 玻璃陶瓷/微晶玻璃insulator 绝缘体materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程materials selection 材料选择metallic 金属的microcircuitry 微电路microscopic-scale architecture 微观尺度结构(构造)noncrystalline 非晶态的nonmetallic 非金属的oxide 氧化物periodic table 周期表plastic 塑性的、塑料polyethylene 聚乙烯polymer 聚合物property 性能(质)refractory 耐火材料、耐火的semiconductor 半导体silica 石英、二氧化硅silicate 硅酸盐silicon 硅steel 钢structural material 结构材料wood 木材Chapter 7aluminum alloy 铝合金gray iron 灰口铁amorphous metal 无定形金属high-alloy steel 高合金钢austenitic stainlesssteel 奥氏体不锈钢high-strength low-alloy steel 高强度低合金钢Brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值Hooke’s law 胡克定律carbon steel 碳钢impact energy 冲击能cast iron 铸铁lead alloy 铅合金Charpy test 单梁冲击试验low-alloy steel 低合金钢cold working 冷作加工lower yield point 屈服点下限copper alloy 铜合金magnesium alloy 镁合金creep curve 蠕变曲线malleable iron 可锻铸铁primary stage 第一(初期)阶段martensitic stainless steel 马氏体不锈钢secondary stage 第二阶段modulus of elasticity 弹性模量tertiary stage 第三(最后)阶段modulus of rigidity 刚性模量dislocation climb 位错攀(爬)移nickel alloy 镍合金ductile iron 球墨铸铁nickel-aluminum superalloy 镍铝超合金ductile-to-brittle transition temperature 韧性-脆性转变温度nonferrous alloy 非铁合金ductility (可)延(展)性,可锻性plastic deformation 塑性变形elastic deformation 弹性变形Poission’s ratio 泊松比engineering strain 工程应变precious metal 贵金属engineering stress 工程应力precipitation-hardened stainless steel 沉淀(脱溶)硬化不锈钢fatigue curve 疲劳曲线rapidly solidified alloy 速凝合金/快速固化合金fatigue strength (endurance limit) 疲劳强度(耐久极限)refractory? metal 耐火(高温)金属ferritic stainless steel 铁素体不锈钢Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度ferrous alloy 铁基合金shear modulus 剪(切)模量fracture mechanics 断裂机制shear strain 剪(切)应变fracture toughness 断裂韧性shear stress 剪(切)应力gage length 标距(长度),计量长度,有效长度solution hardening 固溶强化galvanization 电镀,镀锌steel 钢strain hardening 应变强化white iron 白铁,白口铁superalloy 超合金wrought alloy 可锻(锻造、轧制)合金tensile strength 拉伸强度yield point 屈服点titanium alloy 钛合金yield strength 屈服强度tool steel 工具钢Young’s modulus 杨氏模量toughness 韧性zinc alloy 锌合金upper yield point 屈服点上限Chapter 8annealing point 退火点linear coefficient of thermal expansion 线性热膨胀系数refractory 耐火材料borosilicate glass 硼硅酸盐玻璃expansion 膨胀silicate 硅酸盐brittle fracture 脆性断裂magnetic ceramic 磁性陶瓷silicate glass 硅酸盐玻璃clay 粘土melting range 熔化(温度)范围soda-lime silica glass 钠钙硅酸盐玻璃color 颜色modulus of rupture 断裂模量softening point 软化点cosine law 余弦定律network former 网络形成体specular reflection 镜面反射creep 蠕变netwrok modifier 网络修饰体/网络外体static fatigue 静态疲劳crystalline ceramic 晶态陶瓷nonoxide ceramic 非氧化物陶瓷structural clay product 粘土类结构制品diffuse reflection 漫反射nonsilicate glass 非硅酸盐玻璃surface gloss 表面光泽E-glass 电子玻璃(E玻璃)nonsilicate oxide ceramic 非硅酸盐氧化物陶瓷tempered glass 钢化玻璃electronic ceramic 电子陶瓷nuclear ceramic 核用陶瓷thermal conductivity 热传导率enamel 搪瓷nucleate 成(形)核thermal shock 热震Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律Opacity 乳浊transformation toughening 相变增韧fracture toughness 断裂韧性optical property 光学性质translucency 半透明Fresnel’s formula Fresnel公式partially stabilized zirconia ??部分稳定氧化锆transparency 透明glass 玻璃polar diagram 极坐标图viscosity 粘度glass-ceramic 玻璃陶瓷/微晶玻璃pottery 陶器(制造术)viscous deformation 粘性变形glass transition temperature 玻璃转变温度pure oxide 纯氧化物vitreous silica 无定形二氧化硅/石英玻璃glaze 釉reflectance 反射(率)whiteware 白瓷Griffith crack model Griffith裂纹模型refractive index 折射率working range 工作(温度)范围intermediate 中间体/中间的Chapter 10admixture 外加剂fiberglass 玻璃钢metal-matrix composite 金属基复合材料aggregate 聚集体fiber-reinforced composite 纤维增强复合材料particulate composite 颗粒复合材料aggregate composite 聚集体复合材料hardwood 硬质木材polymer-matrix composite 聚合物基复合材料anisotropic 各向异性hemicellulose 半纤维素portland cement 波特兰水泥cement 水泥interfacial strength 界面结合强度property averaging 性能平均ceramic-matrix composite 陶瓷基复合材料isostrain 等应变radial cell 径向细胞concrete 混凝土isotress 等应力softwood 软质木材continuous fiber 连续纤维isotropic 各向同性specific strength 比强度discrete (chopped) fiber 不连续(短切)纤维laminate 层状的strength-to-weight ratio 强度质量比率dispersion-strengthened metal 弥散强化金属lignin 木质素whisker 晶须longitudinal cell 经向(纵向)纤维wood 木材woven fabric 纺织构造E-glass 电子玻璃matrix 基质(体)philosophy 基本原理cross over 交叉,穿过,跨越restriction 限制(定)configuration 构造(形式),结构align 使成一直线(一行)elongate 拉长(的)/延伸(的)aggregate 集料,粒料,骨料chop 切utility 效用,实用,功用in regard for 考虑到cite 引用(证、述),援引,列举,举出(例),提到,谈到embed 埋置,把? 嵌入(或插入)dielectric 电介质implication 含意(义)epoxy 环氧树脂polyester 聚酯polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 聚醚酮醚polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 聚苯亚砜entrant 新到者requisite 必需的imitate 仿deciduous 每年落叶的,非永久的commonality 共性,共同特点dramatic 生动的vertically 竖直地,直立地longitudinal 经度的,纵向的sap 树液cellulose 纤维素alignment 直线排列phenol-propane 苯酚-丙烷manifest 显示,出现,显露dimension 尺寸specify 详细说明staggering 令人惊愕的igneous 火成的inspection 检查,视察interstice 空隙,裂缝enclose 包围,封闭entrain 混(气泡)于混凝土中entrap 截留的,夹杂的thaw 融化(解),解冻identify 认识,鉴定,确定generality 一般(性),一般原则,普遍(性),通则consistent with 与? 一致emphasis 强调,重点,重要性axially 轴向weighted average 加权平均elementary 基本的reverse 相反的rigorous 严格的,严密的,精确的bound 限度take for granted 被忽略(视)communicate 传达,传递deflect 偏转unless otherwise state 除非另外说明appreciation 正确评价,鉴别substantial 多的,大的,大量的offset 弥补,抵消,偏移assembly 装配,组装,总成Chapter 11capacitor 电容器electron-hole pair 电子-空穴对piezoelectric coupling coefficient 压电耦合系数ceramic 陶瓷electronic conduction 电子传导piezoelectric effect 压电效应charge carrier 载流子energy band 能带polymer 聚合物charge density 电荷密度energy band gap 能隙positive charge carrier 正载流子coercive field 矫顽(电)场energy level 能级PZT 锆钛酸铅conduction band 导带extrinsic semiconductor 非本征半导体remanent polarization 剩余极化conductivity 传导率Fermi function 费米函数resistivity 电阻率conductor 导体Fermi level 费米能级resistance 电阻current 电流ferroelectric 铁电性reverse piezoelectric effect逆压电效应dielectric 介电性,介电体free electron 自由电子saturization polarization 饱和极化dielectric constant 介电常数glass 玻璃Seebeck potential 赛贝克(电)势dielectric strength 介电强度hysteresis loop (电)滞回线semiconductor 半导体domain (电)畴insulator 绝缘体spontaneous polarization 自发极化drift velocity 漂移速率intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体superconductor 超导体electric permittivity 电容率,介电常数metal 金属temperature coefficient of resistivity 电阻率温度系数electrical conduction 电导negative charge carrier 负载流子electrical field strength 电场强度Ohm’s law 欧姆定律thermocouple 热(电)偶electrically poled 电极化的orbital 轨道transducer 变(转)换器/换能器electron 电子paraelectric 顺电性的valence band 价带electron hole 电子空穴Pauli exclusion principle 泡利不相容原理voltage 电压commonality (特点等的)共有,共同特点,共性in light of 按照,根据manifestation 显示,表明,表现,表现形式,现象give way to 让路(步),退让,让位,屈服spacing 间隔(距)abstract 抽象reciprocal 倒数的mobility 迁移率drift 漂移precisely 正好地hypothetical 假(设)定的delocalize 使离开原位extension 扩展(充)pseudocontinuous 准连续的nature 自然状态conductive to 有助(益)的on the order of (数值)相当于,大约,数量级为,跟相似的accessibility 能进入(的),可得到(的)inability 无能(力)attribute to 归结于agitation 扰动wave packet 波包(群)irregularity 不规则,无规律reminiscent 回忆往事的,提醒的,暗示的ultimately 最后(终)于trace 追溯,上溯ambient 周围的(环境)tabulate 把......制成表格,列表finite 有限的empirical 经验的ironically 冷嘲的,具有讽刺意味的,用反语的,挖苦的,令人啼笑皆非的synchronization 同时发生,同步cooperative 配合account for 解释,占多少比例speculation 思索cryogenic 低温学的appreciable 可评估的,可感知的breakdown 崩溃,击穿subsection 细分asymmetrical 不对称的dipole 偶极子polarization 极化crystallographic 晶体的,晶体学的at the expense of 以…..为代价symmetrical 对称的exaggerate 夸张(大)extrapolate 推断(知),外推induce 诱导prefix 前缀intriguing 引起? 的兴趣(或好奇心)stem from 由…引起的,产生(起源、归因于),出身于constrain 强迫,抑制,约束straightforward 简单,易懂的ensuring 确保,保证pseudo-single crystal 准单晶consolidate 加固,使合成一体transmitter 变送器,发射机oscillation 振动megahertz MHzChapter 12acceptor level 受主能级device 元件impurity 杂质amorphous semiconductor 无定形半导体diode 二极管intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体amplifier 放大器donor level 施主能级microcircuit 微电路Arrheniusbehavior Arrhenius行为dopant 掺杂剂n-type semiconductor ??n型半导体base 基极drain 漏极p-n junction? ??p-n结carrier mobility 载流子迁移(率)electron hole 电子空穴p-type semiconductor? p型半导体chalcogenide 硫族(属)化物emitter 发射极rectifier 整流器charge 电荷energy band gap 能隙reverse bias ?反向偏置charge carrier ??载流子exhaustion range 耗尽区saturation range 饱和区charge density 电荷密度extrinsic semiconductor 非本征半导体source 源极chip (基)片Fermi function 费米函数thermal activation 热激活collector 集电极Fermi level 费米能级III-V compound III-V化合物compound semiconductor 化合物半导体field-effect transistor (FET) 场效应晶体管II-VI compound II-VI化合物conduction band 导带forward bias 正向偏置transistor 晶体管conduction electron 传导电子gate 栅极valence band 价带conductivity 传导率Hall effect 霍尔效应clustered 丛生,成群overlap 交迭activation 活化,激活occurrence 发生,出现,事件,发生的事情dominate 支配,占优势semilog 半对数的ambient 周围(环境)的phosphorus 磷plateau 平原/平台compensation 补(赔)偿intimate 亲密at right angle 成直角sideways 侧(横)向in order 整齐,状态良好,适应on the average 平均,按平均数计算,一般地说zinc blende 闪锌矿counterpart 配对物threshold 开始(端),极限photovoltaic 光电nondepletable 耗不尽的silane 硅烷xerography 静电复印术photoconductive 光敏polarization 极化herald 先驱,先兆excess 过量的,额外的,附加的overshoot 过冲distort 畸变,使失真Chapter 13antiparallel spin pairing 反平行(电子)对 domain (bloch) wall 畴壁 flux density 通量(磁力线)密度 eddy current 涡流garnet 石榴子石 Bohr magneton 玻尔磁子 electron spin 电子自旋 hard magnet 硬(永)磁铁(体) ceramic magnet 陶瓷磁铁(体)energy loss 能(量)损(失) hysteresis loop (磁)滞回线 coercive field 矫顽(磁)场 exchange interaction 交互作用induction 感应(诱导) coercive force矫顽(磁)力ferrimagnetism 铁氧体磁性,(亚)铁磁性 inverse spinel 反尖晶石diamagnetism 抗(反)磁性 ferrite 铁氧体,铁素体 Joule heating 焦耳热 domain structure 畴结构ferromagnetism 铁磁性magnetic dipole 磁偶极子 magnetic field 磁场metallic magnet 金属磁体 soft magnet 软(暂时)磁体(铁)magnetic field strength 磁场强度 paramagnetism 顺磁性 spinel 尖晶石 magnetic flux line 磁通量(力)线permanent magnet 永(久)磁体 superconducting magnet 超导磁体 magnetic moment 磁矩 permeability 导磁性(率)textured micostructure 织构 magnetism 磁性 preferred orientation 择优取向 transition metal 过渡金属magnetite 磁铁矿(石)relative permeability 相对(磁)导率 transition metal ion 过渡金属离子magnetization 磁化 remanent induction 剩余感应 YIG 钇铁石榴子石 Magnetoplumbite 磁铅石,磁铁铅矿saturation induction 饱和感应nomenclature 命名 routinely 常规,惯例 counterpart 对手 modest 小的 reversible 可逆的 traced out 探寻踪(轨)迹primitive 原始的,早期的,开始的,基本的,简单的visualize 目测,观察,设想 relativistic 相对论的aligned 排列好的 distinction (差)区别,特性tetrahedrally 四面体的 octahedrally 八面体的inventory 清单,目录 cancellation 抵(取)消traverse 在?? 上来回移动,沿? 来回移动 flunctuate 波动,涨落,起伏,动摇不定 ingot 铸模,铸块,锭 fidelity 保真 Samarium 钐 Alnico 磁钢 simultaneously 同时发生的 product? (乘)积 solenoid 螺线管 deflection 偏转interchangeably 可交(互)换的,可代替的gem 宝石 dodecahedral 十二面体的 waveguide 波导hexagonal 六方晶系的 strontium 锶 fortuitous 偶然的,幸运的 perovskite 钙钛矿availability 利用(或获得)的可能性 levitation 悬浮Chapter 1alloy 合金atomic-scale architecture 原子尺度结构(构造)brittle 脆性的ceramic 陶瓷composite 复合材料concrete 混凝土conductor? 导体crystalline? 晶态的devitrified 反玻璃化的(晶化的)ductility (可)延(展)性,可锻性electronic and magnetic material? 电子和磁性材料element 元素fiberglass 玻璃钢glass 玻璃glass-ceramic 玻璃陶瓷/微晶玻璃insulator 绝缘体Chapter 11capacitor 电容器electron-hole pair 电子-空穴对piezoelectric coupling coefficient 压电耦合系数ceramic 陶瓷electronic conduction 电子传导piezoelectric effect 压电效应charge carrier 载流子energy band 能带polymer 聚合物charge density 电荷密度energy band gap 能隙positive charge carrier 正载流子coercive field 矫顽(电)场energy level 能级PZT 锆钛酸铅conduction band 导带extrinsic semiconductor 非本征半导体remanent polarization 剩余极化conductivity 传导率materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程materials selection 材料选择metallic 金属的microcircuitry 微电路microscopic-scale architecture微观尺度结构(构造)noncrystalline 非晶态的nonmetallic 非金属的oxide 氧化物periodic table 周期表plastic 塑性的、塑料polyethylene 聚乙烯polymer 聚合物property 性能(质)refractory 耐火材料、耐火的semiconductor 半导体silica 石英、二氧化硅silicate 硅酸盐silicon 硅steel 钢structural material 结构材料 Fermi function 费米函数 resistivity 电阻率 conductor 导体 Fermi level 费米能级 resistance 电阻 current 电流 ferroelectric 铁电性 reverse piezoelectric effect 逆压电效应 dielectric 介电性,介电体 free electron 自由电子 saturization polarization 饱和极化 dielectric constant 介电常数 glass 玻璃 Seebeck potential 赛贝克(电)势 dielectric strength 介电强度 hysteresis loop (电)滞回线 semiconductor 半导体 domain (电)畴 insulator 绝缘体wood 木材Chapter 7aluminum alloy 铝合金gray iron 灰口铁amorphous metal 无定形金属high-alloy steel 高合金钢austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢high-strength low-alloy steel 高强度低合金钢Brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值Hooke’s law 胡克定律carbon steel 碳钢impact energy 冲击能cast iron 铸铁lead alloy 铅合金Charpy test Charpy试验low-alloy steel 低合金钢cold working 冷作加工lower yield point 屈服点下限spontaneous polarization 自发极化drift velocity 漂移速率intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体superconductor 超导体electric permittivity 电容率,介电常数metal 金属temperature coefficient of resistivity 电阻率温度系数electrical conduction 电导negative charge carrier 负载流子electrical field strength 电场强度Ohm’s law 欧姆定律thermocouple 热(电)偶electrically poled 电极化的orbital 轨道transducer 变(转)换器/换能器electron 电子paraelectric 顺电性的copper alloy 铜合金magnesium alloy 镁合金creep curve 蠕变曲线malleable iron 可锻铸铁primary stage 第一(初期)阶段martensitic stainless steel 马氏体不锈钢secondary stage 第二阶段modulus of elasticity 弹性模量tertiary(final)? stage 第三(最后)阶段modulus of rigidity 刚性模量dislocation climb 位错攀(爬)移nickel alloy 镍合金ductile iron 球墨铸铁nickel-aluminum superalloy 镍铝超合金ductile-to-brittle transition temperature 韧性-脆性转变温度nonferrous alloy 非铁合金valence band 价带electron hole 电子空穴Pauli exclusion principle 泡利不相容原理voltage 电压commonality (特点等的)共有,共同特点,共性in light of 按照,根据manifestation 显示,表明,表现,表现形式,现象give way to 让路(步),退让,让位,屈服spacing 间隔(距)abstract 抽象reciprocal 倒数的mobility 迁移率drift 漂移precisely 正好地hypothetical 假(设)定的delocalize 使离开原位extension 扩展(充)pseudocontinuous 准连续的ductility (可)延(展)性,可锻性 plastic deformation 塑性变形 elastic deformation 弹性变形 Poission’s ratio 泊松比engineering strain 工程应变precious metal 贵金属engineering stress 工程应力 precipitation-hardened stainless steel 沉淀(脱溶)硬化不锈钢 fatigue curve 疲劳曲线rapidly solidified alloy 速凝合金/快速固化合金 fatigue strength (endurance limit) 疲劳强度(耐久极限) refractory? metal 耐火(高温)金属 ferritic stainless steel 铁素体不锈钢 Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度 ferrous alloy 铁基合金 shear modulus 剪(切)模量 nature 自然状态conductive to 有助(益)的 on the order of (数值)相当于,大约,数量级为,跟相似的 accessibility 能进入(的),可得到(的) inability 无能(力) attribute to 归结于agitation 扰动wave packet 波包(群) irregularity 不规则,无规律 reminiscent 回忆往事的,提醒的,暗示的ultimately 最后(终)于 trace 追溯,上溯ambient 周围的(环境)tabulate 把......