跨文化交际Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
跨文化交际中的非言语交际
摘要在跨文化交际中,非言语交际是人们传递信息、表达情感的一个重要手段,与语言交际互为补充,在跨文化交际中起着不可忽视的作用。
然而,人们并没有给予非言语交际以足够的重视,使其长期处于被忽视的地位。
在跨文化交际过程中,经常发生因非言语交际误解导致交际无法顺畅进行,因而影响交际质量的情况。
本文从手势，面部表情，目视行为等几个方面分析非言语行为在跨文化交际中的差异,以期提高人们跨文化交际的敏感性和质量。
关键词跨文化交际非言语交际交际能力文化差异On Non-verbal Communication in Cross-cultural Com鄄munication//Xue MeiAbstract Non-verbal communication,an important means to pass information and express feelings,complements mutually with verbal communication and plays an important role in cross-cultural communication.However,non-verbal communi-cation has not been paid enough attention and has been neglected for a long time.Misunderstanding on nonverbal communication leads to the failure of the communication and affects the quality of communication.The essay analyzes the differences of non-verbal communication in cross-cultural communication from several as-pects,such as gestures,facial expressions and visual behaviors, so as to improve people's sensitivity and quality of the cross-cul-tural communication.Key words cross-cultural communication;non-verbal commu-nication;communication skills;cultural difference跨文化交际是指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人之间所进行的交流,在跨文化交际过程中,人们通常只注重语言本身,而忽视了交际过程中的非言语行为。
跨文化交际
跨文化交际复习题Translation1.Intercultural communication: 跨文化交际2.Intracultural communication: 主流文化背景下的亚文化交际3.negative transfer of culture: 文化的负迁移municative channel: 交际渠道5.value orientation: 价值取向1)verbal communication: 语言交际①oral form②written form2）non-verbal communication: 非语言交际①body behavior②space and distance③time④silence6.time orientation: 时间取向7.past time and future time orientation: 过去取向与未来取向8.geographical context: 地域环境9.cultural diversity: 文化多元性10.non-verbal communication: 非语言交际11.aesthetic orientation: 审美取向12.cultural equivalence: 文化的等同petitive spirit: 竞争意识14.psychological context: 心里语境/ 环境15.group vs individual orientation: 集体取向vs 个人取向16.inductive vs deductive: 归纳法vs 演绎法17.oneness vs dividedness between man and Nature: 天人合一vs 天人分离18.encoding vs decoding: 编码vs 译码19.ingredients of communication: 交际的要素20.message or behavioral source: 信息源或行为源21.sub-culture: 亚文化22.ethnic culture: 民族文化/ 伦理文化23.stereotypes: 文化定势24.high context culture: 强交际文化环境25.low context culture:弱交际文化环境26.context of situation: 语言环境27.psychological context: 心理环境28.seeking of change vs seeking of stability: 求变vs 求稳29.innately good vs innately evil: 人性本善vs 人性本恶30.interactions rules: 交往规则31.interpretation norms: 解释范围32.ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义municative distance: 交际距离34.spatial setting: 空间场合35.temporal setting: 时间场合36.instrumental type: 工具型37.affective type: 情感型38.parataxis vs hypotaxis: 意合vs 形合39.pragmatic transfer: 语用迁移40.pragmatic failure: 交际失误41.cooperative principle: 合作原则42.politeness principle: 文明原则43.positive face and negative face: 积极面对和消极面对44.gender communication culture: 性别交际文化45.generation communication culture: 代交际文化46.professional communication culture: 职业交际文化47.proxemic behavior: 体距行为48.multicultural communication: 多元文化交际49.globalization vs glocalization: 全球化vs 全球语境下的本土化50.interethnic communication: 跨种族交际True or False1. Usually, the husband serves the cocktails and the wife clears the dishes from the table.—T2. Frequent guests often help the host and the hostess with the daily activities of the family.—T3. The guest may say a short prayer of thanks before dinner begins.—F4. A woman should not have a sustained conversation with a man in a public place in American subways.—T5. Men usually extend their hands and shake hands with women when they meet for the first time.—F6. If a woman invites a man for a date, it is usually “dutch treat”.—T7. In the United Sates, men and women can date a variety of people respectively.—T8. If you are thinking as much of others as of yourself, you won’t made mistakes that annoy others.—T9. It is not proper to talk with another person in a language unfamiliar to the rest.—T10. At the end of a speech it is sufficient to make a very slight bow without saying anything.—T11. In the United States, people find silence uncomfortable, except when it occurs between close friends.—T12. Americans think it is not very good to have acquaintance with members of the opposite sex.—F13. In the United States setting a date to get together must be done quite a few days in advance.—F14. American people like to drink tea very much after meals.—F15. American people have little concern for social rank.—T16. In conversation people never use each other’s titles.—F17. If you meet a stranger in the West and ask him the way, you should say “Hello, can you tell me the way to the bus station?”.—F18. Supposed you are asked to make a speech, you should address the listeners as “Gentlemen and Ladies” or “Mrs. and Mr.”—F19. In the West, it is not normal for a man to shake hands.—F20. The British don’t normally shake hands when taking leave unless someone is leaving for a fair length of time.