Phonetics-1

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施心远主编听力教程1第2版-Unit-1-原文及答案

UNIT 1 Section One Tactics for ListeningPart 1 PhoneticsExercise: Complete the following short dialogue as you listen to the tape. Pay special attention to the weak forms, link-ups and contractions.Woman 2: Oh, yes?Woman 1: I'm getting married.Woman 2: (4) That's wonderful news!Woman 2: Are we invited?Part 2 Listening and Note-takingTelephone rings for a long time.Operator: Redman Electronics. Can I help you?Voice: At last! Why don't you answer the phone?Operator: I'm sorry. I was downstairs.Voice: Well, can I speak to Mr. Redman please?Operator: I'm afraid he isn't here at the moment. He's on holiday. He's in the South of France.Voice: What about Mr. Gray — extension 322.Operator: Mr. Gray's at home.Voice: Well, may I speak to Mr. Redman's secretary?Operator: She isn't in today. She's at her sister's.Voice: I see. Then I'd like to speak to Mr. Gray's secretary.Operator: Miss Jones?Voice: That's right.Operator: Sorry. She isn't in. She's gone to the hairdresser's.Voice: Who is in today?Operator: Well, I am. But I'm going home soon. Who is it please?Exercise A: Listen to the conversation and take notes.Exercise B: Complete the following sentences.Where are they?Section Two Listening ComprehensionPart 1 DialogueDialogue 1 HelloWoman 1 : Professor Andrews, this is Dr. Baxter.Woman 2: How do you do?Man: How do you do?Man l: Hello, Al. How are you?Man 2: Fine, thanks, Eric. Nice to see you again.Woman I: Sally, do you know Steve?Woman 2: No, how do you do?Man: Hello, Sally. I'm glad to meet you.Man l: Tony, I'd like to introduce ny friend Mary Parker.Man 2: Oh, hello. I've heard so much about you.Woman: Hello.Woman: May I introduce myself? My name is Susan Roper.Man: Oh, hello. I'm John Lee. I'm sorry, I didn't catch your name.Exercise: Listen to some people talking at a party. Who is talking to whom? Who has known whom before? Complete the following sentences. Names in the box are for your reference.1.Professor Andrews is talking to Dr. Baxter.2.A1 is talking to Eric.（个人认为答案不对，应该是Eric先向Al打招呼）3.Sally is talking to Steve.4.Tony is talking to Maw Parker.5.Susan Roper is talking to John Lee.6.Al and Eric have known each other before.7.Tony has known Mary Parker before.Dialogue 2 Welcome to BristolEtienne has just arrived in England,Etienne: Hello, Are you Mrs. Baker? I'm Etienne Bertrand, from Switzerland.Mrs. Baker: Hello, Etienne. Come in. Welcome to Bristol.Etienne: Hello. Pleased to meet you, Mrs. Baker.Mrs. Baker: Oh, call me Nicola. And this is my husband, Nigel.Mr. Baker: How was your trip? No hijacks?Etienne: No, it was all right, thank you. But the plane was late and the airport was crowded Mr. Baker: Well, it's the holiday season. You expect it at this time of the year. Here, let me take your bags upstairs.Etienne: Oh, that's all right. I'll take this one. it's heavy.Mr. Baker: Well. Here's your room. I hope it's big enough for you and not too cold. We do have central heating but it doesn't work very well. There are extra blankets in the cupboard, I think. Oh, well •••Nicola, where are the blankets? Let's go down and meet the rest of the family.Exercise: Listen to the dialogue and decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T or F in the space provided. Discuss with your classmates why you think the statement is true or false.T 1. Etienne Bertrand is from Switzerland. (I'm Etienne Bertrand, from Switzerland.)T 2. The Bakers are expecting Mr. Bertrand. (Mrs. Baker says"Hello, Etienne. Come in. Welcome to Bristol.")T 3. There have probably been hijacks in recent days. (Mr. Baker says "How was your trip? No hijacks?" and Etienne answers "No, it was all fight, thank you." We may infer there were hijacks recently. )个人认为这题是错的，因为听到他们的笑声，应该是在开玩笑。