制成表格,列表 finite 有限的empirical 经验的ironically 冷嘲的,具有讽刺意味的,用反语的,挖苦的,令人啼笑皆非的fracture mechanics 断裂机制 shear strain 剪(切)应变fracture toughness 断裂韧性shear stress 剪(切)应力 gage length 标距(长度),计量长度,有效长度 solution hardening 固溶强化 galvanization 电镀,镀锌steel 钢strain hardening 应变强化white iron 白铁,白口铁superalloy 超合金 wrought alloy 可锻(锻造、轧制)合金tensile strength 拉伸强度yield point 屈服点titanium alloy 钛合金yield strength 屈服强度tool steel 工具钢Young’s modulus 杨氏模量toughness 韧性zinc alloy 锌合金 synchronization 同时发生,同步 cooperative 配合 account for 解释,占多少比例 speculation 思索cryogenic 低温学的appreciable 可评估的,可感知的 breakdown 崩溃,击穿 subsection 细分 asymmetrical 不对称的 dipole 偶极子 polarization 极化 crystallographic 晶体的,晶体学的at the expense of 以…..为代价 symmetrical 对称的 exaggerate 夸张(大) extrapolate 推断(知),外推 induce 诱导 prefix 前缀 intriguing 引起? 的兴趣(或好奇心) stem from 由…引起的,产生(起upper yield point 屈服点上限Chapter 8annealing point 退火点linear coefficient of thermal expansion线性热膨胀系数refractory 耐火材料borosilicate glass 硼硅酸盐玻璃expansion 膨胀silicate 硅酸盐brittle fracture 脆性断裂magnetic ceramic 磁性陶瓷silicate glass 硅酸盐玻璃clay 粘土melting range 熔化(温度)范围soda-lime silica glass 钠钙硅酸盐玻璃color 颜色modulus of rupture 断裂模量softening point 软化点cosine law 余弦定律network former 网络形成体源、归因于),出身于constrain 强迫,抑制,约束straightforward 简单,易懂的ensuring 确保,保证pseudo-single crystal 准单晶consolidate 加固,使合成一体transmitter 变送器,发射机oscillation 振动megahertz MHzChapter 12acceptor level 受主能级device 元件impurity 杂质amorphous semiconductor 无定形半导体diode 二极管intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体amplifier 放大器donor level 施主能级microcircuit 微电路specular reflection 镜面反射creep 蠕变netwrok modifier 网络修饰体/网络外体static fatigue 静态疲劳crystalline ceramic 晶态陶瓷nonoxide ceramic 非氧化物陶瓷structural clay product 粘土类结构制品diffuse reflection 漫反射nonsilicate glass 非硅酸盐玻璃surface gloss 表面光泽E-glass 电子玻璃(E玻璃)nonsilicate oxide ceramic 非硅酸盐氧化物陶瓷tempered glass 钢化玻璃electronic ceramic 电子陶瓷nuclear ceramic 核用陶瓷thermal conductivity 热传导率enamel 搪瓷nucleate 成(形)核Arrhenius behavior Arrhenius 行为dopant 掺杂剂n-type semiconductor ??n型半导体base 基极drain 漏极p-n junction? ??p-n结carrier mobility 载流子迁移(率)electron hole 电子空穴p-type semiconductor? p型半导体chalcogenide 硫族(属)化物emitter 发射极rectifier 整流器charge 电荷energy band gap 能隙reverse bias ?反向偏置charge carrier ??载流子exhaustion range 耗尽区saturation range 饱和区thermal shock 热震Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律Opacity 乳浊transformation toughening 相变增韧fracture toughness 断裂韧性optical property 光学性质translucency 半透明Fresnel’s formula Fresnel公式partially stabilized zirconia ??部分稳定氧化锆transparency 透明glass 玻璃polar diagram 极坐标图viscosity 粘度glass-ceramic 玻璃陶瓷/微晶玻璃pottery 陶器(制造术)viscous deformation 粘性变形glass transition temperature 玻璃转变温度pure oxide 纯氧化物charge density 电荷密度extrinsic semiconductor 非本征半导体source 源极chip (基)片Fermi function 费米函数thermal activation 热激活collector 集电极Fermi level 费米能级III-V compound III-V化合物compound semiconductor 化合物半导体field-effect transistor (FET) 场效应晶体管II-VI compound II-VI化合物conduction band 导带forward bias 正向偏置transistor 晶体管conduction electron 传导电子gate 栅极valence band 价带conductivity 传导率vitreous silica 无定形二氧化硅/石英玻璃glaze 釉reflectance 反射(率)whiteware 白瓷Griffith crack model Griffith裂纹模型refractive index 折射率working range 工作(温度)范围intermediate 中间体/中间的Chapter 9Chapter 10admixture 外加剂fiberglass 玻璃钢metal-matrix composite 金属基复合材料aggregate 聚集体fiber-reinforced composite 纤维增强复合材料particulate composite 颗粒复合Hall effect 霍尔效应clustered 丛生,成群overlap 交迭activation 活化,激活occurrence 发生,出现,事件,发生的事情dominate 支配,占优势semilog 半对数的ambient 周围(环境)的phosphorus 磷plateau 平原/平台compensation 补(赔)偿intimate 亲密at right angle 成直角sideways 侧(横)向in order 整齐,状态良好,适应on the average 平均,按平均数计算,一般地说zinc blende 闪锌矿counterpart 配对物threshold 开始(端),极限photovoltaic 光电材料aggregate composite 聚集体复合材料hardwood 硬质木材polymer-matrix composite 聚合物基复合材料anisotropic 各向异性hemicellulose 半纤维素portland cement 波特兰水泥cement 水泥interfacial strength 界面结合强度property averaging 性能平均ceramic-matrix composite 陶瓷基复合材料isostrain 等应变radial cell 径向细胞concrete 混凝土isotress 等应力softwood 软质木材continuous fiber 连续纤维isotropic 各向同性nondepletable 耗不尽的silane 硅烷xerography 静电复印术photoconductive 光敏polarization 极化herald 先驱,先兆excess 过量的,额外的,附加的overshoot 过冲distort 畸变,使失真Chapter 13antiparallel spin pairing 反平行(电子)对domain (bloch) wall 畴壁flux density 通量(磁力线)密度eddy current 涡流garnet 石榴子石Bohr magneton 玻尔磁子electron spin 电子自旋hard magnet 硬(永)磁铁(体)ceramic magnet 陶瓷磁铁(体)specific strength 比强度discrete (chopped) fiber 不连续(短切)纤维laminate 层状的strength-to-weight ratio 强度质量比率dispersion-strengthened metal 弥散强化金属lignin 木质素whisker 晶须longitudinal cell 经向(纵向)纤维wood 木材woven fabric 纺织构造E-glass 电子玻璃matrix 基质(体)philosophy 基本原理cross over 交叉,穿过,跨越restriction 限制(定)configuration 构造(形式),结构align 使成一直线(一行)energy loss 能(量)损(失)hysteresis loop (磁)滞回线coercive field 矫顽(磁)场exchange interaction 交互作用induction 感应(诱导)coercive force矫顽(磁)力ferrimagnetism 铁氧体磁性,(亚)铁磁性inverse spinel 反尖晶石diamagnetism 抗(反)磁性ferrite 铁氧体,铁素体Joule heating 焦耳热domain structure 畴结构ferromagnetism 铁磁性magnetic dipole 磁偶极子magnetic field 磁场metallic magnet 金属磁体soft magnet 软(暂时)磁体(铁)magnetic field strength 磁场强度paramagnetism 顺磁性spinel 尖晶石elongate 拉长(的)/延伸(的) aggregate 集料,粒料,骨料 chop 切utility 效用,实用,功用in regard for 考虑到 cite 引用(证、述),援引,列举,举出(例),提到,谈到 embed 埋置,把? 嵌入(或插入)dielectric 电介质implication 含意(义)epoxy 环氧树脂polyester 聚酯 polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 聚醚酮醚 polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 聚苯亚砜entrant 新到者requisite 必需的imitate 仿 deciduous 每年落叶的,非永久的 magnetic flux line 磁通量(力)线permanent magnet 永(久)磁体 superconducting magnet 超导磁体magnetic moment 磁矩 permeability 导磁性(率) textured micostructure 织构 magnetism 磁性 preferred orientation 择优取向 transition metal 过渡金属 magnetite 磁铁矿(石) relative permeability 相对(磁)导率transition metal ion 过渡金属离子magnetization 磁化 remanent induction 剩余感应 YIG 钇铁石榴子石 Magnetoplumbite 磁铅石,磁铁铅矿saturation induction 饱和感应commonality 共性,共同特点dramatic 生动的vertically 竖直地,直立地longitudinal 经度的,纵向的sap 树液cellulose 纤维素alignment 直线排列phenol-propane 苯酚-丙烷manifest 显示,出现,显露dimension 尺寸specify 详细说明staggering 令人惊愕的igneous 火成的inspection 检查,视察interstice 空隙,裂缝enclose 包围,封闭entrain 混(气泡)于混凝土中entrap 截留的,夹杂的thaw 融化(解),解冻identify 认识,鉴定,确定generality 一般(性),一般原则,普遍(性),通则nomenclature 命名routinely 常规,惯例counterpart 对手modest 小的reversible 可逆的traced out 探寻踪(轨)迹primitive 原始的,早期的,开始的,基本的,简单的visualize 目测,观察,设想relativistic 相对论的aligned 排列好的distinction (差)区别,特性tetrahedrally 四面体的octahedrally 八面体的inventory 清单,目录cancellation 抵(取)消traverse 在?? 上来回移动,沿? 来回移动flunctuate 波动,涨落,起伏,动摇不定ingot 铸模,铸块,锭fidelity 保真consistent with 与一致emphasis 强调,重点,重要性axially 轴向weighted average 加权平均elementary 基本的reverse 相反的rigorous 严格的,严密的,精确的bound 限度take for granted 被忽略(视)communicate 传达,传递deflect 偏转unless otherwise state 除非另外说明appreciation 正确评价,鉴别substantial 多的,大的,大量的offset 弥补,抵消,偏移assembly 装配,组装,总成Samarium 钐Alnico 磁钢simultaneously 同时发生的product? (乘)积solenoid 螺线管deflection 偏转interchangeably 可交(互)换的,可代替的gem 宝石dodecahedral 十二面体的waveguide 波导hexagonal 六方晶系的strontium 锶fortuitous 偶然的,幸运的perovskite 钙钛矿availability 利用(或获得)的可能性levitation 悬浮application 应用mechanical property 力学性能constitute 组成stress 压力strain 应变hardness 硬度impact strength 冲击抗强度fracture toughness 断裂韧度fatigue 疲劳creep 蠕变/ 徐变ferrite 铁素体matrix 基体ductility 延展性corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性alloying element 合金元素cast iron 铸铁brittleness 脆性spheroidal 类似球体的toughness 韧性tensile strength 抗张强度embrittling 使脆化metastable 亚稳的wear resistance 耐磨性abrasion 磨损superconducting 超导(电)的superplastic 超塑性的superalloys 超耐热合金light-sensitive 感光的elastic limit 弹性极限yield strength 屈服强度crack 裂缝crystalline 晶体elastomer 弹性体metal 金属microcrystalline 微晶的ceramic 陶瓷microstructure 微观结构chemical 化学的nano ceramic 纳米陶瓷chemical bond 化学键non-crystal 非晶体composite 复合材料composition 组成conductivity 导电性cost 成本physical property 物理性能defect structure 缺陷electron microscopy 电子显微镜engineering 工程semiconductor 半导体expansion 膨胀smart Ceramics 机敏陶瓷experiment 实验sintering 烧结fiber 纤维structure 结构synthesis 合成glass 玻璃technology 工艺temperature 温度thermal shock 热冲击inorganic 无机的thermal stability 热稳定性admixture 外加剂hydration 水化clay 粘土refractory 耐火材料reinforcement 增强sample 样品crystalline modification 晶型转化drying 干燥sand 砂polymer 聚合物thermosetting 热硬化性的thermoplastic 热塑性的organic 有机的concrete 混凝土cement 水泥brick 砖masonry 石质的calcium silicate 硅酸盐aggregate 骨料insulation 绝热coarse 粗的characterization 特性oxide 氧化物coal 煤powder 粉末process 加工furnace 熔炉formation 成型test 测试water 水alloy 合金fabrication 制备resin 树脂solder 焊接, 焊料crystal boundary 晶界torsion 扭转treatment 处理。
电气自动化中英文参照表

自动化专业英语中英文对照retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性(无功)分量abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self –excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady –state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的biphase 双相的bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的corridor 通路shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流leakage 泄漏lightning shielding 避雷harmonic 谐波的insulator string 绝缘子串neutral 中性的zero sequence current 零序电流sinusoidal 正弦的square 平方corona 电晕,放电bypass 旁路voltmeter 电压表ammeter 电流表micrometer 千分尺thermometer 温度计watt-hour meter 电度表wattmeter 电力表private line 专用线路diameter 直径centimeter 厘米restriking 电弧再触发magnitude 振幅oscillation 振荡auxiliary 辅助的protective gap 保护性间隙放电receptacle 插座lightning arrester 避雷装置bushing 套管trigger 起动装置stress 应力deterioration 损坏,磨损spark gap 火花放电隙traveling-wave 行波wye-connected 星形连接enclosure 设备外壳live conductor 带电导体fuse 熔断器structural 结构上的out-of-step 不同步的resynchronize 再同步synchroscops 同步指示器automatic oscillograph 自动示波器nominally 标称sampling 采样potential transformer 电压互感器fraction 分数switchyard 户外配电装置hazard 危险bushing 高压套contact 触点energize 励磁trip coil 跳闸线圈over-current relay 过电流继电器armature 衔铁pickup current 始动电流release current 释放电流solenoid relay 螺管式继电器induction-disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器inverse time relay 反时限继电器hydraulic 液力的dashpot 阻尼器pneumatic 气动的permanent magnet 永磁体electrical stressing 电气应力mechanical stressing 机械应力deviation 偏差third harmonic voltage 三次谐波电压induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic V oltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器reference V oltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D. = potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values 有效值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励series excited 串励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal –density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self –excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T –circuit T型等值电路rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组)winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩。
常用电气元器件英文单词