—T21. While giving a lesson to your students if you want to go to the “W.C”, you say “I am sorry.”—F22. When you speak you must try to keep the tone light, casual and natural.—T23. The person who extends an invitation is usually expected to pay, though there is no definite answer to the question of who pays.—F24. When you didn’t follow the speaker, it is not polite for you to say “Repeat your words, will you?” to hi m.—T25. When invited to a party or dinner, it is very common for the guest to take bottles of drink there and give them to the host or hostess on arrival.—T26. When the dinner or party is over, you may take leave or say goodbye to the host or hostess as quickly as you can.—F27. When taking a taxi in the West, you have to tip the driver.—T28.The person who makes a call is usually the one to end the conversation on the phone.—F29. Flowers are very lovely and beautiful; you may carry any flowers when taking planes.—F30. It is necessary for you to do shopping with a basket at the supermarket in the West, before you enter the supermarket.—F31. When you dislike the price, you may say“ Sorry, the price is very high.”—F32. If you receive an invitation to a conference, you needn’t reply to it unless you attend it.—F33. For every meeting, there is an opening ceremony and closing ceremony.—F34.Dinner talks are necessary for a formal conference.—T35. Usually a dinner party will be given to the guests after signing a contract. And only the person who signs the contract will present himself.—F36. When signing a contract the assistants from both parties will sign the contract.—T37. In an opening ceremony it is polite to invite some top officer to make a speech.—FChoice1. In America it is considered better to be invited to a person’s house.2. Flowers are not provided in hotels because flowers are too expensive.3. Standing around chatting with one another is the answer to best describe Americans behavior at parties.4. Not to stay too long in one place is the basic rule at a party in America.5. You should move from group to group meeting people if you are alone at a party.6. The best way for women to meet men is in group.7. In the West it is customary for a man to raise his hat slightly off his head when he meets with a girl or a woman.8. An invitation to come to the home for a meal or a longer visit is usually given by the hostess.9. Some invitations bear the letters “R.S.V.P” That means reply as soon as possible.10. If you are waiting for someone in his room, it is all right for you to pick up a newspaper or magazine from the table to read.11. If you find it absolutely necessary to spit, go into a lavatory.12. When a man is with a lady, he usually walks behind her except when for instance, they got off a train , want to open a heavy door , try to find a table in a restaurant. 13. In the western countries when you give something to a person or receive something from a person, you should use one hand only-usually the right hand.14. That a married woman servant is called Mrs. So-and-so is a failure of communication.15. If you eat at a restaurant, you have to give the waiter a tip. You say“Thank you” and put the tip into the waiter’ hand.16. When two persons of the same sex shake hands, the older one puts his( or her) hand out first.17. That you introduce a married woman to an unmarried woman is wrong when you introduce two persons.18. You will spoil the dinner by arriving late because you will both make the other guests unhappy and make the dishes tasteless.19. A woman (not the hostess) should never rise when she is being introduced.20. As a guest at the dinner table you will not feel doubtful about which seat you should take because there is no order of importance of seats.21. If you do not enjoy the party, you must still say something to please your hostess.22. One day, when an American lady accidentally bumped into Wei Lin. Lady: I’m terribly sorry. Wei: That’ all right.23. At a bus stop, Man: Excuse me, do you know which bus to catch for London Road, please? Woman: Sorry, I’ve no idea. Man: Oh.24. Li had something to tell the manager, Mr. Smith, so he went to his place, entering the room and said” Can I have a word with you, Mr. Smith?”25. If you are attending a family gathering and would like to know what the familial relationship is between one member and another, you may ask”Is her your…?”26. When introduced to an older professor or to a friend’s parents, you would say” Hi! Glad to know you.”27. When introducing yourself to someone you don’t know at a party, you would say”Hi, I’m…”28. Jack phones Xiao Song’s office.Jack: Hello, I’d like to speak to Song Hua, please. Song: This is Song Hua speaking.29. Mr. Green’s secretary, Pat Kent, went to the airport to meet Mr. Barnes for her boss. Miss Kent: Excuse me, would you be Mr. Barnes?Q & A1. What have contributed to increased international contacts?A: New technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the global economic arena have contributed to