大学英语跨文化交际要点汇总
大学英语跨文化复习重点
Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective): 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
跨文化交际重点梳理
重点1 Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and munication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.重点2 Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as municative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the ponents of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and e*plicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating ,dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.9、 culture is universal10 、culture is diversified重点3 Hall，s dimensionsHigh conte*tHigh-conte*t munication relies heavily on nonverbal, conte*tual and shared cultural meanings.The meanings are not fully e*pressed.Meanings are determined by 〞 things are said , rather than 〞 is said.日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯CollectivismLow conte*tVerbal codes rather than the information impliesClear straight and to-the-point munication美国德国斯堪的纳维亚IndividualismMonochromic cultureDo one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, low-conte*t and need information, mit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptnessPolychromic cultureDo many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time mitments an objective to be achieved, high-conte*t and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.重点4 Triandis，s individualism & collectivismIndividualismFosters independence and individual achievement,Promotes self-e*pression ,personal choice, individual thinkingAssociated with egalitarian relationships and fle*ibility in rolesUnderstand the physical world as knowable apart of human lifeCollectivismInterdependence and group successPromotes adherence to normsAssociated with stable, hierarchical rolesShared property, group ownership重点5 Elements of municationSource (sender)EncodingMessageMedium(channel)ReceiverDecodingResponseFeedback重点6 Grice，s cooperative principle Quantity ma*imMake your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of e*change.Do not make your contribution more information than isrequired.〔量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息〕Quality ma*imMake your contribution is ture〔质的准则——话语的容是真正的〕Relation ma*imBe relevant〔关系准则——话语与话题有关，即与所要实现的意图有关〕Manner ma*imBe perspicuousAvoid obscurity of e*pressionAvoid ambiguityDe brief and orderly(方式准则——说话要清晰明白、简洁而有条理)重点7 Brown & levinson’s face theoryFace is something that is emotionally invested, can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be often attended to in municationPeople cooperate while maintaining face in interaction. Face theory : face threatening acts (FTAs)Politeness strategiesPoliteness 子威胁行为威胁行为strategies: bald on-record不使用补救措施赤裸裸的公开实行面off-record indirect strategy 非公开的实行面子negative politeness 消极礼貌策略Positive politeness 积极礼貌策略Face: negative facePositive face重点8 Thought patternsField dependence场依存性Holistic thinking eastern peoplePerspective of the whole, all the relevant parts take into account.Easily influence by othersField independence场独立性Analytic thinking western peopleDivinding the whole into parts to analyze the features or relations between the partsHardly influence by othersEastern: field-dependence, holistic thinking, high-conte*t Western: field-independence, analytic thinking, low-conte*t 重点9 Phases of negotiationPreparation 准备Non-task sounding 非任务测探Task-oriented e*changePersuasion 劝说ConcessionConclusion重点10 ponents of a brandBrand name 品牌名称〔产品〕Brand mark 品牌标志〔产品〕Trade name 商号〔公司名字〕Trade mark 品牌商标重点11 SWOT analysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats重点12 Intercultural advertising strategiesStandardization strategyConvey and e*tend the same advertising message to different markets and culturesKey point:Deal with the different markets using the same massageE*ample:MarlboroPhilips优点： reinforce the corporate imageSaving energyBe convenient to manage pared with several ads缺点: unlikely to be adaptive without change to all foreigncultureResult in misunderstanding or conflict even ruin a businessLocalization strategyStresses the specialties of the local market and adaptation to the local market environment重点13 Three meaning layers of adsthe surface meaningthe intended meaningthe cultural meaning。
跨文化交际知识点总结
跨文化交际知识点总结随着全球化的深入发展，跨文化交际成为一种越来越重要的能力。
无论是在学术领域还是在商业领域，都需要跨文化交际的能力。
在跨文化交际中，了解对方文化的知识是非常重要的。
同时，还需要掌握一些跨文化交际的技巧。
本文将通过深入分析的方式，总结出一些跨文化交际的知识点，希望能够帮助读者更好地进行跨文化交际。
第一部分：跨文化交际的定义和重要性跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行沟通和交流的过程。
在today’s globalized world，跨文化交际成为了一种非常重要的能力。
无论是在学术交流中，还是在商业交易中，跨文化交际都起着至关重要的作用。
跨文化交际的目的是促进不同文化之间的相互理解和合作，避免文化冲突，提高跨文化交流的效果。
第二部分：跨文化交际的挑战和障碍在跨文化交际中，可能会遇到很多挑战和障碍。
其中最主要的挑战之一是语言障碍。
在不同的文化背景下，人们使用的语言可能会有很大的差异。
此外，文化差异也会导致跨文化交际的困难。
不同文化之间的价值观、信仰、习俗等也会产生很大的差异，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。
第三部分：跨文化交际的重要技巧在进行跨文化交际时，掌握一些重要的技巧是非常重要的。
首先，要尊重对方的文化。
要学会欣赏和尊重不同文化的差异，不要试图改变对方的文化。
其次，要保持开放的心态。
要学会接纳不同的文化，接受文化差异，不要过分强调自己文化的优越性。
此外，要注重非语言交流。
在许多情况下，非语言交流比语言交流更加重要。
要学会关注对方的肢体语言、面部表情等非语言信号。
最后，要积极学习对方的文化。
只有深入了解对方的文化，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。
第四部分：跨文化交际中的文化差异分析每个文化都有其独特的特点，跨文化交际时，我们需要了解对方文化的具体特点。
比如，在中国文化中，注重集体主义，强调家庭和社会的和谐；而在美国文化中，强调个人主义和自由。
对于这些文化差异，我们需要了解并尊重，以便更好地进行跨文化交际。
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总29页PPT
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总
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6、、心急吃不了热汤圆。
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8、你可以很有个性，但某些时候请收 敛。
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9、只为成功找方法，不为失败找借口 (蹩脚 的工人 总是说 工具不 好)。
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10、只要下定决心克服恐惧，便几乎 能克服 任何恐 惧。因 为，请 记住， 除了在 脑海中 ，恐惧 无处藏 身。-- 戴尔． 卡耐基 。
大学英语跨文化复习资料
⼤学英语跨⽂化复习资料⼤学英语跨⽂化复习资料第⼀章：⽂化(1) Culture (from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.（从跨⽂化交际学⾓度定义⽂化：⽂化是个⼈和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、⾏为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、⾓⾊、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
）(2) Culture Identity:refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（⽂化⾝份：认为⾃⼰归属于某⼀⽂化或民族群体的感觉。