English Phonetics 第一讲

• • • • Bus Yes Girls School 爸死爷死哥死死光
Why?
• B) It will help you remember English words with better efficiency and more accuracy. Thus, it will help you do a good job in CET exams indirectly.
How?
• Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn. --Benjamin Franklin I want all of you to get involved in my class as much as possible.
Rules
to make sure that you are involved
• Class performance 20%(answering questions, activities, exercises, after-class tasks, etc.). • Oral test 10% (in the middle of this semester, you will take an oral test). • Group assessment 5% (you will set up several groups. After each group performance, members in each group should assess the other members of the same group) assessment criteria:attitude,action,achievement). • Final exam 60%.( in the last class, you will take the final exam)

语音学1 语言学

Manners of articulation
• Manners of articulation refer to how the air stream is modily blocked or partially obstructed. • Stops: Stops (also called plosives) are sounds produced with a complete and momentary closure of airflow and then a sudden release of it. The English stops can be exemplified by the sounds in these words: pin, bin, tie, die, class, glass. • Fricatives: Fricatives are consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth. The obstruction of the airflow is partial, and the air passes through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause some friction. The fricatives in English can be exemplified by sounds in: fine, vine, thin, these, sip, zip, show, pleasure, high.
Phonetic symbols (Alphabets)
• The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). • In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called a diacritic. For example, the sound [p] is pronounced differently in pin and spin. In pronouncing pin, there is a puff of air coming out of the mouth. While in pronouncing spin, there isn’t. The two words can be transcribed as [phin] and [spin]. The small raised “h” is used to indicate that the sound is aspirated.

Phonetics 语言学方面

2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
语音学与音系学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
II. Phonology音系学
Revision
1. The major branches of linguistics
2. Some important distinctions in linguistics
The diagram of speech organs 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌
The diagram of speech organs
7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面
9. Back of tongue 舌背
Articulatory phonetics
• 发音语音学：研究语音的发生。
• Acoustic phonetics---deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.
Acoustic phonetics

