A Formulation of the Channel Capacity of Multiple-Access Channel
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HP Z420 内存配置和优化说明书
HP recommends Windows® 7.HP Z420 Memory Configurationsand OptimizationThe purpose of this document is to provide an overview of the memory configuration for the HP Z420 Workstation and to provide recommendationsto optimize performance.Supported memory modules1Types of memory supported on a HP Z420 are:• 2 GB, 4 GB and 8 GB PC3-12800E 1600MHz DDR3 Unbuffered ECC DIMMs• 1.35V and 1.5V DIMMs are supported, but the system will operate the DIMMs, safely, at 1.5V only.• 2 Gb and 4 Gb based DIMMs are supported.See the Memory Technology White Paper for additional technical information.Platform capabilitiesMaximum capacity: 64 GBTotal of 8 memory sockets• 4 channels with 2 sockets per channelSpeed• 1600 MHz, 1333 MHz and 1066 MHz DIMMs are supported• Memory will operate at the speed of the slowest rated installed processor or DIMMDynamic power saving is enabled.Memory featuresECC is supported on all of our supported DIMMs.• Single-bit errors are automatically corrected.• Multi-bit errors are detected and will cause the system to immediately reboot and halt with an F1 prompt error message.Non-ECC memory does not detect or correct single-bit or multi-bit errors which can cause instability, or corruption of data, in the platform. See the Memory Technology White Paper for additional technical information. Optimize performanceGenerally, maximum memory performance is achieved by evenly distributing total desired memory capacity across all operational channels. Proper individual DIMM capacity selection is essential to maximizing performance. Refer to the Optimal Memory Configuration table on page 2 (figure 1) for more information.HP recommends Windows® 7.Figure 1Optimal memory configurations for HP Z420(Note: The following table does not include all available factory installed configurations)Total Capacity DIMM1 DIMM2 DIMM3 DIMM4 DIMM5 DIMM6 DIMM7 DIMM8 Rating2 GB* 2 GB Fair4 GB* 2 GB 2 GB Good6 GB 2 GB 2 GB 2 GB Better8 GB 8 GB~ 2 GB4 GB2 GB 2 GB 2 GB4 GBBestGood12 GB~ 2 GB4 GB 2 GB 2 GB2 GB2 GB2 GB2 GB 2 GB4 GBBest16 GB 2 GB4 GB 2 GB 2 GB4 GB2 GB 2 GB 2 GB4 GB2 GB 2 GB4 GBBest24 GB~ 4 GB 2 GB 4 GB 2 GB 2 GB 4 GB 2 GB 4 GB Best32 GB 4 GB8 GB 4 GB 4 GB8 GB4 GB 4 GB 4 GB8 GB4 GB 4 GB8 GBBest48 GB~ 8 GB 4 GB8 GB 4 GB 4 GB 8 GB 4 GB 8 GB Best64 GB 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB Best * For 32-bit operating systems, there is a memory limit of 4 GB.~ Although supported, these configurations are not factory installed at this time.Loading rules• Each channel includes two DIMM sockets; black and white connector pairs represent a channel. Load all black slots first and then load the white slots.• Load the memory modules in order of size, starting with the largest module and finishing with the smallest module. • The DIMMs should be loaded first in the black sockets and then in the white sockets. The DIMMs should be loaded starting with the DIMM furthest from the CPU, with the first DIMM loaded in the socket on the right side of the system • See diagram below for loading orderFigure 2Loading orderAdditional resources/go/whitepapers/support/Z420_manuals1 Each processor supports up to 4 channels of DDR3 memory. To realize full performance at least 1 DIMM must be inserted into each channel.© Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.Intel and Core are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. Windows is a U.S. registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.4AA3-9557ENW, June 2012。
如何制定经营战略【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文How to develop the business strategyMaterial Source: R&D Management36，7，2006 Author: Rebecca A. Morgan Grasp the future, the company is the essence of business strategy, however, due to the uncertainty of the future, it gives the company, not only have the opportunity and also usually accompanied by risk and threats, this request for strategic management. According to the general definition, operation strategy is enterprise for survival development in overall design. Overall, a long-term strategy has the characteristics of, competitive and guiding the decision object, so it is complex, in the face of the problem often is the sudden and hard to predict, and decision-making is correct or not and related to enterprise's global and outlook, so, in making the process must use of scientific methods and steps.The building of enterprise manages strategic elements generally includes four aspects:(1) products and business fields.It is to illustrate that the company's mission belong to what kind of specific industries and seeking new opportunities of the field. In particular, the process of establishing often need to use "chat elements are described. Because the definition of "big business" is too wide, management content too wide to report operating strategy, can't clearly define enterprise business lines. And big industry refers to propose the same characteristics in the product and markets, mission, and technology of small industries. Such as wahaha area is the drinks and health food industry chat. Business field narrowly wide, are hard to the development of the enterprise.(2) enterprise growth direction.It is explain enterprises as the market portfolio from existing products to future products and the market portfolio transfer direction. If the market penetration strategy is through current products and the market portfolio increased market share of the growth of says direction; Market development strategy for the enterprise existing products is looking for new market space; Product development strategy isto create new products, to replace the current products. Emerging enterprise is supposed to market development, in the enterprise should choose product recession product development strategy.(3) the competitive advantage.It explains the enterprise sought, it shows that the enterprise a product and the market portfolio special properties, relies on this kind of attribute can brings to the enterprise strong competition ability. Such as, SONY's advantage lies in the development of new products; Haier's advantage is good product quality and enterprise image.(4) synergy.It is explain enterprises to achieve strategic objectives, but requests the enterprise internal departments take coordinated action. Sales coordination (such as enterprise all product use common sales channel), running coordination (as in the business enterprise inside apportion indirect expenses), management coordination (as in a business area use another unit management experience). Synergy purpose is to explore the business enterprise inside overall profitability of potential.It is explain enterprises to achieve strategic objectives, but requests the enterprise internal departments take coordinated action. Sales coordination (such as enterprise all product use common sales channel), running coordination (as in the business enterprise inside apportion indirect expenses), management coordination (as in a business area use another unit management experience). Synergy purpose is to explore the business enterprise inside overall profitability of potential.As the research question convenience, operation strategy formulation is divided into four steps: generalThe first is the formation process of strategic thinking. Strategic thought is the relationship of enterprise development direction guiding ideology, is to develop and implement management ideas, it is the embodiment of the strategic decision is a series of standards shall abide by. Strategic thought is the result of strategic management strategy, strategic thinking is the logical starting point. For managers, strategic thinking is difficult for the thinking process. First, it requires the systematic strategic thinking. The enterprise strategic makers to the social environment in competition, comprehensive, multidimensional opening thought; Secondly, strategic thinking should be advanced and innovative, this advance is not only on time to advance, thought and the idea of more important in advance. Innovation requires break through various obstacles thinking, it is concluded that the new creativenessand bind, achieved a new breakthrough. So, strategic makers should have good insight ability, analysis ability, comprehensive judgement and overall ability.The second is the investigation process. This process is to understand and analysis enterprise internal and external environment, for strategy formulation provides the basis and prerequisite. It includes the internal environment and external environment of the survey survey of two parts. The internal environment is to solve the survey of the major problems, all sorts of conditions friend disadvantages and composite. Specific content has two big aspects: one is the analysis of general ability, including the original strategy of the correctness and can realize levels; Top executives quality of leadership, staff's quality, enterprise's intellectual capacity, technical absorption ability, etc. On the other hand is compared with rivals, the competitiveness of existing products, including the quality, price and varieties, brand awareness and reputation. External environment survey to grasp the market demand, supply situation and trend, resources, clear enterprise competition situation of market opportunities and threats. These include, indirect environment (such as political trends, economic trends, legal movements, social movements), direct environment (refers to direct impact to this enterprise the environment factors). The survey of direct environment to market and industry analysis, the bounderies enterprises in market advantages and disadvantages, and determine their opportunities and threats. The survey of indirect environment analysis of macro trends is the key to this enterprise the bounderies influence on its own strength and effects and related opportunities and threats. Finally, even integrated the above aspects of predicting the future management of the environment.The third is the strategic decision-making process. Strategic decision is more smoothly in two steps on the basis of the investment in, it is about the strategic thinking and environmental analysis results of all kinds of information, the end result is that business strategy. The problems to be solved in strategic decisions are: enterprise business scope and business area; Enterprise's strategic posture (offensive and defensive or retreat); Dealing with various kinds of strategic relationship the criteria; How to establish and play strategic advantages; How to get and distribution enterprise resources; The organization should adopt specific measures.The fourth is strategic materialize and perfecting process. Operation strategy plan, must pass the actual action concretized into enterprise, to achieve strategic objectives. And in the process of implementing, due to external and internal environment in the process of the change and make judgement, strategic plan willlose guiding role, in this case, must be modified and perfected.Strategic plan basis pointsMust go beyond the old ways of thinking and behavior patterns. In clear to the field operation process, managers often faced questions is: choose business field and not conducive to the development of the company wide, so in the concrete operation of, on the one hand, rely on the demand of the market, on the other hand, we must be based on the company's production capacity. In order to ensure the accuracy of the judgment and strategy in the concrete analysis of long-term, also must consider: jump out of the original product or production line's limitations. To challenge the assumptions used within the company, that is to challenge the accepted sense. Strategic makers want to dare to challenge the idea of used. For example, fluorescent tubes why want thin, long? Why do people in dark ragtag movie? At first glance, these question enough to seem strange. But because of some of the things that the basic knowledge of the challenge that makes many companies after the rescue. For example, an electric blanket use stated wrote: "when a current don't fold, don't lie in it." This caused a company technical personnel's attention, they designed a kind when electrify lie across and can safe when a certain temperature is reached DianRuZi power outages.To accurately choose critical success factors. Facing human resource shortage, lack of, time precious reality, the limited resources concentrated on can decide the key successful business operation field, to companies is very important. Management experts to succeed in a certain industry the core condition called critical success factors. Obviously, different key success factor is the same. However, we can help the product life cycle changes, from a side, grasp the key success factors of change.As in the trial period, due to the product into the market product just is not stable, product sales and marketing expenses is very high. Then, in the market, can take mainly lies in advertising and promotion, so that they can win a consumer, gradually expand the market share. After entering the sales growth, rising commodities prices fell, profit, rise. This is the good opportunity, the competition is also profit the white-hot stage. At this moment, the quality of the products, trademark reputation and the judgment of market is becoming more crucial. At maturity market saturation phenomenon occurring, sales growth fell, increasing competition. At this moment, if in order to increase sales and blindly expanding production capacity, so, once sales fell sharply, again take emergency measuresmight be too late. Therefore, this stage, the development of new products and has become the key to prevent such backlog. Product entered a recession, supply has far greater than demand, our company overcapacity. So price collapse or a rummage sale phenomenon may arise. So, want to consider introducing new products as soon as possible, looking for new market opportunities.We should focus on looking for strategic advantage, especially for the new founded soon after it, the company refers to the strategic advantage over a period of time, the vital global business success or failure in the powerful ability, has rich resources and advantage. Specific include:Company in the competition has the advantage status, including occupies advantageous geographical position (convenient transportation), well-informed, region and rich in raw materials near consumption two games. Advantage position, general is objective cause. To companies, mainly how to recognize the advantage status, how to make advantage position in the business competition play a bigger role.Has the advantage of power, is mainly refers to companies are competing for the market and has higher than for customers, including competition strength with abundant capital, human and technical strength; Have excellent management ability (such as strategic decision-making ability, market marketing capabilities); Have a good business plan. Strength advantages can generally be established by subjective efforts. Obviously, strategic advantage is company in the competition the competetion.Have strategic advantage, the company had mastered the initiative; Play a strategic advantage, the company can win the competition. Otherwise, the company may be forced into a passive, even bankruptcy, go bankrupt.Anyhow, the strategic decision-making process is a complicated process, to their own conditions and circumstances of understanding the more specific the fully, scientific, business strategy is higher; Strategy formulation process is systematic thinking, thinking ahead, only has the process of strategic mind and advance entrepreneur, to foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, formulate guide the development strategy of the enterprise forward.译文如何制定经营战略资料来源：研究与发展管理36，7，2006作者：摩根.丽贝卡把握未来，是公司经营战略的本质，然而，由于未来的不确定性，它带给公司的，不仅仅有机会，而且还往往伴随着风险与威胁，这就要求进行战略管理。