）(3) Subculture: refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.（亚⽂化：指存在于主流⽂化中的⽂化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。
）(4) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.（共⽂化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和⾏为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流⽂化的群体或社团。
跨文化交际重点归纳
跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’sprivacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode ofcommunication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one. Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs gettheir own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information. Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteinsand so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist? Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivistone?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译of greetings上哪去？Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦？Where have you been?吃过了吗？Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀？吃饭去？回来了？忙着呢？忙什么呢？在洗车呀？这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？你看起来气色不错。
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的人际交往和沟通。
在全球化背景下，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。
了解并掌握跨文化交际的英语知识点对于有效地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作至关重要。
本文将详细介绍跨文化交际的英语知识点，包括文化差异、非语言交际、礼仪与礼貌等方面。
一、文化差异1. 时间观念：不同文化有不同的时间观念，如西方注重准时，东方则注重灵活性。
了解并尊重对方的时间观念，避免引起误会。
2. 社会等级：不同文化中对社会地位的看法不同，有些文化注重等级分明，有些文化则强调平等。
在交际中应注意尊重对方的社会地位和身份。
3. 个人主义与集体主义：西方文化注重个利和自由，而东方文化注重集体利益和团队协作。
了解并尊重不同文化的价值观念，有助于建立良好的跨文化交际关系。
二、非语言交际1. 肢体语言：不同文化对于肢体语言的解读和使用有所差异，如眼神接触、手势等。
了解并注意对方的肢体语言，避免产生误解。
2. 面部表情：不同文化对面部表情的解读也有所差异，如微笑、皱眉等。
了解并适应对方的面部表情，有助于推动交际进程。
3. 身体姿势：身体姿势也是非语言交际的一种形式，如坐姿、站姿等。
注意对方的身体姿势，尊重对方的个人空间，避免给对方带来不适。
三、礼仪与礼貌1. 问候礼仪：不同文化有不同的问候方式和习惯，如握手、鞠躬等。
了解并尊重对方的问候方式，展示友好和尊重。
2. 礼貌用语：不同文化有不同的礼貌用语和礼貌表达方式，如道歉、感谢等。
适当使用对方的礼貌用语，展示尊重和关注。
3. 社交礼节：不同文化有不同的社交礼节，如用餐礼仪、着装规范等。
了解并遵守对方的社交礼节，展示自己的文化素养。
四、语言交际1. 语言障碍：不同文化使用不同的语言，语言障碍是跨文化交际中常见的问题。
尽量使用简洁明了的词汇和表达方式，避免产生歧义和误解。
2. 文化障碍：语言与文化密切相关，不同文化对于词汇、语法和表达方式有不同的理解和运用。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结
Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。
Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。
As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。
1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳1. 礼仪（Etiquette）礼仪是不同文化交往中最基本的要素之一。
在跨文化交际中，礼仪的重要性不言而喻。
例如，不同国家、不同文化的人在相互交往时，他们的相互礼仪的表达方式都是有所不同的。
2. 规范和价值观（Norms and Values）规范是一种文化内部形成的行为结构，是一种文化共同遵守的行为方式。
在跨文化交际中，了解对方所遵循的规范是非常重要的，这有助于避免在交流中出现不必要的误解和冲突。
3. 语言和文化（Language and Culture）语言是人类进行交流的最基本手段。
语言和文化是紧密相关的。
例如，美国英语和英国英语在用词和发音上有所不同，这也反映出两个国家的文化差异。
4. 非语言交际（Non-Verbal Communication）除了语言外，身体语言、肢体动作、面部表情、姿势等非语言交际也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的因素。
这些非语言交际动作在不同文化间也存在差异。
5. 社会组织形态和社会关系（Social Organization and Relationships）不同文化的社会组织形态和社会关系也是非常不同的。
例如，中国传统文化中注重家庭、亲情和社会关系，而西方文化则注重个性、自由和独立性。
6. 时间观念（Time）不同国家和文化对时间观念的重视程度也存在差异。
例如，在日本文化中，迟到被看作是不尊重别人的行为，而在西方文化中，稍微迟到几分钟不会被认为是什么大问题。
7. 社会礼仪和礼节（Social Etiquette and Formalities）在跨文化交际中，了解对方的社会礼仪和礼节也是非常重要的。
例如，上司和下属之间的交往在不同文化中有着不同的礼节和规范。
8. 语言表达方式和文化复杂性（Language Expression and Cultural Complexity）语言表达方式和文化的复杂性也是跨文化交际中重要的要素之一。
不同文化的语言表达方式有着不同的复杂度和难度，了解这些差异有助于更好地理解对方文化的复杂度。
新编跨文化交际英语教程知识点梳理
新编跨文化交际英语教程知识点梳理（实用版）目录1.新编跨文化交际英语教程的概念与目的2.跨文化交际的重要性3.新编跨文化交际英语教程的主要内容4.新编跨文化交际英语教程的特点与亮点5.新编跨文化交际英语教程的应用与实践正文一、新编跨文化交际英语教程的概念与目的新编跨文化交际英语教程是一本针对英语学习者的教材，旨在帮助学生更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的各种问题。
该教程通过讲解文化、交际、语言以及跨文化交际等相关概念，使学生能够较为客观、系统、全面地认识英语国家的文化，从而提高跨文化交际能力。
二、跨文化交际的重要性随着全球化的不断深入，跨文化交际在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
对于英语学习者来说，掌握跨文化交际的能力不仅能够帮助他们更自信地与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流，还能够拓宽他们的国际视野，提高他们的综合素质。
三、新编跨文化交际英语教程的主要内容新编跨文化交际英语教程共分为 10 个单元，涵盖了全球化时代的交际问题、文化与交际、各类文化差异、语言与文化、跨文化言语交际、跨文化非言语交际、时间与空间使用上的文化、跨文化感知、跨文化适应、跨文化能力等各个方面。
每个单元都以阅读文章为主线，配有形式多样的练习和数量较多的案例分析，同时还提供丰富的相关文化背景知识材料，供选择使用，以满足不同的教学情境和需求。
四、新编跨文化交际英语教程的特点与亮点新编跨文化交际英语教程具有以下特点和亮点：1.实用性：教材选材广泛，包括了几十个实例，既有趣味性，又有实用性，能够帮助学生在实际交际中更好地运用所学知识。
2.系统性：教程对跨文化交际的各个方面进行了全面、深入的讲解，使学生能够系统地掌握跨文化交际的知识和技能。
3.灵活性：教材形式多样，既有阅读文章，又有练习和案例分析，能够满足不同学生的学习需求和教学情境。
4.丰富性：教材提供了丰富的相关文化背景知识材料，帮助学生更好地理解和感知英语国家的文化。
五、新编跨文化交际英语教程的应用与实践新编跨文化交际英语教程在实际应用中，可以通过以下方式进行实践：1.在课堂教学中，教师可以结合教材的内容，进行跨文化交际的讲解和训练，帮助学生提高跨文化交际能力。
英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary
U1:1.views on intercultural communicationTwo different views on intercultural communication: “people are people” VS. “contact is not equal to communication”2. 3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communicationCultural value, world view , social organizations.3.What is globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the p eople, companies, and governments of different nations。
a process dri ven by international trade and investment and aided by information te chnology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on hu man physical well-being in societies around the world.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?(1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and havingcommon requirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Language differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians andsymbols—gesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable”may causeU.S.students to keep their distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statements and actions ofother person or group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations.What are the five basic needs for human beings?(1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach one’s full potential) 2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked? (1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell ushow to weigh the worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same wayto the same object or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personalideas rather than on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are basedon beliefs as well as values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to usor apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value→ belief →attitude. For example , you have an attitude toward eating raw fish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of communication?