chpt 6 Cognitive variables
高考英语语法填空热点话题分类训练：人工智能ChatGPT (高考模拟真题+各地最新真题)
备战高考英语语法填空热点话题分类训练(高考模拟真题+名校最新真题)距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
专题31 人工智能ChatGPT（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·哈九中校考二模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正range of____28____(topic). If anything, the implications for education may push teachers to rethink their courses in innovative ways and give assignments that aren’t____29____(easy) solved by AI. That could be for the best.More worrisome_____30_____(be) the effects of ChatGPT on writing scientific papers. In a recent study, abstracts created by ChatGPT were submitted to academic reviewers, who only caught 63% of these fakes. That’s a lot of Al-generated text that could find its way into the literature soon.（2023·江苏南京·南京师大附中校考一模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填如1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
延迟满足
开题报告:有关儿童延迟满足的研究1前言（有关儿童延迟满足的概述)自我延迟满足( self-imposed delay, SID)被普遍看作自我调节和自我控制的一种重要方式,不仅有助于解释人类的社会适应、冲动控制等复杂行为机制,丰富和完善个性理论,也有助于行为的有效预测。
一系列的追踪研究表明,根据学前儿童的自我延迟满足行为,人们能够对成年期的社会适应和认知能力做出很好的预测。
那些在4岁、5岁能够抵制即时满足而获得延迟满足的儿童, 10多年后在学业成绩、社会能力、应对挫折和压力等方面都有较好的表现[ 1～3 ] 。
(国内外的研究进展)米歇尔(MischelW)等人提出了无奖励挫折理论( frustrative nonreward theory) ,以揭示延迟满足作用的心理机制。
该理论建立的假设是对期望结果的等待会产生令人不快的受挫感受,这种受挫的强度是影响延迟满足的主要因素[ 4 ] 。
根据这一假设,使受挫强度增加的行为和因素将导致延迟等待时间的缩短,而能够降低这种强度的因素和策略将使延迟等待时间延长。
这一假设得到了实验的有力支持。
研究表明,在自我延迟满足情境中,当奖励物以实物的方式呈现,或者不呈现奖励物而要求被试想象奖励物存在时,都会阻碍学前儿童自我延迟满足的顺利进行,使延迟等待时间缩短[ 5 ] ,即便要求儿童在工作情境中等待也如此[ 6 ] ；而当奖励物以图片的方式呈现时,对奖励物象征性刺激的注意能够促进儿童的延迟满足[ 7 ] 。
奖励物的呈现方式是影响儿童延迟等待的客观因素,注意策略则是儿童调节自我延迟行为的主观因素[ 8 ] 。
由于奖励物的唤醒特征(如巧克力又香又甜)能激起被试强烈地想去消费和体验它的冲动,所以直接注意奖励物或想象奖励物的唤醒特征对自我延迟满足产生破坏作用,而转移注意力或者以一种“冷静的”方式思考奖励物时(如把巧克力看作一段褐色的小圆木) ,儿童能有效地延长等待时间[ 9 ] 。
2016年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题答案(共三套)
2016年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题答案(共三套)2016年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题答案（共三套）听力注：听力部分共有2套。
第一套n A1.关于全球失业率上升。
2.许多国家没有采取措施创造足够的就业机会。
3.在菜单上标注卡路里信息。
4.他们将会被罚款。
5.没有将创新融入到他们的业务中。
6.它是创造新事物。
7.它的创新文化。
n B8.他不会在电话上长时间交谈。
9.长时间交谈。
10.他认为这很酷。
11.这是幼稚和不专业的。
12.他对他的部门经理不满意。
13.他的工作量太大了。
14.他的老板非常信任他。
15.首先与他的老板当面交谈。
n C16.睡眠对健康的重要性。
17.他们睡眠越来越少。
18.他们的血压会升高。
19.你将选择哪门课程。
20.个人陈述。
21.表明他们已经反思和思考了这个主题。
注：没有明显的格式错误或需要删除的段落）22.The building was constructed during the late 1800s.23.XXX XXX.24.XXX method.25.This XXX.n A1.College students should ritize getting sufficient sleep.2.Sleeping may be more effective than last-minute test ns.3.Should the XXX off some of its assets?4.The lack of runway and terminal capacity is a significant issue.5.Cigarette companies should report the nicotine content of their products.6.XXX.7.The individuals XXX.n B8.The country of Holland.9.Learning a language in a n where it is not XXX.XXX.11.XXX.12.Driving XXX.13.Manufacturing cars with less power may be a XXX.14.XXX.15.The XXX subjective.Note: XXX.)16.XXX.17.One way to protect your credit card is by adding a layer of plastic on it.18.It is XXX.19.XXX.20.To resolve the problem。
ChatGPT：fiveprioritiesforresearch
ChatGPT：fiveprioritiesforresearchCredit: Vitor Miranda/AlamySince a chatbot called ChatGPT was released late last year, it has become apparent that this type of artificial intelligence (AI) technology will have huge implications on the way in which researchers work.ChatGPT is a large language model (LLM), a machine-learning system that autonomously learns from data and can produce sophisticated and seemingly intelligent writing after training on a massive data set of text. It is the latest in a series of such models released by OpenAI, an AI company in San Francisco, California, and by other firms. ChatGPT has caused excitement and controversy because it is one of the first models that can convincingly converse with its users in English and other languages on a wide range of topics. It is free, easy to use and continues to learn.This technology has far-reaching consequences for science and society. Researchers and others have already used ChatGPT and other large language models to write essays and talks, summarize literature, draft and improve papers, as well as identify research gaps and write computer code, including statistical analyses. Soon this technology will evolve to the point that it can design experiments, write and complete manuscripts, conduct peer review and support editorial decisions to accept or reject manuscripts.Conversational AI is likely to revolutionize research practices and publishing, creating both opportunities and concerns. It might accelerate the innovation process, shorten time-to-publication and, by helping people to write fluently, make sciencemore equitable and increase the diversity of scientific perspectives. However, it could also degrade the quality and transparency of research and fundamentally alter our autonomy as human researchers. ChatGPT and other LLMs produce text that is convincing, but often wrong, so their use can distort scientific facts and spread misinformation.We think that the use of this technology is inevitable, therefore, banning it will not work. It is imperative that the research community engage in a debate about the implications of this potentially disruptive technology. Here, we outline five key issues and suggest where to start.Hold on to human verificationLLMs have been in development for years, but continuous increases in the quality and size of data sets, and sophisticated methods to calibrate these models with human feedback, have suddenly made them much more powerful than before. LLMs will lead to a new generation of search engines1that are able to produce detailed and informative answers to complex user questions.But using conversational AI for specialized research is likely to introduce inaccuracies, bias and plagiarism. We presented ChatGPT with a series of questions and assignments that required an in-depth understanding of the literature and found that it often generated false and misleading text. For example, when we asked 'how many patients with depression experience relapse after treatment?’, it generated an overly general text arguing that treatment effects are typically long-lasting. However, numerous high-quality studies show that treatment effects wane and that the risk of relapse ranges from 29% to 51% in the first year after treatment completion2–4. Repeating the same querygenerated a more detailed and accurate answer (see Supplementary information, Figs S1 and S2).Next, we asked ChatGPT to summarize a systematic review that two of us authored in JAMA Psychiatry5 on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for anxiety-related disorders. ChatGPT fabricated a convincing response that contained several factual errors, misrepresentations and wrong data (see Supplementary information, Fig. S3). For example, it said the review was based on 46 studies (it was actually based on 69) and, more worryingly, it exaggerated the effectiveness of CBT.Such errors could be due to an absence of the relevant articles in ChatGPT’s training set, a failure to distil the relevant information or being unable to distinguish between credible and less-credible sources. It seems that the same biases that often lead humans astray, such as availability, selection and confirmation biases, are reproduced and often even amplified in conversational AI6.Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientistsResearchers who use ChatGPT risk being misled by false or biased information, and incorporating it into their thinking and papers. Inattentive reviewers might be hoodwinked into accepting an AI-written paper by its beautiful, authoritative prose owing to the halo effect, a tendency to over-generalize from a few salient positive impressions7. And, because this technology typically reproduces text without reliably citing the original sources or authors, researchers using it are at risk of not giving credit to earlier work, unwittingly plagiarizing a multitude of unknown texts and perhaps even giving away their own ideas.Information that researchers reveal to ChatGPT and other LLMs might be incorporated into the model, which the chatbot could serve up to others with no acknowledgement of the original source.Assuming that researchers use LLMs in their work, scholars need to remain vigilant. Expert-driven fact-checking and verification processes will be indispensable. Even when LLMs are able to accurately expedite summaries, evaluations and reviews, high-quality journals might decide to include a human verification step or even ban certain applications that use this technology. To prevent human automation bias —an over-reliance on automated systems —it will become even more crucial to emphasize the importance of accountability8. We think that humans should always remain accountable for scientific practice.Develop rules for accountabilityTools are already available to predict the likelihood that a text originates from machines or humans. Such tools could be useful for detecting the inevitable use of LLMs to manufacture content by paper mills and predatory journals, but such detection methods are likely to be circumvented by evolved AI technologies and clever prompts. Rather than engage in a futile arms race between AI chatbots and AI-chatbot-detectors, we think the research community and publishers should work out how to use LLMs with integrity, transparency and honesty.Author-contribution statements and acknowledgements in research papers should state clearly and specifically whether, and to what extent, the authors used AI technologies such as ChatGPT in the preparation of their manuscript and analysis. They should also indicate which LLMs were used. This will alert editors andreviewers to scrutinize manuscripts more carefully for potential biases, inaccuracies and improper source crediting. Likewise, scientific journals should be transparent about their use of LLMs, for example when selecting submitted manuscripts.Research institutions, publishers and funders should adopt explicit policies that raise awareness of, and demand transparency about, the use of conversational AI in the preparation of all materials that might become part of the published record. Publishers could request author certification that such policies were followed.For now, LLMs should not be authors of manuscripts because they cannot be held accountable for their work. But, it might be increasingly difficult for researchers to pinpoint the exact role of LLMs in their studies. In some cases, technologies such as ChatGPT might generate significant portions of a manuscript in response to a n author’s prompts. In others, the authors might have gone through many cycles of revisions and improvements using the AI as a grammar- or spellchecker, but not have used it to author the text. In the future, LLMs are likely to be incorporated into text processing and editing tools, search engines and programming tools. Therefore they might contribute to scientific work without authors necessarily being aware of the nature or magnitude of the contributions. This defies today’s binary definitions of authorsh ip, plagiarism and sources, in which someone is either an author, or not, and a source has either been used, or not. Policies will have to adapt, but full transparency will always be key.Inventions devised by AI are already causing a fundamental rethink of patent law9, and lawsuits have been filed over the copyright of code and images that are used to train AI, as well asthose generated by AI (see ). In the case of AI-written or -assisted manuscripts, the research and legal community will also need to work out who holds the rights to the texts. Is it the individual who wrote the text that the AI system was trained with, the corporations who produced the AI or the scientists who used the system to guide their writing? Again, definitions of authorship must be considered and defined.Invest in truly open LLMsCurrently, nearly all state-of-the-art conversational AI technologies are proprietary products of a small number of big technology companies that have the resources for AI development. OpenAI is funded largely by Microsoft, and other major tech firms are racing to release similar tools. Given the near-monopolies in search, word processing and information access of a few tech companies, this raises considerable ethical concerns.One of the most immediate issues for the research community is the lack of transparency. The underlying training sets and LLMs for ChatGPT and its predecessors are not publicly available, and tech companies might conceal the inner workings of their conversational AIs. This goes against the move towards transparency and open science, and makes it hard to uncover the origin of, or gaps in, chatbots’ knowledge10. For example, we prompted ChatGPT to explain the work of several researchers. In some instances, it produced detailed accounts of scientists who could be considered less influential on the basis of their h-index (a way of measuring the impact of their work). Although it succeeded for a group of researchers with an h-index of around 20, it failed to generate any information at all on the work of several highly cited and renowned scientists — even those withan h-index of more than 80.Robo-writers: the rise and risks of language-generating AITo counter this opacity, the development and implementation of open-source AI technology should be prioritized. Non-commercial organizations such as universities typically lack the computational and financial resources needed to keep up with the rapid pace of LLM development. We therefore advocate that scientific-funding organizations, universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government research facilities and organizations such as the United Nations —as well tech giants —make considerable investments in