大学英语听力训练第一册原文

大学英语听力训练第一册原文Meeting People IPART A Micro-ListeningPhonetics Sound Recognition1I. Directions： Listen carefully. You will hear one word read from each group. Repeat what you hear. Then underline the letter beside the word you hear. 10 points1. a. sirb. shirtc. thirdd. church2. a. soughtb. shortc. thoughtd. choke3. a. seatb. sheetc. themed. cheat4. a. sankb. shankd. chant5. a. searb. sharec. theaterd. chair6. a. sighb. shyc. thigh2d. child7. a. sob. showc. thaw3d. chew8. a. soakb. shockc. thoughtd. chalk9. a. sameb. shamec. thane10.a. sip4b. shipc. thickd. chipII. Directions： You will hear five sentences. Each one will be read three times. Listen carefully and write them down quickly. 10 points1. _________________.2. _________________.3. _________________?4. _________________.5. _________________.PART B Macro-ListeningDialogue 1May I Know Your Name?I. TapescriptMr Song Is this your umbrella, miss?Miss Chen Oh yes, it is. Thank you. I was looking for it Just now.Mr Song You look a bit familiar to me. I wonder if I have seen you somewhere before.Miss Chen Have you?Mr Song May I ask where you live?Miss Chen Just two blocks away, in that tall building.Mr Song That's it. I live there, too. I live on the sixth floor.Miss Chen My family moved in just two weeks ago. We live on the fourth floor.Mr Song It's a small world! May I know your name, miss?Miss Chen I'm Chen Ying.Mr Song How do you do, Miss Chen? I'm Song Wei.Miss Chen I'm glad to know you, Mr Song.Mr Song Are you going to your office now, Miss Chen?Miss Chen No. I'm going to do some shopping for the weekend. What about you?Mr Song I'm going to the airport to meet some friends from Beijing.Miss Chen See you later, Mr Song.Mr Song Have a good day, Miss Chen.Miss Chen You too.II. Language and Culture Notes1. It's a small world. This expression is used when friends, especially those who haven't seen each other for long, happen to meet unexpectedly in some faraway places, orwhen newly-acquainted5 people suddenly discover that they have mutual6 friends, or relatives, or live very near each other, etc. The expected response to it is 'Yes, it is'.2. Have a good day is used when people part from each other. It's also used instead of 'Goodbye' in a casual situation. The similar expressions are 'Have a good day / afternoon / evening / weekend / trip', etc.III. Exercises with Key1. Directions： Listen to the dialogue and choose the right answers to the following questions. 10 points1 How did the man and the woman get acquainted?a. They told each other their names.b. They have been neighbors for quite a long time.c. The man helped the woman find her lost umbrella.d. The man helped the woman when she moved in two weeks ago.2 What is the probable relationship between the man and the woman?a. Neighbors.b. Acquaintances.c. Old friends.d. Old schoolmates.3 Why does the man say the woman looks a bit familiar to him?a. Because they are nextdoor neighbors.b. Because they used to work together.c. Because the man has seen her somewhere before.d. Because the woman looks like one of the man's friends.4 What was the woman doing when the man greeted her?a. Doing some shopping.b. Going to work.c. Moving into a new building.d. Looking for her umbrella.5 What can you infer from the dialogue?a. The man has lived in that building for a long time.b. The man and the woman met in the street.c. The woman is shopping for her birthday party.d. The man and the woman live in a six-storeyed building.2. Directions： Listen to the dialogue again and complete the following with the words you hear. 10 points1 The woman says that she lives on the _________________ floor in that _________________ building.2 The man says that he lives on the _________________ of _________________ building.3 The woman says that she and her family_________________ just _________________ ago.4 The woman says that she is going to _________________ for the _________________.5 The man is going to _________________to_________________.Dialogue 2Windy, Isn't It?I. TapescriptMan Windy, isn't it?Woman Yes, it is.Man Uuh ... where are you going?Woman To Germany. I'm going home.Man Oh, You're German.Woman Yes. You're English, aren't you?Man Yes, I am.Woman Where are you going?Man To Portugal.Woman On holiday?Man No. I'm going to take some photographs there.Woman Take photographs?Man Yes, I work for a travel magazine in Italy.Woman Ah.Man What do you do?Woman I'm a student.Man What are you studying?Woman Medicine.Man Oh, my brother is a doctor.Woman Really?Man It's rather cold out here on the deck. Would you like a coffee?Woman Yes, I'd love one.Man Let's go along to the restaurant then.II. Language and Culture Notes1. Windy, isn't it? When an Englishman is meeting a stranger or a mere7 acquaintance and feels the urge to talk, he often tries to start a conversation by making some remarks about the weather. For example, he may start with 'A nice day, isn't it?', 'It's cold, isn't it?', etc. And it is alwayspolite to agree and say, 'Yes, it is' when one is spoken to.2. What do you do? is equal to 'What do you do for a living?' or 'What is your job?'.e.g. ?a What do you do??a I'm a doctor.3. Would you like a coffee? 'A coffee' here means 'a cupof coffee'. Examples of this kind are often found in spoken English, such as 'What about a whisky a glass of whisky?','We want two teas two cups of tea.'III. Exercises with Key1. Directions： Listen to the dialogue and choose the right answer to each of the following questions. 10 points1 Where are the two speakers from?a. One is from Germany and the other from Portugal.b. One is from Germany and the other from England.c. One is from England and the other from Portugal.d. One is from England and the other from Italy.2 What do the two speakers do?a. One is a student and the other a doctor.b. One is a doctor and the other a reporter.c. One is a photographer and the other a student.d. One is a magazine publisher and the other a student.3 Where are the two speakers going?a. One is going to Germany and the other to Portugal.b. One is going to England and the other to Germany.c. One is going to Italy and the other to Portugal.d. One is going to England and the other to Italy.4 What is the man doing?a. He is going home.b. He is going on holiday.c. He is going to meet some friends.d. He is working for his magazine.5 Where does the conversation take place?a. In a hotel.b. In a restaurant.c. On a ship.d. In the street.2. Directions： Listen to the dialogue again. Write down the appropriate response that you hear from the tape to match each of the questions on the left. 10 points1 Windy, isn't it?_________________.2 You're English, aren't you?_________________.3 What are you studying?_________________.4 Are you on holiday?_________________.5 Would you like a coffee?_________________.PART C Oral PracticeI. Directions： Work in pairs and respond to the following.1. May I know your name?_________________.2. Cold, isn't it?_________________.3. What do you do?_________________.4. What are you studying?_________________.5. Would you like a coffee?_________________.II. Directions： Make a dialogue by using the above expressions as many as possible.Possible answer for reference8：A： Cold, isn't it?B： Yes, it is.A： May I know your name?B： I'm Li Fang9.A： What do you do?B： I'm a student.A： What are you studying?B： Chemistry.A： 1 study chemistry, too.B： Really?A： Would you like a coffee?B： No, thanks. I'm going home.点击收听单词发音收听单词发音1 recognition zUYxmn.承认，认可，认出，理解参考例句：The place has changed beyond recognition.这地方变得认不出来了。