①context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,thecommunication norms②participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols,receiverswho process and react the massages.③Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings④Channels :a variety of sensory channels⑤Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.⑥Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.5.What is the difference between encoding and decoding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideas and feelings↓↓Encoding decoding6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semanticnoise?external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is communication?Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any culture’s value system?(1)what is the character of innate human nature?-----human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?------t he relationship of man to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?----sense of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-------activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?----social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not liketo be treated youself.,learn to be sensitive to other’s feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient andpersevering.3.How do living situations account for value differences between differentcultures?For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenes’central social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values?The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of culturaldifferences(culture value)?(1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves people’s relationship stothe larger social groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope withuncertainties,)Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels ofstatus or social power.) Malaysia versus New Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealthversus caring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand(5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and lifeversus a short-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one? Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(1)all languages have social questions and information questions.For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you”is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.(3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to communicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon. （4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings. For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department chair or dean,for Frenches adminisration means upper level clerical staff . What Americans consider to be an adminstrator, Frenches consider faulty.（5）language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning”homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’t use the original meaning anymore..Communication across cultures and language is difficult and full of hurdles and pitfalls. Even if two people from different countries spesk a common language ,they may misinteptet the cutural signal. If that happens ,in all likelihood , there will be a cutural problem rhather than a language problem.2.What is the relationship between environment and language?(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.3.How does language change over time?language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning”homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’t use the original meaning anymore..4.Denotations and connotationsDenotations: denotations of a word or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to the actual or fictional “things”that are symbolized.For example, the denotation of the English word “bird”is a tow –legged,winged,egg-laying creature.Connnotations: connnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning .These meanings show people’s attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phase refers to.For example: consider the word “dog” in English and 狗in Chinese. They can be said to have the same denotative meaning； however,people from different cutures may have different connotative reactions to these words ,compare “a homeless dog”(流浪狗) with 丧家之犬5.What are the ways of expressing “no”? Why do people in countries like Japanand China often refuse to say “no” directly?(1)be vague(2)be silent or ask a question(3)change the topic or leave(4)tell a white lie or refuse to answer the question. Say one cannot answer(5)put the reaponsibility to the trird party or offering an alternative.The reason: In Japan and China’s culture ,to refuse an invitation or request with“no”, or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. It is thought to be selfish and unfriendly.6.How does language affect people’s perception and experiences?The language we use may to some exten determine the way we perceive and experience the world.(!)in japan language varies substantially in different social situatons like sddressing superior peers and inferiors.(2) the Thailand language（3）splanish language reveals male dominance through use of gendered nouns and pronouce. A group of man referred to as ello, agroup of wemen referred to as ellas 7.What are the five intended types of equivalence when doing translation? (1)lexical equivalence 例子;there is no equivlent to the English color word bluein Russian. Russia only have the according words of light blue and dark blue that an be translated into English.(2)Idiomatic equivalence : “raining cats and dogs”(3)Grammatical equivalence ；’in Filipino language ,there is no equivalent of theenglish verb “to be”.(4)Experience equivalence(5)Conceptual equivalence8.Why do people say language is always ambiguous?