常用电气元器件英文单词(1)元件设备三绕组变压器:three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器:double—column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器:Capacitor并联电容器:shunt capacitor电抗器:Reactor母线:Busbar输电线:TransmissionLine发电厂:power plant断路器:Breaker刀闸(隔离开关):Isolator分接头:tap电动机:motor(2)状态参数有功:active power无功:reactive power电流:current容量:capacity电压:voltage档位:tap position有功损耗:reactive loss无功损耗:active loss功率因数:power-factor功率:power功角:power-angle电压等级:voltage grade空载损耗:no-load loss铁损:iron loss铜损:copper loss空载电流:no—load current阻抗:impedance正序阻抗:positive sequence impedance负序阻抗:negative sequence impedance零序阻抗:zero sequence impedance电阻:resistor电抗:reactance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance无功负载:reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测:YC(telemetering)遥信:YX励磁电流(转子电流):magnetizing current定子:stator功角:power—angle上限:upper limit下限:lower limit并列的:apposable高压: high voltage低压:low voltage中压:middle voltage单位标准:正确错误电能:千瓦时kW.h k,h小写W大写有功功率千瓦kW k小写W大写无功功率千乏kvar k,v,a,r均小写视在功率千伏安kV A k小写V、A大写电压千伏kV k小写V大写长度千米km k,m均小写电流安培A A大写电力系统power system发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current母线bus变压器transformer升压变压器step—up transformer高压侧high side输电系统power transmission system输电线transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定stability电压稳定voltage stability功角稳定angle stability暂态稳定transient stability电厂power plant能量输送power transfer交流AC装机容量installed capacity电网power system落点drop point开关站switch station双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站transformer substation补偿度degree of compensation高抗high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿reactive power compensation故障fault调节regulation裕度magin三相故障three phase fault故障切除时间fault clearing time极限切除时间critical clearing time切机generator triping高顶值high limited value强行励磁reinforced excitation线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation)机端generator terminal静态static (state)动态dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统one machine —infinity bus system 机端电压控制A VR电抗reactance电阻resistance功角power angle有功(功率) active power无功(功率)reactive power功率因数power factor无功电流reactive current下降特性droop characteristics斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值reference value电压互感器PT分接头tap下降率droop rate仿真分析simulation analysis传递函数transfer function框图block diagram受端receive—side裕度margin同步synchronization失去同步loss of synchronization阻尼damping摇摆swing保护断路器circuit breaker电阻:resistance电抗:reactance阻抗:impedance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance导纳:admittance电感:inductance电容: capacitance热工自动化常用英文缩写词ABC Automatic boiler control 锅炉自动控制AC Alternating current 交流(电)ACC Automatic combustion control 燃烧自动控制ACP Auxiliary control panel 辅助控制盘ACS Automatic control system 自动控制系统ACT actuator 执行机构A/D Analog /digital(conversion) 模/数(转换)ADP Annunciation display panel 报警显示板AEH Analog electro- 模拟式电液调节AFC Air flow control `送风控制AGC Automatic generation control 自动发电量控制AI Analog input 模拟量输入A/M Automatic/manul 自动/手动AO Analog output 模拟量输入APC Automatic plant control 电厂自动控制ASS Automatic synchronized system 自动同期系统ARP Auxiliary relay panel 辅助继电器盘ATC Automatic turbine startup or shutdown control system 汽轮机自启停系统BCS Burner control system 燃烧器控制系统BF Boiler follow 锅炉跟踪BFC Boiler fuel control 锅炉燃料控制BPS By-pass control system 旁路控制系统BTG Boiler turbinegenerator(panel)锅炉、汽轮机、发电机(控制盘) CCR Central control room 单元(中央)控制室CHS Coal handing system 输煤控制系统CJC Cold junction compensator 冷端补偿器CPU Central processing unit 中央处理器CRT Cathode—ray tube 阴极射线管屏幕显示器D/A Digtal/analog(conversion) 数/模(转换)DAS Data acquisition system 计算机监视系统或数据采集系统DC Direct current 直流(电)DCE Data circuit—terminating equipment 数据电路终端设备DCS Distributed control system 分散控制系统DDC Direct digital control 直接数字控制DDP Distributed datd processing 分散数据处理DEH Digital electro—hydraulic control system 数字式电液控制系统DI Digital input 数字量输入DMP Damper 挡板、风门DO Digital output 数字量输出DSB Distributed switch-board 配电盘DTE Data terminal equipment 数据中端设备EEPROM Electrically—erasable programmable read only mrmory 电可擦写只读存储器E/P Electro/pneumatic(converter)电/气(转换器)EPROM Electrically programmable read only memory 电可编程只读存储器ES Expert system 专家系统ETS Emergency trip system 紧急停机系统EWS Engineer wok station 工程师工作站FA Full arc 全周进汽FB Field bus 现场总线FCB Fast cut back (机组)快速甩负荷FDC Furnace draft control 炉膛压力控制FSS Furnace safety system 炉膛安全系统FSSS Furnace safeguard supervisory system 锅炉炉膛安全监控系统GV Governor valve 调节阀门HBP High-pressure by—pass valve 高压旁路I&C Instrumentation &control 仪表与控制INT Interlock 连锁I/O Input/output 输入/输出IDP Integrated data processing 集中数据处理KB Keyboard 键盘LBP Low—pressure by-pass valve 低压旁路LCD Liquid—crystal display 液晶显示器LED Light emitting diode 发光二极管LS Limit switch 限位开关LS Level switch 液位开关M/A Manual/automatic 手动/自动MAX Maximum 最大值MCC Motor control center 电动机控制中心MCR Maximum continuous rating 最大连续运行负荷MCS Modulating control system 模拟量控制系统MEH (BFTP)micro-electro—hydraulic control system (锅炉给水泵汽轮机)电液控制系统MFT Master fuel trip 总燃料跳闸MHC Mechanicial hydraulic control 机械液压式控制MIN Minimum 最小值MIS Management information syrtem 管理信息系统MTBF Mean time between failures 平均无故障工作时间MTTF Mean time to failure 失效(故障)前平均工作时间MTTR Mean time to repair 平均故障修复时间NC Normally Closed 常闭NO Normally open 常开OCS On-off control system 开关量控制系统OEI Optic electric interface 光电接口OFT Oil fuel trip 燃油跳闸OPC Overspeed protection CONTROL 超速保护控制OS Operator station 操作员站PA Partial arc 部分进汽PC Programmable controller 可编程控制器PCS Pulverizer control system 磨煤机控制系统PI Purse input 脉冲量输入PID Proportional integral derivative 比例—积分—微分PLC Programmable logic controller 可编程序逻辑控制器PO Pulse output 脉冲量输出RAM Random access memory 随机存取存储器RB Run back (辅机故障)快速甩负荷ROM Read only memory 只读存储器RTC Reheat steam temperature control 再热气温控制SBC Soot blower control system 吹灰控制系统SCM Single chip microcomputer 单片机SCS Sequence control system 顺序控制系统SER Sequence events recorder 事件顺序记录仪SOE Sequence of events 事件顺序记录ST Smart transmitter 智能变送器STC Superheated steam temperature control 过热气温控制TAS Turbine automatic system 汽轮机自动控制系统TBP Tuibine by-pass system 汽轮机旁路系统TCS Turbine control system 汽轮机控制系统TF Turbine follow 汽轮机跟踪TSI Turbine supervisory instrument 汽轮机监视仪表UCC Unit coordinated control 机组协调控制ULD Unit load demand(command) 机组负荷指令UPS Uninterrupted power system 不间断电源WTS Water treatment contrd system 水处理控制系统稳压二极管ZENER DIODE 肖特基二极管SCHOTTKY DIODE二极管DIODE变容二极管V ARIODE三极管TRANSISTOR电感INDUCTOR磁环EMIFIL电阻RESISTOR电容CAPACITY晶振CRYSTAL涤纶电容MYLAR CAP电解电容ELECT CAP瓷片电容CERAMIC CAP安规电容FILM CAP1。
频域两尺度簇发振荡结构及其动力学机制

频域两尺度簇发振荡结构及其动力学机制夏付兵;韩修静;瞿汭;毕勤胜【摘要】以非自治杜芬-范德波尔振子为例,探讨了当外激励频率与系统固有频率之间存在量级差异,也即存在频域不同尺度时的快慢耦合效应.通过固定低频激励项,分析了快子系统的稳定性和分岔行为,得到了对应的两参数分岔集.将分岔集划分为5个区域,并分析了与各区域相关的簇发振荡模式.揭示了对称式折/折和对称式亚临界Hopf/亚临界Hopf等点-点式簇发的行为,以及对称式亚临界Hopf/极限环折和对称式延迟超临界Hopf /延迟超临界Hopf等点-圈式簇发的行为.研究结果表明:快子系统的多解和多分岔共存是诱发各种对称式簇发振荡模式的重要原因.【期刊名称】《河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)》【年(卷),期】2017(038)004【总页数】7页(P84-89,93)【关键词】两时间尺度;点-点式簇发;点-圈式簇发;分岔机理【作者】夏付兵;韩修静;瞿汭;毕勤胜【作者单位】江苏大学土木工程与力学学院,江苏镇江 212013;江苏大学土木工程与力学学院,江苏镇江 212013;江苏大学土木工程与力学学院,江苏镇江212013;江苏大学土木工程与力学学院,江苏镇江 212013【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O322多时间尺度问题在物理、化学、生物以及工程技术等领域普遍存在[1-4]。
大阻尼条件下的范德波尔振子是典型的两时间尺度非线性系统,由快子系统和慢子系统耦合而成,含有“快”、“慢”两种不同的时间尺度,而著名的范德波尔型“张弛振动”正是快、慢子系统之间相互作用的产物。
这种类似的快慢耦合现象存在很多领域内。
例如,在化学反应中,当各反应物的反应速率存在着明显的量级上的差异时,整个反应过程会呈现出快慢耦合的振荡模式[5];而当各反应物的浓度存在着量级上的差异时,往往也会导致类似的振荡模式[6]。
特别地,在生物神经系统中,神经元的簇放电活动表现为重复放电态与静息态的交替出现,这是一个典型的多时间尺度非线性现象[7]。
翻译

pixel Patterns Euler perimeter (equivalent interac t alternative Syntax capabilities民主democracy 科学science Approach motor diagnosis applications确no-stationary 不了harmonic by means of FFT aturation or control interaction broken bars and shorted stator turns using winding operation o到induction motor 解voltage component.C axial flux and d-q current and voltage component. majority of them based on destructive effect Stator winding faults functions (IMF) of the signal being analyzed; thus, it is notfunctions (IMF) of the signal being analyzed; thus, it is notphase-to-phase phase-to-ground phase否Armature faults tolerant in the presence of any single point I. INTRODUCTION intrinsic mode functions Index Terms Decompositiondemonstrateanalysis V alidate表明instantaneous frequencies 成本a collection of intrinsic mode functions analyzedStator conditionsanalyzes studypresents paper Abstract Wigner Ville DistributionDecompositionDetectionPermanent Magnet Synchronous MotorWignerDecomposition Ville Distribution failures in synchronous machines. demonstrateExperimental laboratory results validate instantaneous frequencies resulting Hilbert–Huang transform collection intrinsic mode Stator Current simulationmeans of speed transients circuit include either saturation or control interactions. From yearsfailures for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor analyzes Wigner Ville Distribution means oEmpirical Mode Decomposition Short Circuit Fault Short Circuit itCircuit Fault Detection in PMSMC Sequencer axial flux and d-q current and voltage component. Inter-integrated circuit moduleperipheralIntegrated Emulation synchronous serial I/OversionPlus Segregates Peripheral Framessegregatesdecoupled from increasing CPU clock speeds timing of peripheralsis fed into VBvalidfree running up counter maskedinterrupt linesblockBranch to SCI, skip ADC calibrationpresents a unified memory linker.execute code or for data variables. The partitioningprocessor Memory BusMultiplexes Frame V ersions Migration ninterference. icritical code locationsprogrammable strobe timingmultiplexes enables glueless interface Strobe programmableExternally modifiedExtending Asynchronous Stack on C28x devices, are mapped to both program and data space. Hence,Embedded Mapped flash/OTP Pipelining V alidate Strobe uniqueversioninterconnect.ArchitectureFetches Simultaneous data1-wait Random min Paged FLASH Programmable Programmed via Sectors configuration*spurious Certain memory ranges are EALLOW protected against sp restricted tPeripheralFrame Espeed transients nhanced capture input/output 2 tie conversionceramic bypass capacitorPositive Outpunce Medium Output.External Current Bias Resistor. Low Reference (executionDevice high-impedance stated for TI. Must be left unconnected. (I/O)Reserved fEmulatoEmulator adequate protection.internal pullup internal pulldown d Controller Area NetworkMultichannel Buffered Serial Port (McBSP)/SPI32-bit Capture inputs or auxiliary PWM outputsrespectivelyabbreviateddemanding control applications.Disable Individual Peripheral ClocksEmulation FeaturesJTAG Boundary Scan SupportProgrammableInternal or External ReferenceChannel Input MultiplexerUp to 6 Event Capture InpPWM OQuadrature Encoder InterfacesHRPWMUp to 6 HRPWM Outputs With 150 ps MEPResolutionPrevents Firmware Reverse EngineeringBlockOscillator–Dynamic PLL RatioSci pci capture modules失落Release note RTX Runtime Development KitEvaluationV ersion expires evaluation starvation exception. Issues That Have Been Resolved In RTX 7.0 execute real-time applications in the releasereleaseadministrator privileges. versionslog logout ofthe domainActive Directory, multiprocessor (MP) systems two process processorUpdate the “Emergency Recovery” disk for the system (i Computer node (click on the plus sign) to show its leaf. Computer nodeHardware>Device Manager HAL type. rebootedX Samples directory hear a steady 1 KHz tone for 15 seconds along with a histogramof the systems response time measurements. purchase order is processedRTX environment along with providing networking support to the RTX Peripherals hihg-resolution modules network core dual mac interface chip oscillator expansion fir reverse 复制I am always on you side 横波斯湾纵波pertain inertial magnitude vibration vibrate Amplitude expenditure quantify calibrate analogous constraint intelligible extraneous amplification modify sector portion ancestry barest precisseness intermediate usable pulse tolerances detail filter transducer spindle contact springmass elastic orifice buoyant venturi vane propeller opt contactor ical photoelectric cell lenses optical filters amplify attenuating telemeter integrate fiber resistance displacement index electron column 圆锥taper 正alphanumeric readout ink light beam photographic magnetic compute strain deed selectivein integration differentiating telemeter s ek comprehensible senses intend recognitione exception indicating oscilloscope oscillograph light beam odometer voltmeter cylinder piston stem scale division bears against compress applied indicate velocity voltage addition attenuatean anatrlog respect thereby velocity linear adynamic response available optimum component importan bond gage manufacture applied apply unit structure gage install ambiguous substituted predetermined period ic nonrepetitive transient aperiodi transient response wavefront static productivity significant management discipline detection prediction profitability inspectoion boundary