increased international contacts.2. What are the characteristics of culture?A: Culture is learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, subject to change, integrated, ethnocentric and adaptive.3. What is interracial communication?A: Interracial communication occurs when the source and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.4. What is interethnic communication?A: Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture.5. What are elements of intercultural communication?A: The interacting elements fall into four general groupings: perception, verbal processes, nonverbal processes, and contextural elements.6. What is perception?A: Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data ina way that enables us to make sense of our world.7. What factors influence human perception?A: Physical factor, environmental factor, and cultural factor influence human perception.8. Why do we say beliefs are important in intercultural communication?A: Belief systems are significant to the study of intercultural communication because they are at the core of our thoughts and actions, and they affect our conscious and unconscious minds, as well as the manner in which we communicate.9. What is value?A: Value is a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.10. What is cultural value?A: Cultural values tend to permeate a culture and are derived from the large philosophical issues that are part of culture’s milieu.11. What are dominant American cultural patterns?A: Individualism, equality, materialism, science and technology, process and change, work and leisure, and competition.12. What are Hofstede’s value dimensions?A: Individualism—collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and masculinity and femininity.13. What do cultures differ in their attitudes towards?A: Individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, and assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.14. What is world view?A: World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, death, sickness, and other philosophicalissues that influence how its members perceive their world.15. What are religious similarities?A: Sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation and ethics.16. What are the five main religions of the world?A: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.17. What different meanings toward life in five religions?A: Christianity—love, Judaism—order, Islam—authority, Hinduism—wisdom and Buddhism—suffering.18. Why is language important?A: Because we employ words to relate to the past, we use words to exercise some control over the present, and use words to form images of the future.19. What is the relation between language and culture?A: It is impossible to separate our use of language from our culture. In its most basic sense, language is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large community of people.20. What are the problems of the translation in linguistic equivalence?A: V ocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slang equivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence and conceptual equivalence.21. What is nonverbal communication?A: Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.22. Why is nonverbal communication important?A: We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their nonverbal behavior. We use the actions of others to learn about their emotional states.23. What are the functions of nonverbal communication?A: To repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate and to contradict a communication event.24. What are nonverbal messages are communicated by means of?A: Body behavior, space and distance, time, and silence.。
跨文化交际 Lecture-2-NONVERBAL-1
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Where to sit?
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Facial expression
Look at the following pictures, try to tell which people is…
1. The most kind-hearted? 2. The most artistic? 3. The most smart?
5220
Eye contact in different countries
• Generally speaking, southern Europeans have more frequent eye contacts than Northern Europeans and Americans; • Italians may regard British men as cold, while the British may think Italians are very warm-hearted; • But these may NOT be true!
1.1 Body Language
《跨文化交际》-7-非言语交际
低头 lowered head
Ws Cult'=defeat/uncertainty Asian Cul'=accept hierarchy社会等级/ =intent listening专注听 A lowered head in Western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian culture lowering one’s head may represent accepting one’s place in the hierarchy等级, but it also may be an indication of intent listening.
长发年轻女甩发，拂发：toss hair&flick hair
=implies courting/flirting
A
young woman wearing long hair down to her shoulders usually has a habitual action: suddenly tossing her hair over to her back, together with one hand flicking(拂一下) the hair. If she is a single girl and on some occasion, it implies courting求偶，讨 好 or flirting调情，卖弄风骚.
