Preface to Modern Engineering Mathematics 2
Ls-dyna 高级教程 关键字讲解-_Lectures_1
Solver - Solution processing
DYNA3D developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by John Hallquist Low velocity impact of heavy, solid structures, military applications DYNA3D ported on Cray-1 Improved sliding interface Order of magnitude faster New material models - Explosive-structure, Soil-structure Impacts of penetration projectiles
The George Washington University
Pre-stress and Post-stress Interactive graphics Preprocessor - LS-PrePost Third party interfaces Postprocessor, LS-PrePost Other rigid body program coupling CAD d data t i interface t f
The George Washington University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Keyword Format Input File
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Advanced Mathematical Modeling Techniques
Advanced Mathematical ModelingTechniquesIn the realm of scientific inquiry and problem-solving, the application of advanced mathematical modeling techniques stands as a beacon of innovation and precision. From predicting the behavior of complex systems to optimizing processes in various fields, these techniques serve as invaluable tools for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers alike. In this discourse, we delve into the intricacies of advanced mathematical modeling techniques, exploring their principles, applications, and significance in modern society.At the core of advanced mathematical modeling lies the fusion of mathematical theory with computational algorithms, enabling the representation and analysis of intricate real-world phenomena. One of the fundamental techniques embraced in this domain is differential equations, serving as the mathematical language for describing change and dynamical systems. Whether in physics, engineering, biology, or economics, differential equations offer a powerful framework for understanding the evolution of variables over time. From classical ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to their more complex counterparts, such as partial differential equations (PDEs), researchers leverage these tools to unravel the dynamics of phenomena ranging from population growth to fluid flow.Beyond differential equations, advanced mathematical modeling encompasses a plethora of techniques tailored to specific applications. Among these, optimization theory emerges as a cornerstone, providing methodologies to identify optimal solutions amidst a multitude of possible choices. Whether in logistics, finance, or engineering design, optimization techniques enable the efficient allocation of resources, the maximization of profits, or the minimization of costs. From linear programming to nonlinear optimization and evolutionary algorithms, these methods empower decision-makers to navigate complex decision landscapes and achieve desired outcomes.Furthermore, stochastic processes constitute another vital aspect of advanced mathematical modeling, accounting for randomness and uncertainty in real-world systems. From Markov chains to stochastic differential equations, these techniques capture the probabilistic nature of phenomena, offering insights into risk assessment, financial modeling, and dynamic systems subjected to random fluctuations. By integrating probabilistic elements into mathematical models, researchers gain a deeper understanding of uncertainty's impact on outcomes, facilitating informed decision-making and risk management strategies.The advent of computational power has revolutionized the landscape of advanced mathematical modeling, enabling the simulation and analysis of increasingly complex systems. Numerical methods play a pivotal role in this paradigm, providing algorithms for approximating solutions to mathematical problems that defy analytical treatment. Finite element methods, finite difference methods, and Monte Carlo simulations are but a few examples of numerical techniques employed to tackle problems spanning from structural analysis to option pricing. Through iterative computation and algorithmic refinement, these methods empower researchers to explore phenomena with unprecedented depth and accuracy.Moreover, the interdisciplinary nature of advanced mathematical modeling fosters synergies across diverse fields, catalyzing innovation and breakthroughs. Machine learning and data-driven modeling, for instance, have emerged as formidable allies in deciphering complex patterns and extracting insights from vast datasets. Whether in predictive modeling, pattern recognition, or decision support systems, machine learning algorithms leverage statistical techniques to uncover hidden structures and relationships, driving advancements in fields as diverse as healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems.The application domains of advanced mathematical modeling techniques are as diverse as they are far-reaching. In the realm of healthcare, mathematical models underpin epidemiological studies, aiding in the understanding and mitigation of infectious diseases. From compartmental models like the SIR model to agent-based simulations, these tools inform public health policies and intervention strategies, guiding efforts to combat pandemics and safeguard populations.In the domain of climate science, mathematical models serve as indispensable tools for understanding Earth's complex climate system and projecting future trends. Coupling atmospheric, oceanic, and cryospheric models, researchers simulate the dynamics of climate variables, offering insights into phenomena such as global warming, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events. By integrating observational data and physical principles, these models enhance our understanding of climate dynamics, informing mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the challenges of climate change.Furthermore, in the realm of finance, mathematical modeling techniques underpin the pricing of financial instruments, the management of investment portfolios, and the assessment of risk. From option pricing models rooted in stochastic calculus to portfolio optimization techniques grounded in optimization theory, these tools empower financial institutions to make informed decisions in a volatile and uncertain market environment. By quantifying risk and return profiles, mathematical models facilitate the allocation of capital, the hedging of riskexposures, and the management of investment strategies, thereby contributing to financial stability and resilience.In conclusion, advanced mathematical modeling techniques represent a cornerstone of modern science and engineering, providing powerful tools for understanding, predicting, and optimizing complex systems. From differential equations to optimization theory, from stochastic processes to machine learning, these techniques enable researchers and practitioners to tackle a myriad of challenges across diverse domains. As computational capabilities continue to advance and interdisciplinary collaborations flourish, the potential for innovation and discovery in the realm of mathematical modeling knows no bounds. By harnessing the power of mathematics, computation, and data, we embark on a journey of exploration and insight, unraveling the mysteries of the universe and shaping the world of tomorrow.。
Prompt Engineering Mastery - 10 Best Practices
What is prompt engineering?Prompt engineering is the craft of designing and refining inputs (prompts) to elicit the desired output from AI language models. It requires a blend of creativity, understanding of the model’s capabilities, and strategic structuring of the question or statement to guide the AI towards providing accurate, relevant, and useful responses. Prompt engineering improves communication between humans and machines, ensuring the resulting interaction is efficient and effective.Why is prompt engineering important?Prompt engineering is crucial because it influences the performance and utility of AI language models. The quality of the input determines the relevance and accuracy of the AI’s response, making prompt engineering a pivotal skill for anyone looking to harness the full potential of these powerful tools. Prompt engineering is not only for prompt engineers. By effectively communicating with AI, anyone can unlock insights, generate ideas, and solve problems more efficiently.Here are several reasons why prompt engineering is important: •Improves accuracy: Well-crafted prompts lead to more precise answers, reducing the likelihood of misinterpretation orirrelevant responses from the AI.•Saves time: Prompt engineering streamlines interactions with the AI by getting the desired information in fewer attempts,saving valuable time for users.•Facilitates complex tasks: Complex tasks require complex understanding; good prompts translate intricate questions intoa form that AI can process effectively.•Improves user experience: A user’s experience with an AI system can greatly improve when the prompts lead to clear,concise, and contextually appropriate answers.•Enables better outcomes: In areas such as coding, content creation, and data analysis, well-engineered prompts can leadto higher-quality outcomes by leveraging AI’s capabilities tothe fullest.•Drives innovation: As we better understand how tocommunicate with AI, we can push the boundaries of what’spossible, leading to innovative applications and solutions.10 Prompt engineering best practicesCrafting effective prompts for AI can improve the quality and relevance of the responses you receive. This expertise requires a nuanced understanding of how AI interprets and processes natural language inputs. Ahead, we explore ten AI prompt engineering best practices to help you communicate with AI more effectively:1. Be as specific as possibleSpecificity is key to obtaining the most accurate and relevant information from an AI when writing prompts. A specific prompt minimizes ambiguity, allowing the AI to understand the request’s context and nuance, preventing it from providing overly broad or unrelated responses. To achieve this, include as many relevant details as possible without overloading the AI with superfluous information. This balance ensures that the AI has just enough guidance to produce the specific outcome you’re aiming for.When creating the best prompts for an AI, ask for the following specifics:•Detailed context: Provide the AI with enough background information to understand the scenario you’re inquiring about.This includes the subject matter, scope, and any relevantconstraints.•Desired format: Clearly specify the format in which you want the information to be presented, whether it’s a list, a detailedreport, bullet points, or a summary. Mention any structuralpreferences, such as headings, subheadings, or paragraphlimits.•Output length: Detail how long you want the AI’s response, whether “3paragraphs” or “250words.”•Level of detail: Indicate the level of detail required for the response, from high-level overviews to in-depth analysis, toensure the model’s output matches your informational needs. •Tone and style: Request the preferred tone and style, whether it’s formal, conversational, persuasive, or informational, tomake sure the output aligns with your intended audience orpurpose.•Examples and comparisons: Ask the AI to include examples, analogies, or comparisons to clarify complex concepts or make the information more relatable and easily understood.Prompt Example:Please provide an outline for a comprehensive report that analyzes the current trends in social media marketing for technology companies, focusing on the developments from 2020 onward.The outline should include an introduction, three main sections addressing different aspects of social media trends, and a conclusion summarizing the findings. Please suggest the types of graphs that could illustrate user engagement trends and list bullet points that summarize key marketing strategies in each section. 