catastrophic compensation Dictate unmanend rugged intrusive viscosity load consistency force Turbidity density optical refraction nucleonic mass overall monitors discrete frepuency monitor 连续的确shock pulse monitor signal averaging capacitive sensorinherent properties possess stiffness oscillates equilibrium bandwidth peak amplitude bar digits arrow minor source refresh ezplot subscript indices propertypertinent subject numerical upon represent significance interplay variable systematic manipulation deviations loosely procedures terminologies theory statisticalhypotheses theoretical calculate prime universe finite diameter 半径radius radii semidiameter marbles represent nebulous infinite yield specimen sample coal unit analytical velocity vacuo evaluated apparatus cumulative multisample intent estimate indicated applied express inasmuch resort thereof interchangeably instrument specification amount bias systematic alibration recure resolution precisionsensitivity illegitimate blunder computational chaotic insidious repetitive recure susceptible statistical propagation probability predictn predetermined dispersed termed deviation insertion coefficientjustify readout warranted take into account orifice sharpedged assumed incremental variations unrun ignite soak taper ball b dramatically rotating manifest degradation spectrum earing harmonics duration assume sharpedged微米micrometer micron 分米decimeter毫米coefficient nominal diverter synchronization distribution 厘米centimeter spall overroll stress short duration Domain rectification rectificate simulate harmonic resultant series summation sumtossed rigorous favorable heads and tails preclude 排除万难premise 前提likelihook dice histogram manipulate applicable disperse 分散curve premise dashsolid curve standard deviation arithmetic mean 方差epuation equation normal datum date date 操作entity 空虚vacuity 支持sustain bear abet aegis auspice 擦brush rub wipe scrape 资源exploit essence exploition polarization ultimately productive force develop configue abort palette captain label updates relevance autostemming off morniting monitoring abstract program standard deviationssu bset cluster attribute time stamp variant chart graph error outweigh essent issueial iillusion dramatically extraordinary contribute to contentment adopt meaningful phenomenon employees acknowledge laborious consequently funds fees tuition soar ing dramatically authors interpreting basis engineer comparison calibrate inch ancestry wavelength krypton radio strip transduction electricalintegrate ion differentiating telemetering comprehensible recognition indicating odometer voltmeters tire automobile cylinder piston resisting stem division bear compresses applied summing voltage accelerometer galvanometer type amplifieramplifie r resistance bios bond pdf PDF eq ordinate uatio n 横坐标abscissa 寝室bedchamber 宿舍dorm dormitory hostel lodging house symmetrical abide bia s error offset duplicateghost kid video badges porn demo embed blockset neural 铣刀sensor fusion fuck disastrous solitary absurd kindergartens nursery unfavorable devote supervise far outweigh profound raptures mere mention artisticand forever sculptures galleries rarities maintain essential essence infrastructure priority advocate invest sum inrural emigrants peasants sociologists scarce worsened loneliness obstacle alien dormitory library homelessness smoothly ashion merely 党员干部团员duplicate analyze application interpolation dimension data socket phase specify propertites binary byte scan refnum fret bound imaginary command state usage blunder sophisticated susceptible simplest doubted legitimate stem calibration synchronized fabrication vector described angel 键盘columns. Network layer bias competitive overall monitor discrete frequency monitor shock pulse kurtosis cepstrum analysis inductive sn capacitive electrically conducting filtersoptical oil turbidity magnetic plugs centrifuges particle counter ferrography wear debris acoustic debris strain access blower boiler brazing cou peak value sd plingkurtosis standard deviation skewness phase geometric mean arithmetic mean crest factorroot mean square handler polling adspacer config phase peak vector RMS transpose pertain operation performance develop angular fashion voltage mutual levels of significance thorough evaluation realize derive illegitimate source determination essential precision error competitive truncated valid 本科隐私intimacy 专业检测技术the technology of measurement and instrument仪器仪表vt九月份获得奖情况陇望蜀奖学金奖励制度成绩一等三好学生优秀excellent student 机器人优胜w 奖奖励比赛robot 竞赛活动t物理学competition of physics 软件包熟练master 轻松简单software of office 流利流畅娴熟熟悉familiarly 担任委员assume the commissioner of propagandize of class 宣传计量实习期practice of measurement The 2nd. Heavy Machinery Manufacturing Factory/Plant Practice of measurement inThe 2nd Heavy Machinery Manufacturing Factory in China 八月☐Aa电子工艺实习期technics of electron 实验室课程设计实习期Assume the commissioner of propagandize of class for one year and studying of☐担当担任make occupy act 宣传Ability to deal with personnel at all levels effectively. Ability to work independent1y, mature and resourceful.☐个人评价individual生产测试工程师production testing engineer 参加革命加入实验室友laboratory 困难重重师兄坚持原则优点缺点心理素质惊艳心态认真对待graveness 党员成绩斐然改进arrogance 源头确original 资源宠物form unit spuninst1)讲述DSP 的CPU,memory,program memory addressing,data memory addressin EVM 板,DSK 等原理图,完成DSP 、各控制信号管脚的连接、JTAG口的CCS supply Peripheral BusMemory Bus (Harvard Bus Architecture) . External Interface (XINTFExpansion (PIE) Block3.3 Register Map.Device Emulation Registers fpgaInterface JTAG test reset with internal pulldown. TRST, when driven high, gives the scan system control of the operations of the device. If this signal is not connected or driven low, the device operates in its functional mode, and the test reset signals are ignored.NOTE: TRST is an active high test pin and must be maintained low at all times during normal device operation. An external pulldown resistor is recommended on this pin. Thevalue of this resistor should be based on drive strength of the debugger pods applicable tothe design. A 2.2-k? resistor generally offers adequate protection. Since this isapplication-specific, it is recommended that each target board be validated for properoperation of the debugger and the application. (I, ↓){}Firmware Reverse Engineering Event Capture Inputs Serial Port Peripherals Multiplexed GPIO Pins With Input FilteringBoundary Scan SupportEmulation Featureunitauxiliary PWM QEPMultichannel Buffered Serial Port Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)Serial PortTable 2-3 describes the signals. The GPIO function (shown in Italics) is the default at reset.alternate functions.indicated). All GPIO pins are I/O/Z and have an internal pullupenabled upon reset.,JTAGInternal Reference Positive Output.ceramic bypassADCREFP 56 P5 P5capa citor of 2.2 μF to analog ground. (O)Memory blocks are not to scale.Peripheral FrameAssumes。
电力电子专业英语

电力电子专业英语1、元件设备三绕组变压器:three-colu mn tran sformer ThrCInTrans 双绕组变压器:double-colu mn tran sformer DbICIm nTrans 电容器:Capacitor并联电容器:shu nt capacitor电抗器:Reactor母线:Busbar输电线:Tran smissi onLine发电厂:power pla nt断路器:Breaker刀闸(隔离开关):Isolator分接头:tap电动机:motor2、状态参数有功:active power无功:reactive power电流:current 容量:capacity 电压:voltage 档位:tap position 有功损耗:reactive loss 无功损耗:active loss 功率因数:power-factor 功率:power 功角:power-a ngle 电压等级:voltage grade 空载损耗:no-load loss 铁损:iron loss 铜损:copper loss 空载电流:no-load curre nt 阻抗:impedanee 正序阻抗:positive seque nee impeda nee 负序阻抗:n egative seque nee impeda nee 零序阻抗:zero seque nee impeda nee 电阻:resistor电抗:reactanee电导:conductanee 电纟纳:susceptanee 无功负载:reactive load 或者QLoad 有功负载:active load PLoad 遥测:YC(telemetering) 遥信:YX励磁电流(转子电流):magnetizing current定子:stator功角:power-a ngle 上限:upper limit 下限:lower limit 并列的:apposable高压:high voltage 低压:low voltage 中压:middle voltage 电力系统power system 发电机generator 励磁excitation 励磁器excitor 电压voltage 电流current 母线bus 变压器transformer 升压变压器step-up tran sformer 高压侧high side 输电系统power tran smissi on system 输电线transmission line 固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定stability 电压稳定voltage stability 功角稳定an gle stability 暂态稳定transient stability 电厂power plant 能量输送power transfer 交流AC 装机容量in stalled capacity 电网power system 落点drop point 开关站switch station 双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower变电站transformer substation 补偿度degree of compensation 高抗high voltage shunt reactor 无功补偿reactive power compe nsati on 故障fault 调节regulation 裕度magin 三相故障three phase fault 故障切除时间fault cleari ng time 极限切除时间critical cleari ng time切机generator triping 高顶值high limited value 强行励磁rein forced excitati on 线路补偿器LDC(li ne drop compe nsatio n) 机端generator terminal 静态static (state) 动态dynamic (state) 单机无穷大系统one mach ine - infinity bus system机端电压控制AVR电抗reactance 电阻resista nee 功角power angle 有功(功率) active power无功(功率)reactive power功率因数power factor无功电流reactive curre nt下降特性droop characteristics斜率slope额定rati ng变比ratio参考值reference value电压互感器PT分接头tap下降率droop rate仿真分析simulati on an alysis传递函数transfer fun cti on框图block diagram受端receive-side裕度margin同步synchronization失去同步loss of syn chro ni zati on阻尼damping摇摆swing保护断路器circuit breaker电阻:resista nee电抗:reactanee 阻抗:impedanee 电导:conductanee 电纟纳:susceptanee 导纟纳:admittanee 电感:inductanee 电容:capacita neeAbsorber Circuit -------- 吸收电路AC/AC Freque ncy Con verter ------ 交交变频电路AC power co ntrol ------ 交流电力控制AC Power Con troller ------ 交流调功电路AC Power Electro nic Switch-------- 交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Con troller ----- 交流调压电路Asyn chro nous Modulati on ----- 异步调制Baker Clampi ng Circuit ------ 贝克箝位电路Bi-directio nal Triode Thyristor -------- 双向晶闸管Bipolar Jun ction Tran sistor-- BJT ----- 双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper ------- 升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper --------- 升压斩波电路Boost Con verter ----- 升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper ------ 桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper ----- 降压斩波电路Buck Con verter ------ 降压变换器Commutatio n ------ 换流Con duction An gle ------ 导通角Con sta nt Voltage Con sta nt Freque ncy --CVCF -- 恒压恒频Contin uous Con ductio n--CCM ----- (电流)连续模式Con trol Circuit ------- 控制电路Cuk Circuit —— CUK斩波电路Curre nt Reversible Chopper ------- 电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI ------ 电流(源)型逆变电路Cycloco nvertor ----- 周波变流器DC-AC-DC Co nverter ------- 直交直电路DC Choppi ng ------ 直流斩波DC Chopp ing Circuit ------- 直流斩波电路DC-DC Co nverter ——直流—直流变换器Device Commutatio n 器件换流Direct Curre nt Control ----- 直接电流控制Disc on ti nu ous Conduction mode --- (电流)断续模式displaceme nt factor ---- 位移因数distortio n power ------- 畸变功率double end con verter ------ 双端电路drivi ng circuit ------ 驱动电路electrical isolation ------- 电气隔离fast acti ng fuse ----- 快速熔断器fast recovery diode ----- 快恢复二极管fast recovery epitaxial diodes ------ 快恢复外延二极管fast switch ing thyristor ------- 快速晶闸管field con trolled thyristor ------- 场控晶闸管flyback con verter ------- 反激电流forced commutati on ---- 强迫换流forward con verter ------- 正激电路freque ncy con verter ---------- 变频器full bridge con verter -------- 全桥电路full bridge rectifier ------- 全桥整流电路full wave rectifier -------- 全波整流电路fun dame ntal factor ---- 基波因数gate turn-off thyristor ---------- GTO --------- 可关断晶闸管general purpose diode ----- 普通二极管gia nt tran sistor --- G TR ------ 电力晶体管half bridge con verter ------- 半桥电路hard switch ing ----------- 硬开关high voltage IC ----------- 高压集成电路hysteresis comparis on ---- 带环比较方式in direct curre nt con trol ------ 间接电流控制in direct DC-DC con verter ------ 直接电流变换电路in sulated-gate bipolar tran sistor---IGBT ----- 绝缘栅双极晶体管in tellige nt power module---IPM ------ 智能功率模块in tegrated gate-commutated thyristor---IGCT -------- 集成门极换流晶闸管in versio n 逆变latchi ng effect ----- 擎住效应leakage in ducta nee --- 漏感light triggered thyristo---LTT -------- 光控晶闸管line commutatio n ------ 电网换流load commutati on ----- 负载换流loop curre nt ----- 环流ballast镇流器preregulator 预调器fluoresce nt 荧光的filament 灯丝fliker闪烁cosmic rays宇宙射线incandescent遇热发光的,白炽的luminous发光的,明亮的relucta nee 磁阻flux磁通动片moving plates; rotor plate 动片快门movin g-blade shutter 动片式扬声器moving armature loud-speaker 动片组rotormo 支架bearer; isolator; bracket; holder; base; arm; fixed mount; bay bear; stand; support frame; steadier; support stand; bear frame; shelf; support; supporter; support ing frameAC(alternat ing current) 交流(电)A / D(a nalog to digital) 模拟/数字转换ADC(a nalog to digital co nvertor) 模拟/数字转换器ADM(adaptive