(1)we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write in theway of paticipants interpret(2)language can never fully express our meanings whether in writing or speaking(3)whether the participants share the same assumptions and knowledge about the worldor not.U5:1.What is a rich point?Conversation is a rich point ,a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.2.What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking peopleand the Chinese people concerning compliment and response?In English countrries, the “best way “to respond to a compliment is to accept it. Rejection of compliments is often regarded as a symptom of problem, such as low self-esteem. In contrast to english ,the best way rasponse to compliments in Chinese is traditionally thought to be a rejection or denial. A denial is the routinized response to a compliment.3.What are the differences between “high involvement”style and “highconsiderateness” style?High involvement styles tend to : (1) talk more ；（2）interrupt more ; (30 expect to to be interrupted (4) talk more loudly at times and (5) talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness styles.High considerateness styles；(1) speak one at times (2)use polite listening sounds;(3) refrain from interrupting; and (4) give plenty of positive and respectful responsesto their conversation partners ;4.Directness & indirectness‘get to the point! Don’t beat around the bush” & have many ways to say “no”directly5.Different communication patternsPeople’s communication patterns differ the way people converse.Americans hold a conversation, it seems like they are having a PingPong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back the game continutesJapanes conversationstyle is like a bowling game,answer to questions are carefully thought out rather than blurted out ,enven long silences are tolerated. Give a answer to a question must be given enough time .6.Cross-cultural verbal communication stylesOur verbal communication styles reflects our cultural and personal values and sentiments.(1)diect and indirect verbal interaction styles,in the direct verbal styles,statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intention. Say what you mean “don no beat around the bush(2)person-oriented(treat other people with casualness and informality )andstatus-oriented verbal styles(uphold formality in the human relationship) (3)self-enhancement (boast one’s accomplishments and ablilities) andself-oriented verbal styles (signal modesty or humanity)7.What cultural implications are there underlying the difference betweenspeaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?187In Speaker-responsible language, the speaker provides the structure and therefore much of the specific meaning of the statement. Because the speaker want to tell the listener exactly what is goning to be talked about,and what the speaker wants the listener to know. Prior knowledge of the speaker’s intent is necessary.In listener-responsible language, speakers need to indicate only indirectly what they are discussing. The listener is forced to construct the meaning and usually does so ,based on shared kownledge between the speaker and the listener.U6:1.Values shown in nonverbal communication: intonation, body language (handmovement, eye contact, smile, touch)2.Baptics (touch)There are many kinds of touch to commonly used in the western world. The study of how we use touch in communication is called baptic.3.Gender and nonverbal communicationWhat we know as gender is a set of “acts” or social performences that people arerepearedly compelled to enact.Touch, in the us,wemen friends and relatives may walk arm-in-arm, dance together and hug one another .touch between heterosexual males is generally more restricted. Height ,height equels power and wemen are not supposed to be more powerful than man, taller women may attempt to diminsh themselves,so as to retreat as little space as possible.Gaze, looking directly into person’s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation,or a desire for honest and open communication. in some culture, children are taught that to look adults in the eyes is a sign of disrespect. In mixed-sex paries,women are more likely than men to avert their eyes.Gesture and demeanor ,or “act like a lady”.Artifactual (objects)message , when worn ,they have beed used to signify a wear’s gender, culture, and socioeconomic class. From the moment at which families or hospital assign infants pink or blue blankets,artifacts annouce and contribute to the shaping of children’s experience of gender.. maant of us have our notions of masculine and femininity resting on the nonverbal message we display.4.Functions of nonverbal communicationOur nonverbal communication haves many uses and functions in communication. Repeating: a nonverbal message can repeat a verbal one. Eg; place fingers to his lips to mean “stop”Complementing : using of the voice and facial expression to express appology. Subsituting, regulating ,contradictiing5.ParalanguageParalanguage (辅助性语言) lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. (语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语：you know ,okay, well ,the wors simply build a bridge to what the speaker says next. U7:1.Private space & public space2.Conversational distance3.The layout of a city reflects its social structure and cultural values.美国 NewYork is arrranged in a grid pattern of right-angled street,any corner can becomen a center ,reflect more equality and independence.French is star pattern everthing should be surrounded the center of highly centrealized government.4. 3 perspectives on a culture’s conception of time(1)Informal time :,conception of late and attitutude to the conversation time.(2)Past ,present ,and future: behavior and time are linked.Chinese proverb ；consider the past and you will know the present.Americans are constanly planning for the future.