台湾大学生的认知发展、人格特质、生活经验及自我发展的关系

ਿ͉ɪdІҢච‫ݬ‬ˀ݈ٙ݊ɓࡈ‫פ‬൥ٙ฿ׂd݊ ɓ၇̌ঐ‫׌‬ٙଣׂۨ࿒ functional ideal typedӊ ɓච‫ݬ‬ٙІҢ೯࢝ʘ౜ࠑே݊પሞϾ੻ٙLoevinger, 1983f್Ͼdεϋٙྼᅄ޼Ӻ‫ۍ‬ɰ˕ܵІҢ೯࢝ච ‫ݬ‬ٙપሞCarlson & Westenberg, 1998; Westernberg & Gjerde, 1999fԱ๫Loevinger ٙᅼόdІҢ೯࢝݊ ɓ၇೯࢝ҏΐdච‫ݬ‬༧ϋᙧϞᗫdШʔɓ֛༧ϋᙧɓ ߧ；ІҢ೯࢝ٙ஺‫ܓ‬ᒱ್ϞࡈйࢨମdШϋߏ༰‫ڗ‬ٙ ࡈ᜗̈ତ༰৷ᄴϣٙІҢ೯࢝ዚଟˢ༰৷f
ᗫᒟ൚：LoevingerІҢ೯࢝ଣሞeɛࣸतሯeɽኪ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕eႩٝ೯࢝
Jane Loevingerί1966ϋ‫ܔ‬࿴əІҢ೯࢝ଣሞ ego development theory˸౜ࠑࡈ᜗ІҢ೯࢝ٙ ዝ೻f࣬ኽϤଣሞdࡈ᜗ٙІҢ‫ض‬ഹɓ֛ٙච‫ݬ‬
නҏϾ೯࢝d੽‫ۃ‬፭ւಂpre-conformist stage Ց፭ւಂconformist stagedટഹՑ‫ܝ‬፭ւಂ post-conformist stageLoevinger, 1998dϤ
Loevinger ٙଣሞ˸ՉतϞٙ಻ඎʈՈίʔΝ‫׌‬ йʿᅰɤࡈ˖ʷʕᄿ‫ع‬Ꮠ͜dྼᅄ޼Ӻٙഐ؈ᜑͪd ІҢ೯࢝ίʔΝૄ໊ѩ‫ض‬ഹत֛ٙච‫ݬ‬ආБf್Ͼ LoevingerၾμٙΝԫHy & Loevinger, 1996Ⴉ‫މ‬ ˖ʷࢨମ݊πίٙfІҢ೯࢝ٙ಻ඎʈՈÑWUSCT Washington University Sentence Completion Test Ꮠ͜ՑՉ˼ٙ˖ʷɪঐˀ݈̈˖ʷतЍdԷνdί ˚͉ٙԴ͜уᜑତ̈˚͉ɛतϞٙІҢᏀҵSasaki, 1980f͟ϤપʘdLoevingerٙІҢ೯࢝ଣሞɓ˙ࠦ ‫ܔ‬࿴̈ɛᗳ΍ஷٙ೯࢝ࡡ‫ۆ‬d̤ɓ˙ࠦɦঐˀ݈ࡈй ˖ʷٙतЍf
ɽኪ͛ІҢ೯࢝
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ዹͭ‫׌‬ၾԱ፠‫׌‬dʫίٙႩٝၾઋชʱʷһልᕏ； 7І˴ච‫ݬ‬：ࡈ᜗Ϟঐɢ̘ࠦ࿁ձд‫؂‬ʫί ٙላ߉dՈϞһ৷࢙ٙҜ‫ܓ‬dԨһయࠠІʉၾ˼ɛٙ І˴；8዆Υච‫ݬ‬：ࡈ᜗ՈϞ౽ᅆၾᄿ‫ع‬ٙ ΝଣːdԨঐሜ༆ʫίላ߉ձ዆Υʫίͧ޷dᗳЧ Maslow ٙІҢྼତࡈ᜗f͟௰Эٙ‫ۃ‬፭ւච‫ݬ‬Ց௰ ৷ᄴϣٙ዆Υච‫ݬ‬dӊɓࡈච‫̍ݬ‬ўʔΝላਗછՓe ۜࣸ೯࢝eɛყʝਗࠬࣸeจᗆٙᗫ‫ء‬ၾႩٝࠬࣸٙ तЍLoevinger,c1976f΢ච‫ݬ‬ٙ฿ׂ࿜ࠅν‫ڌ‬ 1f