Nonverbal communication
2. Functions功能 of Nonverbal Communication １） Repeating重复 ２）Complementing补充 ３）Substituting替代 ４）Regulating调节、校正 ５）Contradicting反驳
跨文化交际中的非语言交际
毕业论文题目：跨文化交际中的非语言交际T i t l e: Nonverbal Communication in Cross-cultural CommunicationAcknowledgesWhen I write this degree paper, I met many problems. So in all the process I gain a lot of help from others.First, I thank the supervision of my teacher, Mrs.liu. From the beginning to the end, whenever I have problems, she is always ready to help me. When I ask her questions she answers very carefully. When she corrects my thesis, although she is very busy, she does it seriously quite a lot, which make me deeply moved.Second, I want to thank my classmates and my family who help me. They give me many good advices.At last, I think I have to thank the college of foreign studies. It provides me an opportunity to learn English further. All the teachers taught me is very serious and careful, so that I learn well and can write it relatively smooth.AbstractVerbal communication and nonverbal communication are the two means in intercultural communication. Verbal communication and nonverbal communication, the cultural production of a certain society, have differences as well as similarities in that. On the one hand, they both belong to communication, which refers to the passing process of a message from one person to another either consciously or unconsciously through a certain means; on the other hand, the message is passed from the sender to the receiver in a different way. It is very important to make clear the relationships between verbal and nonverbal communication in learning intercultural communication.When people send message or communicate, they usually use verbal communication and nonverbal communication together. But when the two means became contradictory, people always ready to accept the nonverbal message. For people believe that nonverbal behavior is more natural, instinctive and difficult to disguise than verbal behavior. It remains the same situation when people of different countries communicate one another. So we should think highly of the study of nonverbal communication. Nowadays, globalization has become inevitable tide especially after entering WTO. International communication has become more and more frequently. Under such a situation, the relevance of study the problem gets speak for itself.Many scholars are studying and researching the influence of nonverbal communication to intercultural communication. Now, a few scholars begin to solve the conflict according to the location of thought. The article is analyzed in terms of actions and methods in nonverbal communication.Key words: cross culture; nonverbal communication; cultural identity摘要跨文化交际有两种途径：语言交际和非语言交际。
跨文化交际 Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication
Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication (非言语交际) refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message.
Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication
The Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
a. Replacing
There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand
One first and very important feng shui career tip talks about your desk position. The desk or table you use for working should be placed in a position that allows you to see the main door. Your desk should never be with your back at the door, since that would be very harmful for your career. And if possible, you should also try to place it in such an angle where you can also see the window.
跨文化交际主要名词解释
1.verbal communication1.言语交际V erbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。
2.非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communication refers to intertional use of non-spoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。
（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。
municative context;Communicative context is more likely to affect our communication with those who have different culture from ours or hold our language as their second language.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. It’s the information that surrounds an event, it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.4.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
跨文化交际的英文表达
"Cross-cultural communication" 是指在不同文化背景下进行交流和理解的过程。
在许多情境下，人们可能会用以下表达来描述跨文化交际：
1. Intercultural Communication: 跨文化交际的常用术语。
2. Cultural Exchange: 文化交流，表示在不同文化间分享和交流信息。
3. Global Communication: 全球交流，指的是超越国界进行的跨文化沟通。
4. Diversity and Inclusion: 多元性与包容，强调在交际中考虑和尊重不同文化的多样性。
5. Interpersonal Understanding: 人际理解，强调在交流中理解和尊重他人的文化差异。
6. Cultural Sensitivity: 文化敏感性，指的是在交际中考虑并尊重他人的文化背景。
7. Adaptation and Adjustment: 适应与调整，表示在不同文化环境中调整自己的交际方式以融入当地文化。
8. Global Citizenship: 全球公民意识，鼓励个体在跨文化交际中具有开放、包容和全球意识。
9. Cultural Intelligence (CQ): 文化智商，强调个体在不同文化中有效交往的能力。
10. Bridging Cultural Divides: 架桥文化分歧，表示尝试弥合不同文化间的差异。
在任何跨文化交际中，理解文化差异的重要性以及尊重他人文化的价值观是关键。
这些表达可以帮助描述和促进在多元文化背景中的有效交际。
跨文化交际英文NonverbalCommunication ppt课件
interested Do not believe
Turn toward the person you are talking to.