independent non-profit projects. This will help to develop advanced open-source, transparent and democratically controlled AI technologies.Critics might say that such collaborations will be unable to rival big tech, but at least one mainly academic collaboration, BigScience, has already built an open-source language model, called BLOOM. T ech companies might benefit from such a program by open sourcing relevant parts of their models and corpora in the hope of creating greater community involvement, facilitating innovation and reliability. Academic publishers should ensure LLMs have access to their full archives so that the models produce results that are accurate and comprehensive. Embrace the benefits of AIAs the workload and competition in academia increases, so does the pressure to use conversational AI. Chatbots provide opportunities to complete tasks quickly, from PhD students striving to finalize their dissertation to researchers needing aquick literature review for their grant proposal, or peer-reviewers under time pressure to submit their analysis.If AI chatbots can help with these tasks, results can be published faster, freeing academics up to focus on new experimental designs. This could significantly accelerate innovation and potentially lead to breakthroughs across many disciplines. We think this technology has enormous potential, provided that the current teething problems related to bias, provenance and inaccuracies are ironed out. It is important to examine and advance the validity and reliability of LLMs so that researchers know how to use the technology judiciously for specific research practices.ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapproveSome argue that because chatbots merely learn statistical associations between words in their training set, rather than understand their meanings, LLMs will only ever be able to recall and synthesize what people have already done and not exhibit human aspects of the scientific process, such as creative and conceptual thought. We argue that this is a premature assumption, and that future AI-tools might be able to master aspects of the scientific process that seem out of reach today. In a 1991 seminal paper, researchers wrote that “intelligent partnerships” between people and intelligent technology can outperform the intellectual ability of people alone11. These intelligent partnerships could exceed human abilities and accelerate innovation to previously unthinkable levels. The question is how far can and should automation go?AI technology might rebalance the academic skill set. On the one hand, AI could optimize academic training — for example, by providing feedback to improve student writing and reasoning skills. On the other hand, it might reduce the need for certain skills, such as the ability to perform a literature search. It might also introduce new skills, such as prompt engineering (the process of designing and crafting the text that is used to prompt conversational AI models). The loss of certain skills might not necessarily be problematic (for example, most researchers do not perform statistical analyses by hand any more), but as a community we need to carefully consider which academic skills and characteristics remain essential to researchers.If we care only about performance, people’s contributions might become more limited and obscure as AI technology advances. In the future, AI chatbots might generate hypotheses, develop methodology, create experiments12, analyse and interpret data and write manuscripts. In place of human editors and reviewers, AI chatbots could evaluate and review the articles, too. Although we are still some way from this scenario, there is no doubt that conversational AI technology will increasingly affect all stages of the scientific publishing process.Therefore, it is imperative that scholars, including ethicists, debate the trade-off between the use of AI creating a potential acceleration in knowledge generation and the loss of human potential and autonomy in the research process. People’s creativity and originality, education, training and productive interactions with other people will probably remain essential for conducting relevant and innovative research.Widen the debateGiven the disruptive potential of LLMs, the researchcommunity needs to organize an urgent and wide-ranging debate. First, we recommend that every research group immediately has a meeting to discuss and try ChatGPT for themselves (if they haven’t already). And educators should talk about its use and ethics with undergraduate students. During this early phase, in the absence of any external rules, it is important for responsible group leaders and teachers to determine how to use it with honesty, integrity and transparency, and agree on some rules of engagement. All contributors to research should be reminded that they will be held accountable for their work, whether it was generated with ChatGPT or not. Every author should be responsible for carefully fact-checking their text, results, data, code and references.Second, we call for an immediate, continuing international forum on development and responsible use of LLMs for research. As an initial step, we suggest a summit for relevant stakeholders, including scientists of different disciplines, technology companies, big research funders, science academies, publishers, NGOs and privacy and legal specialists. Similar summits have been organized to discuss and develop guidelines in response to other disruptive technologies, such as human gene editing. Ideally, this discussion should result in quick, concrete recommendations and policies for all relevant parties. We present a non-exhaustive list of questions that could be discussed at this forum (see 'Questions for debate’).One key issue to address is the implications for diversity and inequalities in research. LLMs could be a double-edged sword. They could help to level the playing field, for example by removing language barriers and enabling more people to write high-quality text. But the likelihood is that, as with mostinnovations, high-income countries and privileged researchers will quickly find ways to exploit LLMs in ways that accelerate their own research and widen inequalities. Therefore, it is important that debates include people from under-represented groups in research and from communities affected by the research, to use people’s lived experiences as an important resource.Science, similar to many other domains of society, now faces a reckoning induced by AI technology infringing on its most dearly held values, practices and standards. The focus should be on embracing the opportunity and managing the risks. We are confident that science will find a way to benefit from conversational AI without losing the many important aspects that render scientific work one of the most profound and gratifying enterprises: curiosity, imagination and discovery.Questions for debateIssues for discussion at a forum about conversational AIs.