物流英语试题及参考答案
物流英语试题及参考答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What does the term "LCL" stand for in logistics?A. Less than Container LoadB. Large Container LoadC. Limited Container LoadD. Local Container Load答案：A2. The process of managing the flow of goods and information involves which of the following?A. Inventory managementB. Supply chain managementC. Warehouse managementD. All of the above答案：D3. Which of the following is not a type of transportation mode?A. RoadB. RailC. AirD. Cable答案：D4. What is the abbreviation for "International Commercial Terms"?A. ICTB. ICPC. INCOTERMSD. ITC答案：C5. The term "EDI" refers to:A. Electronic Data InterchangeB. Electronic Document InterfaceC. Electronic Delivery InformationD. Electronic Distribution Interface答案：A6. Which of the following is a key factor in supply chain risk management?A. Cost reductionB. Inventory optimizationC. Supplier reliabilityD. Customer satisfaction答案：C7. The term "3PL" stands for:A. Third Party LogisticsB. Third Party LiabilityC. Third Party LoanD. Third Party Lease答案：A8. What is the role of a customs broker?A. To facilitate the import and export processB. To handle international paymentsC. To manage warehouse operationsD. To provide transportation services答案：A9. Which document is used to provide a detailed description of the goods being shipped?A. Bill of LadingB. Commercial InvoiceC. Packing ListD. Certificate of Origin答案：C10. The term "VMI" stands for:A. Vendor Managed InventoryB. Volume Management IndexC. Value Management IndicatorD. Vehicle Management Interface答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The _______ is responsible for the goods until they are delivered to the consignee.答案：shipper12. In logistics, "CIF" stands for _______.答案：Cost, Insurance, and Freight13. The process of managing the movement of goods from the point of origin to the point of consumption is known as the _______.答案：supply chain14. A _______ is a person or company that arranges the transportation of goods for others.答案：freight forwarder15. The term "FOB" refers to _______.答案：Free On Board16. The _______ is a document that provides evidence of the terms of a contract for the sale of goods.答案：sales contract17. A _______ is a system that tracks and manages the flow of products and information from raw material stage to the final consumer.答案：ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)18. The _______ is the process of managing the demand and supply of products or services.答案：demand planning19. The _______ is a document that certifies the origin ofthe goods being shipped.答案：certificate of origin20. The _______ is the process of managing the movement of goods from the warehouse to the customer.答案：distribution三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between "FOB" and "CIF" in international trade.答案：FOB (Free On Board) is a term used when theseller's responsibility ends once the goods are loaded onto the ship, while the buyer is responsible for the transportation from that point. CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) means the seller pays for the cost of the goods, insurance, and freight until they reach the port of destination, after which the buyer takes over the responsibility.22. What are the benefits of using a 3PL provider in a supply chain?答案：Benefits of using a 3PL provider include reduced capital expenditure, access to specialized logistics expertise, improved scalability and flexibility, and the ability to focus on core business activities.23. Describe the role of a bill of lading in international shipping.答案：A bill of lading serves as a contract of carriage, a receipt for the goods shipped, and a document of title. It outlines the terms and conditions of the transport, confirmsthe receipt of the goods by the carrier, and can be used as a legal document in case of disputes.24. What is the purpose of inventory management in logistics。
信息论英文课后部分习题答案
本答案是英文原版的配套答案，与翻译的中文版课本题序不太一样但内容一样。
翻译的中文版增加了题量。
2.2、Entropy of functions. Let X be a random variable taking on a finite number of values. What is the (general) inequality relationship of ()H X and ()H Y if(a) 2X Y =?(b) cos Y X =?Solution: Let ()y g x =. Then():()()x y g x p y p x ==∑.Consider any set of x ’s that map onto a single y . For this set()():():()()log ()log ()log ()x y g x x y g x p x p x p x p y p y p y ==≤=∑∑,Since log is a monotone increasing function and ():()()()x y g x p x p x p y =≤=∑.Extending this argument to the entire range of X (and Y ), we obtain():()()log ()()log ()x y x g x H X p x p x p x p x =-=-∑∑∑()log ()()yp y p y H Y ≥-=∑,with equality iff g if one-to-one with probability one.(a) 2X Y = is one-to-one and hence the entropy, which is just a function of the probabilities does not change, i.e., ()()H X H Y =.(b) cos Y X =is not necessarily one-to-one. Hence all that we can say is that ()()H X H Y ≥, which equality if cosine is one-to-one on the range of X .2.16. Example of joint entropy. Let (,)p x y be given byFind(a) ()H X ,()H Y .(b) (|)H X Y ,(|)H Y X . (c) (,)H X Y(d) ()(|)H Y H Y X -.(e) (;)I X Y(f) Draw a Venn diagram for the quantities in (a) through (e).Solution:Fig. 1 Venn diagram(a) 231()log log30.918 bits=()323H X H Y =+=.(b) 12(|)(|0)(|1)0.667 bits (/)33H X Y H X Y H X Y H Y X ==+===((,)(|)()p x y p x y p y =)((|)(,)()H X Y H X Y H Y =-)(c) 1(,)3log3 1.585 bits 3H X Y =⨯=(d) ()(|)0.251 bits H Y H Y X -=(e)(;)()(|)0.251 bits=-=I X Y H Y H Y X(f)See Figure 1.2.29 Inequalities. Let X,Y and Z be joint random variables. Prove the following inequalities and find conditions for equality.(a) )ZHYXH≥X(Z()|,|(b) )ZIYXI≥X((Z);,;(c) )XYXHZ≤Z-H-XYH),(,)(((X,,)H(d) )XYIZIZII+-XZY≥Y(););(|;;(Z|)(XSolution:(a)Using the chain rule for conditional entropy,HZYXHZXH+XH≥XYZ=),(|(Z)(||,()|)With equality iff 0YH,that is, when Y is a function of X andXZ,|(=)Z.(b)Using the chain rule for mutual information,ZIXXIZYX+=,I≥IYZ(|;)X);)(,;;(Z)(With equality iff 0ZYI, that is, when Y and Z areX)|;(=conditionally independent given X.(c)Using first the chain rule for entropy and then definition of conditionalmutual information,XZHYHIXZYX==-H-XHYYZ)()(;Z)|,|),|(X(,,)(XHXZH-Z≤,=,)()()(X|HWith equality iff 0ZYI, that is, when Y and Z areX(=|;)conditionally independent given X .(d) Using the chain rule for mutual information,);()|;();,();()|;(Z X I X Y Z I Z Y X I Y Z I Y Z X I +==+And therefore this inequality is actually an equality in all cases.4.5 Entropy rates of Markov chains.(a) Find the entropy rate of the two-state Markov chain with transition matrix⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡--=1010010111p p p p P (b) What values of 01p ,10p maximize the rate of part (a)?(c) Find the entropy rate of the two-state Markov chain with transition matrix⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-=0 1 1p p P(d) Find the maximum value of the entropy rate of the Markov chain of part (c). We expect that the maximizing value of p should be less than 2/1, since the 0 state permits more information to be generated than the 1 state.Solution:(a) T he stationary distribution is easily calculated.10010*********,p p p p p p +=+=ππ Therefore the entropy rate is10011001011010101012)()()()()|(p p p H p p H p p H p H X X H ++=+=ππ(b) T he entropy rate is at most 1 bit because the process has only two states. This rate can be achieved if( and only if) 2/11001==p p , in which case the process is actually i.i.d. with2/1)1Pr()0Pr(====i i X X .(c) A s a special case of the general two-state Markov chain, the entropy rate is1)()1()()|(1012+=+=p p H H p H X X H ππ.(d) B y straightforward calculus, we find that the maximum value of)(χH of part (c) occurs for 382.02/)53(=-=p . The maximum value isbits 694.0)215()1()(=-=-=H p H p H (wrong!)5.4 Huffman coding. Consider the random variable⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.26 49.0 7654321x x x x x x x X (a) Find a binary Huffman code for X .(b) Find the expected codelength for this encoding.(c) Find a ternary Huffman code for X .Solution:(a) The Huffman tree for this distribution is(b)The expected length of the codewords for the binary Huffman code is 2.02 bits.( ∑⨯=)()(i p l X E )(c) The ternary Huffman tree is5.9 Optimal code lengths that require one bit above entropy. The source coding theorem shows that the optimal code for a random variable X has an expected length less than 1)(+X H . Given an example of a random variable for which the expected length of the optimal code is close to 1)(+X H , i.e., for any 0>ε, construct a distribution for which the optimal code has ε-+>1)(X H L .Solution: there is a trivial example that requires almost 1 bit above its entropy. Let X be a binary random variable with probability of 1=X close to 1. Then entropy of X is close to 0, but the length of its optimal code is 1 bit, which is almost 1 bit above its entropy.5.25 Shannon code. Consider the following method for generating a code for a random variable X which takes on m values {}m ,,2,1 with probabilities m p p p ,,21. Assume that the probabilities are ordered so thatm p p p ≥≥≥ 21. Define ∑-==11i k i i p F , the sum of the probabilities of allsymbols less than i . Then the codeword for i is the number ]1,0[∈i Frounded off to i l bits, where ⎥⎥⎤⎢⎢⎡=i i p l 1log . (a) Show that the code constructed by this process is prefix-free and the average length satisfies 1)()(+<≤X H L X H .(b) Construct the code for the probability distribution (0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.125).Solution:(a) Since ⎥⎥⎤⎢⎢⎡=i i p l 1log , we have 11log 1log +<≤i i i p l pWhich implies that 1)()(+<=≤∑X H l p L X H i i .By the choice of i l , we have )1(22---<≤ii l i l p . Thus j F , i j > differs from j F by at least il -2, and will therefore differ from i F is at least one place in the first i l bits of the binary expansion of i F . Thus thecodeword for j F , i j >, which has length i j l l ≥, differs from thecodeword for i F at least once in the first i l places. Thus no codewordis a prefix of any other codeword.(b) We build the following table3.5 AEP. Let ,,21X X be independent identically distributed random variables drawn according to theprobability mass function {}m x x p ,2,1),(∈. Thus ∏==n i i n x p x x x p 121)(),,,( . We know that)(),,,(log 121X H X X X p n n →- in probability. Let ∏==n i i n x q x x x q 121)(),,,( , where q is another probability mass function on {}m ,2,1.(a) Evaluate ),,,(log 1lim 21n X X X q n-, where ,,21X X are i.i.d. ~ )(x p . Solution: Since the n X X X ,,,21 are i.i.d., so are )(1X q ,)(2X q ,…，)(n X q ，and hence we can apply the strong law of large numbers to obtain∑-=-)(log 1lim ),,,(log 1lim 21i n X q n X X X q n 1..))((log p w X q E -=∑-=)(log )(x q x p∑∑-=)(log )()()(log )(x p x p x q x p x p )()||(p H q p D +=8.1 Preprocessing the output. One is given a communication channel withtransition probabilities )|(x y p and channel capacity );(max )(Y X I C x p =.A helpful statistician preprocesses the output by forming )(_Y g Y =. He claims that this will strictly improve the capacity.(a) Show that he is wrong.(b) Under what condition does he not strictly decrease the capacity? Solution:(a) The statistician calculates )(_Y g Y =. Since _Y Y X →→ forms a Markov chain, we can apply the data processing inequality. Hence for every distribution on x ,);();(_Y X I Y X I ≥. Let )(_x p be the distribution on x that maximizes );(_Y X I . Then__)()()(_)()()();(max );();();(max __C Y X I Y X I Y X I Y X I C x p x p x p x p x p x p ==≥≥===.Thus, the statistician is wrong and processing the output does not increase capacity.