(3)monochronic and polychronicM-time people: do one thing at atime ,concentrate on the job,take the deadline,schedules seriously , adhere to plans,show great respect for privacy. P-time people；do many things at once ,change the plans ofen easily and often, 5.German use of space美国与德国的比较， germans sense their own space as an extension of the egoU8:1.perceptions/images related to the term “gaijin” in Japaneseblond hair and blue eyes outgoning.2.ethnocentrism & ethnorelativismethnocentrism (民族中心主义)is nagetively judging aspects of another culture by the standars of one’s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in whivh one’s own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures areof equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference..no one cultural trait is right or wrong ,it is merely diferent from alternative cultural traits.3.stereotype : a tereotype is over simplified idea about a person ,group,.culturalstereotype about americans “we and they “.many american view jew and arab asa menace and demon and they may avoid to talk to them and escape them when theymeet them on the way.4.What is perception? The three-step process of perceptionPerception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.(1)selection,(2) organazation (3)interpretation5.What are cultural patterns?6.Racial prejudice7.the 3 ways in which stereotypes are formed(1)we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics theypossess.(2)We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people..(3)We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.8.the 4 dimensions of stereotypesA rereotype is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.（1）direction (positive or negative statements, american honest, ambitious) （2）intensity ： the strenth of a belief about agroup of people（3）accuracy(4)content9.What is prejudice? The five common forms of prejudiceAn attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice. Vebal abuse,. Physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and massacre. U9:1.What is cultural shock? What are the symptoms?cultural shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences during the early period unpon entering a new culture.(1)physiological such as headache and sleeplessness(2)emotional such as anxiety,and feeling helpless and loneliness(3)communication such as frustration and excessive complainting,withdrawal fromrelationship and conversation.2.model that explains the normal cycles or stages of early adaptation and cultureshockpredeparture stage :everything is beatiful ,awful, okadaption and reentry3.What is reverse culture shock?The shock suffered by expatriates returning home after lengthy overseas assignments. It is caused by the fact that the cultural norms of the ex-pat's overseas assignment become natural to them, over their home country's own traditions and customs.suggestions for culture shock adaptationcontrol emotion be patient meet people try new things give youself period of rest and thought, work on your self-concept observe bady language ,learn the verbal language4. 2 major views of culture shock: the disease view (hepless victim leave the cuturequickly)& self-awareness view (positive learning experience)5.positive cross-cultural learning experiences6.overcoming ethnocentrism in communication7.Who are “sojourners”? What is cross-cultural adaptation? What are challengesto sojourner adaptation?People who cross cultural boundaries are referred to as sojourners.including immigrants ,refugees ,studentsCross-cutural adaptation refers to how a sojourner chooses to cope with cutural changes.Challenges to sojourner adaptation include ethnocentrism, language barriers, disequilibrium(fit into the host culture0，length of stay, level of knowledge 8.key qualities of a mindful state of being(`1) creation of new categories (2)openness to new information (3)awareness of more than one perspective.U101.betweenness of identity2.metaphors of US cultural diversity3.steps to improve intercultural communication4.attributes of a competent intercultural communicator5. 3 cognitive processes of perceptiondescription, interpretation, evaluation。
跨文化交际重点归纳
跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻 of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’s privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another siteA. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”A. What’s the matterB. YesC. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you replyA. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication？“Intercultural communication is contact between persons whoidentify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To furt her understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese studentsLanguage problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc.Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians What cultural values underlie itAsian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shapedby Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners What cultural values underlie itWesterners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.Lee misunders tood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride. Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink. Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist onefind out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics: What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist onefind out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译 of greetings上哪去Where are you goingIt’s none of your business!去哪啦 Where have you been吃过了吗Have you had your mealAre you going to invite me to dinnerAcceptable Greetings 中文出去呀吃饭去回来了忙着呢忙什么呢在洗车呀这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧你看起来气色不错。
跨文化交际重点归纳
跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavyinterdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’s privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communicatio n is contact between persons who identifythemselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To fu rther understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A G erman student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? Whatcultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.Lee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one. Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information. Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape todescribe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist? Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译of greetings上哪去？Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦？Where have you been?吃过了吗？Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀？吃饭去？回来了？忙着呢？忙什么呢？在洗车呀？这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？你看起来气色不错。