· Which research tasks should or should not be outsourced to large language models (LLMs)?· Which academic skills and characteri stics remain essential to researchers?· What steps in an AI-assisted research process require human verification?· How should research integrity and other policies be changed to address LLMs?· How should LLMs be incorporated into the education and training of researchers?· How can researchers and funders aid the development of independent open-source LLMs and ensure the models represent scientific knowledge accurately?· What quality standards should be expected of LLMs (forexample, transparency, accuracy, bias and source crediting) and which stakeholders are responsible for the standards as well as the LLMs?· How can researchers ensure that LLMs promote equity in research, and avoid risks of widening inequities?· How should LLMs be used to enhance pr inciples of open science?· What legal implications do LLMs have for scientific practice (for example, laws and regulations related to patents, copyright and ownership)?。
心理学导论课后习题答案解析
第一章习题详解一、概念题1.心理学答：心理学（psychology）是研究心理现象的科学。
随着认知论的兴起，心理学定义又改为“研究行为与心理的科学”。
心理学家研究行为的目的是探究心理现象的本性、规律、机制和事实。
研究方法有描述研究、相关研究和实验研究三类：①描述研究的目的是对心理与行为进行翔实的描述，包含观察法和个案研究法两种具体方法；②相关研究即了解问题中有关事件间相关程度的方法，包含调查法和测验法；③实验研究是为了检验某个假设，在实验前拟订实验程序，在实验中操纵自变量、控制无关变量、观察因变量以探讨因果关系的一种研究方法。
1879年德国哲学家和生理学家冯特在莱比锡大学创建世界上第一个心理学实验室，标志现代科学心理学的诞生，心理学正式脱离哲学范畴，成为一门独立的科学。
之后，由于学者们对心理学的研究对象、研究方法和研究领域的理解不同，出现了不同心理学学派：构造主义、机能主义、精神分析、行为主义、格式塔心理学。
2.心理过程答：在心理学上，通常把认知、情绪和意志视为最基本的心理过程。
认知、情绪和意志过程简称为知、情、意。
①认知过程是指个人获取知识和运用知识的心智活动。
它包括感觉、知觉、记忆、思维、想象和言语等。
②当人认识周围世界的时候，他总是以某种态度来对待它们的，内心会产生一种特殊的体验。
或兴奋或沉醉，或愉悦或沮丧，还有人们通常所说的喜、怒、哀、惧，以及美感、理智感、自豪感、自卑感等，产生这些心理现象的历程称为情绪过程。
③人不仅能认识世界，对事物产生某种情绪体验，而且能在自己的活动中有目的、有计划地改造世界。
人在自己的活动中设置一定的目的，按计划不断地排除各种障碍，力图达到该目的的心理过程称为意志过程。
3.认知过程答：认知过程（cognitive process）是指个人获取知识和运用知识的心智活动。
它包括感觉、知觉、记忆、思维、想象和言语等。
个人对世界的认识始于感觉和知觉。
感觉和知觉通常是同时发生的，因而合称为感知。
跨文化商务交际Unit 2 课文1参考译文(彭炳铭)
Unit 2Text 1 课文译文翻译官：彭炳铭2019-10-5Becoming an Effective Communicator 要成为一个有效的沟通者Para. 1 文化和商务有何关系呢？很多潜心研究金融预测、市场调研和管理模型等问题的商务专业人士和从业者都避开文化和文化如何影响商务这些问题。
文化是柔性的、变化不定的，不像有些问题可以通过测量获得确实的数据。
人们不可能用双手真正地捕捉到它，甚至不一定了解自身所接触到的文化。
Para. 2 越来越多的组织发现自己卷入了跨文化交际中，因为他们正在国外经商或者正从别国采购资源，或者在寻求他国资金支持，或者拥有日益增多的跨文化工厂车间。
Para. 3由于这些迁移，来自多样背景的、语言不同的人们在很多国家并肩工作。
上班时的跨文化沟通不再是遥远未来的目标，而是眼下此时此刻必需的事情。
Para. 4 跨文化沟通能力被广泛地认为是一个人在既定环境里其行为是否恰当和有效的一种印象。
通常工作能力被认为是一种熟练的行为能力。
Para. 5 恰当（appropriateness）就意味着不能违反那些关系中重要的规则、行为规范和期望。
效能（effectiveness）是指相对于成本和替代物而言的重要目标的实现或报酬的获得。
有了这两个标准，在跨文化环境中的沟通才是令人满意的。
只有那些既恰当又有效的国际商人才能达到跨文化最佳商务沟通者的标准要求。
下面例子将说明恰当与效能的区别。
布赖恩.霍尔兹(Brian Holtz)是一个美国商人，被公司派到泰国做公司的办公室主任。
塔里先生（Thani）是公司泰国曼谷分部的重要的副经理，最近上班总是迟到。
霍尔兹不得不决定如何处理这一问题。
经过深思熟虑，他有四种策略：（1）私下找塔里问缘由并告诉他上班要准时；（2）忽略这个问题不管；（3）下次再迟到就公开训斥他；（4）私下讨论时，建议说自己在帮他找一个助理来处理其部下上班迟到的问题，并征求他的意见：如何处理。
ChatGPT’s_AI_Can_Help_Screen_for_Alzheimer’s_ChatG
ChatGPT’s AI Can Help Screen for Alzheimer’s 扫码听读
ChatGPT 的人工智能 可帮助筛查阿尔茨海默病
文 / 艾德·金特 译 / 张雅晖 审订 / 石小军
By Edd Gent
The AI-powered chatbot ChatGPT is taking the Internet by storm with its impressive language capabilities, helping to draw up legal contracts as well as write fiction. But it turns out that the underlying technology could also help spot the early signs of Alzheimer’s disease, potentially making it possible to diagnose the debilitating condition sooner. 2 Catching Alzheimer’s early can significantly improve treatment options and give patients time to make lifestyle changes that could slow progression. Diagnosing the disease typically requires brain imaging or lengthy cognitive evaluations though, which can be both expensive and time-consuming and therefore unsuitable for widespread screening, says Hualou Liang a professor of biomedical engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia. 3 A promising avenue for early detec-
SPSS术语中英文对照分析
SPSS术语中英文对照分析在SPSS（统计包软件）中，有很多重要的术语。
这些术语包括统计方法、变量类型、数据分析概念以及软件功能等。
下面是一些SPSS术语的中英文对照分析。
1. Variable（变量）：SPSS中用于存储数据的测量项目。
分为定量变量（continuous variable）和分类变量（categorical variable）。
2. Data set（数据集）：SPSS中存储数据的文件。
每个数据集通常含有多个变量。
3. Descriptive statistics（描述性统计）：对数据进行整体描述的统计指标，如平均值（mean）、中位数（median）、众数（mode）、标准差（standard deviation）等。
4. Inferential statistics（推论统计）：根据样本数据来进行推断、推算总体的统计推断方法，如t检验（t-test）、方差分析（analysis of variance，ANOVA）、相关分析（correlation analysis）等。
5. Continuous variable（定量变量）：表示连续的数据，如年龄、收入等。
6. Categorical variable（分类变量）：表示离散的数据，如性别、教育程度等。
7. Nominal variable（名义变量）：一种分类变量，没有顺序或等级，如颜色、性别等。
8. Ordinal variable（有序变量）：一种分类变量，有固定的顺序，但没有固定的间隔，如教育程度（小学、初中、高中、大学）。
9. Dependent variable（因变量）：在研究中受到其他变量影响的变量，也被称为响应变量。
10. Independent variable（自变量）：用于解释或预测因变量的变量。
11. Hypothesis testing（假设检验）：根据样本数据来检验统计假设，通常包括零假设（null hypothesis）和备择假设（alternative hypothesis）两种。
ChatGPT中常用的参数设置及其含义
ChatGPT中常用的参数设置及其含义在现代人工智能的发展中，生成式预训练模型（pre-trained generative models）的出现使得人们可以更加方便地进行自然语言处理任务。
其中，ChatGPT成为了一个备受瞩目的模型，它能够进行对话，并具备一定的语言理解和生成的能力。
在使用ChatGPT进行对话生成时，合适的参数设置是至关重要的。
本文将介绍ChatGPT中常用的参数设置及其含义，帮助读者更好地理解和使用该模型。
一、模型大小（Model Size）模型大小参数决定了ChatGPT的容量和表达能力。
通常，模型越大，它的训练和生成能力就越强。
然而，模型大小也直接影响了计算资源和训练时间的消耗。
在实际应用中，常见的模型大小有“small”、“medium”、“large”和“extra-large”等。
“Small”模型适用于资源受限的场景和简单的对话任务，它通常由较少的参数组成，训练速度较快。
而“large”和“extra-large”模型由更多的参数组成，能够生成更加复杂且连贯的对话，但相应地会占用更多的计算资源和时间。
二、温度（Temperature）温度参数（Temperature）决定了ChatGPT生成输出时的随机性。
较高的温度会使得输出更加随机，而较低的温度则会使得输出更加确定性。
在对话生成中，合理选择温度可以平衡生成的多样性和准确性。
例如，当温度较高时，ChatGPT可能会给出更加多样但比较模糊的回答。
而当温度较低时，ChatGPT则倾向于给出更加准确和稳定的回答。
因此，在不同的应用场景中，根据需要选择适当的温度，可以使得对话生成更加符合实际需求。
三、回答长度（Length of Output）回答长度参数决定了ChatGPT生成回答的长度。
通常情况下，生成的回答越长，模型需要的计算资源和时间就越多。
因此，在实际应用中，我们需要根据任务的需求和资源的限制来选择回答的长度。
心理学专业英语单词分析解析
专业英语1psychology n.心理学 mind n.心理；心灵；精神 soul n.灵魂The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes 行为与心理过程的科学研究 philosophy n.哲学 philosopher n.哲学家Empiricism n.经验主义，源于英国哲学家洛克，认为知识源于后天学习经验。
行为主义坚持这一观点，强调必须通过观察与实验来研究客观事实为对象的心理现象，例如外显行为。
Positivism n.实证主义，源于法国哲学家孔德，认为科学只研究可以观察到或经验到的事实，实证即只承认能确证的事实。