਷ʫٙኪ٫ᒱ್௔ᚃ࿁ІҢٙᙄᕚ࢝කə޴ᗫ ٙ޼Ӻเ਷ᅹd2004；Lu & Yang, 2006dШ݊ᗫ ‫׵‬ІҢٙʫ଄ί຾ዝʔΝٙ೯࢝ච‫ݬ‬ϞОሯeඎٙ ᔷᜊd‫͊֠ۆ‬աՑᗫ‫ء‬f͉޼Ӻྒྷ༊˸Loevingerٙ ଣሞЪ‫މ‬ɓࡈৎᓃԸઞীശɛٙІҢ೯࢝fɓ˙ࠦ ᏨൖWUSCTί̨ᝄᅵ͉ٙቇ͜‫׌‬d̤ɓ˙ࠦ‫ۆ‬л͜ WUSCTක‫׳‬ி̩ٙत‫׌‬Ըᐝ༆̨ᝄᅵ͉‫࢝ה‬ତٙІ Ң೯࢝तЍfΎ٫d͉޼Ӻ͵ઞীႩٝ೯࢝e͛‫ݺ‬຾ ᜕eɛࣸतሯʿІҢ೯࢝ٙᗫ‫ڷ‬fᒱ್਷̮ኪ٫࿁வ ɧࡈΪ९ϞࡈйٙীሞdШவɧࡈΪ९࿁ІҢ‫ה‬ପ͛ ٙ޴ʝᅂᚤ‫͊ۍ‬ಀϞආɓӉٙઞীfΪϤ͉޼Ӻਗ਼˸ ɽኪ͛‫މ‬࿁൥dમ͜WUSCT ‫಻މ‬ඎʈՈԸᏨൖɽኪ ͛ІҢ೯ً࢝ٙ‫ر‬d˸ʿɛࣸतሯeႩٝ೯࢝ၾɽኪ ٙ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕dɧ٫ʘගνО࿁ІҢ೯࢝ପ͛ᅂᚤf
ɓJane Loevinger ٙІҢ೯࢝ଣሞ
egoɓ൚๕ІːଣʱؓଣሞdШLoevinger 1976ൖІҢ‫މ‬ɓࡈႩٝٙਿ͉ഐ࿴dᔟϤ຾᜕ঐ ஗ᐝ༆eଡ଼ᔌʿഗʚจ່f
࿁LoevingerϾԊdІҢ˾‫ࡈڌ‬᜗ɛࣸଡ଼ϓٙഐ ࿴዆᜗d݊ɛࣸ౛છٙतሯthe master trait in personalityd଄ႊəʔΝٙᇍᖚdνႩٝeٟึʿ ༸ᅃഃd݊ɓ၇฿ׂٙණΥ᜗dՉ͉ሯ˴ࠅίరӋ຾
ʕശːଣኪ̊ ͏98d51՜d1ಂd57-80
Chinese Journal of Psychology 2009, Vol. 51, No. 1, 57-80
̨ᝄɽኪ͛ٙႩٝ೯࢝eɛࣸतሯe͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕ʿ ІҢ೯࢝ٙᗫ‫ڷ‬：ശସ཭ɽኪி̩಻᜕ٙᏐ͜
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਷ͭʹஷɽኪ઺ԃ޼Ӻ‫ה‬࿬ࢪ༟੃ԃʕː