英语跨文化交际知识点归纳
“跨文化交际”知识点归纳
跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行沟通和交流的过程。
以下是一些跨文化交际的知识点归纳：
文化意识：了解并尊重不同文化的差异，包括价值观、信仰、习俗、礼仪等。
意识到自己的文化背景对交际的影响，以及可能存在的误解和偏见。
礼仪与行为准则：了解并尊重不同文化的礼仪和行为准则，包括身体语言、礼节、用语等。
避免冒犯他人或引起误解。
语言交流：了解不同语言之间的差异和障碍，包括语音、语法、词汇和语境。
避免使用难以理解或具有歧义的语言表达。
价值观与信仰：了解并尊重不同文化对于价值观和信仰的重视。
避免对他人的信仰和价值观进行歧视或贬低。
时间观念：了解不同文化对时间的看法和处理方式。
有些文化注重准时，有些文化更加灵活。
尊重对方的时间观念，避免迟到或过早离开。
社交礼节：了解不同文化的社交礼仪和规范，包括问候、交谈、礼物赠送等。
避免冒犯他人或造成尴尬。
跨文化沟通技巧：学会倾听和观察，尊重对方的观点和意见。
避免偏见和刻板印象，尽量以开放和包容的心态进行交流。
文化敏感性：培养对不同文化的敏感性和包容心态。
尊重他人的文化背景，尽量避免对他人的文化进行评判或批判。
跨文化冲突解决：学会处理跨文化冲突和误解，以合作和妥协的方式解决问题。
避免以自己的文化标准来评判他人。
学习和适应能力：持续学习和适应不同文化的能力，包括语言、习俗、价值观等。
发展开放的心态和灵活的思维方式。
这些知识点可以帮助人们更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的挑战，促进文化之间的理解和和谐。
英语中的跨文化交际能力知识点
英语中的跨文化交际能力知识点跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间进行有效沟通和合作的能力。
在全球化的今天，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。
尤其是在英语作为全球通用语言的背景下，掌握英语中的跨文化交际能力对于个人和企业的发展都具有重要意义。
本文将介绍一些英语中的跨文化交际能力知识点。
第一，了解不同文化的价值观。
不同文化有不同的价值观念和观念体系，了解并尊重其他文化的价值观是跨文化交际的基础。
比如，在西方文化中，个人主义被认为是一种积极的价值观，追求自我实现和个人利益最大化；而在东方文化中，集体主义被认为是一种重要的价值观，强调团队合作和社会责任。
了解这些差异可以帮助我们更好地理解和尊重他人的文化。
第二，掌握语言和非语言交际技巧。
语言是跨文化交际的重要媒介，但语言中的词汇、语法和口音等差异可能导致误解和沟通障碍。
因此，我们需要学习和掌握英语中的语言技巧，如适当的表达方式、措辞和语气调节。
此外，非语言交际也是跨文化交际的重要组成部分，包括面部表情、眼神交流、肢体语言等。
正确地理解和运用非语言交际技巧可以增强沟通效果。
第三，了解文化差异对商务谈判的影响。
在跨文化商务谈判中，文化差异可能会导致认知偏差和沟通障碍。
不同的文化在交流方式、谈判风格和决策方式等方面存在差异，了解这些差异并灵活应对是提高谈判成功率的关键。
如在西方文化中，强调直接而坦率的表达方式；而在东方文化中，更注重含蓄和间接的表达方式。
在商务谈判中，我们需要根据对方的文化特点来灵活调整自己的表达方式。
第四，尊重多样性和包容性。
跨文化交际能力的核心是尊重和欣赏不同文化的多样性。
我们应该摒弃偏见和歧视，展现出对其他文化的包容性和开放性。
同时，我们也需要接受自己文化的局限性，并愿意倾听和学习其他文化的观点和经验。
通过与不同文化的人们进行交流和合作，我们可以拓宽自己的视野，提高自己的跨文化交际能力。
总结起来，英语中的跨文化交际能力是一项重要的技能，对于我们在全球化的背景下进行有效沟通和合作非常关键。
跨文化交际__考试重点归纳
跨文化交际—考试重点归纳题型：part I, True or False, 30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A,错的画B）15x2（除第八章）part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1. （2,4,5 细节）Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% （与课后习题中的 cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例）5X2..Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms中选择与其对应的Part IVdefinitions,要考到的terms都已经发给大家）15x1.Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% （简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内）5X3.Part VI. Case Study 10% （课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 xl.要补充的重点为pl 14, （E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English）, pl29, （B・ What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively）另外让学生深入研究 unit 5 和 Unit 2, Unit 4 （culturally-loaded words）,以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题)，C (EuphemismUnderstanding), 以及 E (cultural puzzles)TermsUnit 11・ Economic globalization:经济全球化 the integration of national economies intothe international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2・ Global village:地球木寸 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet・ 3・ Melting pot: 大熔炉 a socio-cultural assimilation of peopleof differentbackgrounds and nationalities・4.Cultural Diversity:文化多样性 the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and subculturesto which membersbelong・5.Intercultural communication:跨文化交际 communication between people whosecultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event・6.Culture:文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relativelylarge group of people・ 7. Enculturation:文化适应 all the activities of learning one' s culture are called enculturation.8・ Acculturation:文化传入 the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures・ 9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越?感 the belief that your own cultural background is superior・munication:交际 to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge・(以下为components ofcommunication)PS: what is the difference between encoding & decodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.11.Source 发送信息的人 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate・12.Encoding 编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to conimunicate・ Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・13.Message 信，息 The term message identifies the encoded thought・Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object・14.Channel 渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted・ The channel or medium,then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.15.Noise 噪咅 The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes・16.Receiver 接的人 The receiver is the person who attends to the message ・17.Decoding 解码 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process・ The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received・18.Receiver response 反馈 The receiver is the person who attends to the message・ Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message・19.Feedback 反馈 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning・20.Context 语境 The final component of communication is context・Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the conimunication takes place and which helps define the communication.精讲案例 Case 1 (p. 1) case 2 (p. 2)思考题1、 what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? P8-9+简要说明convenient transportation systemsinnovative communication systemseconomic globalizationwidespread migrations2・ What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)Behavior(what they do)Concept(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught・The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.4.What are the characteristic of culture?Shared , learned, dynamic, ethnocentric (文化中心主义),5・ What are the characteristic of communication?Dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional, contextual Unit 2-411.Pragmatics: in JU the study of the effect that language has on humanperceptions and behavior・12.Semantics:语意 the study of the meaning of words・13.Denotation:字面意思 the literal meaning or definition of a word-- the explicit, particular, defined meaning・14.