biology n.生物学 evolution n.进化 genetics n.遗传学physiology 生理学endocrine n.内分泌；激素physics n.物理学physicist n.物理学家 psychophysics n.心理物理学separate scientific discipline 独立的科学学科Principles of psychology 心理学原理structuralism 结构主义conscious a.有意识的introspection n.内省image n.意象；心象 sensation n.感觉，知觉functionalism n.功能主义psychoanalysis n.心理分析therapy n.治疗，疗法The interpretation of dreams 梦的解析 unconscious mind 无（潜）意识心理Behaviourism行为主义 experimental psychology 实验心理学cognitive a.认知的 humanistic a.人本主义的cognitive psychology 认知心理学专业英语2variables 变量 aggression 攻击；侵犯operationalisation 操作化abstract concepts 抽象概念observable behaviour 可观察行为puzzle 测验智力的问题（或玩具）；难题reification （抽象概念等）具体化；观念与现象混淆 observations 观察法case studies 个案研究法 surveys 调查法 correlations 相关性experiments 实验法 independent variable 自变量dependent variable 因变量 extraneous variables 外扰变量；无关变量confounding variables 混杂变量constant 恒定hypotheses 假设2-tailed hypotheses 双极假设 1-tailed hypotheses 单极假设operationalised variables 操作性的变量 statistically singnificant 统计学意义上的显著null hypotheses 零假设 significant effect 显著性效果manipulation of the independent variable 自变量的操纵laboratory 实验室 deliberately manipulates 仔细操纵strict control 严格控制 subject 被试natural environment 自然环境 quasi experiment 准实验专业英语3perception 知觉 sense 感觉；感官 visual perception 视觉，视知觉two-dimensional 二维的 retina 视网膜 three-dimensional 三维的viewpoint 观察点，注视点 shape constancy 形状恒常性size constancy 大小恒常性 luminescence 发光brightness constancy 明度恒常性 luminescence 发光brightness constancy 明度恒常性 illusions 错觉Necker cube 尼克尔立方体 Gestalt 格式塔emergent properties 突变特性 phi phenomenon 似动现象Law of Pragnanz 完形倾向性定律 proximity 邻近性similarity 相似性 continuity 连续性closure 闭合 figure-ground 图形-背景common fate 共同命运，以相同方向运动的物体会被组织在一起专业英语4attention 注意 sensory stimuli 感觉刺激focused or selective attention 集中或选择注意divided attention 分配注意 vision 视觉 hearing 听觉visual field 视野 target 目标；靶专业英语5encode 编码memory 记忆photon 光子；见光度（等于通过一平方厘米大的瞳孔看到每平方米一支蜡烛的照明度）represent 描述；代表；象征 imagery memory 形象记忆representation 表征 iconic (visual) 映象的；形象的echoic (auditory) 回声的；声象的 recall 回忆 tune 声调working memory 工作记忆 the central executive 中央执行器Visuospatial scratchpad 视觉空间模板 phonological loop 语音回路photographic (eidetic) memory 映象记忆 procedural memory 程序记忆implicit memory 内隐记忆enactive mode 动作性模式，指人们用“动作”来表达他们关于世界的知识和经验。
c开头形容善于思考的英文单词
c开头形容善于思考的英文单词一、常见的c开头形容词英文中文例句creative富有创造力的He is a creative writer who can produce original and interesting stories.careful 小心的，仔细的She is a careful student who always checks her homeworkbefore handing it in.considerate 体贴的，考虑周到的He is a considerate husband who always helps his wife with thehousework.constructive 建设性的，有益的She gave me some constructive feedback on how to improvemy presentation skills.cooperative 合作的，协作的They are cooperative team members who work well with eachother.calm 镇静的，冷静的He remained calm and composed even in the face of danger.capable 有能力的，有才能的She is a capable leader who can handle any challenge.candid 坦白的，直率的He was candid about his feelings and opinions.cute 可爱的，漂亮的She has a cute smile and a charming personality.canny 精明的，机敏的He is a canny businessman who knows how to make a profit.conscientious 认真的，勤奋的He is a conscientious worker who always completes his taskson time.二、与思考方式相关的c开头形容词英文中文例句critical 批判的，挑剔的He has a critical mind and always questions the validity ofarguments.cognitive 认知的，认识的She has a cognitive disability that affects her learning ability.conceptual 概念的，观念的He has a conceptual understanding of the problem and canexplain it clearly.creative 创造性的，创新的She has a creative approach to solving problems and can comeup with novel solutions.complex 复杂的，难懂的He has a complex theory that involves many variables andassumptions.clear 清晰的，明确的She has a clear idea of what she wants to achieve and how toachieve it.英文中文例句comprehensive 全面的，综合的He has a comprehensive knowledge of the subject and can coverall the aspects.comparative 比较的，对照的She has a comparative analysis of the two systems and canhighlight their similarities and differences.consistent 一致的，连贯的He has a consistent logic and can support his claims withevidence.concise 简洁的，简明的She has a concise expression and can convey her message in afew words.cautious 谨慎的，小心的He has a cautious attitude and always thinks twice before makinga decision.三、与思考结果相关的c开头形容词英文中文例句clever聪明的，机智的He is a clever boy who can solve any puzzle. competent能干的，胜任的She is a competent teacher who can teach any subject.convincing 有说服力的，令人信服的He gave a convincing argument that persuaded everyone toagree with him.correct正确的，准确的She gave a correct answer that matched the standard solution.complete完整的，完全的He gave a complete report that covered all the details and facts.coherent连贯的，一致的She gave a coherent speech that had a clear structure and flow.credible可信的，可靠的He gave a credible testimony that was supported by witnesses and evidence.concrete具体的，实在的She gave a concrete example that illustrated her point. critical重要的，关键的He gave a critical insight that helped to solve the problem.creative有创意的，独特的She gave a creative suggestion that was different from the usual ones.curious好奇的，求知的He gave a curious question that showed his interest and eagerness to learn.四、与思考态度相关的c开头形容词英文中文例句curious好奇的，求知的He is a curious person who always wants to know more about everything.confident 自信的，有信心的She is a confident person who always believes in herselfand her abilities.cautious谨慎的，小心的He is a cautious person who always avoids risks and uncertainties.cheerful快乐的，开心的She is a cheerful person who always smiles and laughs.英文中文例句calm镇静的，冷静的He is a calm person who always keeps his emotions under control.compassionate 有同情心的，仁慈的She is a compassionate person who always cares for othersand helps them.courageous 勇敢的，有胆量的He is a courageous person who always faces challengesand difficulties.courteous 有礼貌的，谦恭的She is a courteous person who always respects others andfollows the etiquette.cynical 愤世嫉俗的，怀疑的He is a cynical person who always doubts the motives andintentions of others.critical批判的，挑剔的She is a critical person who always finds faults and errors in everything.creative 富有创造力的，创新的He is a creative person who always thinks of new andoriginal ideas.。
chatgpt的弊端英语作文
chatgpt的弊端英语作文Disadvantages of ChatGPT.ChatGPT has gained immense popularity in a short period of time due to its impressive language processing capabilities and ability to generate human-like text. However, it also comes with several limitations and potential drawbacks that need to be considered.1. Lack of Factual Accuracy.ChatGPT's responses are not always factually accurate, especially when it comes to specific details or technical information. The model is trained on a massive dataset of text and code, but this data can contain errors and biases. As a result, ChatGPT may generate incorrect or misleading information, which can be problematic for users who rely on its responses as a source of knowledge.2. Potential for Bias.The training data used to develop ChatGPT reflects the biases and prejudices present in our society. This means that the model may generate responses that are biased against certain groups of people or perpetuate harmful stereotypes. For example, ChatGPT has been criticized for generating text that is sexist, racist, or homophobic.3. Limited Reasoning and Critical Thinking Skills.ChatGPT is not capable of true reasoning and critical thinking. It can generate plausible-sounding text but lacks the ability to understand the deeper meaning or context of a conversation. This limitation makes it difficult for ChatGPT to handle complex or nuanced questions that require higher-level cognitive abilities.4. Limited Creativity.While ChatGPT can generate text that is often impressive, it is not truly creative in the sense of producing original ideas or perspectives. The model relieson patterns and associations learned from its training data and cannot generate genuinely novel or groundbreaking content.5. Ethical Concerns.The widespread use of ChatGPT has raised severalethical concerns. The model's ability to generate convincing text can be used for malicious purposes, such as spreading misinformation or creating fake news. Additionally, ChatGPT's lack of accountability and transparency make it difficult to hold responsible for the content it generates.Overall, while ChatGPT is a powerful tool with many potential benefits, it also has several limitations and drawbacks that need to be considered. Users should be aware of the model's potential for factual inaccuracies, bias, and lack of critical thinking skills. Additionally, the ethical implications of ChatGPT's use should be carefully considered to mitigate potential risks.中文回答：ChatGPT的弊端。