Noam1988d1993ၾ Labouvie-Vief1993 Ⴉ‫މ‬LoevingerٙІҢഐ࿴ίʫ࢙ɪ̍ўІҢልᕏ‫ܓ‬ Ⴉٝٙཀ೻ၾІҢ዆Υઋชձɛყʝਗٙዝ ೻d˲ਗ਼Շ၇ʔΝٙ฿ׂഐΥϓఊɓٙІҢ‫ݖ‬࿴Ԩ ʔ݊ɓ၇Ѽ຅ٙЪ‫ج‬f Loevinger1993‫ۆ‬Ⴉ‫މ‬І Ң݊щ‫މ‬ఊɓٙ‫ݖ‬࿴d̙੽ྼᅄٙ޼Ӻഐ؈ԸӔ֛f ʔΝኪ٫˸Ϊ९ʱؓٙ˙‫ج‬Blasi, 1971‫א‬ഐ࿴˙ ೻ᅼόNovy et al., 1994ԸʱؓWUSCTٙˀᏐ‫ݖ‬ ࿴dഐ؈̥ঐയ՟̈ɓࡈΪ९‫א‬ɓࡈ‫ݖ‬࿴dϤᜑͪІ Ң˾‫ڌ‬ٙ݊ɓࡈһଉᄴϣٙଣሞ‫פ‬൥฿ׂf
Jane LoevingerٙІҢ೯࢝ଣሞ‫˾ڐމ‬Г˙޼ӺІҢ೯࢝ዝ೻‫ڢ‬੬ࠠࠅٙኪႭʘɓf࣬ኽμٙଣ ሞdࡈ᜗ٙІҢ೯࢝Աҏ຾ዝɧࡈࣛಂdɤࡈච‫ݬ‬：‫ۃ‬ٟึձ΍͛ච‫ݬ‬eላਗච‫ݬ‬eІҢ‫ڭ‬ᚐච‫ݬ‬e፭ ւච‫ݬ‬eІҢจᗆච‫ݬ‬eԄːච‫ݬ‬eࡈɛ˴່ʷච‫ݬ‬eІ˴ච‫ݬ‬ʿ዆Υච‫ݬ‬f͉޼Ӻ˸Loevinger‫ה‬೯ ࢝ٙி̩಻᜕-ശସ཭ɽኪி̩಻᜕Washington University Sentence Completion TestԸᏨൖ̨ᝄɽኪ ͛ٙІҢ೯ً࢝‫ر‬dԨઞীႩٝ೯࢝eɛࣸतሯʿɽኪ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕ၾІҢ೯࢝ٙᗫ‫ڷ‬fա༊٫‫މ‬465ΤԸ Іࣹ϶ߴήਜʬ‫ה‬ɽኪɽɓeɽɚʿɽɧٙኪ͛d಻ඎʈՈ‫މ‬ശସ཭ɽኪி̩಻᜕WUSCTeʞɽ ɛࣸΪ९ඎ‫ڌ‬NEO-FFIe౽ɢ೯࢝ඎ‫ڌ‬SIDʿɽኪ͛ࠠࠅ͛‫ݺ‬ԫ΁ඎ‫ڌ‬f޼Ӻഐ؈೯ତ：ɽኪ ͛ٙІҢ೯࢝ච‫̻ݬ‬ѩίІҢจᗆච‫ݬ‬dɾ͛ٙІҢ೯࢝ච‫ݬ‬ˢӲ͛৷；˴ࡌჯਹίʈ߅ٙɽኪ͛dІ Ң೯࢝ˢଣ߅eɛ˖ٟึe၍ଣʿ઺ԃჯਹٙኪ͛Эdϋॴ‫ೌۆ‬ᅂᚤfਿ͉ɪdɽኪ͛߰Ⴉٝ೯࢝तЍ ൳ՈϞ޴࿁‫ܠ‬ϽeΝଣːʿක‫׳‬ٙɛࣸतሯd˲ίɽኪ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕ʕաՑٝᗆ઼೯ٙᅂᚤ൳ɽd‫ۆ‬ІҢ೯ ࢝ٙච‫ݬ‬൳৷fϤ̮dӲ͛ٙක‫׌׳‬ɛࣸ࿁ٝᗆ઼೯ၾІҢ೯࢝ගٙᗫ‫ڷ‬ՈϞʕʧࣖ؈dϾɾ͛ٙක‫׳‬ ‫׌‬ɛࣸၾΝଣː‫ۆ‬࿁ٝᗆ઼೯ၾІҢ೯࢝ٙᗫ‫ڷ‬ՈϞ௅ʱٙʕʧࣖ؈f
ɧࡈࣛಂ‫ה‬౜ࠑٙІҢ೯࢝຾ዝ1‫ۃ‬ٟึච ‫ݬ‬presociald2΍͛ච‫ݬ‬symbioticd 3ላਗච‫ݬ‬impulsived4ІҢ‫ڭ‬ᚐච‫ݬ‬ self-protectived5፭ւච‫ݬ‬conformistd 6ІҢจᗆච‫ݬ‬self-awared7Ԅː ච‫ݬ‬conscientiousd8ࡈɛ˴່ʷච‫ݬ‬