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Connotation:弓玄夕卜之音 the suggestive meaning of a word ------------------ all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical andassociative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning・15.Taboo:禁忌语 some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons・ 16. Euphemism：委婉语 the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive・精讲案例 Case 1, case 2 (p. 17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3(p. 45) Case 1 (p. 67) case 3 (p. 69)思考题6・ How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(P. 33)The Americans tend to address only with given names while theChinese may use the full name・ Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite・Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used・7・ What are the social functions of compliments? (p. 60)(答案 p50 第一段)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks orcongratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment・ Unit 517.Chronemics:时T可学 The study of how people perceive and use time・18.Monochronic time:一元时'间概念 paying attention to and doing only one thingat a time・19.Polychronic time:多元时间概念 being involved with many things at once ・20.Proxemics:空「可学 the perception and use of space・21.Kinetics:身势学 the study of body language22.Para language: W involving sounds but not words and lying betweenverbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例 case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p. 87) case 5, 6 (p. 90) case 7 (p. 91) 思考题8・ What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time・M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness・ It features one event at a time・ Time is perceived as alinear structure and something concrete tangible・P-time means being involved with many things at once・P-time is less rigid and clock-bound・ It features several activities at the same time・ It is more flexible and human-centered.9.what is the meaning of common gestures in English? P114 (答案 P233-234)Unit 6精讲案例 case 1 (p. 115) case 2 (p. 116) p. 124-126 中的小案例思考题9.How is gender different from sex? (p. 129)(答案 P. 119/120)10.What has influenced the gender socialization?There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication? (p. 129)(答案 127-128)Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement・ 12. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?P123Un辻7精讲案例 case 1 (p. 137) case 3 (p. 139)13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (pl53)(结合最后一个单元中 ppt 的讲解，了解 high-context culture 和 low-context culture 两个概念)A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message・ In high-context cultures,verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.（沉默是金;一切尽在不言中；心有灵犀一点通）A low context communication is the just the opposite; i・ e・ the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code・High-context culture low-context cultureJapanese Chinese Korean American ......... ・・ German German-SwissUnit 923. A planetary culture:行星文化 a culture that integrates eastern mysticism withwestern science and rationalism.24.Intercultural person:跨文化的人represents someone whose cognitive, affective,and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture・思考题13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?（ppt 中的补充内容）s far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but Aperfectible through hard work・ As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature・ They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented・ They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quiteindividualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group ・As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature・ They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past- oriented ・ They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eterna1. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group・14.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede* s cultural dimensions and use themto analyze the cases （案例分析）。
大学英语跨文化交际总结
大学英语跨文化交际总结Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture 亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or dosomething is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture. Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on the characteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes. One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, andpractices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a few people or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communication Communication/doc/ae1335434.html,munication defined/doc/ae1335434.html,ponents (组成) of communication（sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding编码/feedback/noise/context）Characteristics of communication/doc/ae1335434.html,munication is dynamic/doc/ae1335434.html,munication is systematic/doc/ae1335434.html,munication is symbolic 象征的/doc/ae1335434.html,munication is irreversible 不可逆的/doc/ae1335434.html,munication is transactional 相互作用的/doc/ae1335434.html,munication is self-reflective 自我反思的/doc/ae1335434.html,munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication. Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols includedegrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to match the appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication styleexpected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style. The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (internationalcommunication/interracial communication跨人种/interethniccommunication跨种族/intracultural communication同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication. Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what itis, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode"or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedback of the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important toremember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义（defined/various forms）2.stereotyping（definition/categories）3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping,prejudice andracism（socialization社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychological benefits）Translation problems as language barriers/doc/ae1335434.html,ck of vocabulary equivalence/doc/ae1335434.html,ck of idiomatic equivalence/doc/ae1335434.html,ck of grammatical-syntactical equivalence/doc/ae1335434.html,ck of experiential equivalence 经验/doc/ae1335434.html,ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication—anxiety and uncertainty, assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing todo if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people comingfrom another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict. Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problems Ethnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become abarrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communication Significance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Language and culture/doc/ae1335434.html,nguage as a reflection of the environment/doc/ae1335434.html,nguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles 不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca 洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语），混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of different languages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin,Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to a special or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and e-commerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results-oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning weget fromconversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<="">subconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoidcommunicating.Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication（repeating重复/complementing补充/substituting代替/regulating/contradicting反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage 副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics 时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics色彩/attire打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only languagebut also various ways of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the same nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment—these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver.Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics, chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire. Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger, sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or suppress an emotion,encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, whilepeople from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction. Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world.Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and armsare the primary灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent.Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign country Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values 价值观3.norms 行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture 高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture（语言作为主要传递信息的方式）3.problems posed （高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息）Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation（mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view）3.time orientation（value-past/value-present/value-future）4.activity orientation（value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming）5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and。
新编跨文化交际英语教程知识点梳理
新编跨文化交际英语教程知识点梳理新编跨文化交际英语教程是一本专门针对跨文化交际的英语教材，旨在帮助学习者提高在不同文化背景下的英语交际能力。
本文将对这本教材的知识点进行梳理，并按照标题的要求进行详细阐述。
一、跨文化交际的概念与重要性跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力对个人和组织来说变得越来越重要。
教材首先介绍了跨文化交际的概念和重要性，引导学习者认识到学习跨文化交际的必要性。
二、文化差异的认知与理解文化差异是跨文化交际的核心问题之一。
教材通过介绍不同国家和地区的文化背景，让学习者认识到不同文化之间的差异。
例如，西方国家强调个人主义，而亚洲国家则更注重集体主义；西方人通常直接表达意见，而东方人更倾向于含蓄表达。
通过了解这些文化差异，学习者可以更好地适应和理解不同文化的交际方式。
三、语言与文化的关系语言是文化的重要组成部分，也是跨文化交际的基础。
教材通过对语言与文化的关系进行介绍，让学习者认识到不同语言背后的文化内涵。
例如，英语中的一些习语和隐喻在其他语言中可能没有对应的表达，这就需要学习者在跨文化交际中注意语言的使用。
四、非语言交际与文化除了语言交际外，非语言交际也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的因素。
教材通过介绍非语言交际的方式和特点，让学习者了解不同文化中的非语言行为习惯和意义。
例如，西方人习惯于握手问候，而东方人则更多使用鞠躬。
通过了解这些非语言交际的差异，学习者可以更准确地理解和表达自己的意思。
五、跨文化交际中的礼仪与文化礼仪是不同文化交际中的重要组成部分。
教材通过介绍不同文化中的礼仪规范和习俗，让学习者了解在不同文化中应该如何表现和应对。
例如，在西方国家用餐时，吃完后将刀叉并排放在盘子上表示已经用完；而在中国，将筷子插在饭中是不礼貌的行为。
学习者通过学习这些礼仪规范，可以更好地适应不同文化的环境。
六、文化冲突与解决在跨文化交际中，文化冲突是难免的。
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Culture is dynamic. (pg. 6)
◦ Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
Noise ◦ The term noise technically refers to anythingthat distorts the message the source encodes.
Components of Communication
Source ◦ The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding ◦ Encodingis the process of puttingan idea into a symbol.
Characteristics of Culture
Culture is shared.
Culture is learned.
◦ Enculturation(文化习得) : all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.
(what they think)
How to understand Cultural Iceberg
The plicit, visible, taught.
The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.
Global village: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
Meltingpot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
What are the three ingredients of culture?
1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)
2. behavior (what they do) 3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…)
Culture is ethnocentric(文化中心主义).
◦ Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
Communication
Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
Cultural Diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
Message ◦ The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel ◦ The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encodedmessage is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
Unit 1
Economicglobalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
The concept of culture
Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.