Roll your eyes and turn your head away.
I. Understanding Nonverbal Communication
NVC involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his / her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar, 2000: 149)
Unit 5
Nonverbal Communication (I)
In today’s class, we will…
understand what nonverbal communication is
know the function nonverbal communication serves
“Slow down, relax or wait a second.”
in the US- “You did something bad; shame on you.”
Comparison
Meaning
No, don’t do that.
I don’t know
Gesture in the USA
Gesture in China
Moving the index Moving the hand finger from side to from sigging one’s
跨文化商务交际Unit 4 Non-verbal communication
I’m tired
Pressing one’s palm Together and rest one’s head on the back of one’s hand.
I’m full
Moving the hand in circles over the stomach
I’m hungry
Almost any emotion
nonverbal communication • 4. Understanding the nonverbal barriers in
intercultural communication
There’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip. William Shakespeare
crazy, often in a joking way. • 3.I have no idea • 4.. Would you speak louder? I can’t hear you. • 5. that’s enough. It’s all over for me. • 6. Thumbs down, rejection, refusal, or no good • 7. Something is odd or suspicious • 8. Come here • 9. Great • 10.Hello • 11.oh, I forgot • 12. Slow down
• The function of repeating
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• 2. You tell someone that you are pleased with his performance, and at the same time you pat the person on the shoulder.
跨文化交际 名词解释
Give definitions to the following(1)Intercultural communication: Face-to-face communication between peopl efrom differing cultural backgrounds.(2)Intracultural communication: Shared interpersonal communication(人际交际)between members of the same culture.(3)Host culture: The mainstream culture in any one particular country.(4)Minority culture: cultural groups that are small er in numerical terms inrelation to the host culture.(5)Subculture (co-culture): A small er, possibly nonconformist（不遵循社会常规的人）, subgroup with the host culture.(6)Multiculturalism: The official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnicdiversity.(7)Cross-cultural communication: Face to face communication betweenrepresentatives of business, government and professional groups from different cultures.(8)Perception（感知）: Perception is the means by which we make sense of ourphysical and social world.(9)Individualism: individualism refers to the d octrine（教义）that the interests ofthe individual are or ought to be paramount（至上的）, and that all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative（主动权）, ind epend ence，individual expression, and even privacy.(10)Coll ectivism: Coll ectivism means greater emphasis on the views, needsand goals of the in-group rather than oneself; social norms(标准，规范) and duty d efined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pl easure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguished self from in-group and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.(11)Power distance: Power distance refers to the extent to which a societyaccepts that power, in relationships, institutions and organizations are distributed unequally.(12)Context: Information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably（免不了的）bound up with the meaning of the event.(13)High-context communication: A high- context communication ormessage is one in which most of the information is ready in the person, while very little is in the cod ed, explicitly（明白的）transmitted part of the information.(14)Low-context communication: Low-context communication or message isone in which little information is ready in the person, whil e most is in the cod ed, inexplicitly transmitted part of the information.(15)High-context culture: Most of the information lies either in the setting orin the peopl e who are part of the interaction. Very little information is actually contained in the verbal message.(16)Low-context cultures: The verbal message contains most of theinformation and very little is embed d ed（嵌入）in the context or the participants.(17)Activity orientation（活动观）: Activity orientation is the way a cultureviews activity. There common mod es of activity expressions are: being orientation（存在观）, being-in-becoming orientation and d oing orientation.(18)Nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication involves all thosenonverbal stimuli（刺激）in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receive.(19)Paralanguage（副语言）: Paralanguage involves the linguistic el ements ofspeech that is, how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words. Most classifications divid e paralanguage into 3 kinds of vocalizations（发声）: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers and vocal segregates.(20)M-time: Peopl e in M-time culture tend to think of time as something fixedin nature, something around us and from which we cannot escape; an ever-present part of the environment. They see time as lineal, segmented and managed.(21)P-time: For P-time culture, time is l ess tangibl e and hence feelings ofwasted time are not as prevalent as in M-time culture.。
跨文化交际学考试名词解释
跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：Intercultural communication:intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture –whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures .Perception :in its simplest sense ,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us “the process by which an individual selects ,evaluates ,and organizes stimuli from the external world .”in other words ,perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance :it’s the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally .Context :it’s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context communication :it’s just the opposite of high-context communication . it’s the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American GermanHigh-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context culture:it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,GermanActivity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters’personalities’, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregatesM-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breatheP-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .Proverbs :(1)even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor (一人得道，鸡犬升天)it represents that thecollective nature of Chinese values is largely the product of thousands of years of living and working together on the land .collectivism is characterized with a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group (relatives ,clans, organizations )member to look after them .individual identity is based on the social system .the individual is emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions ,that is their in-group framework ,if one of the in-group member ,especially the head of the in-group ,gets a great success ,all the others can get benefit from him .