delta modulatio n) 自适应增量调制ADPCM(adaptive differential pulse code modulation)自适应差分脉冲编码调制ALU(arithmetic logic unit) 算术逻辑单元ASCII(American standard code for information interchange) 美国信息交换标准码AV(audio visual)声视,视听BCD(b in ary coded decimal) 二进制编码的十进制数BCR(bi-directio nal con trolled rectifier) 双向晶闸管BCR(buffer courtier reset) 缓冲计数器BZ(buzzer)蜂鸣器,蜂音器C(capacitanee, capacitor)电容量,电容器CATV(cable televisi on)电缆电视CCD(charge-coupled device)电荷耦合器件CCTV(closed-circuit televisi on)闭路电视CMOS(complementary)互补MOS CPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元CS(control signal)控制信号D(diode)二极管DAST(direct an alog store tech nology) 直接模拟存储技术DC(direct current)直流DIP(dual in-li ne package) 双列直插圭寸装DP(dial pulse)拨号脉冲DRAM(dy namic random access memory) 动态随机存储器DTL(diode-tra nsistor logic)二极管晶体管逻辑DUT(device un der test)被测器件DVM(digital voltmeter)数字电压表ECG(electrocardiograph)心电图ECL(emitter coupled logic)射极耦合逻辑EDI(electro nic data in tercha nge)电子数据交换EIA(Electro nic In dustries Associatio n) 电子工业联合会EOC(end of conversion)转换结束EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器EEPROM(electrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器ESD(electro-static discharge)静电放电FET(field-effect tran sistor)场效应晶体管FS(full scale)满量程F / V(freque ncy to voltage con vertor) 频率/电压转换FM(freque ncy modulati on)调频FSK(freque ncy shift key in g) 频移键控FSM(field stre ngth meter) 场强计FST(fast switching shyster)快速晶闸管FT(fixed time)固定时间FU(fuse unit)保险丝装置FWD(forward) 正向的GAL(ge neric array logic)通用阵列逻辑GND(grou nd)接地,地线GTO(Sate turn off thruster)门极可关断晶体管HART(highway addressable remote transducer)可寻址远程传感器数据公路HCMOS(high density COMS)高密度互补金属氧化物半导体(器件) HF(high freque ncy)高频HTL(high threshold logic) 高阈值逻辑电路HTS(heat temperature sen sor)热温度传感器IC(i ntegrated circuit)集成电路ID(i nternatio nal data)国际数据IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGFET(insulated gate field effect transistor)绝缘栅场效应晶体管I / O(input / output)输入/输出I / V(current to voltage convertor) 电流-电压变换器IPM(i ncide ntal phase modulatio n) 附带的相位调制IPM(i ntellige nt power module) 智能功率模块IR(i nfrared radiatio n)红外辐射IRQ(i nterrupt request)中断请求JFET(ju nction field effect tran sistor) 结型场效应晶体管LAS(light activated switch)光敏开关LASCS(light activated silico n con trolled switch)光控可控硅开关LCD(liquid crystal display) 液晶显示器LDR(light depe ndent resistor) 光敏电阻LED(light emitti ng diode) 发光二极管LRC(longitudinal redundancy check) 纵向冗余(码)校验LSB(least sig nifica nt bit) 最低有效位LSI(1arge scale in tegratio n) 大规模集成电路M(motor)电动机MCT(MOS con trolled gyrator) 场控晶闸管MIC(micropho ne) 话筒,微音器,麦克风mi n( mi nu te)分MOS(metal oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体MOSFET(metal oxide semico nductor FET) 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管N(negative)负NMOS(N-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) N 沟道MOSFETNTC( negative temperature coefficie nt) 负温度系数OC(over current)过电流OCB(overload circuit breaker) 过载断路器OCS(optical com muni cati on system) 光通讯系统OR(type of logic circuit) 或逻辑电路OV(over voltage)过电压P(pressure)压力FAM(pulse amplitude modulatio n) 脉冲幅度调制PC(pulse code)脉冲码PCM(pulse code modulatio n) 脉冲编码调制PDM(pulse duration modulatio n) 脉冲宽度调制PF(power factor)功率因数PFM(pulse freque ncy modulatio n)脉冲频率调制PG(pulse generator)脉冲发生器PGM(programmable)编程信号PI(proportional-integral(controller))比例积分(控制器)PID(proportio nal-i ntegral-differe ntial(co ntroller))比例积分微分(控制器)PIN(positive intrin sic- negative)光电二极管PIO(parallel in put output)并行输入输出PLD(phase-locked detector)同相检波PLD(phase-locked discrimi nator)锁相解调器PLL(phase-locked loop)锁相环路PMOS(P-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) P沟道MOSFETP-P(peak-to-peak)峰----- 峰PPM(pulse phase modulation)脉冲相位洲制PRD(piezoelectric radiation detector) 热电辐射控测器PROM(programmable read only memory)可编只读程存储器PRT(plati num resista nee thermometer)铂电阻温度计PRT(pulse recurrent time)脉冲周期时间PUT(programmable unijunction transistor)可编程单结晶体管PWM(pulse width modulatio n) 脉宽调制R(resistanee, resistor)电阻,电阻器RAM(ra ndom access memory)随机存储器RCT(reverse con duct ing thyristor) 逆导晶闸管REF(referenee)参考,基准REV(reverse)反转R/F(radio frequency)射频RGB(red / green/ blue)红绿蓝ROM(read only memory) 只读存储器RP(resistanee potentiometer)电位器RST(reset)复位信号RT(resistor with in here nt variability depe ndent) 热敏电阻RTD(resistanee temperature detector)电阻温度传感器RTL(resistor transistor logic) 电阻晶体管逻辑(电路)RV(resistor with in here nt variability depe ndent on the voltage) 压敏电阻器SA(switchi ng assembly)开关组件SBS(silico n bi-directio nal switch) 硅双向开关,双向硅开关SCR(silico n con trolled rectifier) 可控硅整流器SCS(safety control switch) 安全控制开关SCS(silic on co ntrolled switch) 可控硅开关SCS(speed control system)速度控制系统SCS(supply control system)电源控制系统SG(spark gap)放电器SIT(static in ductio n tran sformer) 静电感应晶体管SITH(static in ductio n thyristor) 静电感应晶闸管SP(shift pulse)移位脉冲SPI(serial peripheral in terface)串行外围接口SR(sample realy, saturable reactor)取样继电器,饱和电抗器SR(silico n rectifier)硅整流器SRAM(static random access memory)静态随机存储器SSR(solid-state relay)固体继电器SSR(switching select repeater)中断器开关选择器SSS(silico n symmetrical switch) 硅对称开关,双向可控硅SSW(sy nchro-switch)同步开关ST(start)启动ST(starter)启动器STB(strobe)闸门,选通脉冲T(transistor)晶体管,晶闸管TACH(tachometer)转速计,转速表TP(temperature probe)温度传感器TRIAC(triodes AC switch) 三极管交流开关TTL(tra nsistor-tra nsistor logic)晶体管一晶体管逻辑TV(televisio n)电视UART(universal asynchronous receiver transmitter)通用异步收发器VCO(voltage con trolled oscillator) 压控振荡器VD(video decoders)视频译码器VDR(voltage dependent resistor) 压敏电阻VF(video freque ncy)视频V / F(voltage-to-freque ncy)电压/频率转换V / I(voltage to current convertor) 电压-电流变换器VM(voltmeter)电压表[color=blue][/color]VS(vacuum switch)电子开关VT(visual telepho ne)电视电话VT(video termi nal)视频终端ALU(arithmetic logic un it) 算术逻辑单元ASCII(America n sta ndard code for in formatio n in tercha nge) 美国信息交换标准码AV(audio visual)声视,视听BCD(bi nary coded decimal) 二进制编码的十进制数BCR(bi-directio nal co ntrolled rectifier) 双向晶闸管BCR(buffer courtier reset) 缓冲计数器BZ(buzzer)蜂鸣器,蜂音器C(capacitanee, capacitor)电容量,电容器CATV(cable televisi on)电缆电视CCD(charge-coupled device)电荷耦合器件CCTV(closed-circuit televisi on)闭路电视CMOS(compleme ntary)互补MOSCPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元CS(control signal)控制信号D(diode)二极管DAST(direct an alog store tech nology) 直接模拟存储技术DC(direct current)直流DIP(dual in-line package)双列直插圭寸装DP(dial pulse)拨号脉冲DRAM(dy namic random access memory) 动态随机存储器DTL(diode-tra nsistor logic)二极管晶体管逻辑DUT(device under test)被测器件DVM(digital voltmeter)数字电压表ECG(electrocardiograph)心电图ECL(emitter coupled logic)射极耦合逻辑EDI(electro nic data in tercha nge)电子数据交换EIA(Electro nic In dustries Associatio n) 电子工业联合会EOC(end of conversion)转换结束EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器EEPROM(electrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器ESD(electro-static discharge)静电放电FET(field-effect tran sistor)场效应晶体管FS(full scale)满量程F/ V(freque ncy to voltage con vertor) 频率/电压转换FM(freque ncy modulatio n)调频FSK(freque ncy shift key in g) 频移键控FSM(field stre ngth meter) 场强计FST(fast switching shyster)快速晶闸管FT(fixed time)固定时间FU(fuse unit)保险丝装置FWD(forward) 正向的GAL(ge neric array logic)通用阵列逻辑GND(ground)接地,地线GTO(Sate turn off thruster)门极可关断晶体管HART(highway addressable remote transducer)可寻址远程传感器数据公路HCMOS(high density COMS)高密度互补金属氧化物半导体(器件)HF(high frequency)高频HTL(high threshold logic) 高阈值逻辑电路HTS(heat temperature sen sor)热温度传感器IC(i ntegrated circuit)集成电路ID(i nternatio nal data)国际数据IGBT(i nsulated gate bipolar tran sistor) 绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGFET(insulated gate field effect transistor)绝缘栅场效应晶体管I/ O(input / output)输入/输出I / V(current to voltage convertor) 电流-电压变换器IPM(i ncide ntal phase modulatio n) 附带的相位调制IPM(i ntellige nt power module) 智能功率模块IR(i nfrared radiatio n)红外辐射IRQ(i nterrupt request)中断请求JFET(ju nction field effect tran sistor) 结型场效应晶体管LAS(light activated switch)光敏开关LASCS(light activated silico n con trolled switch)光控可控硅开关LCD(liquid crystal display) 液晶显示器LDR(light depe nde nt resistor) 光敏电阻LED(light emitti ng diode) 发光二极管LRC(longitudinal redundancy check) 纵向冗余(码)校验LSB(least sig nifica nt bit) 最低有效位LSI(1arge scale integration)大规模集成电路M(motor)电动机MCT(MOS con trolled gyrator) 场控晶闸管MIC(micropho ne)话筒,微音器,麦克风min(minute)分MOS(metal oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体MOSFET(metal oxide semico nductor FET) 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管N(negative)负NMOS(N-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) N 沟道MOSFETNTC(n egative temperature coefficie nt) 负温度系数OC(over current)过电流OCB(overload circuit breaker) 过载断路器OCS(optical com muni cati on system) 光通讯系统OR(type of logic circuit) 或逻辑电路OV(over voltage)过电压P(pressure)压力FAM(pulse amplitude modulatio n) 脉冲幅度调制PC(pulse code)脉冲码PCM(pulse code modulation)脉冲编码调制PDM(pulse duratio n modulatio n) 脉冲宽度调制PF(power factor)功率因数PFM(pulse freque ncy modulatio n)脉冲频率调制PG(pulse generator)脉冲发生器PGM(programmable)编程信号PI(proportional-integral(controller))比例积分(控制器)PID(proportional-integral-differential(controller)) 比例积分微分(控制器)PIN(positive intrin sic -n egative)光电二极管PIO(parallel in put output) 并行输入输出PLD(phase-locked detector)同相检波PLD(phase-locked discrimi nator)锁相解调器PLL(phase-locked loop)锁相环路PMOS(P-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) P 沟道MOSFET P-P(peak-to-peak)峰--峰PPM(pulse phase modulation)脉冲相位洲制PRD(piezoelectric radiation detector) 热电辐射控测器PROM(programmable read only memory) 可编只读程存储器PRT(plat inum resista nee thermometer) 铂电阻温度计PRT(pulse recurrent time)脉冲周期时间PUT(programmable unijun cti on tran sistor) 可编程单结晶体管PWM(pulse width modulatio n) 脉宽调制R(resistanee, resistor)电阻,电阻器RAM(ra ndom access memory)随机存储器RCT(reverse conducting thyristor) 逆导晶闸管REF(referenee)参考,基准REV(reverse)反转R/F(radio frequency)射频RGB(red /green/ blue)红绿蓝ROM(read only memory) 只读存储器RP(resistanee potentiometer)电位器RST(reset)复位信号RT(resistor with in here nt variability depe ndent) 热敏电阻RTD(resistanee temperature detector)电阻温度传感器RTL(resistor transistor logic) 电阻晶体管逻辑(电路)RV(resistor with in here nt variability depe ndent on the voltage) 压敏电阻器SA(switch ing assembly)开关组件SBS(silic on bi-directio nal switch) 硅双向开关,双向硅开关SCR(silicon con trolled rectifier) 可控硅整流器SCS(safety control switch)安全控制开关SCS(silico n con trolled switch) 可控硅开关SCS(speed control system)速度控制系统SCS(supply control system)电源控制系统SG(spark gap)放电器SIT(static in ductio n tran sformer) 静电感应晶体管SITH(static in ductio n thyristor) 静电感应晶闸管SP(shift pulse)移位脉冲SPI(serial peripheral in terface)串行外围接口SR(sample realy, saturable reactor)取样继电器,饱和电抗器SR(silico n rectifier)硅整流器SRAM(static random access memory)静态随机存储器SSR(solid-state relay)固体继电器SSR(switching select repeater)中断器开关选择器SSS(silic on symmetrical switch) 硅对称开关,双向可控硅SSW(sy nchro-switch)同步开关ST(start)启动ST(starter)启动器STB(strobe)闸门,选通脉冲T(transistor)晶体管,晶闸管TACH(tachometer)转速计,转速表TP(temperature probe)温度传感器TRIAC(triodes AC switch) 三极管交流开关TTL(tra nsistor-tra nsistor logic)晶体管一晶体管逻辑TV(televisio n)电视UART(universal asynchronous receiver transmitter)通用异步收发器VCO(voltage con trolled oscillator) 压控振荡器VD(video decoders)视频译码器VDR(voltage dependent resistor)压敏电阻VF(video freque ncy)视频printed circuit 印制电路prin ted wiri ng 印制线路printed board 印制板prin ted circuit board 印制板电路prin ted wiri ng board 印制线路板printed component 印制元件printed contact 印制接点printed board assembly 印制板装酉己board 板rigid printed board 刚性印制板flexible printed circuit 挠性印制电路flexible printed wiri ng 挠性印制线路flush printed board 齐平印制板metal core printed board 金属芯印制板metal base prin ted board 金属基印制板mulit-wiri ng prin ted board 多重布线印制板molded circuit board 模塑电路板discrete wiring board 散线印制板micro wire board 微线印制板buile-up printed board 积层印制板surface laminar circuit 表面层合电路板B2it printed board 埋入凸块连印制板chip on board 载芯片板buried resista nee board 埋电阻板mother board 母板daughter board 子板backplane 背板bare board 裸板copper-invar-copper board 键盘板夹心板dynamic flex board 动态挠性板static flex board静态挠性板break-away planel 可断拼板cable电缆flexible flat cable (FFC) 挠性扁平电缆membrane switch 薄膜开关hybrid circuit 混合电路thick film 厚膜thick film circuit 厚膜电路thin film 薄膜thin film hybrid circuit 薄膜混合电路interconnection 互连con ductor trace line 导线flush con ductor 齐平导线transmission line 传输线crossover 跨交edge-board contact 板边插头stiffener增强板substrate 基底real estate 基板面con ductor side 导线面component side 元件面solder side 焊接面printing E卩希U grid 网格pattern 图形conductive pattern 导电图形non-conductive pattern 非导电图形lege nd字符mark标志base material 基材laminate层压板metal-clad bade material 覆金属箔基材copper-clad laminate (CCL)覆铜箔层压板composite lam in ate 复合层压板thin laminate 薄层压板basis material 基体材料prepreg预浸材料bonding sheet 粘结片preimpregnated bonding sheer 预浸粘结片epoxy glass substrate 环氧玻璃基板mass lam in ati on panel 