五年级下册英语同步拓展Module2 Unit 2 Films 情态动词shall用法牛津上海版(一起)

大家拿出上次回家画的电影院简图，一起评选出画的最好的同学，给TA颁发奖品吧！参考词汇：Words (词汇)entrance入口处exit出口film电影see a film看电影seat座位funny有趣的princess公主ticket票ticket office售票处重点词汇&一般过去时特殊疑问句教学建议：此环节教案预期时间60分钟。

1.分为三个部分，词汇梳理、重点语法、音标学习；建议老师能在本次课中让学生默写出本单元的生词，并在春季班的课堂中进行反复巩固；重点语法讲解透测，多通过互动方式进行操练，以理解为主；在音标的学习中，建议老师先帮学生梳理20个元音，再根据每一单元具体讲解；2. 一般过去时的特殊疑问句，建议老师造出一些符合逻辑且与学生生活较为贴近的句子让学生翻译为英文，技能调动学生主动学习的热情又能让学生印象更深刻。

【知识梳理1】重点词汇Words entrance入口处exit出口film电影see a film看电影seat座位(词汇)funny有趣的princess公主ticket票ticket office售票处【例题精讲1】例.根据以下图片说出对应单词Keys：entrance，princess，seat，film，ticket office，exit【巩固练习1】1.翻译句子请找个座位坐下.2.Let’s go (see) a film.3.The (prince) was born and she was so beautiful.4.When I finished watching the film，I couldn’t find the e .Keys:1.Please take a seat.2. to see3.princess4.exit【知识梳理2】重点语法1. a lot of = lots of，意为“许多，大量的”，修饰可数或不可数名词，通常用于肯定句中。

English phonetics -Unit One 英语语音第一单元

划分音节
元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。两个辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。如bed, seat, beaut。两个元音之间有一个辅音字母(r 除外)时，辅音字母归后一音节，如stu’dent, la‘bour。两个元音之间有两个辅音字母时，一个辅音归前一音节，一个归后一音节，如let‘ter，win’ter。不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。如 fa‘ther，tea’cher。
英语语音
Unit One
English Basic Elementsglish letters are the writing form of English language. There are 26 letters.
Vowel letters and consonant letters 元音字母和辅音字母 Vowel letters: a e i o u (y)
10对辅音
[p] 清辅音 [b] 浊辅音
3个鼻音 3个似拼音
2个半元音
[w]
[j]
Syllable. Stress. Rhythm 音节.重音.节奏
• 音节：音节是说话时最小的语言片断，通常是一个元音加上一个或几个辅音字母构成，如/sit/。但是单独一个元音也能成为一个音节。例如：/ai/, /ә /等。辅音不响亮，不能构成音节。但英语辅音中有4个较响亮的辅音 [m] [n][ŋ] [l]，出现在词尾，能和它前面的辅音构成一个音节。例如： /‘pju:pl/, /‘teibl/, /'bɔ:tl/ 就是双音节词。 • 单词根据所含音节数目可以分为单音节词如 ease/i:z/ 、双音节词如 easy/‘i:zi/和多音节如 uneasy/Λ n’i:zi/。