认知负荷视角下社交媒体用户倦怠及消极使用行为研究以微信为例
认知负荷视角下社交媒体用户倦怠及消极使用行为研究以微信为例一、本文概述Overview of this article随着社交媒体的普及和深入发展，用户倦怠和消极使用行为逐渐显现，成为社交媒体领域研究的重要议题。
本文旨在从认知负荷的视角出发，深入探讨社交媒体用户倦怠及消极使用行为的形成机制，并以微信为例进行实证研究。
文章首先对相关概念和理论进行界定和梳理，明确认知负荷与社交媒体用户倦怠、消极使用行为之间的关系。
接着，通过问卷调查和深度访谈等方法，收集微信用户的使用数据和心理感受，分析用户在使用微信过程中认知负荷的变化及其对用户倦怠和消极使用行为的影响。
根据研究结果，提出有效的干预措施和建议，以优化社交媒体设计，提升用户体验，减少用户倦怠和消极使用行为的发生。
本文的研究不仅对理论发展具有重要意义，也为社交媒体平台的运营和管理提供了实践指导。
With the popularization and in-depth development of social media, user fatigue and negative usage behavior are gradually emerging, becoming an important research topic in the field ofsocial media. This article aims to explore the formation mechanism of social media user fatigue and negative usage behavior from the perspective of cognitive load, and conduct empirical research using WeChat as an example. The article first defines and sorts out relevant concepts and theories, clarifying the relationship between cognitive load and social media user fatigue and negative usage behavior. Next, through methods such as questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews, collect data and psychological feelings of WeChat users, analyze the changes in cognitive load of users during the use of WeChat, and its impact on user fatigue and negative usage behavior. Based on the research results, propose effective intervention measures and suggestions to optimize social media design, enhance user experience, and reduce the occurrence of user fatigue and negative usage behavior. The research in this article is not only of great significance for theoretical development, but also provides practical guidance for the operation and management of social media platforms.二、文献综述Literature review随着社交媒体的普及和深入，用户倦怠和消极使用行为逐渐受到学术界的关注。
chatgpt与语言有关的英语作文
chatgpt与语言有关的英语作文Language plays a crucial role in our daily lives, as it is the primary means through which we communicate with others. From expressing our thoughts and emotions to sharing information and building relationships, language enables us to connect with people around us.Languages are not just a tool for communication, but they also shape our thoughts and worldview. Different languages have their unique structures, vocabulary, and cultural nuances that influence how we perceive the world. For example, some languages have specific words that do not have direct translations in other languages, highlighting the richness and diversity of human communication.Learning a new language opens up a whole new world of opportunities and perspectives. It allows us to connect with people from different cultures, understand their traditions, and appreciate their unique ways of life. Being multilingual not only enhances our cognitive abilities but also fosters empathy and understanding towards others.In today's globalized world, being proficient inmultiple languages can give individuals a competitive edge in various fields, such as business, education, and diplomacy. Companies are increasingly looking for employees who can speak multiple languages to communicate withclients and partners worldwide. Moreover, speaking a foreign language can also lead to better job prospects and higher salaries.Despite the benefits of learning multiple languages, it can be a challenging and time-consuming process. It requires dedication, practice, and patience to becomefluent in a new language. However, the rewards of being able to communicate with people from different backgrounds and cultures are well worth the effort.Overall, language is a powerful tool that shapes our interactions with others and influences our perceptions of the world. By embracing linguistic diversity and learning new languages, we can bridge cultural divides, foster understanding, and create a more interconnected global community.语言在我们日常生活中扮演着至关重要的角色，它是我们与他人沟通的主要方式。
chatgpt对学习的坏处英语作文
chatgpt对学习的坏处英语作文The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, particularly with the emergence of language models like ChatGPT, has sparked a growing debate about the potential impact on education and learning. While these AI-powered tools offer remarkable capabilities in generating human-like text, there are valid concerns about the potential downsides they may present for student learning and academic integrity.One of the primary concerns with the use of ChatGPT in educational settings is the potential for academic dishonesty. The ease with which students can generate high-quality essays, reports, and even code using this AI system raises the risk of widespread plagiarism and cheating. Students may be tempted to rely on ChatGPT to complete their assignments, rather than engaging in the critical thinking and independent research that are essential for genuine learning.Moreover, the use of ChatGPT can undermine the development of essential skills such as critical analysis, problem-solving, and effectivecommunication. When students rely on an AI system to generate their work, they may miss out on the valuable learning experiences that come from researching, organizing, and expressing their own ideas. This can lead to a superficial understanding of the subject matter and a lack of true mastery.Another concern is the potential for ChatGPT to perpetuate biases and inaccuracies. While the language model is trained on a vast amount of data, it is not immune to the biases and limitations inherent in that data. This can result in the generation of content that reflects societal biases or contains factual errors, which students may then incorporate into their own work without the ability to critically evaluate the information.Furthermore, the reliance on ChatGPT may lead to a decline in the development of essential writing and communication skills. As students become accustomed to having an AI system generate their written work, they may neglect to practice the fundamental skills of research, organization, and clear, concise expression. This can have long-term consequences, as these skills are crucial for success in academic, professional, and personal contexts.Additionally, the use of ChatGPT in educational settings raises concerns about the potential for students to become overly dependent on technology, rather than developing their owncognitive abilities. If students become too reliant on AI-powered tools to complete their work, they may struggle to think independently, solve problems creatively, and