(b) We have equality in the above sequence of inequalities only if we have equality in data processing inequality, i.e., for the distribution that maximizes );(_Y X I , we have Y Y X →→_forming a Markov chain.8.3 An addition noise channel. Find the channel capacity of the following discrete memoryless channel:Where {}{}21Pr 0Pr ====a Z Z . The alphabet for x is {}1,0=X . Assume that Z is independent of X . Observe that the channel capacity depends on the value of a . Solution: A sum channel.Z X Y += {}1,0∈X , {}a Z ,0∈We have to distinguish various cases depending on the values of a .0=a In this case, X Y =,and 1);(max =Y X I . Hence the capacity is 1 bitper transmission.1,0≠≠a In this case, Y has four possible values a a +1,,1,0. KnowingY ,we know the X which was sent, and hence 0)|(=Y X H . Hence thecapacity is also 1 bit per transmission.1=a In this case Y has three possible output values, 0,1,2, the channel isidentical to the binary erasure channel, with 21=f . The capacity of this channel is 211=-f bit per transmission.1-=a This is similar to the case when 1=a and the capacity is also 1/2 bit per transmission.8.5 Channel capacity. Consider the discrete memoryless channel)11 (mod Z X Y +=, where ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1/3 1/3, 1/3,3 2,,1Z and {}10,,1,0 ∈X . Assume thatZ is independent of X .(a) Find the capacity.(b) What is the maximizing )(*x p ?Solution: The capacity of the channel is );(max )(Y X I C x p =)()()|()()|()();(Z H Y H X Z H Y H X Y H Y H Y X I -=-=-=bits 311log)(log );(=-≤Z H y Y X I , which is obtained when Y has an uniform distribution, which occurs when X has an uniform distribution.(a)The capacity of the channel is bits 311log /transmission.(b) The capacity is achieved by an uniform distribution on the inputs.10,,1,0for 111)( ===i i X p 8.12 Time-varying channels. Consider a time-varying discrete memoryless channel. Let n Y Y Y ,,21 be conditionally independent givenn X X X ,,21 , with conditional distribution given by ∏==ni i i i x y p x y p 1)|()|(.Let ),,(21n X X X X =, ),,(21n Y Y Y Y =. Find );(max )(Y X I x p . Solution:∑∑∑∑∑=====--≤-≤-=-=-=-=ni i n i i i n i i ni i i ni i i n p h X Y H Y H X Y H Y H X Y Y Y H Y H X Y Y Y H Y H X Y H Y H Y X I 111111121))(1()|()()|()(),,|()()|,,()()|()();(With equlity ifnX X X ,,21 is chosen i.i.d. Hence∑=-=ni i x p p h Y X I 1)())(1();(max .10.2 A channel with two independent looks at Y . Let 1Y and 2Y be conditionally independent and conditionally identically distributed givenX .(a) Show );();(2),;(21121Y Y I Y X I Y Y X I -=. (b) Conclude that the capacity of the channelX(Y1,Y2)is less than twice the capacity of the channelXY1Solution:(a) )|,(),(),;(212121X Y Y H Y Y H Y Y X I -=)|()|();()()(212121X Y H X Y H Y Y I Y H Y H ---+=);();(2);();();(2112121Y Y I Y X I Y Y I Y X I Y X I -=-+=(b) The capacity of the single look channel 1Y X → is );(max 1)(1Y X I C x p =.Thecapacityof the channel ),(21Y Y X →is11)(211)(21)(22);(2max );();(2max ),;(max C Y X I Y Y I Y X I Y Y X I C x p x p x p =≤-==10.3 The two-look Gaussian channel. Consider the ordinary Shannon Gaussian channel with two correlated looks at X , i.e., ),(21Y Y Y =, where2211Z X Y Z X Y +=+= with a power constraint P on X , and ),0(~),(221K N Z Z ,where⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=N N N N K ρρ. Find the capacity C for (a) 1=ρ (b) 0=ρ (c) 1-=ρSolution:It is clear that the two input distribution that maximizes the capacity is),0(~P N X . Evaluating the mutual information for this distribution,),(),()|,(),()|,(),(),;(max 212121212121212Z Z h Y Y h X Z Z h Y Y h X Y Y h Y Y h Y Y X I C -=-=-==Nowsince⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡N N N N N Z Z ,0~),(21ρρ,wehave)1()2log(21)2log(21),(222221ρππ-==N e Kz e Z Z h.Since11Z X Y +=, and22Z X Y +=, wehave ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡++++N N P N N P N Y Y P P ,0~),(21ρρ, And ))1(2)1(()2log(21)2log(21),(222221ρρππ-+-==PN N e K e Y Y h Y .Hence⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛++=-=)1(21log 21),(),(21212ρN P Z Z h Y Y h C(a) 1=ρ.In this case, ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+=N P C 1log 21, which is the capacity of a single look channel.(b) 0=ρ. In this case, ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+=N P C 21log 21, which corresponds to using twice the power in a single look. The capacity is the same as the capacity of the channel )(21Y Y X +→.(c) 1-=ρ. In this case, ∞=C , which is not surprising since if we add1Y and 2Y , we can recover X exactly.10.4 Parallel channels and waterfilling. Consider a pair of parallel Gaussianchannels,i.e.,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛212121Z Z X X Y Y , where⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛222121 00 ,0~σσN Z Z , And there is a power constraint P X X E 2)(2221≤+. Assume that 2221σσ>. At what power does the channel stop behaving like a single channel with noise variance 22σ, and begin behaving like a pair of channels? Solution: We will put all the signal power into the channel with less noise until the total power of noise+signal in that channel equals the noise power in the other channel. After that, we will split anyadditional power evenly between the two channels. Thus the combined channel begins to behave like a pair of parallel channels when the signal power is equal to the difference of the two noise powers, i.e., when 22212σσ-=P .。
终端营销管理的五个到位（Term...
终端营销管理的五个到位（Terminal marketing management five inplace）In recent years, in the mobile phone market struggling marketing colleagues, must have a very profound understanding of the product in the retail terminal sales significance. Because the mobile phone once in retail stores purchased by consumers, price and channel inventory problems have disappeared, the formation of the product out of the library book profits into a real profit, the home channel can continue to take delivery of the goods (goods), huge capacity of manufacturers to release the product --- can bring so many benefits in the retail terminal sales, this is probably the "marketing" and "control terminal", "terminal is king" has become the most popular Chinese Marketing Marketing vocabulary reason.In addition to the mobile phone industry, home appliances, cosmetics, IT, health care products and other industries active enterprises, we are doing terminal marketing, but really can effectively carry out terminal marketing management, not many. In the actual operation of terminal marketing, the following will happen:1, terminal marketing resources budget is not accurate, a year has not been finished, the marketing war to time is hot, some enterprises have found budgets, aggressive expansion campaign was frustrated; some enterprises are a huge waste of resources, blind investment, elevating the industry terminal expense market, their just make out what did not earn a profit. With the decline in mobile phone industry profits, the budget ofterminal marketing resources has been greatly reduced, and the former situation often occurs.2 terminal marketing support system, have serious defects, such as terminal construction completed, but the channel operation, the product can not reach the retail store, or frequently out of stock phenomenon, terminal sales discount.3, front-line operators and managers, such as city managers, supervisors, etc., in the actual operation of the lack of simple and effective guiding principles, every day in the "terminal visit", but the efficiency is very low.How to solve these problems, the terminal marketing energy fully play out? We should start with the goal of terminal marketing management.Marketing management is the goal of effective management and control of terminal sales of products, that is to carry out effective management and control of the key factors influencing the product sales terminals, from a retail store, there are five main key factors affecting the product sales terminals:1) is the retail store available?;2) is there a salesperson or promoter in a retail store?;3) the brand's image in the store (mainly background, counter, light box and so on);4) are there promotions or promotions in the store?;5) rigid or soft terminal, have strict management system, and carry out seriously.These five key factors can be simply summed up as "five in place" of terminal marketing management - product in place, personnel in place, brand image in place, promotion resources in place, management in place. "Five in place" can run through the whole terminal marketing management (planning, implementation, control) process and the terminal marketing support system construction process (which can be shown as the following picture).The following is the "five in place" principle to elaborate the terminal marketing management and the terminal marketing support system construction.I. terminal marketing planningAny plan is in solving the "goal - action - resources" issue, that is, clearly the goal to be achieved, in order to achieve the goal of action required to take these actions need to invest resources.The goal of the end marketing is the retail volume target. In order to complete the retail volume target, in brief, it is to develop a sufficient number of retail terminals, and to increase the sales volume of each retail terminal.1, how to develop an adequate number of retail terminals?The key is to have a very detailed grasp of the distribution of all retail terminals.In the mobile phone industry, relatively mature mobile phone manufacturers and agents, each year to carry out 1-2 retail terminal census, as long as one of the retail terminal census data,You can clearly understand the market capacity of each city is from which retail store to sell out. Will these retail sales according to the classification, each kind of retail stores to confirm the different sales target, sales order from large to small, from large to small selection of each type of retail stores, so need the number of each class retail store development is clear.2, how to increase the sales of each retail store?Is the so-called terminal marketing management "five place", five key factors selected retail stores can reach a higher level, so that each retail store sales, and all retail sales promotion will have a solid guarantee.To ensure that the selected retail store "five in place" can reach a higher level, on the one hand, the need for adequate resources to invest, on the other hand, the corresponding functional departments need to be systematically supported and coordinated:1) the amount of resources (promoters, background boards, counters, promotions, resources, etc.) needed to reach the"five in place" of each retail store, together with the total amount of resources needed for the terminal marketing.2) the "five in place" is followed by the support and coordination of the corresponding functional departments. The problem will be described in detail in the construction of the terminal marketing support system.3, the terminal marketing budget (measure the amount and amount of the input terminal resources)The terminal marketing budget includes all expenses, budgets and promotions, promotional activities, resources (promotional items, promotional gifts, executive fees, etc.) for the construction of hardware and software terminals.The logic process of the terminal marketing budget is as follows:Explain：1) what is the company's profit target this year? What categories and what products do you need to achieve?;2) what is the monthly delivery target (SELL-IN) per product and what is the retail target (SELL-OUT)?;3) how many retail stores do you need to support your sales target? How many retail outlets do you own?;4) what are the development plans for retail stores, and howmany basic resources (background boards, counters, promoters, entry fees, etc.) are not required to be linked to a single product at each time?;5) how many publicity items, promotional gifts and activity execution expenses are required for each product launch, promotion, and promotion?.Through the above process of derivation, you can very clearly grasp the completion of the company's sales target, how much resources to invest, how much cost costs.Two, the operation of terminal marketing points (implementation and control)The actual operation of terminal marketing is to develop all valuable retail terminals, and implement the "five in place" at every retail terminal in an organized and step-by-step way, so as to ensure the completion of retail targets.Terminal marketing organization (branch office), both the provincial and city manager, manager of supervision are available through the "five place" principle, the formulation and implementation of the work plan, the provincial and city manager manager to work through "five in place" to supervise and evaluate subordinates, this work will not deviate from the key.Provincial managers, city managers, supervisors, if you can apply their duties, to ensure that all terminals within the jurisdiction can achieve "five in place", the retail salesvolume can rise naturally.Terminal marketing operation points, specifically, can be summarized as the following parts:1, retail terminal census and classification management. The collection and arrangement of retail store materials are classified according to sales volume and strategic importance, and different terminal resource allocation standards are set up for different types of retail stores. The following is a mobile phone manufacturers to retail stores configure soft hard terminal resources reference standards:2, the terminal brand image construction negotiations and project follow-up. According to the terminal standard of resource allocation, step by step, strategy with the retailer, and strive for the best location area (background plate, counter and light box piece position), signed an agreement with the image of the terminal building, supervise the construction decoration engineering company, to ensure the timely completion of the construction area. Of course，Do not area after the construction of the terminal brand image construction is completed, must arrange maintenance, keep the brand image of the complete collection, at the same time, retailers and other brands of information, looking for opportunities to maximize store brand area.3, the construction of terminal management team. According to the construction of the terminal brand image of the schedule, arrange sales into the store, and according to a certainproportion (such as 8:1) to arrange the corresponding supervisory staff, according to a certain proportion (such as 5:1) for city managers, each province set up a