Phonetics.lecture1.2.3

Phonetics – lecture 3
Positional & Contextual terminology Initial, Medial, & Final Position Syllable initial – releasing Syllable final - arresting
Vowel – in each syllable
Answer
• • • • • • B – grith D – scute E – trave G – skeg K – spile L – knar
Chapter 3 – 3 systems
• Respiratory • Laryngeal • Supralaryngeal
Respiratory
Phonetics
Com Dis 263 MWF 12:00 – 12:50 Dr. Lori Swanson Office 221
Textbook
• Clinical Phonetics (third edition) • Authors: Lawrence Shriberg & Raymond Kent • (website for book and CDs and audiotapes) • Bookstore – will provide the textbook
Diacritics
• Used for tongue position • Toward front of mouth • Toward teeth
Alphabet
• • • • Letters for writing No 1-1 correspondence Same letter many sounds Same sound many letters

phonetics1

Fricatives:consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mounth. The obstruction of the airflow is partial, and the air passes through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause some friction. Fine, vine, thin,etc. Liquids:sounds produced with air escaping along the sides of the tongue or between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. Glides:marginal consonants.in producing glides the airflow obstruction is very slight although the articulators involved move to a certain position. Nasals: sounds produced when the velum is lowered to allow the air stream to pass through
Obstruction of the airflow. The basic parameters for describing vowels : a.whether the jaw moves and whether the tongue position is changed. b.what part of the tongue is raised and how high it is raised. c. Whether the lips are rounded. d. Whether the vocal tract is constricted. Simple vowels: the sound quality is not changed. Front, central, back vowels

Key_U1_01 Getting Started商务英语视听说教程1

KeyUnit 1Part One Getting StartedPAIR WORK1.Hugging.Hugs may be used between friends when meeting and departing. However,generally men should never initiate a hug with a woman. Sometimes hugs are also given to comfort a distressed person.2.Giving a high-five. “High five” is a gesture of greeting in which you slap the palm of yourhand against someone else’s palm in the air. It is also a popular way to express your excitement and to congratulate a friend.3.Bowing. People in Japan and Korea often greet each other by bowing instead of handshakingwhen they meet for the first time. It is impolite not to return a bow to whoever bowed to you.4.Shaking hands. People in many cultures use a handshake to greet each other for the first time,as in the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, China, Mexico, etc.5.Kissing on the cheek.Cheek kissing as a form of greeting is very common in Southern,Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Horn of Africa and Latin America. But it is not as common in Canada and the United States, nor in Asia and Northern Europe.BACKGROUND INFORMATIONA.Pre-reading Questions1.In social situations, a man is traditionally introduced to a woman, a younger person to anolder person, a less important person to a more important person. In a business setting, a lower-ranking person is introduced to a higher-ranking person. But even the highest-ranking person in a company is introduced to a client.2.In an informal situation, social kissing is acceptable between men and women andbetween women who know each other very well. Western people also hug to greet their friends when they meet. But hugs and kisses are not considered proper business etiquette for greetings.3.Handshaking is considered the standard greeting in a business setting.B.Discussion1.In China, a man is introduced to a woman; a younger person to an older person; a guest toa host; a lower-ranking person to a higher-ranking person; a latecomer to an early arriver.During introductions, the woman, the older person, the host, the higher-ranking person, or the early arriver is mentioned first.2.In China, people shake hands when they meet for the first time. People may also nod orslightly bow (unlike the Japanese, they bow from the shoulders rather than the waist). In a business setting people would present a business card.3.When greeting their friends, Chinese people usually just say “hi” or “how are you”.People only hug their close friends who they have not seen for a long time.LISENTING STRATEGYPhonetics 1A.1. A2. A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. A8. A9. B 10. A11. B 12. B B.1. B2. A3. A4. B5. B6. A7. A8. B9. B 10. A11. A12. B 13. B 14. A15. BPhonetics 2B.e and join us.2.Please leave it alone.3.She is living far away.4.Do you know a lot about your company?5.Cheer up and you have to help yourself out.6.Give him an inch and he’ll take a yard.7.Green grass is seen in most parts of our city.8.Little is known about the man’s life.9.Where there is a will, there is a way.10.We put up quite a lot of money.。