2. Supply the AI with examplesIncorporating examples into your prompts is a powerful technique to steer the AI’s responses in the desired direction. By providing examples as you write prompts, you set a precedent for the type of information or response you expect. This practice is particularly useful for complex tasks where the desired output might be ambiguous or for creative tasks with more than one correct answer. When you supply the AI with examples, ensure they represent the quality and style of your desired result. This strategy clarifies your expectations and helps the AI model its responses after the examples provided, leading to more accurate and tailored outputs. Here are some example types you could provide to an AI to help guide it toward generating the best response possible:•Sample texts: Share excerpts reflecting the style, tone, and content you want the AI to replicate.•Data formats: To guide the AI’s output, provide specific data structures, such as table layouts or spreadsheet formats.•Templates for documents: Offer templates to ensure the AI’s response follows a desired structure and format.•Code snippets: Provide code examples if you need help with programming tasks to ensure correct syntax and logic. •Graphs and charts examples: If you’re asking the AI to create similar graphics, share samples of visual data representation.•Marketing copy: If you’re crafting marketing content, present ad copy that aligns with your brand’s voice for the AI to mimic. Prompt Example:Create a comparison table for two project management tools, Tool A and Tool B.Include the following categories: Price, Key Features, User Reviews, and Support Options. For instance, under Key Features, list things like ‘Task Assignment’,‘Time Tracking’, and ‘File Sharing’.The format should mirror something like this:Please ensure the table is concise and suitable for inclusion in a business report.3. Get better answers by providing dataIncorporating specific and relevant data into your prompts significantly enhances the quality of AI-generated responses, providing a solid foundation for the AI to understand the context and craft precise answers. Providing data that includes numerical values, dates, or categories, organized in a clear and structured way, allows for detailed analysis and decision-making. It’s essential to give context to the data and, when possible, to cite its source, lending credibility and clarity to the specific task, whether for quantitative analysis or comparisons.To ensure the AI delivers the most relevant and insightful answers, always use updated and well-organized information, and if comparisons are needed, establish clear parameters. Supplying the AI with concrete, contextualized data transforms raw figures into intelligible and actionable insights. Data-driven prompts are particularly valuable in tasks requiring a deep dive into numbers, trends, or patterns, enabling the AI to generate outputs that can effectively inform business strategies or research conclusions.Prompt Example:Please analyze the sales data from the first quarter of 2024 provided in the attached PDF document. I need a summary that identifies our best-selling product, the overall sales trend, and any notable patterns in customer purchases.The PDF contains detailed monthly sales units for three products: Product A, Product B, and Product C. After reviewing the data, summarize your findings in a concise paragraph that is suitable for a business meeting. Highlight significant increases or decreases in sales and offer insights into potential factors driving these trends. 4. Specify your desired outputWhen engaging with AI, articulate the precise format and structure you expect in the response. Specify whether you require a detailedreport, a summary, bullet points, or a narrative form to ensure the AI tailors its output to your needs.Indicate any preferences such as tone, style, and the inclusion of certain elements like headings or subheadings. By clearly defining your desired output, you guide the AI to deliver information that aligns seamlessly with your intended use.Prompt Example:Create a comprehensive overview of the key milestones in the history of software development. The output should be structured as a timeline with bullet points, each bullet including the year, the milestone event, and a brief description of its significance. Start from the 1980s. The tone should be educational. Please limit the overview to ten major milestones to maintain conciseness.5. Provide instructions on what to do instead of what not to doWhen constructing prompts for AI, it’s more effective to direct the system toward the desired action rather than detailing what it should avoid. This positive instruction approach reduces ambiguity and focuses the AI’s processing power on generating constructive outcomes.Negative instructions often require the AI to interpret and invert them, increasing the cognitive load and potential for misunderstanding. By clearly stating the intended actions, you enable the AI to apply its capabilities directly to fulfilling the task at hand, improving the efficiency and accuracy of the response.Prompt Examples:•Avoid: “Don’t write too much detail. → Use Instead: “Please provide a concise summary.”•Avoid: “Avoid using technical jargon.”→ Use Instead: “Use clear and simple language accessible to a general audience.”•Avoid: “Don’t give examples from before the year 2000.”→ Use Instead: “Provide examples from the year 2000 onwards.”6. Give the model a persona or frame of referenceAssigning a persona or a specific frame of reference to an AI model can significantly enhance the relevance and precision of its output. By doing so, you get more relevant responses, aligned with a particular perspective or expertise, ensuring that the information provided meets the unique requirements of your query.This approach is especially beneficial in business contexts where domain-specific knowledge is pivotal, as it guides the AI to utilize a tone and terminology appropriate for the given scenario. The persona also helps set the right expectations and can make interactions with the AI more relatable and engaging for the end user.Prompt Example:Imagine you are a seasoned marketing consultant. Please draft an email to a new startup client outlining three digital marketing strategies tailored for their upcoming product launch (see attached PDF for details).Include key performance indicators (KPIs) for each strategy that will help track their campaign’s success. Ensure the tone is encouraging and professional, imparting confidence in your expertise.7. Try chain of thought promptingChain of thought prompting is a technique that elicits a more deliberate and explanatory response from an AI by specifically asking it to detail the reasoning behind its answer. By prompting the AI to articulate the steps it takes to reach a conclusion, users can better understand the logic employed and the reliability of the response.This approach is particularly useful when tackling complex problems or when the reasoning process itself is as important as the answer. It ensures a deeper level of problem-solving and provides a learning opportunity for the user to see a modeled approach to reasoning.Prompt Example:Imagine you are a software engineer tasked with optimizing this piece of software for performance:[Insert code block]Use the following chain of thought to guide your approach:•Performance profiling: Start with how you would profile the software to identify current performance bottlenecks.•Optimization techniques: Discuss the specific techniques you would consider to address the identified bottlenecks, such asalgorithm optimization, code refactoring, or hardwareacceleration.•Testing and validation: Describe your method for testing the optimized software to ensure that the changes have had thedesired effect and have not introduced new issues.•Implementation strategy: Finally, outline how you would safely implement the optimized code into the production environment, ensuring minimal disruption.Conclude with a summary of the key steps in the optimization process and how you would document and maintain the improvements over time.8. Split complex tasks into simpler onesWhen dealing with complex tasks, breaking them into simpler, more manageable components can make them more approachable for an AI. Using step by step instructions helps prevent the AI frombecoming overwhelmed and ensures that each part of the task is handled with attention to detail.Additionally, this approach allows for easier monitoring and adjustment of each step, facilitating better quality control throughout the process. By compartmentalizing tasks, the AI can also use its resources more efficiently, allocating the necessary attention where it’s most needed, resulting in a more effective problem-solving strategy.Prompt Example:Avoid a single broad prompt:•“Write a 1500-word article on the impact of AI on remote work.”Try an initial prompt and follow-up prompts instead: •“Develop a detailed outline for a 1500-word article titled ‘Revolutionizing Remote Work: The Role of AI for TechProfessionals.’ The outline should include an engagingintroduction, three main sections titled ‘Enhancing Productivity with AI Tools,’‘AI-Driven Communication Optimization,’ and‘Advanced Project Management through AI,’ plus a conclusion that offers a perspective on future developments.”•“Compose a detailed introduction for the article‘Revolutio nizing Remote Work: The Role of AI for TechProfessionals.’ The introduction should be 150-200 words,setting the stage for how AI is changing the game for remoteworkers in the tech industry, and providing a hook that willentice tech professionals to continue reading.”9. Understand the model’s shortcomingsIn crafting prompts for an AI, recognize the model’s limitations to set realistic expectations. Prompting AI to perform tasks it’s not designed for, such as interacting with external databases or providing real-time updates, will lead to ineffective and potentially misleading outputs called AI hallucinations.Here are some known shortcomings of AI models:•Lack of real-time data processing, as the knowledge is up-to-date only until the last training cut-off.•Inability to access or retrieve personal data unless it has been shared during the interaction.•No direct interaction with external software, databases, or live web content.•Potential bias in the data, as AI models can inadvertently learn and replicate biases present in their training data.•Limited understanding of context can lead to less nuanced responses in complex or ambiguous situations.•The absence of personal experiences or emotions means the AI cannot form genuine, empathetic connections or offerpersonal anecdotes.10. Take an experimental approach to promptingPrompt engineering is an emergent field that necessitates an experimental mindset. As you navigate this new territory, use an iterative process to test various prompts, paying careful attention to how slight modifications can significantly alter the AI’s responses. You’ll only learn how models respond by testing them.While maintaining a commitment to AI privacy and ethical standards is key, don’t hesitate to explore diverse phrasings and structures to discover the most effective prompts. This trial-and-error process can yield better results and contribute to a broader understanding of how large language models interpret and act on different types of instructions.。
化学化工专业英语电子版课本.
ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 PartⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 PartⅤPOLYMERS 136 Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三:聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四:练习题参考答案284 PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies ha ve been intimately tied to the members‘ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age.The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐☯❑♓陶器structural elements结构成分;property / ☐❑☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.―Structure‘‘ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed‗‗microscopic,‘‘ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‗‗macroscopic.‘‘The notion of ‗‗property‘‘ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, aspecimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise /♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的,复杂的; semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎含糊的,有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯❍♎亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❑☯☐♓♎微观的❍♋♍❑☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌❑☯✞☐♓♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermalconductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‗‗processing‘‘ and‗‗performance.‘‘ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material‘s perf ormance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire, which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/♎♓♐❍♏♓☞☯变形deteriorative/♎♓♓☯❑♓☯❑♏♓♦♓破坏(老化的elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❑♏⏹♑强度;dielectric constant介电常数;heat capacity 热容量refraction/❑♓♐❑✌☞☯折射率; reflectivity/ ❑♓♐●♏♓♓♦♓/ 反射率processing/☐❑☯◆♏♦♓☠加工light transmittance of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it, whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Ofcourse, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❑✌❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯蓝宝石transparent/♦❑✌☐☪☯❑☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的;polycrystalline/ ☐♓❑♓♦♦☯♓多晶体; translucent/♦❑✌✞♎半透明的; opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister, Materials science and engineering : anintroduction, Press:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♏♓决定trade off 权衡;折衷ductility♎✈♓●♓♦♓延展性/ ☯✞☯❑♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1.At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来,材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程,且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
the future of civil engineer-07
The future of Civil EngineeringAfter the semester of study,I had learn more knowledge about the civil engineering.So, I have more confidence to face the civil engineering in our country. I am engaged in the professional and I am proud to be a civil one.Civil engineering is that branch of engineering which not only aims to provide a comfortable and safe living for the people, but also aims to provide some public facilities to people. Civil engineers will have to change their "old" way of thinking to include the many new and emerging areas such as biotechnology, advanced communication and information technology. They will have to partner with industry and collaborate with disciplines outside engineering. They will have to develop innovative and entrepreneurial skills.Civil engineers design and oversee construction on roads, buildings, tunnels, dams, bridges, airports, water supply and sewage systems. When designing each of these infrastructure elements, civil engineers must be aware of the overall project cost, the expected lifetime of a project, government regulations and environmental hazards such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Civil engineers generally specialize in a given discipline such as construction, transportation, water resources, structural engineering or geotechnical engineering.In this society, civil engineering has an important impact in our life，and I believe that civil engineering becomes more and more important in the future. As for me , civil engineers thus find themselves as keepers of an impressive legacy while raising concerns about future directions.The Summit on the Future of Civil Engineering in 2033 represented an ambitious step on the road to that new future. Participants asked: What will the civil engineering world be like 30 years from now? What aspirational role will civil engineers play in that radically transformed world?Let me tell you my opinion about the future of civil engineer.Through research some data, I konw that Civil engineering started in the middle of the 20th century. Up to now, in civil engineering construction materials, structural theory and construction technology have made very great progress. Building material, high strength concrete, high strength low alloy steel, high polymer material, toughened glass increasingly appear on the building. Structure theory, the use of electronic computer powerful computing and graphics, mechanics analysis and computation results more in line with the actual situation, make more reliable in structure design. For architectural technology, has developed into the machine, electricity, computer integration, construction process, whether it is a heaven, turning over or into the mountain, the sea, have not the obstacle for the construction; And the widespread use of welding technology, makes the development of steel structure has entered a new stage. Modern civil engineering made remarkable architecture are: Chinese Taipei international financial center, Shanghai jinmao tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's oil building twin towers, France's Normandy cable-stayed bridge and so on. What’s more, our country also does well in other ways.In the High-rise buildings,I know that With the development of economy and theacceleration of urbanization, the urban development steps faster and faster, urban land is becoming more and more nervous, too much population and urban limited land formed strong contradiction. In recent years, high-rise building for the development, high-rise building is relatively small, and big load of building in the process of urbanization in our country developed rapidly. On the one hand, t he development of the high-rise building is a reflection of China's economic construction achievements. On the other hand, it also increases the burden of the economic development of our country. Mentioned on tall buildings and high-rise buildings, people are generally linked with modernization and economic development, of course. This is not wrong, and the development of the city high-rise must dialectical analysis, although many high-rise building reflects the development of the economy in our country, it along with the urbanization degree is higher and higher, urban land tensions are also growing. According to the survey, the number of high-rise building in China has more than 20000 and more than 100 high-level also has more than 1000 m. This reflects the our country civil engineering industry in the important position in the society, its impact on human society is very large and it is one of the important guarantee of social modernization construction in China.In the highway construction,I know that Highway construction and economic development are mutually restricted. Therefore, in the field of civil engineering of highway construction is particularly important. The development of economy is the foundation of a nation. National progress all aspects can say is thanks to the development of economy. Therefore, the development of economy will drive the progress of the society. Economic development will inevitably lead to the development of commercial, industrial, and service, so as to improve the business of the region or country and regional capacity, promote the development of road transport. Road traffic development embodied in leads to improvement of the industrial structure, promote the development of related industries, to improve the quality of population, improve the urban and rural structure, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, improve the level of urbanization, to fully promote people's living quality, faster entered the stage of high level.Than ever before, the current traffic conditions and economic development in our country have gone up, but a part of the region still exist transport facilities and equipment to meet the demands of the rapid development of national economy. There is also a part of poor areas due to the economic development and road construction is also relatively lags behind. Therefore, the development of economic construction and transportation in China there is disharmony, this phenomenon will affect our country population quality and it is bad for our country socialism harmonious society's construction and development. In recent years, with the concept of harmonious society, people pay more and more attention to the social various aspects of the construction of a harmonious, so we need comprehensive consideration from the aspects of system, structure, layout and so on, we have to vigorously develop green transportation, promote coordinated development of economy, transportation, and comprehensively promote the development of economic construction in our country. Now, Let we discuss the development trend of future of Civil Engineering.Civil engineers have one of the world's most important jobs: they build our quality of life. With creativity and technical skill, civil engineers plan, design, construct and operate the facilities essential to modern life, ranging from bridges and highway systems to water treatment plants and energy-efficient buildings. Civil engineers are problem solvers, meeting the challenges of pollution, traffic congestion, drinking water and energy needs, urban redevelopment and community planning.As the technological revolution expands, as the world's population increases, and as environmental concerns mount, civil engineering skills will be needed throughout the world. Whatever area you choose, be it design, construction, research, planning, teaching or management, civil engineering offers you a wide range of career choices. And there's no limit to the personal satisfaction you will feel from helping to make our world a better place to live.There are some aspects that we need developmentTo develop underground. At present, the world's largest underground street is Tokyo Yaesu underground street, a total of 3 layer, building area of 70 in km2; in the deepest underground street in Moscow is Qieertanwo Residential Underground Commercial Street, in the depth of 70~100 in M; the largest in underground entertainment center is the underground entertainment center of Scotland City of Varissu, 1 in wartime masking 10000 people. About 20 city in China has been carried out in the subway system planning and specific implementation stage, has put forward 25 subway and light rail project in, the total length reached 320 in KM is the construction phase. At the same time, the underground space technology development has been flying in speed and improve. At present the main construction method of underground engineering construction in our country city has the open-cut method, subsurface excavation method, in cap method, shield method, immersed tube method, freezing method and grouting method, the technology has reached the international advanced water in flat, it also provides valuable experience for the development of underground space.To the sea to broaden. The earth can be called as a "water polo", there are seventy percent of the area on the earth is sea, and only thirty percent of land area, therefore, on the premise of technical conditions permit, making full use of Marine resources is very necessary and it is the human a creation in the process of continuously extend outward. Sea situation is more complex than land, but its great potential has been more attractive to humans. With the development of science and technology and the progress of era, human in civil engineering has made some great achievements in the ocean. For example, in order to reduce the airport noise influence on urban residents and save land resources, in 2000, the Japanese built reclaimed 1000 m international airport flight test is successful, it marks the human in the civil engineering has taken the important step into the ocean. In recent years, our country also gained some achievement in this field. Success and the river in Shanghai beach reclamation of shore success is the achievements in recent years in our country. All these achievements are for civil engineering to the sea in the future development of accumulated technology experience and it has laid a solid foundation.Reach to the sky. Located in the united Arab emirates Dubai’s Burj Khalifa Toweris currently the world's tallest building and artificial construction, 828 meters high, the cost of $1.5 billion. Japan plans to build 800.7m high Millennium Tower in Tokyo, 1.25 miles from the sea in the sea, into one of the seismic vertical city will work, leisure, entertainment, business, shopping and so on, residents of up to 50000 people. China in Shanghai near 1.6 km wide, build a high 1250m bionic building artificial islands 200m deep, residents can reach 100000. India has also risen will invest 50 hundred millions to build super Skyscraper, its total of 202 on the ground floor, up to 710m.Forward to space. Because of the fast development of modern astronomy, space travel and human missions to the moon to achieve success, people discovered that the moon has a lot of ilmenite, at 800 ℃, ilmenite and hydride generation and synthesis of iron, titanium, oxygen and water vapor, which can produce oxygen and water necessary for human survival. The United States government has decided to build a lunar base on the moon, and on Mars moves through the base. Chinese-American Dr. Lin Tongzhu in 1985 found that are built of concrete materials required for the moon, so it can be made of reinforced concrete parts assembly space stations on the moon. Estimated twenty fifties after industrialization, commercial space, space, space travel, outer space humanization, may obtain a bigger development.As far as I am concerned, our country in civil construction has made some achievements, we should also see, there are many problems to be solved in China Civil engineering. For example, a civil engineering project construction to improve the effective cost management system. Establish a sound and effective cost management to further enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.The development of the theory and technology can only promote civil engineering development. So, I think the theory and technology of civil engineering will develop quickly.。
