Ten 10 Building Construction 建筑施工

住宅承包商具有能够少量运作的优势，因为他们相对于建筑承包商或市 政承包商来说，具有相对低的企业管理费用。住宅承包商与小得多的公司竞 争，那些小公司通常有着不太完善的管理技术，而建筑承包商或市政承包商 必须与超出一般规模的承包商竞争，那些承包商都具有相对合理的管理经验。 这不是说住宅承包商没有竞争，事实上正好相反。但是，一般竞争者的规模 和管理技术实际上允许住宅承包商脱离其机构独自运作。因此，住宅承包商 的数量众多，常常引起过多的竞争、低的利润率以及破产。
建筑业由很多类型的工程项目组成，包括住宅单元、商业 机构和工业项目以及市政项目。划分工程承包商类型的一种方 法是确定该公司与他们所履行的工作类型是一致的；即住宅承 包商，建筑或商业承包商，或市政承包商。
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While（虽然）the purpose of this handbook addresses （针对..而写）the building/commercial contractor, it is helpful in understanding the characteristics of the building/commercial contractor, to contrast the characteristics of the firm to （将..与..形成对照）those of the residential and/or heavy and highway contractor.
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Residential contractors have the advantages of being able to operate on a low volume in that they normally have relatively low overhead（企业 管理费用） versus the building or heavy and highway contractors. Whereas the building or heavy and highway contractor must compete against above average-sized contractors, each having relatively sound（合 理的）management practices（经验）, the residential contractor compete against much smaller firms who normally have less sophisticated（完善） management skills. This is not to say that the residential contractor does not have competition, the opposite is in fact true. However, the size of the average competitor and the management skills of the average competitor allow the residential contractor to actually operate out of his house（脱离 其机构）as a one-man show（独角戏）. Because of this, the number of residential contractors is numerous, often leading to excessive competition, low profit margins（利润率）, and bankruptcies.
住宅承包商 决定专攻住宅建设、商业建设还是市政建设时，应该承认这三种 工作各自独特的特性。住宅建设表现为数量上严重循环的特征。住宅承包商受 政府政策的支配。主要由于政府财政和货币政策的变化，新的住宅建设的启动 可能这一年接近两百万套，下一年一百万套。启动时，从这一年到下一年、从 这一季到下一季的变化常常引起住宅承包商独特的管理问题。在整个建设期间， 他的可用现金允许在继续运作的公司和破产的公司之间区别对待。
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The heavy and highway contracting firm tends to be less subject to（遭受）bankruptcy than the residential contractor or the commercial building contractor. Perhaps this is due in part（部分地）to the fact that heavy and highway work (sometimes categorized as（归类为）public-works construction) tends to be more stable as to profit margin earned. In additional, because of the high equipment investment needed to operate, the heavy and highway contractor tends to be a large firm with a relatively sound financial structure（财务结构）. Several of these differences in the types of firms are summarized in Fig. 18-2 and 18-3.
Building Construction 建筑施工
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熟悉科技类文献中的常用句型
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Construction Contractors 工程承包商
The construction industry consists of numerous types of projects to include residential units, commercial institutions and industrial projects, and heavy and highway projects（市政 项目）. One means of classifying（分类）construction contractors is to identify（确定）the firms consistent with the type of work they perform; i.e., a residential contractor, a building or commercial contractor, or a heavy and highway contractor.
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Residential Contractor The decision to specialize in（专攻）residential, commercial, or heavy and highway construction should recognize the unique characteristics of each of the three types of work. Residential construction is characterized by（表现为..的特征）severe cycles in volume （数量）. The residential contractor is subject to（受..的支配）the policies of the government. Due in major part to changes in the government’s fiscal and monetary policies（财政和货币政策）, new residential housing （住宅建设）starts may approach（接近）two million units one year and one million the next. Variations in starts from one year to the next and from one season to the next often create unique management problems for the residential contractor. His available cash（可用现金）through stack volume（堆积，可引申为建设）periods can make the difference（区别对 待）between a continuing firm and a bankrupt firm.
虽然本手册的目的是针对建筑/商业承包商而写的，但它在 理解建筑/商业承包商的特征时，有助于将公司的特征与住宅承 包商和/或市政承包商的特征形成对照。
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As pointed out there is the advantage of less sensitivity to the economy for the firm that has skills and performs each of the three types of work. On the other hand, it is not possible for every firm to involve itself in（陷于）the three types of construction work in that（因为）the physical （自然 科学的）and management skills required differ for the three types of work. Obviously, not every firm can or should strive （努力）to possess all the skills required to enable its performing each of the three types of work. 正如所指出的，有着一定技术、并履行这三种工作的公司 具有对经济不太敏感的优势。另一方面，每个公司不可能将其 自身陷于三种施工工作，因为三种工作所需的自然科学和管理 技术是不同的。显而易见，不是每一个公司都能够或应该努力 拥有所有所需的技术，使其能够履行三种工作。