provincial manager. Provincial managers, city managers, supervisors, promoters must undergo recruitment, training, job counseling and other processes, in order to ensure the quality of each job personnel and job adaptability.The planning and construction of 4 channels, to ensure that the products in the selected retail terminal OTC rate, as far as possible to avoid the phenomenon of out of stock products.5, promotion activities in terminal implementation. Promotion and promotion of resources are generally divided into two kinds, one is publicity materials, gifts, etc., and the other is retail incentives (shop owners, incentives, shop assistants, promotions, incentives and so on). For promotional materials, gifts and other resources must be effectively allocated to the selected retail store, to ensure that all resources can make the display and use of the promotion plan in accordance with the standard; for the retail reward, must ensure timely and accurately to reach the hands of award.Three, the construction of terminal marketing support systemFive "in place" of the back, which need "in place"?"In place" is from the manufacturers of the products to be able to arrive at the warehouse store, to counter, this process is accomplished through the sales channels, the traditional mobile phone sales channels (the longest): manufacturers -country - - generation province generation package - retail store, now the mobile phone sales channels (the shortest): manufacturers, retail stores, no matter what kind of marketing channel mode, is through a series of interest policy (the price system, price protection, rebates, incentives), logistics policy, financial policy, to ensure the smooth flow of products. Therefore, "products in place", followed by the choice of channel model, channel policy formulation and implementation, and ensure that the channel policy formulation and implementation of the business sector, logistics department, regional sales team."The brand image in place" refers to the carrier brand image in the retail terminal, including background board, counters, showcase, promotional materials, promoters of the clothing and so on, in each terminal must be sufficient, prominent, vivid and unique, unified and coordinated. This must be followed by a unified and perfect brand planning, must have a unique brand concept and the brand image of the times, of course, should also have the corresponding brand image in the retail terminal implementation standards."Personnel in place" is the retail store must be selected to send a strong affinity, strong sales promotion salesman. To do this, there must be a set of promoters of recruitment, training, employment guidance, daily management system, and set up corresponding management positions, such as city manager, supervision, to ensure the implementation of the system. "Personnel in place" is followed by the organizational structure in place, work systems and processes in place."Promotional resources in place" is to configure the retail terminal sufficient promotional materials, promotional gifts, reduce sales promotion difficulties, improve product terminal transaction rate. To achieve this, we must have a creative, planning ability of the marketing department, the implementation of a strong line of terminal team (including city managers, supervisors, promoters)."Management in place" is to ensure that the above "hard" and "soft" terminal resources play a role, we must establish a corresponding management system, to form a management system. Terminal management system, such as hard and soft terminal management system, organizational structure and job responsibilities, terminal information management system, to ensure that the work instructions issued, terminal information feedback terminal, the rational allocation of resources can get accurate and efficient execution.The realization of "five in place" is a huge systematic project, and the "five in place" should be truly achieved",That is, a good grasp of the system, they are behind a number of "in place", "five in place" is behind a number of "in place"a logical result.Concluding remarks"Five in place" is an important starting point for effective terminal marketing management, which can be carried out through the planning, implementation, evaluation, and support system construction of the terminal marketing management. Do a goodjob in terminal marketing, from the "five in place" started.Welcome to discuss your views and views with the author. Email: ********************.cn。
VALIDATION OF THE SWAT MODEL ON A LARGE RWER BASIN WITH POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES
1Paper No. 00044 of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. Discussions are open until June 1, 2002. 2Respectively, Post Doctoral Research Scientist, Blackland Research Center, 720 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502-9622; Hydraulic Engineer, USDA/ARS, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502; Research Scientist, Blackland Research Center, 720 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502-9622; Professor and Resident Director, Blackland Research Center, 720 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502-9622; Associate Professor and Director of Spatial Sciences Lab, Blackland Research Center, 700 East University Drive, Suite
classified water bodies, 147 have been listed on the
1998 303(d) list. One of these projects is in the Bosque
River Watershed in North Central Texas, where
管理会计英语培训课程
Example - Garment Manufacturer
• Chunling Company that sells five types of readymade garments to discount stores such as Kmart and Wal-Mart
• The company is operating at full capacity and is contemplating short-term adjustments to its product mix
– Such a firm is a price taker, and it chooses its product mix given the prices set in the marketplace for its products
Ability To Influence Prices
– Firms in an industry with relatively little competition, who enjoy large market shares and exercise industry leadership, must decide what prices to set for their products
管理组织英语专业词汇知识整合
管理学英语专业词汇Aaccess discrimination 进入歧视action research 动作研究adjourning 解散adhocracy 特别结构administrative principle 管理原则artifacts 人工环境artificial intelligence 人工智能工巧匠avoiding learning 规避性学习ambidextrous approach 双管齐下策略Bbalance sheet 资产负债表bcg matrix 波士顿咨询集团矩阵bona fide occupation qualificationѕ善意职业资格审查bounded rationality 有限理性bureaucracy 官僚机构benchmarking 标杆瞄准bounded rationality perspective 有限理性方法boundary-spanning roles 跨超边界作用Ccomputer-aided design and computer-automated manufacturing(cad/cam)计算机辅助设计与计算机自动生产confrontation 对话consortia 企业联合change agent 变革促进者chaos theory 混沌理论chariѕmatic leaders 魅力型领导者charity principle 博爱原则coercive power 强制权cohesiveness 凝聚力collaborative management 合作型管理comparable worth 可比较价值competitive benchmarking 竞争性基准confrontation meeting 碰头会constancy of purpose 永久性目标contingency approach 权变理论corporate social performance 公司社会表现corporate social responsibility公司社会责任corporate social responsiveness公司社会反应critical incident 关键事件current assets 流动资产current liabilities 流动负债culture strength 文化强度creative department 创造性部门craft technology 技艺性技术contextual dimension 关联性维度continuous process production 连续加工生产collectivity stage 集体化阶段clan control 小团体控制clan culture 小团体文化coalition 联合团体collaborative 协作网络centrality 集中性centraliazation 集权化chariѕmatic authority 竭尽忠诚的权力Ddecentralization 分权democracy management 民主管理departmentalization 部门化differential rate system 差别报酬系统dialectical inquiry methods 辩证探求法division of labor 劳动分工downward mobility 降职流动dynamic engagement 动态融合dynamic network 动态网络domain 领域direct interlock 直接交叉divisional form 事业部模式differentiation strategy 差别化战略decision premise 决策前提dual-core approach 二元核心模式Eelectronic data-processing(edp) 电子数据处理employee-oriented style 员工导向型风格empowerment 授权encoding 解码end-user computing 终端用户计算系统entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity 净资产equity theory 公平理论espoused value 信仰价值ethnocentric manager 种族主义的管理者expectancy theory 期望理论expense budget 支出预算expense center 费用中心external audit 外部审计external stakeholders 外部利益相关者extrinsic rewards 外部奖励ethic ombudsperson 伦理巡视官external adaption 外部适应性elaboration stage 精细阶段entrepreneurial stage 创业阶段escalating commitment 顽固认同Ffamily group 家庭集团financial statement 财务报表flat hierarchies 扁平型结构flexible budget 弹性预算force-field theory 场力理论formal authority 合法权力formal systematic appraisal 正式的系统评估franchise 特许经营权formalization stage 规范化阶段functional grouping 职能组合formal channel of communication 正式沟通渠道Ggame theory 博弈论general financial condition 一般财务状况geocentric manager 全球化管理者general manager 总经理globalization 全球化gossip chain 传言链grapevine 传言网global strategic partnership 全球战略伙伴关系general environment 一般环境generalist 全面战略geographic grouping 区域组合global company 全球公司global geographic structure 全球区域结构Hhawthorne effect 霍桑效应heuristic principles 启发性原理hierarchy 科层制度hiring specification 招聘细则horizontal linkage model 横向联系模型hybrid structure 混合结构high tech 高接触high-velocity environments 高倍速环境Iimpoverished management 放任式管理income statement 损益表information transformation 信息转换infrastructure 基础设施integrative process 整合过程intelligent enterprises 智力企业internal audit 内部审计internal stakeholder 内部相关者internship 实习intrapreneurship 内部企业家精神intrinsic reward 内在报酬inventory 库存, 存货internal integration 内部整合interorganization relationship 组织间的关系intergroup conflict 团体间冲突interlocking directorate 交叉董事会institutional perspective 机构的观点intuitive decision making 直觉决策idea champion 构思倡导者incremental change 渐进式变革informal organizational structure 非正式组织结构informal performance appraisal 非正式业绩评价Jjob description 职务描述job design 职务设计job enlargement 职务扩大化job enrichment 职务丰富化job rotation 职务轮换job specialization 职务专业化Kkey performance areas 关键业丨务区key result areas 关键绩效区Llabor productivity index 劳动生产力指数laissez management 自由化管理large batch production 大批量生产lateral communication 横向沟通leadership style 领导风格least preferred co-worker(lpc)最不喜欢的同事legitimate power 合法权力liability 负债liaison 联络者line authority 直线职权liquidity 流动性liaison role 联络员角色long-linked technology 纵向关联技术losses from conflict 冲突带来的损失low-cost leadership 低成本领先Mmanagement by objective 目标管理Managerial Grid 管理方格matrix bosseѕ矩阵主管management champion 管理倡导者materials-requirements planning(MRP) 物料需求计划Mslow,s hierarchy of needs 马斯洛需求层次论marketing argument 管理文化多元化营销观multiculturalism 文化多元主义multidivisional firm 多部门公司moral rules 道德准则management by walking around(MBWA) 走动式管理matrix structure 矩阵结构multinational enterprise(MNE) 跨国公司moral relativism 道德相对主义mechanistic system 机械式组织middle-of-the-road management 中庸式管理meso theory 常态理论multidomestic strategy 多国化战略mediating technology 调停技术Nnaïve relativism 朴素相对主义need-achievement 成就需要norming 规范化norms 规范nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策nonsubstitutability 非替代性nonroutine technology 非例行技术niche 领地Ooff-the-job training 脱产培训on-the-job training 在职培训operational budget 运营预算order backlog 订单储备organic system 有机系统organizational development(OD) 组织发展orientation 定位outcome interdependence 结果的相互依赖性outplacement services 外延服务organization ecosystem 组织生态系统Pparadox of authority 权威的矛盾paradox of creativity 创造力的矛盾paradox of disclosure 开放的矛盾paradox of identify 身份的矛盾paradox of individuality 个性的矛盾paradox of regression 回归的矛盾partial productivity 部分生产率participative management 参与式管理path-goal model 路径目标模型peer recruiter 同级招聘political action committees(PACs) 政治活动委员会polycentric manager 多中心管理者ortfolio framework 业丨务组合框架portfolio investment 资产组合投资positive reinforcement 正强化production flexibility 生产柔性profitability 收益率programmed decisions 程序化决策psychoanalytic view 精神分析法paradigm 范式personal ratios 人员比例pooled dependence 集合性依存professional bureaucracy 专业官僚机构problem identification 问题识别problemistic search 问题搜寻population ecology model 种群生态模型Qquality 质量quality circle 质量圈question mark 问题类市场quid pro quo 交换物Rrational model of decision making 理性决策模式realistic job preview(RJP) 实际工作预览reciprocal interdependence 相互依存性resource dependence 资源依赖理论routine technology 例行技术retention 保留rational approach 理性方法rational model 理性模型rational-legal authority 理性—合法权威Ssemivariable cost 准可变成本sense of potency 力量感sensitivity training 敏感性训练sexual harassment 性骚扰short-run capacity changes 短期生产能力变化single-strand chain 单向传言链situational approach 情境方法situational force 情境力量situational leadership theory 情境领导理论sliding-scale budget 移动规模预算small-batch production 小规模生产sociotechnical approaches 社会科技方法span of management 管理幅度staff authority 参谋职权standing plan 长设计划step budget 分步预算stewardship principle 管家原则stimulus 刺激storming 调整阶段strategic management 战略管理strategic partnering 战略伙伴关系strategy formulation 战略制定strategy implementation 战略实施strategic control 战略控制strategic contingencies 战略权变satisficing 满意度subsystems 子系统subunits 子单位synergy 协同system boundary 系统边界structure dimension 结构性维度sequential interdependence 序列性依存self-directed team 自我管理型团队specialist 专门战略strategy and structure changes 战略与结构变革symptoms of structural deficiency 结构无效的特征Ttall hierarchies 高长型科层结构task force or project team 任务小组或项目团队task independence 任务的内部依赖性task management 任务型管理task-oriented style 任务导向型管理风格total productivity 全部生产率Total Quality Management 全面质量管理training positions 挂职培训training program 培训程序transactional leaders 交易型领导transformational leaders 变革型领导treatment discrimination 歧视待遇two-factory theory 双因素理论two-boss employees 双重主管员工technical or product champion 技术或产品的倡导者Uunfreezing 解冻unit production 单位产品Vvariation 变种子variety 变量valence 效价variable costs 可变成本vertical communication 纵向沟通vertical integration 纵向一体化vestibule training 仿真培训volume flexibility 产量的可伸缩性vertical linkage 纵向连接venture team 风险团队value based leadership 基于价值的领导Wwin-lose situation 输赢情境win-win situation 双赢情境workforce literacy 员工的读写能力work in progress 在制品work flow redesign 工作流程再造成work flow automation 工作流程自动化whistle blowing 揭发Zzero-sum 零---和zone of indifference(area of acceptance) 无差异区域(可接受区域)目标mission/ objective内部环境internal environment外部环境external environment集体目标group objective计划planning组织organizing人事staffing领导leading控制controlling步骤process原理principle方法technique经理manager总经理general manager行政人员administrator主管人员supervisor企业enterprise商业business产业industry公司company效果effectiveness效率efficiency企业家entrepreneur权利power职权authority职责responsibility科学管理scientific management现代经营管理modern operational management 行为科学behavior science生产率productivity激励motivate动机motive法律law法规regulation经济体系economic system管理职能managerial function产品product服务service利润profit满意satisfaction归属affiliation尊敬esteem自我实现self-actualization人力投入human input盈余surplus收入income成本cost资本货物capital goodѕ机器machinery设备equipment建筑building存货inventory经验法the empirical approach人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach 集体行为法the group behavior approach协作社会系统法the cooperative social systems approach 社会技术系统法the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法the decision theory approach数学法the mathematical approach系统法the systems approach随机制宜法the contingency approach管理任务法the managerial roles approach经营法the operational approach人际关系human relation心理学psychology态度attitude压力pressure冲突conflict招聘recruit鉴定appraisal选拔select培训train报酬compensation授权delegation of authority协调coordinate业绩performance考绩制度merit system表现behavior下级subordinate偏差deviation检验记录inspection record误工记录record of labor-hours lost 销售量sales volume产品质量quality of products先进技术advanced technology顾客服务customer service策略strategy结构structure领先性primacy普遍性pervasiveness忧虑fear忿恨resentment士气morale解雇layoff批发wholesale零售retail程序procedure规则rule规划program预算budget共同作用synergy大型联合企业conglomerate资源resource购买acquisition增长目标growth goal专利产品proprietary product竞争对手rival晋升promotion管理决策managerial decision商业道德business ethics有竞争力的价格competitive price . 