欧洲文化入门考试内容归纳中文版
《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。
选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。
在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。
填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。
名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。
在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。
简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。
在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。
论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。
在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。
Preface to Modern Engineering Mathematics 2
Байду номын сангаас
Recognizing the increasing use of numerical methods in engineering practice, which often complement the use of analytical methods in analysis and design and are of ultimate relevance when solving complex engineering problems, there is wide agreement that they should be integrated within the mathematics curriculum. [译文] 分析与设计过程中常用数值计算方法来弥补解 析法的不足，因此在求解复杂的工程问题时数值方法 往往是最为恰当的。由于认识到数值方法在工程实践 中的应用日趋增长，人们普遍认为它应该被整合到数 学课程中来。
This shift is away from the simple mastery of solution techniques and towards development of a greater understanding of mathematical ideas and processes together with efficiency in applying this understanding to the formulation and analysis of mathematical models of physical phenomena and engineering systems. [译文] 数学教学将不仅仅是简单掌握解决问题的技巧， 而是朝着这样的方向发展：对数学概念以及数学过程更 深的理解，并将其熟练应用于物理现象和工程系统的数 学模型及理论分析。
与古典科学 相对应现代科学的英文表述
与古典科学相对应现代科学的英文表述Title: Classical Science vs Modern Science: A Comparative StudyIntroduction:Classical Science and Modern Science are two different branches of scientific exploration that have shaped our understanding of the physical world. While Classical Science refers to the scientific discoveries made before the 20th century, Modern Science encompasses the advancements made since then. This article aims to compare and contrast the principles, methodologies, and contributions of these two scientific approaches.I. Principlesa. Classical Science:Classical Science is based on the premise that the laws of nature are absolute and unchanging. It emphasizes the use of deductive reasoning and mathematical precision to explain natural phenomena. It is also characterized by determinism, which means that the behavior of matter is predictable and can be explained solely by the laws of nature.b. Modern Science:Modern Science, on the other hand, operates on the principle of uncertainty and probabilistic outcomes. It acknowledges that the laws of nature can be influenced by various factors. It embraces the concept of indeterminacy, which asserts that the behavior of matter can only be described in terms of probabilities rather than absolutes.II. Methodologiesa. Classical Science:Classical scientific inquiry often involves experimentation, observation, and the formulation of hypotheses. Scientists in this era relied heavily on controlled experiments to validate their theories. The scientific method was a cornerstone of Classical Science, emphasizing objectivity and replication of results.b. Modern Science:In contrast, Modern Science places greater emphasis on empirical data collection, modeling, and computer simulations. With the advent of advanced technology, scientists now rely on complex instruments to gather massive amounts of data. The use of statistical analysis and computer-based modeling has become essential in analyzing and interpreting this data.III. Fields of Studya. Classical Science:Classical Science primarily focused on fields such as mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and classical electromagnetism. Prominent figures like Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and James ClerkMaxwell made groundbreaking contributions to these fields during this period.b. Modern Science:Modern Science encompasses a broader range of disciplines, including quantum mechanics, relativity, genetics, molecular biology, and nanotechnology. Pioneering scientists such as Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Marie Curie paved the way for advancements in these fields, leading to revolutionary breakthroughs and bringing about a deeper understanding of the fundamental workings of the universe.IV. Contributionsa. Classical Science:Classical Science laid the foundation for many of the principles and laws that still govern our understanding of the physical world. Newton's laws of motion, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and the laws of thermodynamics are some of the significant contributions from this era. These principles are still widely applicable in various engineering and scientific disciplines today.b. Modern Science:Modern Science has led to groundbreaking advancements in technology and medicine. The discovery of quantum mechanics has paved the way for the development of electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and GPS navigation systems. Additionally, the field of genetics has revolutionized medicine through the understanding of DNA and the development of techniques such as gene therapy. Conclusion:Classical Science and Modern Science differ in their principles, methodologies, fields of study, and contributions. While Classical Science focused on deterministic laws, deductive reasoning, and experimentation, Modern Science embraces indeterminacy, empirical data collection, and computer-based modeling. However, both Classical and Modern Science have significantly contributed to our understanding of the physical world and have shaped the world we live in today. They represent a continuous progression of scientific knowledge that builds upon past discoveries while paving the way for future advancements in our quest to unravel the mysteries of the universe.。
【工程学科英语(整合第二稿)】 参考答案
Unit OneTask 1⑩④⑧③⑥⑦②⑤①⑨Task 2① be consistent with他说，未来的改革必须符合自由贸易和开放投资的原则。
② specialize in启动成本较低，因为每个企业都可以只专门从事一个很窄的领域。
③ d erive from以上这些能力都源自一种叫机器学习的东西，它在许多现代人工智能应用中都处于核心地位。
④ A range of创业公司和成熟品牌推出的一系列穿戴式产品让人们欢欣鼓舞,跃跃欲试。
⑤ date back to置身硅谷的我们时常淹没在各种"新新"方式之中，我们常常忘记了，我们只是在重新发现一些可追溯至涉及商业根本的朴素教训。
Task 3T F F T FTask 4The most common viewThe principle task of engineering: To take into account the customers ‘ needs and to find the appropriate technical means to accommodate these needs.Commonly accepted claims:Technology tries to find appropriate means for given ends or desires;Technology is applied science;Technology is the aggregate of all technological artifacts;Technology is the total of all actions and institutions required to create artefacts or products and the total of all actions which make use of these artefacts or products.The author’s opinion: it is a viewpoint with flaws.Arguments: It must of course be taken for granted that the given simplified view of engineers with regard to technology has taken a turn within the last few decades. Observable changes: In many technical universities, the inter‐disciplinary courses arealready inherent parts of the curriculum.Task 5① 工程师对于自己的职业行为最常见的观点是：他们是通过应用科学结论来计划、开发、设计和推出技术产品的。
机电一体化技术英语
机电一体化技术英语Introduction:Mechatronics, the integration of mechanical andelectrical engineering, has become a prominent field in the modern era. This interdisciplinary approach combinesexpertise from various domains to design and developintelligent systems. In this document, we will explore thekey concepts and terminology related to mechatronics in English.1. Definition of Mechatronics:Mechatronics refers to the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, control engineering, and computer science. It aims to create intelligent systems and products that leverage the capabilities of each discipline.2. Core Components:2.1 Mechanical Engineering:Mechanical engineering involves the design, analysis, and manufacturing of mechanical systems. It encompasses areassuch as structure, materials, thermodynamics, and kinematics. In mechatronics, mechanical engineering provides thefoundation for the physical components and mechanisms.2.2 Electronics:Electronics refers to the study and application of electronic devices, circuits, and systems. It includes topics such as digital and analog electronics, semiconductor devices, and signal processing. Electronics plays a vital role in mechatronics by enabling control and communication within the system.2.3 Control Engineering:Control engineering deals with the analysis and design of systems that regulate the behavior of dynamic systems. It involves the application of feedback control techniques to achieve desired system performance. Control engineering is crucial in mechatronics for maintaining stability and ensuring proper functioning of the integrated components.2.4 Computer Science:Computer science focuses on the study of algorithms, programming languages, and information systems. In mechatronics, computer science is utilized for data processing, decision-making, and system integration. It enables the intelligent behavior and advanced functionalities of mechatronic systems.3. Applications of Mechatronics:3.1 Industrial Automation:Mechatronics finds wide application in industrial automation, where intelligent systems are employed for process control, robotics, and machine vision. It enhances productivity, quality, and reliability in manufacturing processes.3.2 Automotive Systems:The automotive industry extensively utilizes mechatronics in areas such as engine management systems, anti-lock braking systems, and vehicle stability control. Mechatronic systemsin automobiles ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and safety.3.3 Robotics:Robotics combines mechanics, electronics, and computer science to create robots capable of performing various tasks. Mechatronics provides the foundation for robot control,sensing, and actuation, enabling robots to interact intelligently with their environment.Conclusion:In conclusion, mechatronics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates mechanical, electrical, control, and computer engineering. It encompasses various core components and finds applications in industrial automation, automotive systems, and robotics. Understanding the terminology and concepts related to mechatronics in English is essential for effective communication and collaboration in this field.。
哈工大材料力学课件
(Preface) 四 、变形和位移（deformation and displacement)
1.变形（deformation） 在外力作用下物体形状和尺寸发生改变
2.位移（ displacement） 变形前后物体内一点位置的变化
3.应变 （strain)
度量构件一点处的变形程度
《材料力学》第二版于1987年被评为全国高等学校优秀教材 获国优奖.《材料力学》第三版于1997年获国家级教学成果一等 奖，并获国家科技进步二等奖.
(Preface)
第一章 绪 论 (Preface)
引言(Introduction)
§1-1 材料力学的任务及研究对象(The tasks and research objects of mechanics of materials) §1-2 变形固体的基本假设(The basic assumptions of deformable body ) §1-3 力、应力、应变和位移的基本概念
( Basic concepts of force、stress、 strain and
displacement)
§1-4 杆件变形的基本形式 (The basic forms of deformation)
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引言
20世纪以前,在力学知识的积累、应 用和完善的基础上,逐渐形成和发展起 来的蒸汽机、内燃机、铁路、桥梁、 舰船、兵器等大型工业推动了近代科 学技术和社会的进步.
section is called the Normal Stress)
lim ΔFN dFN p
ΔA0 ΔA dA
M
位于截面内的应力称为“切应力”(The stress acting tangent to
美国文学Modernism课件
Features of the Works
• Freud’s psychoanalysis, William James’s stream of consciousness theory and archetypal symbol (原型 符号) had great impact on the writers of American modernism period. They pay special attention to the inner world of people.
American Modernism 1914 – 1945
The modernism period in America literature lasted from 1914 to 1945 with the first world war as a starting point and the second world war ending point. Surely, it also experienced the 1930s economic epression.
“The Lost Generation” -- American expatriates in Europe -- Fitzgerald, Hemingway, e. e. cummings,
Philosophical Backgroud :
irrationalism 反理性主义 ➢ Kant, Comte, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Bergson, Freud
Lost Generation (Beat G.)
A name applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and artists of the years following World War I, who rebelled against former ideas and values but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein, “You are all a lost generation,” addressed to Hemingway, was used as a preface to the latter’s novel The Sun Also Rises, which brilliantly describes an expatriate group typical of the “Lost Generation.”