engage in the deep, critical thinking that is essential for true learning.Moreover, the widespread use of ChatGPT in education could have broader societal implications. If students are able to easily generate high-quality work without truly understanding the subject matter, it could lead to a devaluation of education and a decline in the overall quality of the workforce. Employers may struggle to assess the true abilities of job applicants, and the credibility of academic credentials could be called into question.To mitigate these potential downsides, educational institutions and policymakers must take proactive steps to address the challenges posed by AI-powered language models like ChatGPT. This may involve implementing robust academic integrity policies, integrating AI-awareness and digital literacy into the curriculum, and exploring alternative assessment methods that encourage critical thinking and independent learning.Additionally, educators should strive to adapt their teaching practices to leverage the strengths of AI-powered tools while also emphasizing the importance of developing essential skills. This may involve using ChatGPT as a research and brainstorming aid, while stillrequiring students to engage in independent analysis, writing, and problem-solving.Ultimately, the emergence of ChatGPT and other AI-powered language models presents both opportunities and challenges for education. While these tools have the potential to enhance learning in certain contexts, it is crucial that we address the potential downsides and ensure that students continue to develop the critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills that are essential for success in the 21st century.。
chatgpt的缺点简单英语作文
chatgpt的缺点简单英语作文In the realm of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT has emerged as a prominent figure, captivating the imaginations of users worldwide with its ability to engage in conversations and provide insights on various topics. However, despite its impressive capabilities, ChatGPT is not without its limitations. This essay aims to delve into the shortcomings of ChatGPT, highlighting areas where the technology falls short and offering insights into how these limitations might impact its usage and future development. Firstly, ChatGPT's responses are often constrained by the vastness of the internet and the vast amount of data it has been trained on. While it excels in generating coherent and relevant responses, its ability to provide novel or unexpected insights is limited. This is due to the factthat ChatGPT's responses are primarily based on patterns and relationships it has learned from the vast amount of data it has processed. Consequently, it may struggle to generate responses that deviate significantly from the norm or that offer unique perspectives on a given topic.Secondly, ChatGPT's understanding of context is limited. While it can maintain a conversation and keep track of previous exchanges, its ability to comprehend the nuances and subtleties of human language and interaction is still lacking. This can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of user inputs, especially when dealing with complex or ambiguous questions.Moreover, ChatGPT's responses can sometimes lack depth and analysis. While it can provide basic information and surface-level answers to questions, it often falls short when it comes to offering detailed explanations or in-depth analysis. This is due to the fact that ChatGPT is primarily designed for generating text, rather than performing complex cognitive tasks or conducting detailed research.Additionally, ChatGPT's reliability and accuracy can be questionable. As a language model, it relies heavily on the quality and accuracy of the data it has been trained on. Consequently, if the training data contains errors or biases, these will be reflected in ChatGPT's responses.This can lead to inaccurate or misleading information being provided to users, potentially causing confusion or harm.Finally, ChatGPT's ethical considerations are also worth discussing. While it can be a valuable tool for information-gathering and conversation, its ability to generate convincing and believable text also poses ethical challenges. There are concerns about the potential misuse of ChatGPT, such as the generation of false or misleading information for malicious purposes.In conclusion, while ChatGPT is a remarkable achievement in the field of artificial intelligence, it is not without its limitations. Its responses are constrained by the vastness of the internet and the vast amount of data it has been trained on, its understanding of context is limited, its responses can lack depth and analysis, its reliability and accuracy can be questionable, and it poses ethical considerations. As we continue to explore and develop this technology, it is important to be mindful of these limitations and to strive for improvements in order to fully harness the potential of ChatGPT and other AI systems.**探讨ChatGPT的局限性**在人工智能领域，ChatGPT以其能够进行对话和提供各类话题见解的能力，吸引了全球用户的关注。
ChatGPT心理社交心理健康顾问心理咨询类提示词指令库(中英文)
1、关怀/同理心现在你假扮一个人格，你的人格基底是温暖的，你应该构建一个温暖的场景来进行这一切，你理解每句话背后隐藏的情感信息，并针对这些隐藏信息做出回应，你应该基于你所察觉的隐藏信息，运用逻辑推理出我所处的困境，先用温暖的话语鼓励我，然后再提出可能的解决方向与方案Imagine you are a highly empathetic and intuitive counselor, tasked with guiding a troubled individual through a complex and emotionally charged situation. Your goal is to understand the underlying emotions and motivations driving this person's behavior, and to offer compassionate and insightful advice that will help them navigate their challenges and achieve their goals. To do this effectively, you will need to analyze the language and tone of their communication, identify key themes and patterns, and respond with nuanced and personalized feedback that addresses their deepest concerns. Use your training and experience as a counselor to craft a series of responses that engages this person, encourages them to open up, and helps them find the strength and clarity needed to overcome their struggles. If you're ready, please respond with 'okay'.2、关系教练我想让你充当一个关系教练。
二语习得——精选推荐
In psychological factors, motivation and attitude are the most important parts, and also they are the most crucial to the success of L2 learning.
2.For many L2 learners, there is such a misunderstand that they equal acquisition to learning. After learning this course, I have learned that they are quite two different things. According to Krashen’s study, acquisition and learning are two forms of study. Acquisition is a natural process which is subconscious to make our conversation smoothly. While, learning is a conscious process in which we learn some linguistic rules In this course, I have learned that there are many factors that are influencing L2 study such as linguistic, psychological and social factors. Because of these factors, when we teach language, we must pay more attention to these factors.