(2)when everybody adds fuel the flames rise high ,the more people the more strength (众人拾柴火焰高) it shows the collectivism –orientation of Chinese people in their work .they are great readiness to cooperate with ingroup members .they tend to have a homogeneous work fore with little differentiation between managers and workers .the high value placed on the collective fosters mutual dependence in a group-oriented environment :they interact and conduct work activities as group efforts ,depending heavily upon one another .in collectivism-oriented culture .everyone has duty to contribute his most to the collective . (3)better to be a fool with the crowd than wise by oneself .it shows that mexican Americans have most of the characteristics of collectivism .they put more emphasis on beliefs shared with the ingroup rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup and great readiness to cooperate with ingrooup membership(4) a man in king in his homeit shows that they tend toward a masculine world view .sex roles in a masculine society are clearly differentiated ,with men taught to be assertive and women nurturing .Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Components of Communication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes. Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.13. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaningof words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference:language, thought patterns…Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only besuspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality) Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time commitments seriouslyAre committed to the jobAdhere religiously to plansEmphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationshipsP: Do many things at onceConsider time commitments an objective to beachieved, if possibleAre committed to people and humanrelationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationshipHave strong tendency to build lifetimerelationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity?Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain. Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise. Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?PWhat is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ Competitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121Family communicationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidance High-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, whichincludes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.。
跨文化交际中的非言语交际
Non-verbal Communication in Intercultural CommunicationDuring the process of intercultural communication, people pay more attention to verbal communication and ignore non-verbal communication. However, non-verbal communication plays an important role in intercultural communication. If we ignore the non-verbal communication, communicating with each other will be impeded by the differences of understanding of the non-verbal communication. So, if we communicated with foreigners smoothly and successfully, we must pay more attention to the differences of non-verbal. Therefore, this paper will focus on the non-verbal communication to avoid misunderstanding.1.The study on non-verbal communication1.1 The definition of non-verbal communicationWe do not only communicate our thoughts and feelings through the use of words, we also convey our ideas and experiences through non-verbal channels. Non-verbal communication is commonly used to describe all human events which transcend spoken or written words. That is to say, it refers to all those communication except verbal behavior.1.2The study on non-verbal communication abroadThe scientific study of non-verbal communication primarily started after World War II. One of the most influential pre-twentieth centuryworks was Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872. This work spawned the modern study of facial expression. In 1950s, there was a significant increase in the number of non-verbal research efforts. In 1956, Ruesch and Kees produced a book entitled Non-verbal Communication: Notes on the Visual Perception of Human Relations. This was the first book to use the term nonverbal communication in its title. The 1960s produced a nuclear explosion of nonverbal studies. There were extensive studies on specific areas of eye behavior, personal space and pauses. The 1970s proved to be a mature period on non-verbal studies. The 1980s were a time of further development of non-verbal communication studies. Some non-verbal researches focused on identifying the ways a variety of non-verbal signals work together to accomplish common communicative goals.1.3The study on non-verbal communication at homeThe research on non-verbal behavior in our country began from 1980s. Scholars such as Hu Wenzhong, Bi Jiewan, Den Yanchang and Liu Runqing have done some research work. There is an increasing amount of research findings in this area. However, it is far from enough. Most of people still pay less attention to non-verbal communication.In summary, seeing the non-verbal communication from domestic and foreign perspectives, many scholars begin to pay more attention to the non-verbal communication.2.The classifications of non-verbal communicationMany scholars have different definitions of the classifications of non-verbal communication. I make a generalization of the classifications of non-verbal communication based on He Daokuan’s opinion and the textbook of dynamic intercultural communication.1) Kinesics, including posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and touching.2) Chronemics, consisting of informal time (pace of walk and life, and punctuality), perceptions of past, present, and future; and monochromic and polyphonic time.3) Proxemics, about attitude toward spatial distance and arrangements, territoriality.4) Paralanguage, comprising non-verbal sounds and silence;5) Object language, made up of general appearance, dress, smell, and personal artifacts.3. The differences of non-verbal