人文学科是一个把美具象化的学科英语作文
人文学科是一个把美具象化的学科英语作文The Magical World of the HumanitiesHello friends! Today I want to talk to you about something really special – the humanities. The humanities are a group of subjects that let us explore the amazing world of human culture, creativity, and expression. It's kind of like taking a journey through a magical realm filled with art, music, literature, history, and philosophy. Pretty cool, right?Let me start by telling you about one of my favorite parts of the humanities – art. Art is like a secret language that humans use to express their deepest feelings and experiences. Have you ever looked at a beautiful painting and felt something stir inside you? That's the power of art! Artists use colors, shapes, and textures to create images that can make us feel happy, sad, peaceful, or even a little bit scared.But art isn't just about painting. There's also sculpture, which is like creating 3D art out of materials like clay, stone, or metal. Can you imagine taking a big chunk of marble and carving it into a stunning statue? That's what sculptors do! And then there's architecture, which is the art of designing and building incrediblestructures like grand cathedrals, towering skyscrapers, and even your own home.Another part of the humanities that I find totally captivating is music. Music is like a language that speaks directly to our hearts and souls. It can make us want to dance, cry, or just close our eyes and get lost in the melodies and rhythms. There are so many different types of music too – from classical masterpieces by composers like Beethoven and Mozart, to modern pop, rock, and hip-hop.One of the coolest things about music is that it brings people together. Have you ever been to a concert where everyone is singing along and enjoying the music as one big community? It's an incredible feeling! Music also has the power to tell stories and express emotions that words alone can't capture.Speaking of stories, let's talk about literature – another key part of the humanities. Literature is all about the written word, and it encompasses everything from ancient epic poems and plays, to modern novels, short stories, and even song lyrics. Writers use their imaginations to craft tales that can transport us to different worlds, introduce us to fascinating characters, and explore deep themes about life, love, and the human experience.One of my favorite things about literature is how it encourages us to use our own imaginations. When you read a book, the words on the page come alive in your mind, and you get to create your own mental pictures and interpretations. It's like your brain becomes a movie theater, projecting vivid scenes and characters based on the author's descriptions.But the humanities aren't just about art, music, and literature. They also include the study of history and philosophy. History is like a giant storybook that tells us about the people, events, and civilizations that came before us. By learning about history, we can better understand the world we live in today and appreciate the struggles, triumphs, and cultures of those who came before us.Philosophy, on the other hand, is all about exploring deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, and the nature of reality. Philosophers use logic and reason to tacklemind-bending concepts and try to unravel the mysteries of the universe and the human experience. It's like exercising your brain in the most amazing way!Now, you might be wondering, "Why should I care about all this artsy-fartsy stuff?" Well, let me tell you why the humanities are so important. They teach us how to think critically,communicate effectively, and appreciate different perspectives and cultures. They help us understand what it means to be human and connect with our shared experiences and emotions.But the humanities aren't just about learning and understanding – they're also about creating and expressing. Through the humanities, we get to be artists, musicians, writers, and thinkers ourselves. We get to concretize beauty and bring our own visions, stories, and ideas to life.Imagine picking up a paintbrush and creating a masterpiece that captures the beauty of a sunset or the joy in a child's laugh. Imagine composing a song that makes people tap their feet and sing along. Imagine writing a novel that takes readers on an unforgettable adventure or makes them think about life in a whole new way.That's the magic of the humanities – they give us the power to express ourselves, to share our perspectives with the world, and to leave our mark on human culture and expression.So, my friends, I encourage you to embrace the humanities and all the wonder, beauty, and creativity they have to offer. Let your imagination soar as you explore the realms of art, music, literature, history, and philosophy. And most importantly, don'tbe afraid to create and express yourself through these incredible disciplines.Who knows? Maybe one day, your painting will hang in a famous museum, your song will be played on radios around the world, or your novel will inspire generations to come. The possibilities are endless when you embark on the magical journey of the humanities!。
《道林格雷的画像》名句摘抄
PrefaceThe artist is the creator of beautiful things.To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim.These sayings were originally published as a defense of his work in The Fortnightly Review (1 March 1891), and published as the work's Preface in subsequent editions.The critic is he who can translate into another manner or a new material his impression of beautiful things.The highest, as the lowest, form of criticism is a mode of autobiography.Those who find ugly meanings in beautiful things are corrupt without being charming. This is a fault.Those who find beautiful meanings in beautiful things are the cultivated. For these there is hope.They are the elect to whom beautiful things mean only Beauty.There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That is all.The nineteenth century dislike of Realism is the rage of Caliban seeing his own face in a glass.The nineteenth century dislike of Romanticism is the rage of Caliban not seeing his own face in a glass.The moral life of man forms part of the subject-matter of the artist, but the morality of art consists in the perfect use of an imperfect medium.No artist desires to prove anything. Even things that are true can be proved.From the point of view of form, the type of all the arts is the art of the musician. From the point of view of feeling, the actor's craft is the type.All art is at once surface and symbol.Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril.Those who read the symbol do so at their peril.It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors.Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex, and vital. We can forgive a man for making a useful thing as long as he does not admire it. The only excuse for making a useless thing is that one admires it intensely.All art is quite useless.All bad art is the result of good intentions.Chapter 1There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.Conscience and cowardice are really the same things.A man cannot be too careful in the choice of his enemies.Being natural is simply a pose, and the most irritating pose I know.Those who are faithful know only the trivial side of love; it is the faithless who know love's tragedies.When I like people immensely, I never tell their names to any one.It is like surrendering a part of them.The commonest thing is delightful if one only hides it.We shall all suffer for what the gods have given us, suffer terribly.The one charm of marriage is that it makes a life of deception absolutely necessa ry for both parties.Every portrait that is painted with feeling is a portrait of the artist, not of the sitter. The sitter is merely the accident, the occasion.It is not he who is revealed by the painter; it is rather the painter who, on the coloured canvas, reveals himself.Laughter is not at all a bad beginning for a friendship, and it is far the best ending for one.Women have no appreciation of good looks; at least, good women have not.Now, the value of an idea has nothing whatsoever to do with the sincerity of the man who expresses it.Indeed, the probabilities are that the more insincere the man is, the more purely intellectual will the idea be, as in that case it will not be coloured by either his wants, his desires, or his prejudices.Genius lasts longer than beauty.If they know nothing of victory, they are at least spared the knowledge of defeat. I think you are wrong, but I won't argue with you. It is only the intellectually lost who ever argue.Chapter 2The terror of society, which is the basis of morals, the terror of God, which is the secret of religion -- these are the two things that govern us.The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.He knew the precise psychological moment when to say nothing.The only difference between a caprice and a lifelong passion is that the caprice lasts a little longer.It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances.The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible.Beauty is a form of genius - is higher, indeed, than genius, as it needs no explanation. Young men want to be faithful, and are not; old men want to be faithless, and cannot Chapter 3Examinations, sir, are pure humbug from beginning to end. If a man is a gentleman, he knows quite enough, and if he is not a gentleman, whatever he knows is bad for him.I always like to know everything about my new friends, and nothing about my old ones.…the way of paradoxes is the way of truth. To test reality we must see it on the tight rope. When the verities become acrobats, we can judge them.The advantage of the emotions is that they lead us astray…Nowadays most people die of a sort of creeping common sense, and discover when it is too late that the only things one never regrets are one's mistakes.Chapter 4Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.Men marry because they are tired; women, because they are curious: both are disappointed.Women are a decorative sex. They never have anything to say, but they say it charmingly. Women represent the triumph of matter over mind, just as men represent the triumph of mind over morals.When one is in love, one always begins by deceiving one's self, and one always ends by deceiving others.People are very fond of giving away what they need most themselves.A great poet, a really great poet, is the most unpoetical of all creatures. But inferior poets are absolutely facinating. The worse their rhymes are, the more picturesque they look. The mere fact of having published a book of second-rate sonnets makes a manquite irresistable. He lives the poetry that he cannot write. The others write the poetry that they dare not realize.Experience was of no ethical value. It was merely the name men gave to their mistakes.The people who love only once in their lives are really the shallow people. What they call their loyalty, and their fidelity, I call either the lethargy of custom or their lack of imagination. Faithfulness is to the emotional life what consistency is to the life of the intellect - simply a confession of failure.Punctuality is the thief of time.I want to make Romeo jealous. I want the dead lovers of the world to hear our laughter and grow sad. I want a breath of our passion to stir the dust into consciousness, to wake their ashes into pain.There are many things that we would throw away if we were not afraid that others might pick them up.Most people become bankrupt through having invested too heavily in the prose of life. To have ruined oneself over poetry is an honour. A grande passion is the privilege of people who have nothing to do.Chapter 5Then she paused. A rose shook in her blood and shadowed her cheeks. Quick breath parted the petals of her lips. They trembled. A southern wind of passion swept over her and stirred the dainty folds of her dress. "I love him", she said simply.Children begin by loving their parents; as they grow older they judge them; sometimes they forgive them.Her eyes caught the melody and echoed it in radiance, then closed for a moment, as though to hide their secret. When they opened, the mist of a dream had passed across them.To be in love is to surpass one's self. She felt free in her prison of passion.Chapter 6The real drawback to marriage is that it makes one unselfish. And unselfish peop le are colourless. They lack individuality.The reason we all like to think so well of others is that we're all afraid for ourselves. The basis of optimism is sheer terror.When we are happy we are always good, but when we are good we are not always happy.To be good is to be in harmony with oneself. Discord is to be forced to be in harmony with others. ...the real tragedy of the poor is that they can afford nothing butself-denial. Beautiful sins, like beautiful things, are the privilege of the rich. Nothing is ever quite true. Women ... inspire us with the desire to do masterpieces, and always prevent us from carrying them out.Chapter 8Conscience makes egotists of us all.It is the confession, not the priest, that gives us absolution.You will always be fond of me. I represent to you all the sins you never had the courage to commit.Nothing makes one so vain as being told that one is a sinner.I don't want to be at the mercy of my emotions. I want to use them, to enjoy them, and to dominate them.Chapter 11Is insincerity such a terrible thing? I think not. It is merely a method by which we can multiply our personalities.Chapter 15When a woman marries again, it is because she detested her first husband. When a man marries again, it is because he adored his first wife.Women try their luck; men risk theirs. Women love us for our defects. If we have enough of them, they will forgive us everything, even our intellects.I like men who have a future and woman who have a past.A man can be happy with any woman, as long as he does not love her.It is perfectly monstrous the way people go about nowadays saying things against one behind one's back that are absolutely and entirely true.Enough is as bad as a meal. More than enough is as good as a feast.Chapter 17Each time that one loves is the only time one has ever loved.To be popular one must be a mediocrity.To define is to limit.Romance lives by repetition and repetition converts an appetite into an art.Chapter 18A woman will flirt with anybody in the world as long as other people are looking on. world is ennui, Dorian. That is the one sin for which there is no forgiveness. But we are not likely to suffer from it, unless these fellows keep chattering about this thing at dinner. I must tell them that the subject is to be tabooed. As for omens, there is no such thing as an omen.Destiny does not send us heralds. She is too wise or too cruel for that. Besides, what on earth could happen to you, Dorian? You have everything in the world that a man can want. There is no one who would not be delighted to change places with you.Women are fond of doing dangerous things.The basis of every scandal is an immoral certainty.It is the uncertainty that charms one. A mist makes things wonderful.All ways end at the same point.Chapter 19To get back my youth I would do anything in the world, except take exercise, get up early, or be respectable.The books that the world calls immoral are books that show the world its own shame. There are only two ways by which man can reach civilisation. One is by being cultured, the other by being corrupt.Married life is merely a habit, bad habit.The soul is a terrible reality. It can be bought, and sold, and bartered away. It can be poisoned, or made perfect. There is a soul in each of us.Anything becomes a pleasure if one does it too often.The things one feels absolutely certain about are never true.The tragedy of old age is not that one is old, but that one is young.One should never do anything that one cannot talk about after dinner.Chapter 20The world is changed because you are made of ivory and gold. The curves of your lips rewrite history.。
工业工程专业英语每段对应翻译(全)
Unit 1 Introduction to Industrial EngineeringThe Roles of IEIndustrial engineering?(IE)?is?emerging as one of the classic*and novel professions that will be counted for solving complex and systematic problems in the highly technological world of today.?In particular，with the rapid development of China’s economy and its acting as a center of world manufacturing industries，the demand for IE will increase and widen continuously and urgently.工业工程是新兴的经典和新颖的将计算解决复杂和系统性的问题，在今天的高度科技世界职业之一。
，特别是在中国快速发展的经济和其作为世界制造业中心的演技，为IE的需求将增加，并不断扩大和迫切。
A production system or service system includes inputs, transformation, and outputs. Through transformation, the added values are increased and the system efficiency and effectiveness are improved. Transformation processes rely on the technologies used and management sciences as well as their combination.生产系统或服务系统，包括输入，转换和输出。
上海海事大学信息工程学院
上海海事大学信息工程学院
Text and notes
There is little doubt that a high degree of fluency in the manipulation of mathematical expressions will always be required, for without this there can be no real understanding.