英语词汇学 Chapter1

7

English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
8
What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
Aims of the course:

Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
5

If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义

英语语言学教程考试精华 (1)

Chapter 11 、 What is language? 语言L a nguage is a means of verbal communication.It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.2 、Design features of language 语言结构特征The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity (the most important feature of language), displacement ( It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. )3 、 Function of language 语言的功能The use of language to communicate, to think ,etc. Language functions include informative function 信息(the major role of language), interpersonal 人际 function(people establish their relationship with the help of language), performative 行事 function(by Austin and Searle in pragmatics), emotive 表情 function, phatic 寒暄 communion(some routine expressions), recreational 娱乐 function(taking pleasure from language)and metalingual 元语言function(Language can be used to talk about itself).4 、 Definition of linguistics 语言学T h e scientific study of human language. It studies not just one language of any one community,but the language of all human beings.5 、 main branches of linguisticsPhonetics 语音学： studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech 。

Phonetics-1

Practice 练习
me [mi: ] he [hi: ] we [wi: ] she [Fi: ] Peter [5pi:tE] these [Ti:z] Chinese [5tFBi5ni:z] bee [bi: ] see [si: ] tree [tri: ] three [Wri: ] tea [ti: ] seat [si:t] read [ri:d] please[pli:z]
Practice 练习
it [it] is [iz] six [siks] this [Tis] any [5eni] very [5veri ] study [5stQdi] fifty [5fifti]
①舌尖不触下齿，口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩。②双唇稍稍收圆。
①舌后部比发[ɔ]时抬得略高。②双唇也收得更圆更小，并须用力向前突出。
Phonetics: Lecture One 语音第一课
美联国际英语语音基础
The Basic Knowledge of Phonetic Symbol 音标的基础知识
音标（Phonetic symbol），就是对英语单词读音的标注。音标分为元音和辅音，其作用大体相当于汉语的声母和韵母。元音，又称母音，与辅音相对。元音分为单元音和双元音。单元音是单独出现的元音。双元音指联合的两个元音作为一个整体出现。辅音又称子音。顾名思义，辅音依元音而存在，辅音与元音配合，产生音节，组成英文的多样化。辅音分为有声(浊)辅音和无声(清)辅音两种，发有声(浊)辅音时，声带振动，发无声(清)辅音时，声带不振动。
• • • • •
[mid]-[nid] [m p]-[n t] [p n]-[p ] [g n]-[g ] [kin]-[ki ]