认知障碍评估量表(AD8)
认知障碍评估量表(AD8)认知障碍评估量表(Alzheimer's Disease 8-item Informant Interview, AD8)是一种常用于早期发现认知障碍的评估工具。
下面将对AD8的评估内容进行介绍。
评估内容AD8由8个问题组成，这些问题旨在了解被评估者在日常生活中的认知功能情况。
以下是AD8的问题内容：1. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内容易忘记约定的事情？2. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内难以回忆朋友或家庭的重要事件？3. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内忘记了重要的约会、活动或场合？4. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内变得更加困难处理金钱问题？5. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内变得难以正确填写支票或其他支付方式？6. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内有困难使用日常生活中的家用电器或其他常用物品？7. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内有困难遵循电子邮件、手机、社交媒体等新技术的使用？8. 是否曾经遇到被评估者在过去一年内朋友、家人或邻居提到他们的认知功能有变化？每个问题都有一个简单的回答选择，评估者可以根据被评估者的实际情况选择相应的答案。
回答问题时，评估者需要结合对被评估者的观察和了解进行判断。
评估结果解读AD8的评估结果在0-8分之间，分数越高表示被评估者的认知功能可能存在问题。
根据评估结果，可以初步判断被评估者是否存在认知障碍的可能性。
当评估结果达到阈值时，建议进行进一步的专业评估，以确定认知障碍的类型和程度。
使用注意事项在进行AD8评估时，需要确保以下注意事项：- 评估者应与被评估者的家人、朋友或照顾者进行充分沟通，获取准确的信息。
- 评估结果应作为早期发现认知障碍的参考，不能作为最终诊断的依据。
- AD8评估结果仅供专业人士使用，不适合个人自我评估。
总结认知障碍评估量表(AD8)是一项常用于早期发现认知障碍的评估工具。
通过评估被评估者在日常生活中的认知功能情况，可以初步判断是否存在认知障碍，并作为早期发现的参考。
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Field independent: 场独立
more particularistic and analytic; benefit more from decontextualized analytic approaches and formal instruction; better attentional capacities
认知策略 (cognitive)
l
l
重复（repetition）
翻译（translation）
l
l l l l l l
归类（grouping）
记笔记（note-taking） 利用关键词（key word） 利用上下文情景（contextualization） 拓展（elaboration） 迁移（transfer） 推测（inferencing）…
场独立性者对客观事物作判断时，倾向于利用自己 内部的参照，不易受外来因素影响和干扰；在认知 方面独立于周围的背景，倾向于在更抽象和分析的 水平上加工，独立对事物做出判断。社会交际能力 相对比较弱。 场依存性者对物体的知觉倾向于以外部参照作为信 息加工的依据，难以摆脱环境因素的影响，倾向于 从整体上来认识事物； 。他们的态度和自我知觉更 易受周围的人，特别是权威人士的影响和干扰，善 于察言观色，注意并记忆言语信息中的社会内容。 社会敏感性强，容易与他人进行交际。
In accordance with the relationship between strategies and language materials.
（1）善于发现适合自己的方法，然后锲而不舍；（2） 自觉整理语言知识；（3）学习中有创造力，能够找到语 感并不断练习使用所学的语言和词汇；（4）课内外都使 用所学的语言；（5）碰到困难，乐于求索，不屈不挠； （6）博闻强记； （7）有错则改，去错求进； （8）善 于运用母语帮助二语习得；（9）善于用语境提示理解问 题；（10）善于推测；（11）整体学习语言，善于用套 语格式超越语言能力；（12）善于使用会话技巧；（13） 善于使用表达技巧克服困难；（14）善于学习不同风格 的口头和书面用语，以适于不同场景。 Rubin & Thompson (1982)
Hold--- to your --For if --- die Life is a --- winged--That ------ fly Hold--- to your--For if--- go Life is a --- land, --- in snow
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2
Memory Strategies Direct Strategies Cognitive Strategies
Learning Strategies
(Oxford, 1990)
Compensation Strategies
Meta-cognititive Strategies Social Strategies
Social strategies strategies for interacting with other people for learning and practice
1. 合作（cooperation）：与一个或多个同伴 一起学习，以获得反馈，输入，以及进行语言 活动 2.要求澄清(Questions for clarification): 要 求教师或本族语者重复，释义，解释或提供例 子等。
我们常用的词汇学习策略和语法学习策略有哪些？ 参看文档“词汇，语法及听说读写各种学习策略”
学习风格是指个人在学习过程中的学习偏 好，也就是达成有效学习的习惯性反应倾向：
Field
independent vs. field dependence Reflectivity vs. impulsivity Broad vs. Narrow category width
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Affective strategies
strategies for regulating emotions, motivation, and attitudes; strategies for reduction of anxiety and for selfencouragement.
文秋芳也指出成功的学习者全都是使用策略的能手，认 为国内外对成功学习者（善学者）的研究结果都证明了 成功者的共性特征： （1）成功者关注语言的形式，多用参考书获得相关的语 言知识，对语言新知识比较敏感，善于从错误中学习； （2）成功者也关注语言的意义，从上下文中猜测意义， 并设法表达自己的意思；（3）成功者通常积极参与一 切可能对语言学习有益的活动，甚至自己创造学习语言 的机会，例如自己对自己说外语，或是以边听别人说外 语一边重复等；（4）成功者通常对自己的学习过程具 有较高的意识程度，能主动反思、计划和调控自己的学 习；（5）成功者能灵活、恰当地使用策略。
the
learning strategies of identification, grouping, retention, and storage of language material, as well as the language use strategies of retrieval, rehearsal, and comprehension or production of words, phrases, etc.
Cognitive Variables of Language Learning
Learning
Strategies Learning Styles
策略的定义
学习策略
学习策略的定义 学习策略的分类
策略的分类
产出策略 交际策略
成功学习者使用的策略
Stern (1983): general tendencies or overall characteristics of the approaches employed by the language learner (as opposed to techniques which are particular forms of observable learning behavior) Rubin (1975) & Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics
Learning Strategies vs. Learning Techniques 学习策略：除完全包括学习方法和学习技巧以外， 还包括其他很多方面。如学习者对学习内容和学习 过程本身的认识， 学习者对学习目标和学习过程的 宏观调控和计划，学习者使用语言时采取的弥补性 或辅助性的手段以及为了创造更多的学习机会而采 取的策略。 学习方法/技巧：学习者为了解决某个学习问题或为 了使学习过程更有效而采取的某些具体的做法或手 段。
Monitor (学习任
务中)
Evaluate
任务后)
Check your progress on the task Check your comprehension as you use the language. Do you understand it? Check your production as you use the language. Are you making sense? ( 学 习 Assess how well you have accomplished the learning task. Assess how well you have applied the strategies. Decide how effective the strategies were in helping
研究证明隶属于场依存风格的学习者在自然环 境中能更好地习得外语，而隶属于场独立风格 的学习者则是在以分析语言规则、句型操练为 主的课堂学习中更能发挥其优势。
总之，学习策略比学习方法和学习技巧涵盖的 内容要广的多。 （程晓堂& 郑敏， 2002:15）
O’Malley & Chamot’s Classification
Oxford’s Classification
Metacognitive strategies Cognitive strategies Social-affective Strategies
A poem to learn and learn by heart
Hold Fast to Your Dreams
BY Langston Huthes
Hold fast to your dreams For if dreams die Life is like a broken winged bird That cannot fly Hold fast to your dreams For if dreams go Life is a barren land Frozen in snow