四级综合之完型填空(1)

——自信才能成功，而自信是建立在对事物深刻认识的基础之上的。

一、完型填空题的设计●填空(Cloze)又称综合填空，其命题原理是格式塔心理学。

格式塔心理学强调整体感知，完形填空测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境(context)对英语的整体感知能力。

●一篇完形填空测试考生的什么能力，这与短文的空格设计密切相关。

如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词等，则空格为功能性空格；如果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词，则空格为语义空格。

目前，完形填空试题的题目难度不断加大，重点从传统项目题逐渐转到对整体预感的测试和整个语篇的理解，所以根据上下文选择词汇的题目比例正在增大。

●设计者遵循一定的要求和准则，以保证测试的信度和效度。

所给的空有规则的排列，大约在近250字的文章中每隔8－16字就有一个空格，而且是按照一定的间隔并根据语法或词汇测试的标准设计的。

这些空格表面看起来没有什么意义，实际上综合了词汇、语法结构以及阅读理解所要测试的内容，它不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。

完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。

所以难度较大，往往成为学生失分较严重的题项。

●从内容看，完型填空涉及说明文，议论文等众多文体体裁，而题裁更涉及到社会领域的方方面面，政治、经济、文化、教育、医学、天文、体育、科技等等。

所以考生具备大量的背景知识也是格外重要的。

二、完型填空题的做题步骤●完形填空的测试点及解题方法从表面来看，就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词恢复出来。

因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。

根据完形填空这一测试特点，一般采取以下五个步骤逐一进行。

步骤一，通读全篇，把握总的思想，了解知识背景。

●完形填空题在出题时有这样一条准则：去掉20个空不影响对整篇的理解，而且一般而言，短文的前两句话不应设题。

我们应该细读文章首句，因为这是我们了解文章的“窗口”。

这样，我们就可以判断体裁、把握背景、推测大意、主题或结构。

这一点很重要。

在阅读文章的过程中，学生积极搜集头脑中已有的相关知识，结合文章内容形成对文章的整体把握，我们称之为图式。

图式能够帮助我们对文章内容产生期待，能够简化推断，并在随后的阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。

比如，●Three girls went walking in the woods. They were enjoying themselves so much that they forgot the time and stayed too long. A dragon kidnapped them. As they were be dragging off. They cried for help. Three heroes heard the cries and set off their horses to rescue the girls.●One possible result:The heroes came and fought with the dragon and rescued the girls. Then the heroes returned the daughters to their places. Maybe, you can guess that the three girls married the three men respectively.如果我们对文章非常熟悉，那么文章内容与你头脑中的图式相结合，你解题将会势如破竹，一发不可收拾。

又如：● Writing in a diary, watching television, talking with friends, speaking on the telephone, and reading amenu----what do they have in common? …….…….Thus, ________ may be defined as the means by which people exchange feelings and ideas with each other.A. informationB. learningC. communicationD. acquisition步骤二，选择答案。

●有两中选择答案的方法：一，可以不看选项，自己猜测正确答案，然后再在选项当中选择最接近自己猜测的一项。

二，可以将选项带入空格内检测。

●按照先易后难的原则，即首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的直接的明显的答案。

这就增强了信心，减轻了心理压力。

然后瞻前顾后，不要忘记首尾照应。

另外，要牢记文章的中心思想，每个空白处的含义应与前后句的意义联系起来理解。

步骤三，为不确定答案寻找线索。

文章前面的空格提出的问题很有可能要到文章的末尾才才能找到答案。

所以，对于那些难度颇高的空格只有在字里行间寻找线索。

一定要上下连贯，合乎逻辑。

步骤四，回头补缺我们不提倡在一个题上耽误太多的时间。

如果有一个不会我们可以暂时放过，继续思路做下面的题，等通篇做完后再回过头来考虑这个选项。

切忌，一定要保证思维的连续性和统一性。

步骤五，核实答案。

我们可以从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查：1)所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调；2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配；3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的谓语动词用原形(过去式、过去完成式)；4)所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。

5)保持自信，不要轻易否定以前选过的选项。

必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，仍应相信第一印象。

三、完型填空题的考察内容词汇第一、词义辨析（词）（单词的掌握，基本义）例1 That “something special” was men – creative individuals who could invent machines, find new 75 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.A) origins (由来,出身) B) sourcesC) bases D) discoveries第二、形近词辨异例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 75everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car.A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed例2 Following 88 , the man guided the plane toward theairfield.A) impression B) informationC) inspections D)instructions例3 Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and neverdiscuss likes and dislikes in front of him or allow 66 else to do so.［A］ everybody ［B］ anybody［C］ somebody ［D］ nobody例4 A. encourages(鼓励) B. enables（使能够）C. enforces（强制）D. ensures（确保）例5 A. attraction(吸引力) B. attention （注意力）C. affection（爱情，亲密）D. motion（动作）例6 (兼考搭配关系)A. interfered（in干涉）B. interrupted （打断，中断）C. discouraged （from不鼓励做）D. disturbed（打扰，干扰）例7 A. desired(渴望，想得到) B. revised（修订，修正） C. required（需要，要求） D. deserved （值得，应得）第三、词语搭配例1 The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become85 with the controls of the plane.A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close例2 Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your tongue andyet you were unable to recall it? When this happens again, do not try to recall it. Do something 73 for a couple of minutes and the name may come into your head.simple B) apart C) else D) similar例3 A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources,and labor supply, all these were important factors in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they were not enough. Something 73 was needed to start the industrial process.A) else B) near C) extra 额外的，不包括其中的 D) similarl例4 Take it _69__ granted that he likes everything and he probably will…A. withB. asC. overD. forl例5 But these various means of communication differ in important ways __68__ human language.A. aboutB. withC. fromD. inl例6 …the great tit(山雀) is a case __77__point.A. inB. atC. ofD. for语法：（句）第一、指代关系l例1 The foreign research scholar usually isolates 76 inthe laboratory as a means of protection; However, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite different from 79 at home.76. A) himself B) oneself C) him D) one 79. A) those B) which C) what D) thatl例 2 No two speakers speak in exactly the same way. We can alwayshear differences 74 them,…74. A) between B) among C) of D) froml例 3 We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with __73__.A. oursB. theirsC. anotherD. othersl例4 They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many__78__ differ in race.78. A. people B. who C. what D. friends 第二、虚拟语气l例1 Professors do not have the time to explain how a universitylibrary works; They expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 84 that their students should not be too dependent on them.84. A) hate B) dislike C) like D)preferl例 2 A geographer might be described as one who observes, records,and explains the differences between places. If places 87 alike, there would be little need for geographers.87. A) being B) are C) be D)werel例 3…but _63_ you were to move the skin you would not tellanything about the race to which the individual belonged.A. sinceB. ifC. asD.while第三、倒装知识要点: 倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型，重点是部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。