英语语言学整理1

Chapter 2 Phonology2.1 The phonic medium of language (语言的声音媒介).Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language(语言的声音媒介).2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 What is phonetics?Phonetics（语音学）is the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Types of phonetics：Phonetics looks at speech sounds from 3 distinct but related points of view:1) From the speaker’s point of view: how a speaker uses his speec h organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）.2) From the hearer’s point of view：:how the sounds are perceived bythe hearer, which results in auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）.3) From the way sounds travel: how sounds travel by looking at the sound saves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）.By studying sound waves with the help of spectrographs, acoustic phoneticians find that the same sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.2.2.2 Organs of speech（发声器官）1.lips2.teeth3.teeth ridge （齿龈）(alveolus)4. Hard palate（硬腭）5.soft palate (velum)（软腭）6.uvula （小舌）7.tip of tongue （舌尖）8. Blade of tongue （舌面）9. Back of tongue （舌后）10.vocal cords （声带）11.pharyngeal cavity （咽腔）12. Nasal cavity （鼻腔）1)The pharyngeal cavity（咽腔）:Vibration（颤动）of the vocal cords（声带）results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing（浊化）, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless（清音）.2)The oral cavity(口腔)The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.The speech organs located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula, the soft palate (the velum), the hard palate, the teeth ridge (the alveolus), the teeth and the lips.Of all the above, the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other3) The nasal cavity（鼻腔）The nasal cavity is connected with the oral cavity.The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum, can be drawn back to close the passage so that all air exiting from the lungs can only go through the mouth. The sounds produced in this condition are not nasalized.If the passage is left open to allow air to exit through the nose, the sounds produced are nasalized sounds.2.2.3 orthographic representation of speech sounds-broad transcription and narrow transcription (宽式标音和严式标音)A standardized and internationally accepted phonetictranscription is the International Phonetic Alphabet（IPA）（国际音标）.The basic principle of the IPA is using one letterselected from major European language to representone speech sound.However, there are some speech sounds which differ in some detailed aspects. Phoneticians need another set of symbols to distinguish these detailed differences.For example:[l] in feel and leaf[p] in peace and speedThus the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics(变音符).The diacritics are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions.For example:[l] in leaf is a clear [l][l] in feel is a dark [l][l] in health is a dental [l]Broad transcription ---- used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ]Narrow transcription ---- used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]Diacritics does not make a difference between words in English.E.g. / sph it/ and /spit/ .But the substitution of /p/ for /t/ does make a difference of word in English.e.g. /pip/ and /tip/2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds （英语语音的分类）The speech sounds in the English language can be divided into vowels and consonants.The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that(元音与辅音的根本区别在于) : In the pronunciation of a vowel the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth,While in the pronunciation of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.2.2.4.1Classification of English consonantsEnglish consonants can be classified either in terms of manner of articulation（发音方式）or in terms of place of articulation（发音位置）：In terms of the manner of articulationstops/plosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];fricatives: [f], [v], [s], [z], [W], [T], [F], [V], [h];affricates: [tF], [dV];liquids: [l](lateral), [r]（retroflex）;nasals: [m], [n], [N];glides/semivowels: [w], [j].Stops（闭塞音/爆破音）: When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive.The English stops fall into three pairs: [p] [b], [t] [d], and [k] [g],fricatives（摩擦音）:When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a fricative. The fricatives in English:refer to the textbook, page 19.Affricates（塞擦音）: When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction (as in fricatives), the sounds thus produced are affricates.In English there are two affricates [ʧ] and [ʤ].Liquids（流音）: When the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue (the tip or the sides ) and the roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are called liquids.The English liquids are [ 1 ] and [ r ].[ 1 ] is called a lateral sound（边音）because in the production of it the surface of the tongue, instead of being more or less flat, is made slightly convex and causes stoppage in the centreof the roof of the mouth while allowing air to pass at the sides.In the production of the other liquid [r], the tip of the tongue is curled back and the air passes over it. It is also called “retroflex(卷舌音).”Nasals（鼻音）: When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called nasals. There are three nasals in English [ m ] [ n ] and [ŋ].Glides（滑音）, sometimes called " semivowels," are a rather marginal category.The English glides are [w] and [j], both voiced. They are formed in the same manner as the vowels [u] and [i]，which is why they are called semi-vowels.In terms of the place of articulationbilabial: [p], [b], [m], [w];labiodental: [ f ], [v];dental: [W], [T];alveolar: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r];palatal: [F], [V], [tF], [dV], [ j ];velar: [k], [g], [N];glottal: [h].The place of articulationBilabial;Labiodental;Dental or interdental;Alveolar;Palato-alveolar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.In terms of place of articulation: Bilabial（双唇音）The English bilabials are [p] [b] [m] [w].labiodentals（唇齿音）: the lower lip is brought into contact with the upper teeth.The labiodentals sounds in English are [f] and [v].Dental（齿音）: the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth.There are two dental sounds in English.Alveolar（齿龈音）: The tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth-ridge. The alveolar sounds are [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [1] [r] ．Palatal（腭音）: The obstruction is between the back of the tongue and the hard palate. There are 5 palatals in English (refer to the textbook).Velar（软腭音）: The back of the tongue is brought into contact with the velum, or the soft palate.The sounds thus produced in English are [k]，[g] and [ŋ].Glottal（喉音）: The vocal cords are brought momentarily together to create the obstruction. There is only one glottal sound in English, i.e.[h].The description of Englishconsonants2.2.4.2Classification of English vowels （元音分类）Vowel sounds are classified according to: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.1）The position of the tongue in the mouth----According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:front vowels（前元音）: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B];central vowels（中元音）: [E:], [E], [Q];back vowels（后元音）: [u:], [u], [C:], [C], [B:].Front vowels are the ones in the production of which the front part of the tongue is raised the highest such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a].When the central part of the tongue maintains its highest position, the vowels thus produced are central vowels such as [3:]，[Ə] and [ ] .If the back of the tongue is held the highest, the vowels thus produced are back vowels such as [u:]，[u]．2)the openness of the mouthclose vowels（闭元音）: [i:] [i] [u:] and [u];semi-close vowels（半闭元音）: [e] and [3：]semi-open vowels（半开元音）: [ə] and [Չ:]open vowels（开元音）: [æ] [a] [ ] [Չ ] [ :].The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:3) the shape of the lipsrounded vowels（圆唇元音）: All the back vowels in English are rounded except [ɑ:]. Un-rounded vowels（非圆唇元音）: All the front vowels and central vowels in English are un-rounded.4)the length of vowelslong vowels（长元音）: They are usually marked with a colon。