上海海事大学信息工程学院
句法(syntax)
尽量用紧缩型状语从句而不用完整句。 While designed primarily for use by engineering
students, it is believed that the book is also highly suitable for students of the physical sciences and applied mathematics. 割裂修饰比较普遍 It is hoped that this provision, together with the large number of worked examples and style of presentation, also makes the book suitable for private or directed study.
上海海事大学信息工程学院
语法(grammar)
普遍使用名词词组及名词化结构，强调客观存在 的事实而非某一行为，故常使用表示动作或状态 的抽象名词。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
英译汉 preface to culture of narcissism
Hardly more than a quarter-century after Henry Luce proclaimed “the American century”,American confidence has fallen to low ebb. Those who recently dreamed of world power now despair of governing the city of New York. Defeat in Vietnam, economic stagnation, and the impending exhaustion of natural resources have produced a mood of pessimism in higher circles, which spreads through the rest of society as people lose faith in their leaders. The same crisis of confidence grips other capitalist countries as well. In Europe, the growing strength of communist parties, the revival of fascist movements, and a wave of terrorism all testify, in different ways, to the weakness of established regimes and to the exhaustion of established tradition. Even Canada, long a bastion of stolid bourgeois dependability, now faces in the separatist movement in Quebec a threat to its very existence as a nation.The international dimensions of the current malaise indicate that it can not be attributed to an American failure of nerve. Bourgeois society seems everywhere to have used up its store of constructive ideas. It has lost both the capacity and the will to confront the difficulties that threaten to overwhelm it. The political crisis of capitalism reflects a general crisis of western culture, which reveals itself in a pervasive despair of understanding the course of modern history or of subjecting it to rational direction. Liberalism, the political theory of the ascendant bourgeois, long ago lost the capacity to explain the events in the world of welfare state and the multinational corporation; nothing has 25年前亨利露西就声称美国时代到来，时至今日，美国人的信心早已跌落谷底。
机械工程专业英语-交流与沟通PPT演示课件
机械工程专业英语 --交流与沟通
The Importance of Learning Specified English
学习专业英语的重要性
Currently, the globalization of manufacturing industries leads to a thirst of
mechanical engineers with ability to make an effective communication when
机械工程专业英语 --交流与沟通
English Communication for Mechanical Engineers
1
机械工程专业英语 --交流与沟通
Preface 序言
preface 英 [ˈprefəs] 美 [ˈprefəs] n. 序言，引语; 开端，前奏; [宗]（弥撒的）序诵，序祷; vi.&vt. 作为…的序言，作为…的开端; 作序; 给…作序; 开始，导致; 变形 复数: prefaces 过去式: prefaced 现在分词: prefacing 第三人称单数: prefaces
“当…..的时候”
4
机械工程专业英语 --交流与沟通
The Purpose of Learning Specified English 学习专业英语的目的
Improve your cross-cultural communication skills in mechanical engineering;
Part 1: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering
机械工程导论
Part 2: Machine Elements and Mechanisms
DAWN E. LEHMAN教授的个人简历
General Biographical InformationDAWN E. LEHMANAssistant Professor of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Washington214B More Hall, Box 352700Seattle, Washington 98195-2700(206) 616-3530delehman@Academic BackgroundPh.D. University of California, Berkeley Dec. 1998M.S. Eng. University of California, Berkeley Dec. 1992B.S.C.E. Tufts University June 1989Professional HistoryAssistant Professor, part-time (50%), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, September 2002 - present.Acting Assistant Professor, part-time (50%), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, September 1998 – September 2002.Graduate Student Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 1992-1998.Lecturer, Alameda Community College, Alameda, CA, Spring 1995.Graduate Student Instructor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 1992-1994.Structural Engineer, United Engineers and Constructors, Boston MA, 1989-1990.Refereed Journal PublicationsBerry M.*, Lehman D., and Lowes L., Lumped Plasticity Models for Seismic Performance Simulation of Bridge Columns, ACI Structural Journal, submitted for review, April 2006Kingsley, A. *, Williams, T. *, Lehman, D. and Roeder, C. Experimental Investigation ofColumn Base Connections for High-Strength Vanadium Steel Concrete Filled TubeConstruction, International Journal of Steel Structures, V. 5, No. 4., November 2005, pp.377-387Anderson, M.*, Lehman, D., and Stanton, J. Seismic Shear Simulation of Older ReinforcedConcrete Beam-Column Joints, Engineering Structures, submitted for review, April 2006Moehle, J. and Lehman, D. Seismic Response of Columns, ACI Special Publication, toappear.Roeder, C., Lehman, D. and Yoo. J.* Improved Design of Steel Frame Connections,International Journal of Steel Structures, v.5, n.2 (2005-06), July 2005Lehman, D., Roeder, C., and Larson, R.* Design of Cotton Duck Bridge Bearing Pads, ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 10 Issue 5Walker, S.*, Yeargin, C.*, Lehman, D.E., and Stanton, J. Seismic Performance of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints, Structural Journal, American Concrete Institute, accepted for publication.Lehman, D.E., Moehle, J.P., Calderone, A.C., Henry, H. and Mahin, S.A. Experimental Evaluation of Seismic Design Provisions for Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, June 2004.Raynor, D.R.*, Lehman, D.E., and Stanton, J.F., Bond-Slip Response of Reinforcing Bars Grouted in Ducts, Structural Journal, American Concrete Institute, Sept.-Oct. 2002, Vol 99, No. 5Kimura, Y., Tagawa, H.*, Lehman, D. and MacRae, G., Report of Damage to Building Structures Caused by the Nisqually Earthquake in 2001, AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, Architectural Institute of Japan, No. 14, pg. 373-376, December 2001Lehman, D.E., Elkin, S.J., Nacamuli, A.M., and Moehle, J.P. (2001) Repair of Earthquake-Damaged Bridge Columns, ACI Structural Journal, March-April 2001.Elkin, S.J., Nacamuli, A.M., Lehman, D.E., and J.P. Moehle (1999) Seismic Performance of Damaged Bridge Columns, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology September 1999, Vol. 1, Number 1.Note: * Former or Current Graduate Student at the University of WashingtonRefereed Journal Publications in PreparationAlire, D.*, Lehman, D., and Stanton, J. Seismic Evaluation of Older Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints, ACI Structural JournalLehman, D., Roeder, C., Johnston, S.* and Herman D.* Improved Seismic Performance of Special Concentrically Braced Frames, ASCE Journal of Structural EngineeringFully-Refereed Conference Proceedings and DiscussionsHerman, D., Johnston, S., Lehman, D. and Roeder, C. Improved Seismic Design ofSpecially Concentrically Braced Frames, Eighth National Conference on EarthquakeEngineering, San Francisco, CA, April 2006, Paper No. 1356Roeder, C., Lehman, D. and Christopolus, A. Seismic Performance of SpecialConcentrically Braced Frames with Buckling Restrained Braces, Eighth NationalConference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, April 2006, Paper No. 1503Kingsley, A., Williams, T., Lehman, D. and Roeder, C. Experimental Investigation ofColumn-to-Foundation Connections for Concrete-Filled High-Strength Steel Tubes, Eighth National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, April 2006, Paper No.1511Brown, P., Kuchma, D., Lehman, D., Lowes, L. Oyen, P. Sterns, A. and Zhang, J.Investigation of the Seismic Behavior and Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls Eighth National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, April 2006,Paper No. 0352Lehman D., Stanton J., Anderson M., Alire D., and Walker S. Seismic Performance of Older Beam-Column Joints, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, 2004, Paper No. 1464Lehman D., Roeder, C., Yoo, J.H., and Johnson, S. Seismic Response of Braced FrameConnections, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C.,Canada, August 1-6, 2004, Paper No. 1459Walker, S.G., Yeargin, C.M., Lehman D.E., and Stanton, J.F. "Performance-based Seismic Evaluation of Existing Joints" Proceedings of the Seventh U. S. National Conference onEarthquake Engineering, Paper # 673, May 2002Lehman, D.E., Elkin, S.J., Nacamuli, A.M. and Moehle, J.P. “Repair of Moderately andSeverely Damaged Bridge Columns”, Proceedings of the Sixth U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper # 86, May 1998.Lehman, D.E., Calderone, A.J. and Moehle, J.P. “Behavior and Design of Slender Columns Subjected to Lateral Loading”, Proceedings of the Sixth U. S. National Conference onEarthquake Engineering, Paper # 87, May 1998.Moehle, J.P., Rodriquez, A. and Lehman, D.E., (1996) “Discussion of Simulated Seismic Load Tests on Reinforced Concrete Columns by Watson and Park,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, February 1996, Vol. 122, No. 2.Abstract and Non-Refereed Conference Proceedings and Other Non-Journal Articles Roeder, C.W., and Lehman, D.E., "Seismic Design of Braced Frame Gusset PlateConnections," Fifth International Conference on Earthquake Resistant EngineeringStructures, Skiathos, Greece, May 28-June 1, 2005.Roeder, C.W. Lehman, D.E. and Yoo, J.H. “Performance-Based Design of Gusset-PlateBraced Frame Connections”, Connections in Steel Structures V - Innovative SteelConnections, Radisson SAS Hotel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 3-4, 2004Roeder, C.W. Lehman, D.E. and Yoo, J.H. “Performance-Based Design of Braced FrameConnections”, Seventh Pacific Structural Steel Conference, Long Beach, CA, March 2004, sponsored by AISC, Chicago, IL.Anderson, M., Lehman, D., and Stanton, J. “A Constitutive Model for Beam-Column Joint Shear Response in Older Construction”, Structures Congress, May 2003Larson, R., Lehman, D., and Roeder, C. “Response of Cotton Duck Elastomeric BearingPads to Static and Dynamic Loading", 5th NSF Workshop on Bridge Research in Progress, Minneapolis, MN, October 2001Walker, S., Yeargin, C., Lehman, D., and Stanton, J. "Influence of Joint Shear StressDemand and Displacement History on the Seismic