供货商supplier小贩vendor利益冲突conflict of interests派生政策derivative policy开支帐户expense account批准程序approval procedure病假sick leave休假vacation工时labor-hour机时machine-hour资本支出capital outlay现金流量cash flow工资率wage rate税收率tax rate股息dividend现金状况cash position资金短缺capital shortage总预算overall budget资产负债表balance sheet可行性feasibility投入原则the commitment principle 投资回报return on investment生产能力capacity to produce实际工作者practitioner最终结果end result业绩performance个人利益personal interest福利welfare市场占有率market share创新innovation生产率productivity利润率profitability社会责任public responsibility董事会board of director组织规模size of the organization组织文化organizational culture目标管理management by objectives 评价工具appraisal tool激励方法motivational techniques 控制手段control device个人价值personal worth优势strength弱点weakness机会opportunity威胁threat个人责任personal responsibility顾问counselor定量目标quantitative objective定性目标qualitative objective可考核目标verifiable objective优先priority工资表payroll策略strategy政策policy灵活性discretion多种经营diversification评估assesѕment一致性consistency应变策略consistency strategy公共关系public relation价值value抱负aspiration偏见prejudice审查review批准approval主要决定major decision分公司总经理division general manager 资产组合距阵portfolio matrix明星star 问号question mark现金牛cash cow赖狗dog采购procurement人口因素demographic factor地理因素geographic factor公司形象company image产品系列product line合资企业joint venture破产政策liquidation strategy 紧缩政策retrenchment strategy 战术tactics追随followership个性individuality性格personality安全safety自主权latitude .悲观的pessimistic静止的static乐观的optimistic动态的dynamic灵活的flexible抵制resistance敌对antagoniѕm折中eclectic激励motivation潜意识subconscious地位status情感affection欲望desire压力pressure满足satisfaction自我实现的需要needs for self-actualization 尊敬的需要esteem needs归属的需要affiliation needs安全的需要security needs生理的需要physiological needѕ维持maintenance保健hygiene激励因素motivator概率probability强化理论reinforcement theory反馈feedback奖金bonus股票期权stock option劳资纠纷labor dispute缺勤率absenteeiѕm人员流动turnover奖励reward特许经营franchise热诚zeal信心confidence鼓舞inspire要素ingredient忠诚loyalty奉献devotion作风style品质trait适应性adaptability进取性aggressiveness热情enthusiaѕm毅力persistence人际交往能力interpersonal skills 行政管理能力administrative ability 智力intelligence专制式领导autocratic leader民主式领导democratic leader自由放任式领导free-rein leader管理方格图the managerial grid工作效率work efficiency服从obedience领导行为leader behavior支持型领导supportive leadership 参与型领导participative leadership指导型领导instrumental leadership成就取向型领导achievement-oriented leadershipAutomated inspection 自动化检验automatic assembly system 自动化装配系统applied biomechanics 应用生物力学CAD/CAM 计算机辅助设计与制造computer integrated manufacturing system 计算机整合制造系统data structure 数据结构data base management system 数据库管理系统decision analysis 决策分析engineering economy 工程经济engineering statistics 工程统计facilities planning 设施规划factory diagnoisis and improvement method 工厂诊断与改善方法financial and cost analysis 财务与成本分析fuzzy theory and application 模糊理论与应用human-computer interaction (HCI)人因工程与计算机系统human factors engineering 人因工程human information processing 人类讯息处理human-machine system design 人机系统设计human resource management 人力资源管理human system diagnosis and improvement 人体系统诊断与改善industrial environment evaluation 工业环境评估industrial organizations and management 工业组织与管理industrial safety 工业安全information technology 信息技术intellectual property laws 智慧财产权法knowledge engineering 知识工程linear algebra 线性代数manufacturing automation 制造自动化manufacturing engineering 制造工程manufacturing management 制造管理manufacturing procesѕ制造程序manufacturing systems and management 制造系统与管理market and marketing 市场与行销material flows automation 物流自动化mathematical programming 数学规划multicriteria decision making 多目标规划multi-criteria decision methods 多准则决策分析network analysis 网络分析numerical analysis 数值分析organization and management 组织与管理product and technology development management 产品与技术开发管理production management 生产管理production planning and control 生产计划与管制quality control 质量管理quality engineering 品质工程quality management techniques and practice 品质管理queueing theory 等候线理论reliability engineering 可靠度工程research，development and innovation management 研究发展管理semiconductor production management 半导体生产管理sequencing and scheduling 排序与排程simulation 模拟分析statistical method 统计方法stochastic processes 随机系统strategic management of technology 技术策略system analysis and design in large scale 大型系统分析与设计system performance evaluation 系统绩效评估技术system quality assurance engineering 系统品质保证工程systems engineering 系统工程systems simulation 系统仿真vision and colors 视觉与色彩work physiology 工作生理学work study 工作研究Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业丨务主任BusinesѕManager 业丨务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher 英语教丨师Export SaleѕManager 外销部经理Export Sales Staff 外销部职员Financial Controller 财务主任Financial Reporter 财务报告人F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Fund Manager 财务经理General Auditor 审计长General Manager/ President 总经理General Manager Assistant 总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Hardware Engineer 计算机硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 管理顾问Manager 经理Manager for Public Relationѕ公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst 市场分析员Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教丨师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业丨务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff 项目策划人员Promotional Manager 推售部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购进货员Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管SaleѕManager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Senior Accountant 高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer 计算机软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Telecommunication Executive电讯（电信）员Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员。
车间常用英语
车间常用英语一、车间常用词汇1. Raw materials（原材料）：The basic substances used in the production process, such as metals, plastics, or chemicals.2. Workstation（工作站）：A specific area or location in the workshop where a particular task is performed.3. Assembly line（生产线）：A sequence of workstations where products are assembled or manufactured in a step-by-step fashion.4. Production schedule（生产计划）：A plan that outlines the sequence and timing of production activities to meet customer demands.5. Quality control（质量控制）：The process of ensuring that products meet specified quality standards through inspections and tests.6. Inventory management（库存管理）：The process of controlling and monitoring the levels of raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods in the workshop.7. Safety regulations（安全规定）：Rules and guidelines that must be followed to ensure a safe working environment for employees.8. Maintenance and repair（维修保养）：The activities involved in keeping equipment and machinery in good working condition.9. Waste management（废物管理）：The proper handling and disposal of waste materials generated during the production process.10. Standard operating procedure（标准操作程序）：A set of step-by-step instructions that must be followed to perform a specific task in a consistent and efficient manner.二、常用短语和句子1. Can you pass me the wrench, please?（请把扳手递给我好吗？）- Sure, here you go.（固然，给你。
中药学专业英语智慧树知到期末考试章节课后题库2024年山东第一医科大学
中药学专业英语智慧树知到期末考试答案章节题库2024年山东第一医科大学1.Watercress is for removing excessive yin in the body. （）答案:错2.The term medicinal properti (yao xing) first appears in the preface of thisbook, but reference is made only to the appropriate methods of preparationfrom each substance.（）答案:错3.The dried duck gizzards are used to balance the yin and yang of the recipe.（）答案:对4.In traditional Chinese medicine, the taste of an herb partly determines itstheraputic function.（）答案:错5.Thin qi causes drainage, and thick qi causes heat.（）答案:对6.There are rules and relationships in nature that have universal valedity.（）答案:错7.And because the taste of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) is thick and is theyang within yang, it therefore drains downward.（）答案:错8.The attribution to an herb of a specific effect upon a specific organ has sincebecome the predominant method for understanding the actions of herbs.（）答案:对9.The following passages, drawn from Chapter 74 of the Plain Questions, areillustrative: “Acrid and sweet tastes scatter and are yang; sour and bittersubstances drain and are yin; the salty taste drains and is yin; the bland tasteseeps and drains and is yang.” （）答案:对10.Acridity travels in the qi; in diseases of the qi, do not eat much acrid [food].（）答案:对11.For example: “The temperature characteristics are yin , the tastes are yang.”（）答案:错12.In this way,this health system is in direct opposition to Louis Pasteur's germtheory of disease,being more aligned with Claude Bernard, and AntoineBechamp's biological terrain theory of disease. （）答案:对13.Zhang Yuansu (1151-1243) expanded upon the characterization of taste asset forth in the Canon of Medicine. （）答案:对14.However, this text was compiled no earlier than the first century CE byunknown authors, and was later reconstructed in the sixth century fromseveral editions describing different numbers of herbs by the famous Daoist, Tao Hongjing.（）答案:对15.Adverse effects in patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum malariatreated with artemisinin derivatives tend to be higher. （）答案:对16.Unfortunately, treatment courses, while effective, remain costly and thus areoften unavailable to the people that need them most. （）答案:对17.Actions and indications refer to the therapeutic actions or functions of thesubstance, using traditional terminology, together with their corresponding symptoms. （）答案:对18.Legend attributes the authorship of Shennong’s Herbal to the mythical ShenNong.（）答案:对19.Shennong’s Herbal or the Classic of the materia medica is the first book tofocus on description of individual herbs.（）答案:对20.Food items are classified accordingly, and diet is adjusted based on thebody's conditions. （）答案:对21.Chinese ginseng has alleged effects to promote circulation, increase bloodsupply, revitalize and aid recovery from weakness after illness. （）答案:对22.Sometimes two other terms are used: slightly cold, which is equivalent tocool or even slightly less cold than cool; and slightly warm, which is less hot than warm.（）答案:对23.Zhang Zhongjing wrote Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold-Induced Diseases)and Jin Kui Yao Lue (Synopsis of the Golden Chamber) just after the fall of the Han.（）答案:对24.Aromatic describes an ability to penetrate through turbidity and revive aparticular function, either the digestive function of the spleen, or thecognitive functions of the spirit and sensory orifises. （）答案:错25.Besides materia medica experts, this group included astrologers, geomancers,magicians, and technologists.（）答案:对26.Most of the classics of Chinese medicine, including the Huang Di Nei Jing(Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine), Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Shennong’s Herbal), Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold-Induced Diseases), and Jin Kui Yao Lue(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber) were probably compiled or written by the third century.（）答案:对27.Bland substances leech dampness and promote urination. （）答案:错28.The sweet almond kernels and bitter almond kernels target the lungs. （）答案:对29.Bitter substances drain and dry.（）答案:对30.In effect, many Cantonese people practice food therapy in day to daysituations. （）答案:对31.Most American ginseng is produced in Wisconsin,USA.（）答案:对32.Sweet substances tonify, harmonize, and are sometimes thought to moisen.（）答案:错33.Thin taste drains; thick taste facilitates flow.（）答案:错34.The properties of taste and temperature have specific effects. （）答案:对35.The concept of an herb entering a particular channel was later expanded todescribe the capacity of the herb to guide or lead other herbs in aprescription into that channel or its related organ.（）答案:对36.The concept of a link between herbs and particular actions or functionsdeveloped over a long period of time.（）答案:对37.This regiman has been proven to be superior to regimens based onamodiaquine. （）答案:错38.This method of grouping herbs by their actions has been utilized since theQing Dynasty (1644-1911). （）答案:对39.Bird nest can promote beautiful skin for woman and strengthen the spleenand improve the appetite. （）答案:对40.Vegetables and fruits are believed to nullify the effect of bird nest if takenwithin the day. （）答案:对41.（）are cut into thin flakes or grated before they can be used inpreparations or taken directly.答案:Shuiniujiao (Bubali Cornu)###Lingyangjiao (Saigae TataricaeCornu)42.炒法可分为（）。
会计英语试题及答案