Chapter 2 phonetics(1)

While the English users find it difficult to address(speak) a Chinese whose family name is ―张”(zhang) or ―常” (chang) which is Pinyin—the alphabets to t r a n s c r i b e t h e pronunciation of Chinese c h a r a c t e r s .
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Different languages may use different SPEECH SOUNDs in their spoken language system. Chinese doesn’t have the [W] sound which initiates (begins) the English word think.
3.teeth ridge (alveolus)
4. Hard palate
5.soft palate (velum)
6.uvula 7.tip of tongue
8. Blade of tongue (舌面)
9. Back of tongue 10.vocal cords 11.pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity
Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech called voicing（浊音化）, which is the feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless（清音）.

phonetics 1

19
前元音
[i:] [i] [e] [æ ]
舌位高低对比
Words: Weed Big Beg seek sick set
Bag
sack
20
中元音
[ǝ:]
[ǝ:]①舌身平放，舌中部稍抬起。②牙床开得较窗窄，双唇和发[i:]时相似。 ③注意长度，不要发得太短。
21
中元音 [ǝ:] Words: Fur sir shirt hurt third word heard Birth nurse search church girl curl first Early certain person service purchase perfect Phrases:
13Βιβλιοθήκη 前元音 [e] (1)The red dress is on Becky‟s bed. 那件红色连衣裙在贝基的床上。 (2)There‟s a yellow egg near the hen‟s left leg. 母鸡的左腿边有一个黄色的鸡蛋。 (3)Let‟s get ready for the lesson. 让我们准备上课吧。 (6)It is never too late to mend. 亡羊补牢，未为晚矣。 Good, better, best, Never let it rest. Till good is better, and better, best. 好上加好求更好，永不停步朝前跑。做到好后要更好，最好要把更好超。
国际音标 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
48个国际音标名称
前元音元音单元音中元音后元音
音标 [i:] [i] [e] [æ ]

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