预制内层覆箔板core material内层芯板bonding layer 粘结层film adhesive 粘结膜unsupported adhesive film 无支撑胶粘剂膜cover layer (cover lay) 覆盖层stiffener material 增强板材copper-clad surface 铜箔面foil removal surface 去铜箔面un clad lam in ate surface 层压板面base film surface 基膜面adhesive faec胶粘剂面plate finish原始光洁面matt finish 粗面len gth wise direct ion 纵向cross wise direct ion 模向cut to size panel 剪切板ultra thin laminate 超薄型层压板A-stage res in A 阶树脂B-stage res in B 阶树脂C-stage res in C 阶树脂epoxy resin 环氧树脂phenolic resin 酚醛树脂polyester resin 聚酯树脂polyimide resin聚酰亚胺树脂bismaleimide-triazine resin 双马来酰亚胺三嗪树脂acrylic resin丙烯酸树脂melami ne formaldehyde res in 三聚氰胺甲醛树脂polyfu nctional epoxy resin 多官能环氧树脂brominated epoxy resin 溴化环氧树脂epoxy novolac环氧酚醛fluroresin 氟树脂silic one res in 硅树脂silane硅烷polymer聚合物amorphous polymer无定形聚合物crystalline polamer 结晶现象dimorphism 双晶现象copolymer共聚物synthetic合成树脂thermosett ing res in 热固性树脂thermoplastic res in 热塑性树脂photosensitive resin 感光性树脂epoxy value 环氧值dicyandiamide 双氰胺binder粘结剂adesive胶粘剂curi ng age nt 固化剂flame retardant 阻燃剂opaquer遮光剂plasticizers 增塑齐U unsatuiated polyester 不饱和聚酉旨polyester聚酯薄膜polyimide film (PI) 聚酰亚胺薄膜polytetrafluoetyle ne (PTFE)聚四氟乙烯reinforcing material 增强材料glass fiber玻璃纤维E-glass fibre E 玻璃纤维D-glass fibre D 玻璃纤维S-glass fibre S 玻璃纤维glass fabric 玻璃布non-woven fabric 非织布glass mats玻璃纤维垫yarn纱线filament 单丝strand绞股weft yarn 纬纱warp yarn 经纱denier但尼尔warp-wise 经向thread count织物经纬密度weave structure 织物组织plain structure 平纹组织grey fabric 坏布woven scrim 稀松织物bow of weave 弓纬end missing 断经mis-picks 缺纬bias纬斜crease折痕wavi ness 云织fish eye 鱼眼feather length 毛圈长mark厚薄段split裂缝Absorber Circuit 吸收电路AC/AC Freque ncy Con verter 交交变频电路AC power con trol 交流电力控制AC Power Con troller 交流调功电路AC Power Electro nic Switch 交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Con troller 交流调压电路Asyn chro nous Modulati on 异步调制Baker Clamp ing Circuit 贝克箝位电路Bi-directio nal Triode Thyristor 双向晶闸管Bipolar Jun cti on Tran sistor-- BJT 双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper 升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper 升压斩波电路Boost Con verter 升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper 桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper 降压斩波电路Buck Con verter 降压变换器Commutatio n 换流Con duct ion An gle 导通角Con sta nt Voltage Con sta nt Freque ncy --CVCF 恒压恒频Contin uous Con ductio n--CCM (电流)连续模式Con trol Circuit 控制电路Cuk Circuit CUK斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper 电流可逆斩波电路Curre nt Source Type In verter--CSTI 电流(源)型逆变电路Cycloc on vertor 周波变流器DC-AC-DC Con verter 直交直电路DC Chopp ing 直流斩波DC Choppi ng Circuit 直流斩波电路DC-DC Co nverter 直流-直流变换器Test procedure should take 5 minutes. I would provide the testfixture.Finished board is connected to AC power,high voltage output is connected to light bulb loads, service port connected to PC serial port (I'll provide the SIM program),flow sen sor in put from pulse circuit,c on ductivity read ings from pote ntiometer,all other in put are on off.AII this is built into the tester,you just plug into the connetors,you read the flow, the temp,the con ductivity,the other in puts in the sim program,you manu ally test the leds and the relays and the test id done. Un plug and insert new board.We would start out 100% the n quickly move to a couple per lot once we were convinced we got all the problems.We will pull a few from each shipment for test if no problems then we can adjust the testing to minimum.lf there are problems we ratchet back up to more testi ng.测试过程将持续五分钟。
考研英语有关夫妻说话

考研英语有关夫妻说话Pursuing postgraduate education is a significant decision that often involves discussions between spouses. The choice to embark on this academic journey can have far-reaching implications for both partners, and it is essential to navigate these conversations with care and understanding. In this essay, we will explore the dynamics of spousal communication regarding postgraduate entrance examinations, highlighting the potential challenges and strategies for effective collaboration.One of the primary considerations in these conversations is the financial aspect. Pursuing a postgraduate degree often comes with a substantial financial burden, including tuition fees, living expenses, and potential foregone income. Spouses must engage in open and honest discussions about their financial capabilities, budgeting, and the long-term implications of this investment. It is crucial to weigh the potential benefits of the degree against the financial sacrifices required, and to find a mutually agreeable solution that aligns with their shared goals and priorities.Another crucial aspect of these discussions is the impact on the couple's lifestyle and personal life. Preparing for and completing a postgraduate program can be a demanding and time-consuming endeavor, often requiring long hours of study, research, and exam preparation. Spouses must consider how this commitment will affect their daily routines, leisure activities, and overall work-life balance. They must be willing to make compromises and adjustments to accommodate the demands of the postgraduate program, while also ensuring that their relationship and personal well-being are not neglected.Communication and mutual understanding are essential in these conversations. Spouses should strive to listen to each other's concerns, fears, and aspirations, and to find ways to address them collaboratively. They should be open to discussing their individual motivations for pursuing postgraduate education, as well as their shared vision for the future. By fostering a climate of trust, empathy, and compromise, couples can navigate these discussions more effectively and arrive at decisions that benefit both partners.It is also crucial to consider the potential impact on the couple's future plans and goals. Pursuing a postgraduate degree may open up new career opportunities or lead to changes in the family's financial situation. Spouses must discuss how these changes might affect their long-term plans, such as starting a family, buying a home,or relocating. By anticipating and addressing these potential shifts, couples can better prepare for the challenges and opportunities that may arise.Furthermore, the spousal conversations regarding postgraduate entrance examinations should also address the emotional and psychological aspects of the process. The stress and uncertainty involved in preparing for and taking these exams can be overwhelming, and spouses must be prepared to provide emotional support and encouragement to one another. They should discuss strategies for managing stress, maintaining a healthy work-life balance, and celebrating small victories along the way.In conclusion, the conversations between spouses regarding postgraduate entrance examinations are multifaceted and require a delicate balance of practical considerations, emotional support, and collaborative decision-making. By engaging in open, honest, and empathetic dialogues, couples can navigate these discussions in a way that strengthens their relationship, aligns with their shared goals, and ultimately leads to a more fulfilling and rewarding academic and personal journey. Through effective communication and mutual understanding, spouses can transform this challenging process into an opportunity for personal growth, professional development, and the strengthening of their bond.。
SilverAg1170

V1.0 June 2003Data SheetDESCRIPTIONThe Silver Telecom Ag1170 is a single Subscriber Line Interface Circuit (SLIC) in a 14 pin single in line (SIL) or 21 pin dual in line (DIL) format. The combination of features and packaging offers extremely efficient use of board area, saving significant system size and cost, minimising time to market for Telephony Systems developers.The Ag1170 has been designed to work with loop lengths of up to 3.0km (800Ω including telephone). Its performance to regulatory standards (G713) allows use in public and private network applications.The Ag1170 has integral dc/dc converter and ringing generation thus providing all the line powering requirements from a single supply. The SLIC requires a minimum of external components.The system interface has been designed for connection to all popular codecs of both the audio and signalling connections.The Ag1170 is ideal for low line count and high line count, short loop length applications, such as ISDN Terminal Adaptors, Internet Telephony (VoIP), Computer Telephony Integration (CTI), Wireless Local Loops (WLL) and Small Office Home Office (SOHO).SilverAg1170FEATURES• A highly featured low power SLIC in a14 pin SIL or 21 pin DIL format.•Integral high efficiency DC/DCconverter. Single +5V or +3.3V supply voltage.• Highly integrated with on board ringing generator.• Tip/Ring polarity reversal. On-Hook Transmission for caller line ID.•Line and balance impedance programmable with externalcomponents (on Ag1170-P version)• Easy to use, with a minimum number of external components.• Simplified protection in “on-premise” applications.• Silver Telecom “design-in” assistance.V IN V OUTTIP RINGControl and SupervisionV1.0 June 2003 Data SheetAg1170 +5V / +3.3V LOW POWER RINGING SLICOrdering InformationAg1170-D5 +5V Ringing SLIC, DIL package Ag1170-S5 +5V Ringing SLIC, SIL package Ag1170-D3 +3.3V Ringing SLIC, DIL package Ag1170-S3 +3.3V Ringing SLIC, SIL package Above Options also available in the Ag1170P, Programmable Impedance VersionPin #NameDescription1 TIP (A) Tip. Connects to the subscriber line Tip.2 RING (B) Ring. Connects to the subscriber line Ring.3 IC Internal Connection. Do not connect externally to this pin.4 SYNCSynchronization of DC/DC Converter . A logic 0 powers off theDC/DC converter. Leave open circuit for free run operation. Inputsquare wave (50:50 m/s) at 128kHz (+5V) or 64kHz (+3.3V) for synchronized operation. DO NOT input logic 1 to this pin 5 NC No Connection. This pin is not connected internally. 6 NC No Connection. This pin is not connected internally.7 RMRinging Mode. Sets bias conditions during ringing. Must be set to logic 1 during ringing. Logic 0 for other modes. 8 GND A Analog Ground. Normally connected to system ground. 9 +V AAnalog Supply. Connect to the +5V or +3.3V supply via an RC filter, to supply power to the analog circuits.10 *ZT2Line Impedance. Connect to ZT1 via impedance programmingcomponents. 11 *ZT1Line Impedance. Connect to ZT2 via impedance programmingcomponents. 12 *ZBBalance Impedance. Connect to VIN via impedanceprogramming components. 13 V INAudio In. Analog input signal from the Codec (which is output on Tip and Ring). Connect via a 100nF capacitor.14 NC No Connection. This pin is not connected internally. 15 V OUTAudio Out. Analog output signal (from Tip and Ring) to the Codec. Connect via a 100nF capacitor.16 FRForward/Reverse. A logic 0 will reverse the Tip and Ring voltage polarities. F/R is toggled to produce the ringing output. 17 SHK Switch Hook. Indicates an off-hook condition when at logic 1. 18 GND PWR DC/DC Ground. Ground input for the DC/DC converter. 19 +V PWR DC/DC Supply. +5V or +3.3V input for the DC/DC converter. 20 GND PWR DC/DC Ground. Ground input for the DC/DC converter. 21 +V PWRDC/DC Supply. +5V or +3.3V input for the DC/DC converter.* Only used for the Ag1170P device. No Connect for Ag1170 as impedance is programmed to 600R internallyPin # Name Description1 RING (B) Tip. Connects to the subscriber line Tip.2 TIP (A) Ring. Connects to the subscriber line Ring.3 FRForward/Reverse. A logic 0 will reverse the Tip and Ring voltage polarities. F/R is toggled to produce the ringing output. 4 RMRinging Mode. Sets bias conditions during ringing. Must be setto logic 1 during ringing. Logic 0 for other modes. 5 SHK Switch Hook. Indicates an off-hook condition when at logic 1. 6 *ZT1 Line. Connect to ZT2 via impedance programming components. 7 *ZT2Line Impedance. Connect to ZT1 via impedance programming components 8 *ZBBalance Impedance. Connect to VIN via impedanceprogramming components 9 V IN Audio In. Analog input signal from the Codec (which is output on Tip and Ring). Connect via a 100nF capacitor10 V OUT Audio Out. This is the analog output signal (from Tip and Ring) to the Codec. Connect via a 100nF capacitor.11 +V A Analog Supply. Connected to the +5V or +3.3V supply via an RC filter, to supply power to the analog circuits.12 GND PWR DC/DC Ground. Ground input for the DC/DC converter. 