会计英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a basic accounting element?A. AssetsB. LiabilitiesB. RevenuesD. Equity答案：C2. The accounting equation can be expressed as:A. Assets = Liabilities + EquityB. Assets + Liabilities = EquityC. Assets - Liabilities = EquityD. Liabilities - Equity = Assets答案：A3. What does the term "Double Entry Bookkeeping" refer to?A. Recording transactions in two accountsB. Recording transactions in two different currenciesC. Recording transactions in two different formatsD. Recording transactions in two different books答案：A4. Which of the following is not a type of adjusting entry?A. AccrualB. PrepaymentC. DepreciationD. Amortization答案：B5. The purpose of closing entries is to:A. Prepare financial statementsB. Adjust for accruals and deferralsC. Record the sale of inventoryD. Record the purchase of fixed assets答案：A6. Which of the following is a measure of a company's liquidity?A. Return on Investment (ROI)B. Debt to Equity RatioC. Current RatioD. Profit Margin答案：C7. The term "Depreciation" refers to:A. The decrease in value of an asset over timeB. The increase in value of an asset over timeC. The amount of an asset that is used upD. The process of selling an asset答案：A8. What is the purpose of a trial balance?A. To calculate net incomeB. To check the accuracy of accounting recordsC. To determine the value of assetsD. To calculate the cost of goods sold答案：B9. Which of the following is not a financial statement?A. Balance SheetB. Income StatementC. Cash Flow StatementD. Budget答案：D10. The accounting principle that requires expenses to be recorded in the same period as the revenues they generate is known as:A. Going ConcernB. Matching PrincipleC. Historical Cost PrincipleD. Materiality答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The __________ is the process of recording financial transactions in a systematic way.答案：Journalizing2. The __________ is a summary of the financial transactionsof a business during a specific period.答案：Ledger3. __________ is the accounting principle that requires all accounting information to be based on historical cost.答案：Historical Cost Principle4. The __________ is a financial statement that shows a company's financial position at a specific point in time.答案：Balance Sheet5. __________ is the process of estimating revenues and expenses for a future period.答案：Budgeting6. __________ is the accounting principle that requires all transactions to be recorded in the period in which they occur.答案：Accrual Basis Accounting7. The __________ is a financial statement that shows the results of a company's operations over a period of time.答案：Income Statement8. __________ is the process of determining the value of a company's assets and liabilities.答案：Valuation9. __________ is the accounting principle that requires alltransactions to be recorded in the order in which they occur.答案：Chronological Order10. The __________ is a financial statement that shows the sources and uses of cash during a period of time.答案：Cash Flow Statement三、简答题（每题15分，共30分）1. 描述会计信息的质量特征有哪些，并简要解释它们的含义。
IB A-LEVEL经济学词汇 中英文对照
经济学词汇--中英文对照A--------------------------------------------------------------------------------accounting:会计accounting cost:会计成本accounting profit:会计利润adverse selection:逆向选择allocation配置allocation of resources:资源配置allocative efficiency:配置效率antitrust legislation:反托拉斯法arc elasticity:弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem:阿罗不可能定理Assumption:假设asymetric information:非对称性信息average:平均average cost:平均成本average cost pricing:平均成本定价法average fixed cost:平均固定成本average product of capital:资本平均产量average product of labour:劳动平均产量average revenue:平均收益average total cost:平均总成本average variable cost:平均可变成本B--------------------------------------------------------------------------------barriers to entry:进入壁垒base year:基年bilateral monopoly:双边垄断benefit:收益black market:黑市bliss point:极乐点boundary point:边界点break even point:收支相抵点budget:预算budget constraint:预算约束budget line:预算线budget set预算集C--------------------------------------------------------------------------------capital:资本capital stock:资本存量capital output ratio:资本产出比率capitalism:资本主义cardinal utility theory:基数效用论cartel:卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption:“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve:其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model:张伯伦模型change in demand:需求变化change in quantity demanded:需求量变化change in quantity supplied:供给量变化change in supply:供给变化choice:选择closed set:闭集Coase theorem:科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function:柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model:蛛网模型collective bargaining:集体协议工资collusion:合谋command economy:指令经济commodity:商品commodity combination:商品组合commodity market:商品市场commodity space:商品空间common property:公用财产comparative static analysis:比较静态分析compensated budget line:补偿预算线compensated demand function:补偿需求函数compensation principles:补偿原则compensating variation in income:收入补偿变量competition:竞争competitive market:竞争性市场complement goods:互补品complete information:完全信息completeness:完备性condition for efficiency in exchange:交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production:生产的最优条件concave:凹concave function:凹函数concave preference:凹偏好consistence:一致性constant cost industry:成本不变产业constant returns to scale:规模报酬不变constraints:约束consumer:消费者consumer behavior:消费者行为consumer choice:消费者选择consumer equilibrium:消费者均衡consumer optimization:消费者优化consumer preference:消费者偏好consumer surplus:消费者剩余consumer theory:消费者理论consumption:消费consumption bundle:消费束consumption combination:消费组合consumption possibility curve:消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier:消费可能性前沿consumption set:消费集consumption space:消费空间continuity:连续性continuous function:连续函数contract curve:契约曲线convex:凸convex function:凸函数convex preference:凸偏好convex set:凸集corporatlon:公司cost:成本cost benefit analysis:成本收益分cost function:成本函数cost minimization:成本极小化Cournot equilihrium:古诺均衡Cournot model:古诺模型Cross—price elasticity:交叉价格弹性D--------------------------------------------------------------------------------dead—weights loss:重负损失decreasing cost industry:成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale:规模报酬递减deduction:演绎法demand:需求demand curve:需求曲线demand elasticity:需求弹性demand function:需求函数demand price:需求价格demand schedule:需求表depreciation:折旧derivative:导数derive demand:派生需求difference equation:差分方程differential equation:微分方程differentiated good:差异商品differentiated oligoply:差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution:边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return:收益递减diminishing marginal utility:边际效用递减direct approach:直接法direct taxes:直接税discounting:贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale:规模不经济disequilibrium:非均衡distribution:分配division of labour:劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity:边际生产率分配论duoupoly:双头垄断、双寡duality:对偶durable goods:耐用品dynamic analysis:动态分析dynamic models:动态模型E--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Economic agents:经济行为者economic cost:经济成本economic efficiency:经济效率economic goods:经济物品economic man:经济人economic mode:经济模型economic profit:经济利润economic region of production:生产的经济区域economic regulation:经济调节economic rent:经济租金exchange:交换economics:经济学exchange efficiency:交换效率economy:经济exchange contract curve:交换契约曲线economy of scale:规模经济Edgeworth box diagram:埃奇沃思图exclusion:排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve:埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model:埃奇沃思模型efficiency:效率，效益efficiency parameter:效率参数elasticity:弹性elasticity of substitution:替代弹性endogenous variable:内生变量endowment:禀赋endowment of resources:资源禀赋Engel curve:恩格尔曲线entrepreneur:企业家entrepreneurship:企业家才能entry barriers:进入壁垒entry/exit decision:进出决策envolope curve:包络线equilibrium:均衡equilibrium condition:均衡条件equilibrium price:均衡价格equilibrium quantity:均衡产量eqity:公平equivalent variation in income:收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem:过度生产能力定理excess supply:过度供给exchange:交换exchange contract curve:交换契约曲线exclusion:排斥性、排他性exclusion principle:排他性原则existence:存在性existence of general equilibrium:总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables:外生变量expansion paths:扩展径expectation:期望expected utility:期望效用expected value:期望值expenditure:支出explicit cost:显性成本external benefit:外部收益external cost:外部成本external economy:外部经济external diseconomy:外部不经济externalities:外部性F--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Factor:要素factor demand:要素需求factor market:要素市场factors of production:生产要素factor substitution:要素替代factor supply:要素供给fallacy of composition:合成谬误final goods:最终产品firm:企业firms’demand curve for labor:企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve:企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination:第一级价格歧视first—order condition:一阶条件fixed costs:固定成本fixed input:固定投入fixed proportions production function:固定比例的生产函数flow:流量fluctuation:波动for whom to produce:为谁生产free entry:自由进入free goods:自由品，免费品free mobility of resources:资源自由流动free rider:搭便车，免费搭车function:函数future value:未来值G--------------------------------------------------------------------------------game theory:对策论、博弈论general equilibrium:总体均衡general goods:一般商品Giffen goods:吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox:吉芬之谜Gini coefficient:吉尼系数goldenrule:黄金规则goods:货物government failure:政府失败government regulation:政府调控grand utility possibility curve:总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier:总效用可能前沿H--------------------------------------------------------------------------------heterogeneous product:异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion:希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity:齐次性homogeneous demand function:齐次需求函数homogeneous product:同质产品homogeneous production function:齐次生产函数horizontal summation:水平和household:家庭how to produce:如何生产human capital:人力资本hypothesis:假说I--------------------------------------------------------------------------------identity:恒等式imperfect competion:不完全竞争implicitcost:隐性成本income:收入income compensated demand curve:收入补偿需求曲线income constraint:收入约束income consumption curve:收入消费曲线income distribution:收入分配income effect:收入效应income elasticity of demand:需求收入弹性increasing cost industry:成本递增产业increasing returns to scale:规模报酬递增inefficiency:缺乏效率index number:指数indifference:无差异indifference curve:无差异曲线indifference map:无差异族indifference relation:无差异关系indifference set:无差异集indirect approach:间接法individual analysis:个量分析individual demand curve:个人需求曲线individual demand function:个人需求函数induced variable:引致变量induction:归纳法industry:产业industry equilibrium:产业均衡industry supply curve:产业供给曲线inelastic:缺乏弹性的inferior goods:劣品inflection point:拐点information:信息information cost:信息成本initial condition:初始条件initial endowment:初始禀赋innovation:创新input:投入input—output:投入—产出institution:制度institutional economics:制度经济学insurance:保险intercept:截距interest:利息interest rate:利息率intermediate goods:中间产品internatization of externalities:外部性内部化invention:发明inverse demand function:逆需求函数investment:投资invisible hand:看不见的手isocost line:等成本线，isoprofit curve:等利润曲线isoquant curve:等产量曲线isoquant map:等产量族K--------------------------------------------------------------------------------kinded—demand curve:弯折的需求曲线L--------------------------------------------------------------------------------labour:劳动labour demand:劳动需求labour supply:劳动供给labour theory of value:劳动价值论labour unions:工会laissez faire:自由放任Lagrangian function:拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier:拉格朗乘数，land:土地law:法则law of demand and supply:供需法law of diminishing marginal utility:边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution:边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technicalsubstitution:边际技术替代率law of increasing cost:成本递增法则law of one price:单一价格法则leader—follower model:领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs:最低成本的投入组合leisure:闲暇Leontief production function:列昂节夫生产函数licenses:许可证linear demand function:线性需求函数linear homogeneity:线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function:线性齐次生产函数long run:长期long run average cost:长期平均成本long run equilibrium:长期均衡long run industry supply curve:长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost:长期边际成本long run total cost:长期总成本Lorenz curve:洛伦兹曲线loss minimization:损失极小化1ump sum tax:一次性征税luxury:奢侈品M--------------------------------------------------------------------------------macroeconomics:宏观经济学marginal:边际的marginal benefit:边际收益marginal cost:边际成本marginal cost pricing:边际成本定价marginal cost of factor:边际要素成本marginal physical productivity:实际实物生产率marginal product:边际产量marginal product of capital:资本的边际产量marginal product of1abour:劳动的边际产量marginal productivity:边际生产率marginal rate of substitution:边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns:边际回报marginal revenue:边际收益marginal revenue product:边际收益产品marginal revolution:边际革命marginal social benefit:社会边际收益marginal social cost:社会边际成本marginal utility:边际效用marginal value products:边际价值产品market:市场market clearance:市场结清，市场洗清market demand:市场需求market economy:市场经济market equilibrium:市场均衡market failure:市场失败market mechanism:市场机制market structure:市场结构market separation:市场分割market regulation:市场调节market share:市场份额markup pricing:加减定价法Marshallian demand function:马歇尔需求函数maximization:极大化microeconomics:微观经济学minimum wage:最低工资misallocation of resources:资源误置mixed economy:混合经济model:模型money:货币monopolistic competition:垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation:垄断剥削monopoly:垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium:垄断均衡monopoly pricing:垄断定价monopoly regulation:垄断调控monopoly rents:垄断租金monopsony:买方垄断N--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nash equilibrium:纳什均衡Natural monopoly:自然垄断Natural resources:自然资源Necessary condition:必要条件necessities:必需品net demand:净需求nonconvex preference:非凸性偏好nonconvexity:非凸性nonexclusion:非排斥性nonlinear pricing:非线性定价nonrivalry:非对抗性nonprice competition:非价格竞争nonsatiation:非饱和性non--zero—sum game:非零和对策normal goods:正常品normal profit:正常利润normative economics:规范经济学O--------------------------------------------------------------------------------objective function:目标函数oligopoly:寡头垄断oligopoly market:寡头市场oligopoly model:寡头模型opportunity cost:机会成本optimal choice:最佳选择optimal consumption bundle:消费束perfect elasticity:完全有弹性optimal resource allocation:最佳资源配置optimal scale:最佳规模optimal solution:最优解optimization:优化ordering of optimization(social)preference:(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility:序数效用ordinary goods:一般品output:产量、产出output elasticity:产出弹性output maximization产出极大化P--------------------------------------------------------------------------------parameter:参数Pareto criterion:帕累托标准Pareto efficiency:帕累托效率Pareto improvement:帕累托改进Pareto optimality:帕累托优化Pareto set:帕累托集partial derivative:偏导数partial equilibrium:局部均衡patent:专利pay off