behavior between China and AmericaA great deal of non-verbal behavior is rooted in our culture. Non-verbal behaviors are not innate and influenced by the native culture. Chinese culture is different from American culture. Chinese culture isinfluenced by Confucius ideology. American culture is influenced by Christian ideology. Different cultures lead to different non-verbal behaviors. So I will analyze the differences of non-verbal behaviors between china and America.3.1 I will analyze the differences of proxemics between china and America.3.1.1 I will analyze the differences of postures between china and America.Due to different values and norms, different postures appear between china and America. Americans pay more attention to informality; however, Chinese pay more attention to formality and rigid rules. For example, when American students answer the teachers’questions, they don’t need to stand up to answer the teachers’questions. However, Chinese students must stand up to answer the teachers’ questions to show the respect for the teachers.3.1.2 I will analyze the differences of gestures between china and America.Different gestures have different meanings between china and America. For example, in America, people can point to objects and even at people with the index finger, while in china pointing with the index finger is considered rude.3.1.3 Thirdly, I will analyze the differences of facial expressions between china and America. Different facial expressions have different understandings in the different contexts between china and America. For example: when receiving praise, Americans respond “thank you”with smile. However, in china, this behavior may be considered too conceited.3.1.4 Fourthly, I will analyze the differences of eye contact between china and America. Different cultures have the different customs of using eye contact. In America, when children communicate with adults, they use eye contact with each other appropriately to show the character of honesty. However, in china, when children communicate with adults, they always don’t use eye contact straightly in order to show the respect for adults.3.1.5 Fifthly, I will analyze the differences of touch between china and America. The touch behaviors between china and America are great. For example, the behavior of kissing is open in public to express the meaning of welcome in America. However, in china, the behavior of kissing is not accepted in public.3.2 I will analyze the differences of Chronemics between china and America3.2.1 Chronemics is the study of time. The Chinese concept of time is different from the American concept of time. Americans pay moreattention to punctuality. They always say that time is money. We should not waste our time unless we were doing some things. However, Chinese pay less attention to punctuality. We always say that please take it easy. 3.2.2 The differences of monochromic and polychromic between china and America. Monochromic refers to do only one thing at any one time. People in America tend to do only one activity at a time. However, polychromic refers to do more than one activity at a time. People in china tend to do more than one activity at a time. For example, it is not strange to see shop assistants calculate price for one customer, show another customer goods, and greet to their acquaintances simultaneously.3.3 I will analyze the differences of proxemics between china and America.Proxemics includes spatial distance, spatial arrangements, and people’s attitudes towards territoriality.3.3.1 I will analyze the differences of spatial distance between china and America.Generally speaking, American culture that stresses individualism demands more space than Chinese culture that stresses collectivism. Americans try hard to avoid close contact with each other on buses and other public vehicles. However, in china, where any seats are not reserved on bus, three or four people may crowd together.3.3.2 I will analyze the differences of spatial arrangements between chinaand America. In America, the students’seats are arranged in a round circle. They tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated and standing by them. However, in china, the Chinese often experience alienation and uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite sides of a desk or a table from someone; it makes them feel as if they are on trial.3.3.3 I will analyze the differences of territoriality between china and America. In America, they pay more attention to the personal territoriality. They do not touch others’possessions without others’permission. However, in china, we always touch each other’s possessions to show friendliness.3.4 I will analyze the differences of paralanguage between china and America.3.4.1 I will analyze the differences of nonverbal sound between china and America. Due to the different social and living circumstances, Chinese tend to speak in a loud manner to convey the necessary information. However, Americans only make a speech in a loud manner. At the same time, quite a few Chinese words have double vowels which make Chinese language sound louder.3.4.2 I will analyze the differences of silence between china and America. Americans hold a kind of positive attitude towards silence. However, Chinese hold a kind of negative attitude towards silence. For example, inrespond to the question “will you marry me?” silence in America would be interpreted as a kind of uncertainty or refusal. However, in china, silence would be interpreted as acceptance.3.5 I will analyze the differences of object language between china and America.3.5.1 I will analyze the differences of general appearance between china and America. Americans pay more attention to the general appearance on formal and informal occasions respectively. However, Chinese rarely distinguish the general appearance on formal and informal occasions.3.5.2 I will analyze the differences of color between china and America. For example, in china, red means some good things. However, in America, red signals violence.In summary, there are some differences among kinesics, chronemics, proxemics, paralanguage and object language between china and America.。
跨文化交际英文版5 Nonverbal Communication (I)
Nonverbal Communication (I)
In today’s class, we will…
understand what nonverbal communication is know the function nonverbal communication serves find out the elements of nonverbal communication gain an awareness that successful ICC also depends on behaviors we display
angry
Threaten sb.