Performance of Beam-Column Joints”, US-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Seismic Design of Reinforced ConcreteBuildings, Seattle WA August 2001Lehman, D.E., Mosier, W.G., and Stanton, J.F. “Seismic Assessment of ReinforcedConcrete Beam-Column Joints”, US-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based SeismicDesign of Reinforced Concrete Buildings, September 2000Lehman, D.E. and Moehle, J.P. “Performance-Based Seismic Design of ReinforcedConcrete Bridge Columns”, Twelfth World Earthquake Engineering Conference, NewZealand, January 2000.Lehman, D.E. and Moehle, J.P., “Influence of Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio on Column Response”, Eleventh European Earthquake Engineering Conference, Paris, France,September 1998.Lehman, D.E. and Moehle, J.P., “Influence of Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio on Column Response”, Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and Highways, Sacramento,CA, 1997Lehman, D.E., Moehle, J.P. and Mahin, S.A., “Design of An Experimental Study on theInfluence of Aspect Ratio and Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio on Column Response”,Fourth Caltrans Seismic Research Workshop, Sacramento, CA, July 1996.Lehman, D.E., Lynn, A.C., Aschheim, M.A. and Moehle, J.P., “Evaluation Methods ForReinforced Concrete Columns and Connections”, Eleventh World Conference onEarthquake Engineering, Acapulco, Mexico, June 1996.Moehle, J.P. and Lehman, D.E., “Evaluation and Upgrading of Existing ReinforcedConcrete Buildings”, Advances in Earthquake Engineering Practice, Berkeley, CA, May1994.BooksNoneEditing and Other Scholarly PapersNoneSponsored Research2006 Improved Seismic Performance of Braced Frame Systems (with Charles Roeder), American Institute of Steel Construction, $30,000/1 year2006 International Hybrid Simulation of Tomorrow’s Braced Frame Systems (with Charles Roeder), National Science Foundation, $1,599,200/4 years2006 Rapid Construction of Bridge Piers with Improved Seismic Performance (with Charles Roeder), California Department of Transportation, $382,786/2.5 years2006 Vanadium Alloy Steel Tubes for Army Engineering Applications (with Charles Roeder, Greg Miller, and Peter MacKenzie, University of Washington), VanadiumTechnology Program, Army Corps of Engineers, $100,000/1 year2006 Damage Models for Hybrid Column Connections (with John Stanton), funded by NSF through PEER center, $85,000/1 year2005 Vanadium Alloy Steel Tubes for Army Engineering Applications (with Charles Roeder, Greg Miller, and Peter MacKenzie, University of Washington), VanadiumTechnology Program, Army Corps of Engineers, $553,000/1 year2005 Damage Models for Bar Buckling in Beams and Columns (with John Stanton), funded by NSF through PEER center, $85,000/1 year2004 NEESR-SG: Behavior, Simulation, and Performance of Structural Wall Systems (with Laura Lowes, University of Washington, Dan Kuchma, University of Illinois,Jain Zang, UCLA), collaborative research with University of Illinois, submitted tothe National Science Foundation, $1.3 million/4 years2004 Damage Models for Bar Buckling in Beams and Columns (with John Stanton, University of Washington), funded by NSF through PEER center, $90,000/1 year2003 Performance-Based Seismic Design of Concentrically Braced Frames (with Charles Roeder, University of Washington) National Science Foundation. $290,000/3 years2003 Vanadium Alloy Steel Tubes for Pile and Concrete Filled Tubular Columns in Civil Engineering Structures (with Charles Roeder, University of Washington), VanadiumTechnology Program, Army Corps of Engineers, $75,022/0.5 years2003 Validation of Simulation and Performance Models for Beam-Column Joints (with John Stanton, University of Washington), funded by NSF through PEER center,$75,000/1 year2002 Design Recommendations for Cotton Duck Bearing Pads (with Charles Roeder, University of Washington) submitted to Washington State Department ofTransportation. $45,000/1 year2001 Development of Performance Tools for Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints (with John Stanton and Laura Lowes) funded by NSF through the PEER center$80,000/1 year2001 Assessment and Retrofit of Outrigger Bents (with John Stanton and Steve Kramer, University of Washington) funded by the Washington Department of Transportation.$140,000/2 years2000 Cotton-Duck Pad Bridge Bearings (with Charles Roeder, University of Washington) funded by the Arkansas Office of Science and Technology, $93,000/1.5 years 2000 Decision-making about Seismic Performance (with Jacqueline Meszaros, University of Washington, Bothell) funded by NSF through the PEER center $75,000/1.5 years2000Non-Ductile RC Building Frames funded by NSF through the PEER center.$20,000/1 year1999Seismic Performance of Existing and Repaired Beam-Column Joints (with John Stanton, University of Washington), funded by NSF through PEER center. $250,000/2.5 years1999Performance of Grouted Reinforcing Bars for Use in a Hybrid Frame System (with John Stanton, University of Washington), funded by Pankow. $50,000/ 1 year.1998Anchorage of Headed Reinforcement Subjected to Cyclic Loading, U.C. Berkeley, (with Laura Lowes, Stanford University, and administered by Jack Moehle),University of California, Berkeley, funded by Mobil Corporation and ACIReinforced Concrete Research Council. $40,000/ 2 years.1997 Repair of Severely Damaged Bridge Columns, U.C. Berkeley, (administered by Jack Moehle), funded by California Department of Transportation. $55,000/1.5 years.Technical ReportsInouye, B., Lehman, D. and Stanton, J. (2004) “Seismic Evaluation of the SR-99 SpokaneStreet Overcrossing”, Final Report to Washington State Department of Transportation,Olympia, WA.Lehman, D.E, Roeder, C.W., Larsen, R.A., and Curtin, K., (2003) "Cotton Duck BearingPads: Engineering Evaluation and Design Recommendations," Final Report to WashingtonState Department of Transportation, Olympia, WA.Roeder, C.W., Lehman, D.E., and Larsen, R., (2002) "Strength, Stiffness and Durability of Cotton Duck Bearing Pads for Bridge Applications," Final Report to Arkansas State University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, U. of Washington, Seattle, WA, August 2002.Lehman, D.E. et al. Performance Characterization of Non-Ductile Building FrameComponents, PEER Report Series, in pressCalderone, AJ, Lehman, DE, Moehle, JP Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Having Varying Aspect Ratios and Varying Lengths of Confinement, PEER 2000/08, Jan2001, 136 pp.Performance-Based Seismic Design of Well-Confined Concrete Columns, PEER Research Report 1998/01, December 2000.Performance-Based Seismic Design of Well-Confined Concrete Columns, Ph.D.Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA, October 1998.Moehle, J.P., Nicoletti, J.P. and Lehman, D. E., Review of Seismic Research Results onExisting Buildings, Product 3.1 of the Proposition 122 Seismic Retrofit PracticesImprovement Program, SSC Report No. 94-03, Fall 1994.Architectural Institute of Japan, Preliminary Reconnaissance Report of the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake, English Edition, April 1995.Moehle, J. P. Editor, Preliminary Report on the Seismological and Engineering Aspects of the January 17, 1994 Northridge Earthquake, EERC, UBC/EERC-94/01, January 1994. Other Research-Related ActivitiesSeismic Performance Evaluation of Historic StructuresPerformance-Based Seismic Design of Concrete Bridges (with Jack Moehle, University of California, Berkeley) (1996-1998)Invited Lectures and Seminars“Seismic Response of Beam-Column Connections”, Seminar on Seismic Performance ofExisting Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Eighth National Conference on EarthquakeEngineering, San Francisco, CA, April 2006“CFVST in Military Structural Applications”, Vanadium In-Process Review, Pittsburgh, PA, March 2006“Seismic Response of Beam-Column Connections”, PEER Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, January 2006“Concrete-Filled Tube Elements for Army Structural Applications”, Vanadium In-Process Review, Pittsburgh, PA, April 2005“High-Strength Vanadium-Alloy Columns and Their Connections”, ACI Committee 335,Composite Construction, April 2005“Engineering Evaluation and Design of Cotton Duck Bearing Pads”, WashingtonDepartment of Transportation, Lacey, WA, June 2003“Performance of Non-ductile Building Components”, PEER-NSF Site Review, Berkeley,CA, May 2003“Research Needs in Performance-Based Seismic Evaluation of Non-Ductile R/C Buildings”PEER Annual Meeting, Palm Springs CA, February 2003"Experimental Evaluation of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints”, US-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Seattle WA, August 2001"Performance-Based Seismic Assessment of Non-Ductile Building Components", Structural Engineers Association of Washington, Lateral Forces Committee, Seattle, WA, July 2001"Response of Non-Ductile Building Components" NSF Site Review, PEER center, May 2001"Building Component Characterization" PEER Annual Meeting, Berkeley, CA, January 2000“Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Connections”, US-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings, September 2000“Capacity Assessment”, PEER-NSF Site Review, PEER Research Center, Richmond CA, May 2000“Performance-Based Seismic Engineering of Reinforced Concrete Structures”, Workshop for Engineering Educators, NSF, Washington DC, September 1999Presentations Given at Conferences“Seismic Performance of Special Concentrically Braced Frames with Buckling Restrained Braces”, Eighth National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, April 2006“Seismic Performance of Bridge Columns”, American Concrete Institute, Charleston North Carolina, March 2005“Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit Techniques for Reinforced Concrete Bridges”, ACI Spring Convention, March 2004“AASHTO Design Criteria for Cotton Duck Bearing Pads”, TRB Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 2004“Engineering Evaluation of Cotton Duck Bearing Pads”, AASHTO Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM, June 2003“Simulation of Beam-Column Joint Performance”, ASCE Structures Congress, Seattle, WA, May 2003“Performance-Based Design of Bridge Columns: Field and Laboratory Observations”, American Concrete Institute, Vancouver British Columbia, March 2003"Seismic Performance of Beam-Column Joints", American Concrete Institute, Toronto, Canada, October 2000“Seismic Performance of Non-Participating Elements”, American Concrete Institute, SanDiego CA, March 2000.