13 +V PWRDC/DC Supply. +5V or +3.3V input for the DC/DC converter.14 SYNCSynchronization of DC/DC Converter . A logic 0 powers off the DC/DC converter. Leave open circuit for free run operation. Inputsquare wave (50:50 m/s) at 128kHz (+5V) or 64kHz (+3.3V) for synchronized operation. DO NOT input logic 1 to this pin.* Only used for the Ag1170P device. No Connect for Ag1170 as the impedances are programmed to 600R internally2.0 Line InterfacingAs well as being in an electrically demanding environment, the needs of different applications and regulatory standards means that the SLIC must be flexible, and have facilities to ensure robust performance. The Ag1170 SLIC provides a complete and flexible interface to the telephone line.2.1 Battery FeedThe Ag1170 has an integral DC/DC converter, which generates the battery voltage in the device. This means that only a supply of +5V or 3.3V and GND is needed, unlike conventional SLICs which will need a battery voltage of anything between -20V and -60V (-75V for ringing). This confers a significant cost, space and time to market benefit on the equipment designer.The battery feed to the telephone line is generated from the positive supply rail. This provides a -48V battery feed to the line driver, which is adjusted automatically to match line conditions.Because the line is supplied with only as much power as needed, efficiency is good. Little excess heat is generated, even on short lines.The loop current is pre-set to a constant 24mA. If the loop length is such that the constant current feed cannot be maintained (i.e. >3km), then the Ag1170 will revert to a constant voltage source, allowing the loop to be serviced at a reduced loop current.2.2 RingingThe ringing signal is generated by switching the SLIC into ringing mode, by setting the RM pin high, and then toggling the F/R pin at the required frequency and cadence. The toggling of the F/R pin produces a balanced signal at Tip and Ring. These signal waveforms are shown in Figure 5. During ringing the integral DC/DC converter automatically switches to produce a battery voltage of -72V. This will produce greater than 40Vrms into a REN of 3. The slope of the edges on the ringing waveform is set internally to give the correct waveform with 20Hz to 25Hz ringing frequency.When an “off-hook” condition occurs during ringing, the ring-trip circuit on the Ag1170 senses the loop current flowing and signals the off-hook condition on the SHK output. The SHK signal must be “de-bounced” (by the controlling processor) to remove any spurious pulses. The DC/DC controller limits the power. The Ag1170 will operate continuously with a ring trip load. The ring-trip function will operate correctly up to a maximum loop resistance of around 800R (including telephone), which corresponds to around 3km loop length.2.3 Synchronisation and Power DownThe DC/DC has in internal oscillator. If it is desired to synchronize the frequency with an external clock for EMI reasons, a 128kHz (+5V) or 64kHz (+3.3V) square wave (50:50 mark space) should be input to the SYNC pin.The DC/DC converter can be switched off by applying a logic 0 to the SYNC input. The SLIC takes 50ms to power up from this powered down state. When using the power down state it is recommended that the SLIC is polled (powered up periodically) to check for SHK (the subscriber has gone off hook). If not in SYNC mode or PD the SYNC pin should be left open circuit. An open collector gate should be used for applying the PD signal. Never connect a logic high to this pin. See Figure 4 for details.3.0 The 2-4 Wire (hybrid) Conversion.The Ag1170 SLIC transmits and receives balanced 2-wire analog signals at the Tip and Ring connections. These are converted to a ground referenced output atFigure 4: Sync/PD ControlVOUT and from a ground referenced input at VIN.VOUT and VINare normally connected to a Codec forconversion to and from a digital Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) stream.3.1 Transmit and Receive Gain.The gain in both the transmit direction (Tip/Ring toVOUT ) and the receive direction (VINto Tip/Ring) is set to0dB. Normally any gain adjustments required by the user can be made by programming the Codec.3.2 The 2 Wire Impedance.The impedance at Tip/Ring of the Ag1170 is set to 600R. The impedance of the Ag1170-P can be programmed to the required value by connecting The impedance ratio for ZT is 100. Resistors should be multiplied by this ratio and capacitor values divided to obtain the required programming values e.g. for 600R impedance fit 6K resistor (nearest value = 6.2K).3.3 Network Balance Impedance.The network balance impedance ZB of the Ag1170 is set to 600R. ZB of the Ag1170P is programmed by connecting external components between pins V IN and ZB. For ZB = ZT use a 100K resistor3.4 Tip & Ring Polarity Reversal.The Ag1170 can reverse the battery voltage polarity at Tip and Ring via the F/R pin.If F/R is held at logic 1 (forward) the d.c. voltage at Tip is positive with respect to Ring. If F/R is taken to logic 0 the voltage polarity is reversed.Figure 5: Ringing Signal Waveforms3.5 On Hook Transmission.The Ag1170 is capable of on-hook transmission. This means analog signals can be transmitted from VIN through Tip and Ring and onto the line even when no loop current is flowing. This can be used when sending Caller Line Identification (CLI) information or for other “no ring” calls.The Ag1170 will provide on hook transmission with a high impedance on Tip/Ring or with AC loads down to 600R.4.0 Switch Hook Detect LevelWhen the subscriber goes “off-hook” loop current will begin to flow. If this current is above the detection threshold (10mA) the switch hook output, SHK, will switch to a logic 1. It is recommended that software or hardware de-bouncing of the switch hook signal is used. This is to avoid short pulses which can cause a false switch hook output, triggering the incorrect system response.During loop disconnect dialling, SHK will pulse between logic 1 and logic 0 to indicate the digits being dialled. Again it is recommended that software de-bouncing is used to avoid false detection of digits.5.0 Protection of the Ag1170 SLIC5.1 Thermal ProtectionShould the SLIC be operated incorrectly, for example by accidentally shorting Tip and Ring to each other or by the DC/DC converterThis feature means that the SLIC will always operated within its power limits without overheating. When operating on very short lines the battery voltage is regulated to a low value. This limits the power dissipation and ensures the Ag1170 operates with a minimum temperature rise.5.2 Lightning and Power Cross Protection. It is usual for the Ag1170 to be used in “on-premise” applications, such as SOHO, CTI and VoIP. In this case power cross and lightning protection is not required. In most ‘off-premise’ applications, a subscriber circuit will be required to withstand over voltage conditions which could be caused by lightning or overhead power cables striking the telephone cables. It is therefore normal in “off-premise” applications to provide primary and secondary protection circuits to prevent damage to the SLIC.The Ag1170 has been designed to be able to use low cost protection components, a typical circuit is shown in Figure 6. This circuit is suitable for most “on-premise” applications.With some additional components, the Ag1170 will meet UL60950 requirements: a series element should be added - a combination of a fuse (e.g. 350mA, Bussman C515 or Littlefuse 220003) and a surge resistor (25R typically). Alternatively a Teccor F1250T or F0500T fuse may be used without a surge resistor. For ITU-T K20 power cross protection, a PTC thermistor (eg. type JH330L) of 30R is suitable. TheFigure 6: Typical Connection Diagramconnected to 0V and upgrading D1 to a Tranzorb device (Motorola or STM 1.5KE82A). For lightning and UL60950 power cross protection, D1 should be upgraded further (General Semiconductor or Semitron 5KP75). Just one Tranzorb is needed per linecard.6.0 Approvals.It can be seen from the Electrical Characteristics given on subsequent pages that the SLIC has been designed to meet the equipment standards of as many major public telephone authorities as possible.It is the responsibility of the equipment design authority to ensure that their system meets the requirements of the relevant regulatory bodies. Every effort is made to ensure that Silver Telecom products are compliant with the latest standards.7.0 A Typical Application.The Ag1170 has been designed to interface to any Codec. Applications drawings for many codecs andDSP chips are available. Please contact Silver Telecom or visit . An example is shown in figure 6. The status outputs from the SLIC are passed to the micro-controller. These signals can then be processed as necessary by the system software. The audio signals which are on the 4 wire side of the connection are coupled by 100nF capacitors to avoid d.c. level problems between the two devices. The Ag1170 provides for a 2 wire impedance and a network balance impedance of 600Ω. For other impedances the Ag1170-P can be used. This can be programmed using external components (Section 3.2 and 3.3).In some applications additional EMI suppression may be needed. In this instance 3 capacitors can be added to filter out the higher frequencies of the DC-DC converter. See figure 7 for details.7.1 Layout Considerations. Figure 7 gives an example of the tracking needed for the Ag1170. Tracks to the +V PWR and GND PWR should be made as thick as possible. To maximise the performance of the device signal tracks should be kept as short as possible. A low impedance (ESR) capacitor must be used for C2. To reduce DC/DC noise capacitors up to 10nFmay be connected to ground at Tip and Ring.Figure 8: Typical Layout Figure 7: Optional EMI Suppression8.0 Electrical Characteristics.8.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings*All Voltages are with respect to ground unless otherwise stated.Parameter SymbolMinMaxUnits1 DC Supply Voltage V CC -0.3 5.5 V2 Maximum Power Dissipation, Off Hook @ 25o C P SLIC 1.2 W3 Storage Temperature T S -40 +100 O C*Exceeding the above ratings may cause permanent damage to the product. Functional operation under these conditions is not implied.Maximum ratings assume free air flow.8.2 Recommended Operating Conditions*All Voltages are with respect to ground unless otherwise stated.Parameter SymbolMinTypMaxUnits1 DC Supply Voltage (5V Version) V CC 4.75 5.0 5.25 V2 DC Supply Voltage (3.3V Version) V CC 3.15 3.3 3.45 V3 Operating Temperature T OP 0 25 70 O C*Typical figures are at 25°C with nominal +5V/+3.3V supplies and are for design use only. They are not guaranteed8.3 DC Electrical Characteristics.DC Characteristic Sym Min Typ*Max Units Test Comments1 Supply Current, on- hookAg1170-5Ag1170-3I SUP90110mAmA2 Supply current ringing 1 RENAg1170-5Ag1170-3I RINGING300500mAmAR LOOP = 0RLoad = 1 REN3 Supply current, off-hookAg1170-5Ag1170-3I ACTIVE160260mAmAR LOOP =0RLoad = 300R4 Supply current during ring trip(<1 sec max)Ag1170-5Ag1170-3420600mAmAR LOOP =0RLoad = 300R5 Supply current in power down I PD 5 mA6 Wake-up time 50 msDC Characteristic Sym Min Typ*Max Units Test Comments7 Constant current feed to lineAg1170-5Ag1170-3I LOOP21.521.5242426.526.5mAmAR LOOP =170R (1Km)Load = 300R8 Tip/Gnd or Ring/Gnd orTip&Ring/Gnd overcurrent35.045.0mAmARM = LRM = H9 Off-Hook detectOutput Low VoltageOutput High VoltageV OLV OH 3.150.9 VV@ 0.4mA@ -0.4mA10 Off-Hook detectOutput Low VoltageOutput High VoltageV OLV OH 3.50.4VV@ 50 uA@ -50 uA11 Control Inputs, F/R, LO, PD, RMInput Low VoltageInput High VoltageV ILV IH 4.00.3 VV12 Control Inputs, F/R, LO, PD, RMInput low currentInput high currentI ILI IH-0.5-0.50.50.5mAmA13 Switch Hook DetectThreshold10.0mA14 Load on V OUT10.0kohm100nFcoupling1) All DC Electrical Characteristics are over the Recommended Operating Conditions with V CC at +5.0V +5%,or +3.3V +5%, unless otherwise stated.2) Operating currents are dependent on the users application.