࣬ኽLoevingerٙଣሞdІҢ೯࢝݊ɓ၇ልᕏٙ ሯ‫׌‬ҷᜊዝ೻dԨ˸ɓ၇චᄴόٙeʔ̙ҷᜊٙන ҏԸආБɤࡈʔΝච‫ݬ‬ٙ೯࢝f΢ච‫ݬ‬ٙतЍʱй ‫މ‬1‫ۃ‬ٟึձ΍͛ච‫ݬ‬：ࡈ᜗ਖ਼‫ء‬ίͭуٙ တԑd˲࿁͎ፋϞ੶डٙԱ‫ڝ‬dೌ‫ج‬ਗ਼Іʉձ͎ፋ ਜʱකԸd݊ೌ‫಻ج‬ඎٙච‫；ݬ‬2ІҢ‫ڭ‬ᚐච ‫ݬ‬：ࡈ᜗ᒱ್จᗆՑ஝‫ۆ‬ٙπίdШ݊፭ς஝‫ۆ‬ ˴ࠅ‫މ‬əတԑІʉٙлूdеৰ௦๨；3፭ւ ච‫ݬ‬：ࡈ᜗፭ςྠ᜗‫ה‬Ⴉ̙ٙ஝‫ۆ‬dϞ੶डٙྠ᜗ ᓥ᙮ชd˲࿁ɛԫ‫ي‬ϞᘌࠠٙՍؐΙ൥；4І Ңจᗆච‫ݬ‬：ࡈ᜗޶Ցઋ‫ر‬ʕε၇ٙ፯኿ʿ̙ঐ ‫׌‬dԨ࿁ІҢၾ˼ɛٙʫίઋชପ͛‫ڋ‬Ӊٙᙂ࿀； 5Ԅːච‫ݬ‬：ࡈ᜗࢝ͪʊʱʷٙᝈׂd˲Ո Ϟʫί൙ᓙٙᅺ๟；6ࡈɛ˴່ʷච‫ݬ‬：య ࠠࡈ᜗dঐ࢙ҜһɽٙࡈйࢨମdԨయࠠɛၾɛٙ
ߧᑽ ͉޼Ӻ‫މ‬਷߅ึ໾пʘਖ਼ᕚ޼Ӻࠇ೥dࠇ೥ᇜ໮‫މ‬NSC93-2413-H-007-004-；༟ࣘಀ೯‫׵ڌ‬2007ϋEuropean Congress of Psychology；ίϤชᑽՇЗਛΤᄲ‫ݟ‬։ࡰၾ˴ᇜܸ͍ٙၾ‫ܔ‬ᙄf
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ᄎ‫ۯ‬ᚆ
individualisticd9І˴ච‫ݬ‬autonomousd 10዆Υච‫ݬ‬integratedLoevinger, 1976f
᜕ٙɓߧ‫׌‬fІҢ೯࢝̍ўࡈɛνОஈଣࡈ᜗ʫၾ ɛყගٙ຾᜕dʿ͛͟‫ݺ‬຾᜕ٙ˴ᝈ༕ᙑ‫ה‬ପ͛ਞ Ͻ‫ݖ‬࿴ٙɓ၇዆Υዝ೻dՉʫ࢙̍ў̬၇ᇍᖚٙ዆ Υ：ۜࣸ೯࢝character developmenteႩٝࠬࣸ cognitive styleeɛყࠬࣸinterpersonal style ʿจᗆٙᗫ‫ء‬conscious preoccupationfۜࣸ೯ ࢝˴ࠅऒʿላਗٙછՓၾ༸ᅃٙ೯࢝d‫މ‬༸ᅃБ‫މ‬ ၾ༸ᅃᗫ‫ء‬ٙਿᓾ；Ⴉٝࠬࣸ˾‫ڌ‬฿ׂٙልᕏၾ Ⴉٝ೯࢝ٙᄴϣ；ɛყࠬࣸ˾‫ڌ‬࿁˼ɛၾɛყᗫ ‫ڷ‬ٙ࿒‫ܓ‬eᗫ‫ڷ‬ٙᐝ༆ʿᗫ‫ڷ‬ᗳۨٙ਋λ；จᗆᗫ ‫ࡈܸۆء‬ɛ‫ܠ‬ซၾБ‫މ‬ٙ˴ࠅᗫ‫ء‬dν࿁ٟึ஝ᇍ ٙ‫੽؂‬eப΂ʿዹͭfІҢ೯࢝ٙ฿ׂܸίவ̬ࡈᇍ ᖚʕdІҢၾٟึʿ‫ي‬ଣᐑྤٙᗫ‫ڷ‬ʔᓙήࠠอ່֛ ‫א‬ଡ଼ᔌ‫ה‬ପ͛ٙ೯࢝‫׌‬ᜊʷfᑘԷϾԊdۜࣸ೯࢝੽ ༰Эච‫ݬ‬ٙላਗၾ࢔‫ਂ׊‬፹ԫաՑஈၮd೯࢝Ց༰৷ ච‫ݬ‬ٙІҢሜືၾՈʫίᅺ๟；Ⴉٝࠬࣸ‫͟ۆ‬༰Эච ‫ݬ‬ٙᔊఊ฿ׂd೯࢝Ց༰৷ච‫ݬ‬ٙልᕏ฿ׂၾ࿁ᅼຮ Շ̙࢙ٙҜ；ɛყࠬࣸ‫͟ۆ‬༰Эච‫ݬ‬ٙ࡞‫ۂ‬՟ΣՑ༰ ৷ච‫ݬ‬ٙయࠠၾ޴ʝԱ፠՟Σ；จᗆᗫ‫͟ۆء‬༰Эච ‫ݬ‬ٙԒ᜗ชᙂձІҢ‫ڭ‬ᚐd೯࢝Ց༰৷ච‫ݬ‬ٙઋชʱ ʷe๖ஷၾࡈɛतЍLoevinger, 1976f