Happy, feel at ease, hide your feeling
Frown and turn your back to someone Close your hand and shake it at someone.
smile
Agreement or refusal Be not interested interested
Spain: _____ Greece: _____ Malta: _____ Italy: _____
V-sign
Britain: _____ Greece: _____ What is “Moutza”?
Do you know what the following gestures means?
Which carries more of the meaning, verbal or nonverbal communication?
35%
跨文化交际实训Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication-文档资料
Warm-up
What is the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication? How many types of nonverbal communication can you name?
I. Definitions of Nonverbal communication非言语交际的定义
Key Terms
eye contact 眼神交会 眼神交会是是通过眼神、目光等传达信息，表达 思想感情，是人们非常重要的非言语交际手段
Glossary
peril samurai sustain n. 危险，冒险 n. (日本的)武士 vt.维持
Comprehension Questions
Everything except the actual words we apply in our communication, such as the looks on our face, the way we speak, the gestures we employ, the direction of our gaze, the extent to which we touch. They all send messages to the people we are talking to. Nonverbal messages are generally classified into two categories: those that primarily produced by the body behaviors produced by speakers and uses of the spatial or temporal setting by speakers.
跨文化交际Unit 5 Nonverbal Communication
Dress Language
金日成曾经说过，“裤子是男人穿的”。 所以在朝鲜，无论春夏秋冬，朝鲜妇女都 会响应领袖号召，坚决只穿裙子，不穿裤 子。 2009年，朝鲜劳动党机关报《劳动新闻》在 题为《穿着应方便且好看》的报道中，建 议女性们穿“端正的裤子”，并一条一条 列举了“可以穿的裤子”和“不该穿的裤 子”。 朝鲜女性俗称男人为“裤子”。 （天涯社 区，2011-10）
Pun some cultures it’s assumed that a busy, important person should come late. Is it so in China? How is your understanding of “不见不 散”?
Time Orientations
Time Orientations
What do you think of careful planning for business conferences, personal interviews, and group meetings? What’s your opinion of some cultures’ seeming lack of planning? What do you usually plan carefully in advance?
Consider commitments an objective Change plans often
More concerned with people
Space and Distance
Qiu had lived in the U.S. for 10 years before she came back to work in China. One day, she was waiting in a queue to withdraw money from an ATM. She consciously kept a certain distance between her and the man before her. However, the old man standing behind her consistently asked her to move forward and didn’t like to have much space left between any two customers waiting to use ATM.
non-verbal_communication-跨文化交际
安德逊（Andersen)
Definition in Chinese
非言语交际包括在交际中认 为的和环境产生的对于传播 者或受传者含有潜在信息的 所有的刺激，简单地说就是 “不用语言的交际”，被称作” 无声的语言“。
Definition in Chinese
非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。 因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪 状态。
a. She will ask them to sit somewhere else.
b. She will stare at the space "invaders" defiantly, but she will not move .
c. She will leave, saying nothing to the three people who invaded her personal space.
（1）时间学(chronemics)——研究人们利用时 间的方式及其意义。
（2）空间学（proxemics）——研究人际距 离及空间使用方式及其意义。
（3）身势学（kinesics）——研究人们的面 部表情（facial expression）、身体动作（body movements）、手势（gestures）等。
• Facial expression
2. Paralanguage • Silence • Pitch • Volumn