*Typical figures are at 25°C with nominal 5V supply and are for design aid only. Not Guaranteed8.4 AC Electrical Characteristics.AC Characteristic Sym Min Typ* Max Units TestComments1 SHK Detect Time 5.0 ms No Ringing2 Ring Trip Capability 3.0 km3 Input Impedance at V IN 100 kohm4 Output impedance at V OUT10ohm5 Ringing Capability40V rms into REN=340V rms into REN=1D RING 3.05.0kmkm6 Absolute Voltage Gain, 2 Wireto V OUT-0.5 0 0.5 dB Off-Hook7 Absolute Voltage Gain V IN to2Wire-0.5 0 0.5 dB Off-HookAC Characteristic Sym Min Typ* Max Units TestComments8 Relative Gain.Referenced to 1kHz.2Wire - V OUT, V IN - 2Wire-0.25 0.25dBOver frequencyrange 300 to3400 Hz9 Total Harmonic Distortion @2Wire and V OUT THD0.1 1.0 %@0dBm, 1kHz10 Overload Distortion @2 Wireand V OUT OD0.5 5.0 %@+3dBm, 1kHz11 Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR40 46 dB 300-3400Hz12 Idle Channel Noise N C 8.012.0dBrnC @2 Wire & V OUT13 Power Supply Rejection Ratioat 2 Wire and V OUT PSRR25 32 dBRipple 0.1V,1kHz on V CC14 Return Loss RL 18 35 dB 300-3400Hz15 Transhybrid Loss THL 18213535dBdB300-3400Hz500-2500Hz16 Load on VOUT 10.0 kohm Couplingcapacitor = 100nF17 Longitudinal to MetallicBalance40464353 dB300-600Hz600-3400Hz18 Tip-Ring Reversal SettlingTime50msTo within +20%of set I LOOP3) All AC Electrical Characteristics are over the Recommended Operating Conditions with V CC at +5.0V +5%, unless otherwise stated.4) Gain, Transhybrid Loss and Total Harmonic distortion parameters measured with 600R termination.*Typical figures are at 25°C with nominal 5V supply and are for design aid only.Date of Change VersionNumberDescription of Change ChangeimplementedJun 2003 V1.0 First draft. Not for general release. SH Information published in this data sheet is believed to be correct and accurate. Silver Telecom assumes no liability for errors, which may occur or for liability otherwise arising out of use of this information or infringement of patents, which may occur as a result of such use. No license is granted by this document under patents owned by Silver Telecom or licensed from third parties by Silver Telecom. The products, their specifications and information appearing in this document are subject to change by Silver Telecom without notice.。
双顶栅极石墨烯的太赫兹信号源

第17卷 第4期太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Vo1.17,No.4 2019年8月 Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology Aug.,2019 文章编号:2095-4980(2019)04-547-05双顶栅极石墨烯的太赫兹信号源李文东,刘景萍*,常梦璐(南京理工大学电子工程与光电技术学院,江苏南京 210094)摘 要:为探索产生太赫兹信号的新型材料与器件,提出一种基于石墨烯的具有双顶栅极结构的场效应管器件(FET)模型,并对此器件所具有的太赫兹特性进行研究。
使用费米函数推导计算发现,器件在一定的太赫兹频段存在负电导的可能,同时得到了石墨烯综合电导与偏置电压、弛豫时间、栅极电压以及温度等因素之间的关系,表明此器件具有作为新型太赫兹源的潜力。
关键词:太赫兹;辐射源;石墨烯;双顶栅极中图分类号:TN386.2文献标志码:A doi:10.11805/TKYDA201904.0547Terahertz signal source by double-top-gate grapheneLI Wendong,LIU Jingping*,CHANG Menglu(School of Electronic and Optical Engineering,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing Jiangsu 210094,China)Abstract:In order to explore the new materials and devices that generate terahertz signals, a graphene-based Field Effect Transistor(FET) device model with double-top-gate structure is proposed, and . All Rights Reserved.the terahertz characteristics of the device are studied. Using the Fermi function, it is found that the devicehas the possibility of negative conductivity in a certain terahertz band. The relationships among grapheneintegrated conductivity and bias voltage, relaxation time, gate voltage and temperature are obtained, whichindicate the potential of this device as a new terahertz radiation source.Keywords:terahertz;radiation source;graphene;double-top-gate10~10Hz范围之间的电磁波,处在毫米波段和红外波段之间,属于微电子学和光子太赫兹辐射是频率为1113学的中间过渡区域。
不同类型突触输入对电突触连接神经元同步化放电的调控

不同类型突触输入对电突触连接神经元同步化放电的调控汪雷【摘要】Objective Synchronous firings exhibit important roles in neural information transmission and encoding,and how to efficiently modulate neuronal synchronizations is always one of the hot spots in brain science research.By means of computer simulations,this paper aims to investigate how synaptic types and relative strengths modulate the synchronization between electrically coupled neurons.Methods Based on the Izhikevich neuron model,a three-neuron network was constructed.By setting one neuron as a modulator,synchronous activities between the other two neurons were numerically analyzed.Results For electrical coupling and excitatory chemical coupling,synchronization strength between the two neurons could be enhanced if the two neurons received synaptic inputs with similar weights.However if the two neurons received synaptic inputs with rather different weights,the synchronization strength could be significantly weakened.For inhibitory chemical coupling,the same conclusion could be drawn when firing frequency of the modulator was low;while higher frequency of the modulator can almost completely suppress the synchronization irrespective of the relative synaptic weights.Conclusions Synchronization strength between electrically coupled neurons can be effectively modulated by the external synaptic inputs,this result promote the exploration about initiation and modulation of synchronization in nervous system.%目的同步化放电在神经信息传递和编码过程中极为重要,如何调控神经元之间的同步化放电也一直是脑科学研究的热点之一.本文利用计算机模拟的方法,研究突触输入类型和相对强度的不同对同步化放电活动的调控作用.方法首先基于Izhikevich神经元模型,构造一个三神经元网络,然后添加不同类型的突触输入(电突触、兴奋性化学突触及抑制性化学突触),最后设定其中一个神经元为调控器,分析另外两个神经元的同步化放电活动.结果对于电突触和兴奋性化学突触输入,当两个神经元接收到的输入强度接近时,同步性会增强,反之则会减弱.而对于抑制性化学突触输入,当调控器神经元的放电频率较低时,同步性的变化与电突触和兴奋性化学突触的情况类似;当调控器神经元的频率较高时,同步化活动显著地被压制.结论电突触连接神经元之间的同步化活动会受到外界突触输入类型及相对大小的调控,为进一步探索神经系统中同步化活动的起源和调控提供了参考.【期刊名称】《北京生物医学工程》【年(卷),期】2017(036)003【总页数】6页(P268-272,309)【关键词】神经元;同步性;调控;电突触;化学突触【作者】汪雷【作者单位】中国传媒大学脑科学与智能媒体研究院北京 100024【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R318.04同步化放电活动是神经系统很多脑区中广泛存在的一种现象,并受到了越来越多的关注和研究[1-4]。
电力系统继电保护专业英语词汇

159
Fail-safe unit
五防
161
Unbalance current
不平衡电流
162
Blocking autorecloser
闭锁重合闸
163
Primary protection
主保护
164
Tap
分接头
165
YC (telemetering)
遥测
167
Fault clearing time
继电器保证启动值
115
Relay act trip
继电器操作跳闸
116
Relay overrun
继电器超限运行
117
Longitudinal differential protection
纵联差动保护
118
Phase-angle of voltage transformer
电压互感器的相角差
119
Zero-sequence current/residual current
故障诊断
197
Back-up protection
后备保护
198
Overhead line
架空线
199
High voltage line
零序电流
120
Residual current relay
零序电流继电器
121
Bus bar protection/bus protection
母线保护
122
Breaker contact point
断路器触点
123
Cut-off push
断路器按钮
124
Gaseous shield
电力建设电气英语常用词汇

一、技术词汇(一)综合名词1.电;电学 electricity2.电的;电气的 electrical3.电的;用电的 electric4.用电 electrically5.电气化 electrification;electrify6.电源 power supply;power source7.能 energy8.能源 electrical energy9.能量 energy;capabilities10.能耗 energy consumption11。
原子能 atomic energy12.能源工业 energy industry13.电能 electric energy14.电力 electric power;power 15。
电业 electric utility16。
电力工业 power industry17。
电力系统 power system18.电力网 power network19。
电力工程 electric power project 20。
电机工程 electrical engineering 21.电力技术 power technology22。
电工技术 electrotechnics 23。
电讯技术 telecommunication technology 24。
电子技术 electronics technology25.标称电力 nominal power26。
电力供应 supply of electricity27。
电力消耗 power consumption28。
供电 supply electricity or power 29。
配电(power)distribution30.配电网 distribution network31.供电干线 supply main32.电力线 power line33.电力馈线 power feeder34。
输电线路 transmission line35.高压电力网 high-tension network36.超高压电力网 extrahigh-tension network 37。
学术综合英语unit1_5课文翻译

Presenting a speech(做演讲)Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
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Keywords : synchronization, electrical coupling, networks. 1
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Introduction
Computational models of neural networks have been found to be useful in characterizing and validating hypotheses about how information processing occurs in real nervous systems. For example, a pulse coupled neural network (PCNN) model in [1] is capable of replicating temporal neural activity such as spindle waves, sleep oscillations and sustained spike synchrony. However, an important issue that affects the study of network dynamics is the choice of neural coupling, [1]. Neural coupling is accomplished by synapses which can be broadly classified in to (a) chemical synapses and (b) electrical synapses. While several studies consider the former type of coupling to be the preponderant way of intercellular communication, recent research has provided increasing molecular and functional evidence of the latter. More importantly, [2] and [3] suggest that neurons could also use electrical synapses to achieve intercellular communication. There have also been reports that emphasize the importance of electrical synapses in the temporal coordination of neuronal activity, [4], the generation of high frequency oscillations, [5] and the generation of oscillatory activity, [6].
Radhakrishnan Nagarajan Institute of Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 629 Jack Stephens Drive, Little Rock, AR 72205
Abstract In this report, we investigate the synchronization of temporal activity in an electrically coupled neural network model. The electrical coupling is established by homotypic static gap-junctions (Connexin 43). Two distinct network topologies, namely: sparse random network, (SRN) and fully connected network, (FCN) are used to establish the connectivity. The strength of connectivity in the FCN is governed by the mean gap junctional conductance (µ). In the case of the SRN, the overall strength of connectivity is governed by the density of connections (δ) and the connection strength between two neurons (S0 ). The synchronization of the network with increasing gap junctional strength and varying population sizes is investigated. It was observed that the network abruptly makes a transition from a weakly synchronized to a well synchronized regime when (δ) or (µ) exceeds a critical value. It was also observed that the (δ, µ) values used to achieve synchronization decreases with increasing network size.
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of connections (δ ). Unlike the FCN, the coupling strength between any two pairs in SRN is either zero or one. SRN can be considered as a special case of FCN, where the gap-junctional conductance between a pair of neurons greater than a specified threshold is set to one and those lesser than the threshold are set to zero. Thus it might not be surprising to view SRN as a quantized version of the FCN.
Synchronization in Electrically Coupled Neural Networks
arXiv:q-bio.NC/060303 G. Kavasseri, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 - 5285 (email: rajesh.kavasseri@)
While neurons are capable of exhibiting a rich set of firing patterns, we consider a population of bursting neurons in this study. Bursting behavior in neurons is considered important because bursts increase the reliability of synaptic transmission and provide a mechanism for selective communication between neurons, [8]. Planar bursters can be classified based on the bifurcation mechanism that leads to the corresponding burst activity (see [9] for a summary). In this study, we restrict all the bursters in the population to be of the “square-wave” or “fold-homoclinic” type. Burst synchronization in general, consists of two components (a) synchronization of spikes within a burst, and (b) synchronization between bursts, [18]. In order to minimize the
The primary focus of this brief communication is to quantify the extent of synchronization in two general network models of electrically coupled neurons. The electrical coupling is achieved with the help of static homotypic gap-junctions (connexin-43). The choice of connexin 43 was based on a study [7] that presented molecular evidence for its presence in electrical connections between pairs of neurons in the visual cortex and hippocampal regions of the juvenile rat brain. However, the methods discussed are generic and can be extended to other static and dynamic gap-junctions. Two distinct network topologies namely fully connected network (FCN) and sparse random network (SRN) are used to establish the connectivity between the neurons. For example, Fig.1 illustrates a typical gap-junctional connection between a pair of neurons. In FCN, the gap-junctions are assumed to be exponentially distributed with mean conductance (µ). The exponential distribution was chosen as a possible means to capture the non-uniform distribution of gap-junctions in neuronal populations. In the case of FCN, the gap-junction strength between every pair of neurons is non-zero. An alternate approach to accomplish the distribution of gap-junctions is to assume a sparse-random network with a specified density