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ஷৃЪ٫：ᄎ‫ۯ‬ᚆc300อ϶̹ɽኪ༩1001໮c਷ͭʹஷɽኪ઺ԃ޼Ӻ‫ה‬࿬ࢪ༟੃ԃʕːE-mail: ylliu@mail.nctu.edu.tw
MannersၾDurkin2000Ϋᚥə‫ڐ‬30ϋԸᗫ‫׵‬ ІҢ೯࢝ٙ޼Ӻ‫ܸ̈ܝ‬dᅂᚤІҢ೯࢝ٙࠠࠅΪ९݊ Ⴉٝ೯࢝eɛࣸतሯʿ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕f Loevinger1976 Ⴉ‫މ‬Ⴉٝঐɢ౤ԶəІҢ೯̙࢝ٙঐ‫׌‬dΪ‫މ‬৷ච‫ݬ‬ ٙІҢცࠅልᕏٙႩٝપଣঐɢfϾ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕dˈՉ ݊ՈϞܿ኷‫׌‬ٙ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕dԷν৷ഃ઺ԃᐑྤd౤Զ ࡈ᜗‫ܠ‬ซɪٙՐዧϾ‫ڮ‬ԴІҢٙҷᜊfЇ‫׵‬ɛࣸतሯ ‫ۆ‬ᅂᚤࡈ᜗̘፯኿຾᜕͛‫ݺ‬ԫ΁ٙᗳۨձᇍᖚdʿ࿁ ʔΝ͛‫ݺ‬຾᜕ٙ༕ᙑdආϾҷᜊࡈ᜗ІҢٙ೯࢝f
Blasi1998Ⴉ‫މ‬౛છٙਗዚ motivation for mastery݊Loevinger ଣሞʕІҢ೯࢝ٙਿ͉ਗɢf ˼ˏ͜Loevingerٙɓ‫ݬ‬༑Ը੶ሜவࡈࠠᓃ—рɢ ̘౛છe̘୕዆ʿਗ਼຾᜕จᗆʷdʔШ݊ІҢٙ̌ঐ ʘɓd͵݊ІҢ͉ٙሯLoevinger, 1976: 59f ౛છΝࣛՈϞʫίІҢၾ̮ί‫܄‬᜗objectsʿ˼ ɛpeopleኬΣf౛છٙ˴ࠅೊᓃίІҢછՓeΪ Ꮠᜊʷe౤৷Іయʿ࣬ኽІҢଣซ‫ਂה‬ٙɛࣸࡌ͍ Blasi, 1998f౛છ່֛ٙ՟Ӕ‫ࡈ׵‬᜗ձତྼٙᗫ ‫ڷ‬d࿁ࡈ᜗ԸႭdӊɓࡈʔΝٙІҢච‫ݬ‬Չ౛છٙจ ່ʔΝdΪϤӔ֛əӊɓࡈච‫ݬ‬ٙत֛จ່dவԬච ‫ݬ‬Աഹචᄴ‫׌‬ٙϣҏ೯࢝ආБfவԬචᄴʔසਿ‫׵‬Ⴉ ٝ೯࢝ٙ଄จeʱʷၾ዆Υٙᜌ፨dһ݊ਿ‫׵‬ːଣც ӋٙϣҏfԷνdࡈ᜗̀඲΋ΥଣછՓላਗՑ‫ݔ‬၇೻ ‫ܝܓ‬dʑঐ౛છɛყᗫ‫ڷ‬ٙ޴ʝ‫׌‬dBlasi੶ሜவ݊ɛ ᗳːଣ೯࢝ٙІ್˂‫׌‬f