“Performance-Based Seismic Design of Bridge Columns”, American Concrete Institute, San Diego CA, March 2000.“Performance-Based Seismic Design of Bridges”, World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering, Auckland, New Zealand, January 2000“Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridges”, American Concrete Institute, Baltimore MD, November 1999“Seismic Design and Repair of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns”, Industrial LiaisonProgram, U. C. Berkeley, Berkeley CA, March 1998.“Influence of Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio on Column Response”, National SeismicConference on Bridges and Highways, Sacramento, CA, July 1997.“Strength and Stiffness Degradation in Bridge Columns,” ACI Spring Convention, SeattleWA, May 1997.“Design of An Experimental Study on the Influence of Aspect Ratio and LongitudinalReinforcement Ratio on Column Response,” Fourth Caltrans Seismic Research Workshop, Sacramento, CA, July 1996.Presentations Given at Universities“Seismic Performance of Connections in CBFs”, Georgia Institute of Technology,Structural Engineering Seminar, Atlanta, GA, January 2006“Performance Evaluation of Modern Bridge Columns”, University of Washington FacultySeminar Series, Seattle WA, November 1998.“Performance-Based Design of Bridge Columns”, UCD Seminar Series, Davis CA, March1998.“Performance Evaluation of Modern Bridge Columns”, University of Kansas SeminarSeries, Lawrence KS, February 1998.“Performance Evaluation of Modern Bridge Columns”, University of Massachusetts Seminar Series , Amherst MA, February 1998.“Performance Evaluation of Modern Bridge Columns”, UCSD Seminar Series , November 1997.“Performance Evaluation of Modern Bridge Columns”, UCLA Seminar Series , May 1997. Professional licensesNoneProfessional Society MembershipAmerican Society of Civil Engineers American Concrete Institute Earthquake Engineering Research InstituteProfessional Society and Other Service2002-present Member of American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 352, Joint and Connections for Monolithic Construction 2000-2003 Member of Steering Committee for 2003 Structures Congress 2000-present Chair of ACI Subcommittee 341-C, Retrofit of Concrete Bridges 1999-present Member of American Concrete Institute Committee 341, Earthquake-Resistant Concrete Bridges 1999-present Member of American Concrete Institute Committee 374, Performance-Based Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings. Reviews MadeJournal or Other NumberEarthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 3 American Concrete Institute, Structural Journal Royalty Research Fund 3 1 Earthquake Spectra EERI 5 Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE 4 Text: Concrete Structures, Nilson 1 Other (special publications) 1 Awards and Honors Nominated for Distinguished Teaching Award, University of Washington, 2006Nominated for Outstanding Educator Award in the College of Engineering, 2004Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor, University of California, Berkeley, CA 1993. TeachingCourse Quarter No. of StudentsCourse Title Instructor's Avg of Items 1-4 CEE 452 F05 65 Design of R/C Structures 3.7 CEE 452 F03 47 Design of R/C Structures 4.4 CEE 502 W03 12 Structural Dynamics 3.9 CEE 452 F02 40 Design of R/C Structures 4.0 CEE 511 F01 18 Reinforced Concrete Structures 3.3 CEE 502 CEE 452 W01 F00 12 45 Structural Dynamics Design of R/C Structures 4.1 3.7 CIVE 442 W00 7 Structural Design Project 3.8 CESM 502 W00 22 Structural Dynamics 3.3 CIVE 452 S99 11 Design of R/C Structures 4.8 CESM 502 W99 21 Structural Dynamics 3.9Short Courses, Workshops, and Other Educational/Outreach ProgramsPanelist for Career Symposium for Doctoral Students and Post-Docs, Balancing Career and Family, UW Graduate School, November 2005Panelist for National UW ADVANCE Summer Leadership Workshop for Department Chairs on Career Choices, Strategies for Facilitating Transitions in Faculty Careers: "Family-Friendly" Policies, July 2005Panelist for Seminar on Careers, Academia, and Children, Center for WorkforceDevelopment, January 2004PEER Field Laboratory Workshop, Fall 2002Problem -Based Learning, Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching, November 2000 Use of Technology in the Classroom, Provost's Faculty Workshop on Teaching and Learning, August 2000 DOT Assessment of Structural Needs, July 2000 PEER Loading Protocol Workshop, March 2000 Chaired (or Co-Chaired) Doctoral Degrees Jung Han You (Expected 2006) Chaired (or Co-Chaired) Master Degrees Ryan Thordy (Expected 2006)Travis Williams (Expected 2006)Paul Oyen (Expected 2006)Aaron Sterns 2006David Herman (Expected 2006)Dylan Freytag (Expected 2006)Adam Cristopolus 2005Angela Kingsley 2005Steven Smith August 2004Shawn Johnson 2005Meredith Anderson 2003Daniel Alire 2002Russell Larson 2002Steve Walker 2001Dan Raynor 2000Greg Moiser 2000Other Student Supervision (service on graduate degree committees) Ph.D. CommitteesM.S. CommitteesMicheal BerryChaitanya PaspuletiMyles ParrishHakon BardsonStephen DayAmit MookerjeJuan Carlos RamirezRebecca HixUndergraduate Research Supervision (CEE 499)George GimasTim GrantRussell LarsonChris NickersonDanya MohrViolaine ThomassinDepartmental Service2001 Open House Coordinator2000 Environmental Engineering Chemistry Search Committee College Service1998-1999 Student Affairs CommitteeUniversity ServiceNoneStudent ServiceStudent Mentoring ProgramGraduate1999-2000 FacultyandCommunity ServiceNoneNational ServiceMay 2005 NSF Review for NEES, Civil and Mechanical SystemsJune 2004 NSF Review Panel, Civil and Mechanical SystemsJanuary 2000 NSF Review Panel, U.S.-Japan Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Program All Other ServiceNoneConsulting ExperienceAnalysis of reinforced concrete hotel damaged in an earthquake Spring 1997 with J. P. MoehleAnalysis of retrofitted bridge, for CH2M Hill Fall 1993 Design of upgrading strategy for non-ductile masonry structure Fall 1993。
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There is little doubt that a high degree of fluency in the manipulation of mathematical expressions will always be required, for without this there can be no real understanding [译文] 毫无疑问，学生必须熟练运用数学公式，否则就 不可能有真正意义上的理解。
If engineers are to take full advantage of sophisticated computational tools then it is essential that they become effective at mathematical modeling and discriminating, intelligent and wary users of packaged software and other aids to computational modeling [译文] 如想充分利用这些复杂的计算工具，工程技术人 员必须熟悉数学建模和辨识，能区别各种软件包及其它 计算建模辅助工具，并能灵活运用。
Consequently, this book is not a collection of recipes and techniques designed to teach students to solve routine exercises, nor is mathematical rigour introduced for its own sake [译文] 因此，本书既不是教授学生解作业的技巧与方 法的汇总，也没有以数学本身所具备的严谨的方式来 介绍。
As a result of the widening of access opportunities, particularly in the United Kingdom, there is increasing heterogeneity in background knowledge in mathematics of students entering degree courses in engineering. [译文] 由于入学机会增多，尤其是在英国，修读工程 类学位课程学生的数学基础参差不齐。
Consequently the treatment of numerical methods is integrated with the analytical work throughout the book. Algorithms are written in pseudocode and are, therefore, readily transferable to any specific programming language by the user [译文] 因此，全书中数值方法与解析法相结合。算法 均用伪代码写成，方便读者将它转化为任何一种编程 语言。
This shift is away from the simple mastery of solution techniques and towards development of a greater understanding of mathematical ideas and processes together with efficiency in applying this understanding to the formulation and analysis of mathematical models of physical phenomena and engineering systems. [译文] 数学教学将不仅仅是简单掌握解决问题的技巧， 而是朝着这样的方向发展：对数学概念以及数学过程更 深的理解，并将其熟练应用于物理现象和工程系统的数 学模型及理论分析。
The objective of the authoring team in writing this book is to achieve a balance between the development of understanding and the mastery of solution techniques with the emphasis being on the development of students’ ability to use mathematics with understanding to solve engineering problems. [译文]作者编写本书的目的是为了在增进理解力与掌握 解题技巧间取得平衡，其中重点培养学生在理解的基础 上用数学解决工程问题的能力。
and the building of scaled models. [译文] 特别地，它使数学建模和数学仿真作为工程系统 分析与设计的基础获得更广泛的应用，因而，与很大程 度上依赖于昂贵的实验和构建比例模型的传统方法相比， 提供了一个更为灵活而经济的途径。
To the inexperienced it is tempting to believe that the use of packaged software solves all the problems of analysis that an engineer is likely to meet and thus eliminates the need for engineering students to study mathematics. [译文]对于生手而言，这样的想法很诱人：使用软件包 就能够解决工程设计人员在分析中可能遇到的所有分析 问题，因此工科学生就不用再学数学。
Recognizing the increasing use of numerical methods in engineering practice, which often complement the use of analytical methods in analysis and design and are of ultimate relevance when solving complex engineering problems, there is wide agreement that they should be integrated within the mathematics curriculum. [译文] 分析与设计过程中常用数值计算方法来弥补解 析法的不足，因此在求解复杂的工程问题时数值方法 往往是最为恰当的。由于认识到数值方法在工程实践 中的应用日趋增长，人们普遍认为它应该被整合到数 学课程中来。
In particular, it has led to greater use of mathematical modeling and simulation as the basis for the analysis and design of engineering systems, thus providing a more flexible and economic appБайду номын сангаасoach to the traditional methods which relied heavily on costly experimentation
Preface to Modern Engineering Mathematics
课文讲解
Developments in computer technology and related software have provided the engineer with tools of increasing power and sophistication which have significant implications for the use and role of mathematics in engineering practice [译文] 计算机技术及其相关软件的发展为工程技术人 员提供了功能强大且日趋完善的工具，使数学应用于 工程实践并发挥重要作用。