matrix:收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve:感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition:完全竞争perfect complement:完全互补品perfect monopoly:完全垄断perfect price discrimination:完全价格歧视perfect substitution:完全替代品perfect inelasticity:完全无弹性perfectly elastic:完全有弹性perfectly inelastic:完全无弹性plant size:工厂规模point elasticity:点弹性post Hoc Fallacy:后此谬误prediction:预测preference:偏好preference relation:偏好关系present value:现值price:价格price adjustment model:价格调整模型price ceiling:最高限价price consumption curve:价格费曲线price control:价格管制price difference:价格差别price discrimination:价格歧视price elasticity of demand:需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply:供给价格弹性price floor:最低限价price maker:价格制定者price rigidity:价格刚性price seeker:价格搜求者price taker:价格接受者price tax:从价税private benefit:私人收益principal—agent issues:委托--代理问题private cost:私人成本private goods:私人用品private property:私人财产producer equilibrium:生产者均衡producer theory:生产者理论product:产品product transformation curve:产品转换曲线product differentiation:产品差异product group:产品集团production:生产production contract curve:生产契约曲线production efficiency:生产效率production function:生产函数production possibility curve:生产可能性曲线productivity:生产率productivity of capital:资本生产率productivity of labor:劳动生产率profit:利润profit function:利润函数profit maximization:利润极大化property rights:产权property rights economics:产权经济学proposition:定理proportional demand curve:成比例的需求曲线public benefits:公共收益public choice:公共选择public goods:公共商品pure competition:纯粹竞争rivalry:对抗性、竞争pure exchange:纯交换pure monopoly:纯粹垄断Q--------------------------------------------------------------------------------quantity—adjustment model:数量调整模型quantity tax:从量税quasi—rent:准租金R--------------------------------------------------------------------------------rate of product transformation:产品转换率rationality:理性reaction function:反应函数regulation:调节，调控relative price相对价格rent:租金rent control:规模报酬rent seeking:寻租rent seeking economics:寻租经济学resource:资源resource allocation:资源配置returns:报酬、回报returns to scale:规模报酬revealed preference:显示性偏好revenue:收益revenue curve:收益曲线revenue function:收益函数revenue maximization:收益极大化ridge line:脊线risk:风险S--------------------------------------------------------------------------------satiation:饱和，满足saving:储蓄scarcity:稀缺性law of scarcity:稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination:二级价格歧视second derivative:--阶导数second—order condition:二阶条件service:劳务set:集shadow prices:影子价格short—run:短期short—run cost curve:短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium:短期均衡short—run supply curve:短期供给曲线shut down decision:关闭决策shortage短缺shut down point:关闭点single price monopoly:单一定价垄断slope:斜率social benefit:社会收益social cost:社会成本social indifference curve:社会无差异曲线social preference:社会偏好social security:社会保障social welfare function:社会福利函数socialism:社会主义solution:解space:空间stability:稳定性stable equilibrium:稳定的均衡Stackelberg model:斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis:静态分析stock:存量stock market:股票市场strategy:策略subsidy:津贴substitutes:替代品substitution effect:替代效应substitution parameter:替代参数sufficient condition:充分条件supply:供给supply curve:供给曲线supply function:供给函数supply schedule:供给表Sweezy model:斯威齐模型symmetry:对称性symmetry of information:信息对称T--------------------------------------------------------------------------------tangency:相切taste:兴致technical efficiency:技术效率technological constraints；技术约束technological progress:技术进步technology:技术third—degree price discrimination:第**价格歧视total cost:总成本total effect:总效应total expenditure:总支出total fixed cost:总固定成本total product:总产量total revenue:总收益total utility:总效用total variable cost:总可变成本traditional economy:传统经济transitivity:传递性transaction cost:交易费用U--------------------------------------------------------------------------------uncertainty:不确定性uniqueness:唯一性unit elasticity:单位弹性unstable equilibrium:不稳定均衡utility:效用utility function:效用函数utility index:效用指数utility maximization:效用极大化utility possibility curve:效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier:效用可能性前沿V--------------------------------------------------------------------------------value:价值value judge:价值判断value of marginal product:边际产量价值variable cost:可变成本variable input:可变投入variables:变量vector:向量visible hand:看得见的手vulgur economics:庸俗经济学W--------------------------------------------------------------------------------wage:工资wage rate:工资率Walras general equilibrium:瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law:瓦尔拉斯法则Wants:需要Welfare criterion:福利标准Welfare economics:福利经学Welfare loss triangle:福利损失三角形welfare maximization:福利极大化Z--------------------------------------------------------------------------------zero cost:零成本zero elasticity:零弹性zero homogeneity:零阶齐次性zero economic profit:零利润。
物流英语考试题及答案
物流英语考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What does "LCL" stand for in logistics?A. Less than Container LoadB. Large Container LoadC. Limited Container LoadD. Local Container Load答案：A2. The term "FOB" is commonly used to indicate:A. Free on BoardB. Full of BoatC. Finished on BoardD. First on Board答案：A3. Which of the following is NOT a mode of transportation?A. RoadB. RailC. AirD. E-mail答案：D4. The abbreviation "CIF" stands for:A. Cost, Insurance, and FreightB. Cost, Insurance, and FuelC. Cost, Insurance, and FinanceD. Cost, Insurance, and Freighting答案：A5. What is the meaning of "EXW" in international trade terms?A. Ex WorksB. Exchange WorksC. Exclusive WorksD. Export Works答案：A6. The term "B/L" refers to:A. Bill of LadingB. Bill of LoadingC. Bill of LandingD. Bill of Loadings答案：A7. Which of the following is a document used in international trade?A. Commercial InvoiceB. Commercial InformationC. Commercial InterestD. Commercial Investment答案：A8. "CY" in logistics usually means:A. Container YardB. Country YearC. Current YieldD. Cost Year答案：A9. The abbreviation "TEU" stands for:A. Twenty-foot Equivalent UnitB. Total Equipment UnitC. Transport Equipment UnitD. Trade Equipment Unit答案：A10. "DDP" in international trade terms means:A. Delivered Duty PaidB. Delivered Direct PaymentC. Delivered Domestic PaymentD. Delivered Directly Paid答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of moving goods from the place of acceptance to the place of delivery is known as _______.答案：Transportation12. A _______ is a person or company that arranges the transportation of goods for clients.答案：Freight Forwarder13. "CFS" stands for _______.答案：Container Freight Station14. The term "Drayage" refers to the transportation of goods over a short distance, usually _______.答案：Land15. In logistics, "3PL" refers to a _______ party logistics provider.答案：Third16. The weight of a shipment as determined by the carrier is known as _______.答案：Chargeable Weight17. "HS" code stands for _______.答案：Harmonized System18. The term "Pallet" is used to describe a flat structure used as a base for _______.答案：Goods19. "Tare Weight" refers to the weight of the _______ without the cargo.答案：Container20. "Customs Broker" is a professional who assists with the _______ of goods through customs.答案：Clearance三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between "CIF" and "FOB" terms in international trade.答案：CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) terms requirethe seller to arrange and pay for the transportation and insurance of goods to the port of destination, while FOB (Free on Board) terms require the buyer to arrange and payfor the transportation of goods from the port of origin.22. What is the role of a customs broker in international trade?答案：A customs broker facilitates the import and export process by ensuring that all necessary documentation is completed accurately and that all duties and taxes are paidin accordance with customs regulations.23. Describe the function of a bill of lading in logistics.答案：A bill of lading serves as a contract of carriage,a receipt for the goods, and a document of title. It provides proof that the carrier has received the goods for transportation and outlines the terms of the shipment.24. What are the key components of a supply chain?答案：Key components of a supply chain include sourcing, production, inventory management, transportation, warehousing, and distribution.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the importance of inventory management inlogistics and supply chain operations.答案：Inventory management。
投资学第7版TestBank答案07
投资学第7版TestBank答案07Multiple Choice Questions1. Market risk is also referred to asA) systematic risk, diversifiable risk.B) systematic risk, nondiversifiable risk.C) unique risk, nondiversifiable risk.D) unique risk, diversifiable risk.E) none of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: EasyRationale: Market, systematic, and nondiversifiable risk are synonyms referring to the risk that cannot be eliminated from the portfolio. Diversifiable, unique, nonsystematic, and firm-specific risks are synonyms referring to the risk that can be eliminated from the portfolio by diversification.2. The risk that can be diversified away isA) firm specific risk.B) beta.C) systematic risk.D) market risk.E) none of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: EasyRationale: See explanations for 1 and 2 above.3. The variance of a portfolio of risky securitiesA) is a weighted sum of the securities' variances.B) is the sum of the securities' variances.C) is the weighted sum of the securities' variances and covariances.D) is the sum of the securities' covariances.E) none of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The variance of a portfolio of risky securities is a weighted sum taking into account both the variance of the individual securities and the covariances betweensecurities.4. The expected return of a portfolio of risky securitiesA) is a weighted average of the securities' returns.B) is the sum of the securities' returns.C) is the weighted sum of the securities' variances and covariances.D) A and C.E) none of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: Easy5. Other things equal, diversification is most effective whenA) securities' returns are uncorrelated.B) securities' returns are positively correlated.C) securities' returns are high.D) securities' returns are negatively correlated.E) B and C.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Negative correlation among securities results in the greatest reduction of portfolio risk, which is the goal of diversification.6. The efficient frontier of risky assets isA) the portion of the investment opportunity set that lies above the global minimumvariance portfolio.B) the portion of the investment opportunity set that represents the highest standarddeviations.C) the portion of the investment opportunity set which includes the portfolios with thelowest standard deviation.D) the set of portfolios that have zero standard deviation.E) both A and B are true.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Portfolios on the efficient frontier are those providing the greatest expected return for a given amount of risk. Only those portfolios above the global minimum variance portfolio meet this criterion.7. The Capital Allocation Line provided by a risk-free security and N risky securities isA) the line that connects the risk-free rate and the global minimum-variance portfolioof the risky securities.B) the line that connects the risk-free rate and the portfolio of the risky securities thathas the highest expected return on the efficient frontier.C) the line tangent to the efficient frontier of risky securities drawn from the risk-freerate.D) the horizontal line drawn from the risk-free rate.E) none of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The Capital Allocation Line represents the most efficient combinations of the risk-free asset and risky securities. OnlyC meets that definition.8. Consider an investment opportunity set formed with two securities that are perfectlynegatively correlated. The global minimum variance portfolio has a standard deviation that is alwaysA) greater than zero.B) equal to zero.C) equal to the sum of the securities' standard deviations.D) equal to -1.E) none of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: DifficultRationale: If two securities were perfectly negatively correlated, the weights for the minimum variance portfolio for those securities could be calculated, and the standard deviation of the resulting portfolio would be zero.9. Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the variance of a portfolio oftwo risky securities?A) The higher the coefficient of correlation between securities, the greater thereduction in the portfolio variance.B) There is a linear relationship between the securities' coefficient of correlation andthe portfolio variance.C) The degree to which the portfolio variance is reduced depends on the degree ofcorrelation between securities.D) A and B.E) A and C.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The lower the correlation between the returns of the securities, the more portfolio risk is reduced.10. Efficient portfolios of N risky securities are portfolios thatA) are formed with the securities that have the highest rates of return regardless of theirstandard deviations.B) have the highest rates of return for a given level of risk.C) are selected from those securities with the lowest standard deviations regardless oftheir returns.D) have the highest risk and rates of return and the highest standard deviations.E) have the lowest standard deviations and the lowest rates of return.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Portfolios that are efficient are those that provide the highest expected return for a given level of risk.11. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true regarding the selection of a portfoliofrom those that lie on the Capital Allocation Line?A) Less risk-averse investors will invest more in the risk-free security and less in theoptimal risky portfolio than more risk-averse investors.B) More risk-averse investors will invest less in the optimal risky portfolio and more inthe risk-free security than less risk-averse investors.C) Investors choose the portfolio that maximizes their expected utility.D) A and C.E) B and C.Answer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: All rational investors select the portfolio that maximizes their expectedutility; for investors who are relatively more risk-averse, doing so means investing less in the optimal risky portfolio and more in the risk-free asset.Use the following to answer questions 12-18:Consider the following probability distribution for stocks A and B:12. The expected rates of return of stocks A and B are _____ and _____ , respectively.A) 13.2%; 9%B) 14%; 10%C) 13.2%; 7.7%D) 7.7%; 13.2%E) none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: EasyRationale: E(RA) = 0.1(10%) + 0.2(13%) + 0.2(12%) + 0.3(14%) + 0.2(15%) = 13.2%;E(RB) = 0.1(8%) + 0.2(7%) + 0.2(6%) + 0.3(9%) + 0.2(8%) = 7.7%.13. The standard deviations of stocks A and B are _____ and _____, respectively.A) 1.5%; 1.9%B) 2.5%; 1.1%C) 3.2%; 2.0%D) 1.5%; 1.1%E) none of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: s A = [0.1(10% - 13.2%)2 + 0.2(13% - 13.2%)2 + 0.2(12% - 13.2%)2 +0.3(14% - 13.2%)2 + 0.2(15% - 13.2%)2]1/2 = 1.5%; s B = [0.1(8% - 7.7%)2 + 0.2(7% -7.7%)2 + 0.2(6% - 7.7%)2 + 0.3(9% - 7.7%)2 + 0.2(8% - 7.7%)2 = 1.1%.14. The coefficient of correlation between A and B isA) 0.47.B) 0.60.C) 0.58D) 1.20.E) none of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: DifficultRationale: covA,B = 0.1(10% - 13.2%)(8% - 7.7%) + 0.2(13% - 13.2%)(7% - 7.7%) +0.2(12% - 13.2%)(6% - 7.7%) + 0.3(14% - 13.2%)(9% - 7.7%) + 0.2(15% - 13.2%)(8%- 7.7%) = 0.76; rA,B = 0.76/[(1.1)(1.5)] = 0.47.15. If you invest 40% of your money in A and 60% in B, what would be your portfolio'sexpected rate of return and standard deviation?A) 9.9%; 3%B) 9.9%; 1.1%C) 11%; 1.1%D) 11%; 3%E) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: DifficultRationale: E(R P) = 0.4(13.2%) + 0.6(7.7%) = 9.9%; s P = [(0.4)2(1.5)2 + (0.6)2(1.1)2 + 2(0.4)(0.6)(1.5)(1.1)(0.46)]1/2 = 1.1%.16. Let G be the global minimum variance portfolio. The weights of A and B in G are__________ and __________, respectively.A) 0.40; 0.60B) 0.66; 0.34C) 0.34; 0.66D) 0.76; 0.24E) 0.24; 0.76Answer: E Difficulty: DifficultRationale: w A = [(1.1)2 - (1.5)(1.1)(0.46)]/[(1.5)2 + (1.1)2 - (2)(1.5)(1.1)(0.46) = 0.23;w B = 1 - 0.23 = 0.77.Note that the above solution assumes the solutions obtained in question 13 and 14.17. The expected rate of return and standard deviation of the global minimum varianceportfolio, G, are __________ and __________, respectively.A) 10.07%; 1.05%B) 9.04%; 2.03%C) 10.07%; 3.01%D) 9.04%; 1.05%E) none of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: E(R G) = 0.23(13.2%) + 0.77(7.7%) = 8.97% . 9%; s G = [(0.23)2(1.5)2 +(0.77)2(1.1)2 + (2)(0.23)(0.77)(1.5)(1.1)(0.46)]1/2 = 1.05%.18. Which of the following portfolio(s) is (are) on the efficient frontier?A) The portfolio with 20 percent in A and 80 percent in B.B) The portfolio with 15 percent in A and 85 percent in B.C) The portfolio with 26 percent in A and 74 percent in B.D) The portfolio with 10 percent in A and 90 percent in B.E) A and B are both on the efficient frontier.Answer: C Difficulty: DifficultRationale: The Portfolio's E(Rp), sp, Reward/volatility ratios are 20A/80B: 8.8%,1.05%, 8.38; 15A/85B: 8.53%, 1.06%, 8.07; 26A/74B: 9.13%, 1.05%, 8.70; 10A/90B:8.25%, 1.07%, 7.73. The portfolio with 26% in A and 74% in B dominates all of theother portfolios by the mean-variance criterion.Use the following to answer questions 19-21:Consider two perfectly negatively correlated risky securities A and B. A has an expected rate of return of 10% and a standard deviation of 16%. B has an expected rate of return of 8% and a standard deviation of 12%.19. The weights of A and B in the global minimum variance portfolio are _____ and _____,respectively.A) 0.24; 0.76B) 0.50; 0.50C) 0.57; 0.43D) 0.43; 0.57E) 0.76; 0.24Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: wA = 12 /(16 + 12) = 0.4286; wB = 1 - 0.4286 = 0.5714.20. The risk-free portfolio that can be formed with the two securities will earn _____ rate ofreturn.A) 8.5%B) 9.0%C) 8.9%D) 9.9%E) none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: DifficultRationale: E(R P) = 0.43(10%) + 0.57(8%) = 8.86%.21. Which of the following portfolio(s) is (are) most efficient?A) 45 percent in A and 55 percent in B.B) 65 percent in A and 35 percent in B.C) 35 percent in A and 65 percent in B.D) A and B are both efficient.E) A and C are both efficient.Answer: D Difficulty: DifficultRationale: The Portfolio E(Rp), sp, and Reward/volatility ratios are 45A/55B: 8.9%,0.6%, 14.83; 65A/35B: 9.3%, 6.2%, 1.5; 35A/65B: 8.7%, 2.2%, 3.95. Both A and B areefficient according to the mean-variance criterion. A has a much higherReward/volatility ratio.22. An investor who wishes to form a portfolio that lies to the right of the optimal riskyportfolio on the Capital Allocation Line must:A) lend some of her money at the risk-free rate and invest the remainder in the optimalrisky portfolio.B) borrow some money at the risk-free rate and invest in the optimal risky portfolio.C) invest only in risky securities.D) such a portfolio cannot be formed.E) B and CAnswer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The only way that an investor can create portfolios to the right of the Capital Allocation Line is to create a borrowing portfolio (buy stocks on margin). In this case, the investor will not hold any of the risk-free security, but will hold only risky securities.23. Which one of the following portfolios cannot lie on the efficient frontier as describedby Markowitz?A) Only portfolio W cannot lie on the efficient frontier.B) Only portfolio X cannot lie on the efficient frontier.C) Only portfolio Y cannot lie on the efficient frontier.D) Only portfolio Z cannot lie on the efficient frontier.E) Cannot tell from the information given.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: When plotting the above portfolios, only W lies below the efficient frontier as described by Markowitz. It has a higher standard deviation than Z with a lower expected return.24. Which one of the following portfolios cannot lie on the efficient frontier as describedby Markowitz?A) Only portfolio A cannot lie on the efficient frontier.B) Only portfolio B cannot lie on the efficient frontier.C) Only portfolio C cannot lie on the efficient frontier.D) Only portfolio D cannot lie on the efficient frontier.E) Cannot tell from the information given.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: When plotting the above portfolios, only W lies below the efficient frontier as described by Markowitz. It has a higher standard deviation than Z with a lower expected return.25. Portfolio theory as described by Markowitz is most concerned with:A) the elimination of systematic risk.B) the effect of diversification on portfolio risk.C) the identification of unsystematic risk.D) active portfolio management to enhance returns.E) none of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Markowitz was concerned with reducing portfolio risk by combining risky securities with differing return patterns.26. The measure of risk in a Markowitz efficient frontier is:A) specific risk.B) standard deviation of returns.C) reinvestment risk.D) beta.E) none of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Markowitz was interested in eliminating diversifiable risk (and thuslessening total risk) and thus was interested in decreasing the standard deviation of the returns of the portfolio.27. A statistic that measures how the returns of two risky assets move together is:A) variance.B) standard deviation.C) covariance.D) correlation.E) C and D.Answer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Covariance measures whether security returns move together or inopposition; however, only the sign, not the magnitude, of covariance may be interpreted.Correlation, which is covariance standardized by the product of the standard deviations of the two securities, may assume values only between +1 and -1; thus, both the sign and the magnitude may be interpreted regarding the movement of one security's returnrelative to that of another security.28. The unsystematic risk of a specific securityA) is likely to be higher in an increasing market.B) results from factors unique to the firm.C) depends on market volatility.D) cannot be diversified away.E) none of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Unsystematic (or diversifiable or firm-specific) risk refers to factors unique to the firm. Such risk may be diversified away; however, market risk will remain.29. Which statement about portfolio diversification is correct?A) Proper diversification can reduce or eliminate systematic risk.B) The risk-reducing benefits of diversification do not occur meaningfully until at least50-60 individual securities have been purchased.C) Because diversification reduces a portfolio's total risk, it necessarily reduces theportfolio's expected return.D) Typically, as more securities are added to a portfolio, total risk would be expectedto decrease at a decreasing rate.E) None of the above statements is correct.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Diversification can eliminate only nonsystematic risk; relatively fewsecurities are required to reduce this risk, thus diminishing returns result quickly.Diversification does not necessarily reduce returns.30. The individual investor's optimal portfolio is designated by:A) The point of tangency with the indifference curve and the capital allocation line.B) The point of highest reward to variability ratio in the opportunity set.C) The point of tangency with the opportunity set and the capital allocation line.D) The point of the highest reward to variability ratio in the indifference curve.E) None of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The indifference curve represents what is acceptable to the investor; the capital allocation line represents what is available in the market. The point of tangency represents where the investor can obtain the greatest utility from what is available.31. For a two-stock portfolio, what would be the preferred correlation coefficient betweenthe two stocks?A) +1.00.B) +0.50.C) 0.00.D) -1.00.E) none of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The correlation coefficient of -1.00 provides the greatest diversificationbenefits.32. In a two-security minimum variance portfolio where the correlation between securitiesis greater than -1.0A) the security with the higher standard deviation will be weighted more heavily.B) the security with the higher standard deviation will be weighted less heavily.C) the two securities will be equally weighted.D) the risk will be zero.E) the return will be zero.Answer: B Difficulty: DifficultRationale: The security with the higher standard deviation will be weighted less heavily to produce minimum variance. The return will not be zero; the risk will not be zero unless the correlation coefficient is -1.33. Which of the following is not a source of systematic risk?A) the business cycle.B) interest rates.C) personnel changesD) the inflation rate.E) exchange rates.Answer: C Difficulty: EasyRationale: Personnel changes are a firm-specific event that is a component ofnon-systematic risk. The others are all sources of systematic risk.34. The global minimum variance portfolio formed from two risky securities will beriskless when the correlation coefficient between the two securities isA) 0.0B) 1.0C) 0.5D) -1.0E) negativeAnswer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The global minimum variance portfolio will have a standard deviation of zero whenever the two securities are perfectly negatively correlated.35. Security X has expected return of 12% and standard deviation of 20%. Security Y hasexpected return of 15% and standard deviation of 27%. If the two securities have a correlation coefficient of 0.7, what is their covariance?A) 0.038B) 0.070C) 0.018D) 0.013E) 0.054Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Cov(r X, r Y) = (.7)(.20)(.27) = .037836. When two risky securities that are positively correlated but not perfectly correlated areheld in a portfolio,A) the portfolio standard deviation will be greater than the weighted average of theindividual security standard deviations.B) the portfolio standard deviation will be less than the weighted average of theindividual security standard deviations.C) the portfolio standard deviation will be equal to the weighted average of theindividual security standard deviations.D) the portfolio standard deviation will always be equal to the securities' covariance.E) none of the above is true.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Whenever two securities are less than perfectly positively correlated, the standard deviation of the portfolio of the two assets will be less than the weightedaverage of the two securities' standard deviations. There is some benefit todiversification in this case.37. The line representing all combinations of portfolio expected returns and standarddeviations that can be constructed from two available assets is called theA) risk/reward tradeoff lineB) Capital Allocation LineC) efficient frontierD) portfolio opportunity setE) Security Market LineAnswer: D Difficulty: EasyRationale: The portfolio opportunity set is the line describing all combinations ofexpected returns and standard deviations that can be achieved by a portfolio of risky assets.38. Given an optimal risky portfolio with expected return of 14% and standard deviation of22% and a risk free rate of 6%, what is the slope of the best feasible CAL?A) 0.64B) 0.14C) 0.08D) 0.33E) 0.36Answer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Slope = (14-6)/22 = .363639. The risk that can be diversified away in a portfolio is referred to as ___________.I)diversifiable riskII)unique riskIII)systematic riskIV)firm-specific riskA) I, III, and IVB) II, III, and IVC) III and IVD) I, II, and IVE) I, II, III, and IVAnswer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: All of these terms are used interchangeably to refer to the risk that can be removed from a portfolio through diversification.40. As the number of securities in a portfolio is increased, what happens to the averageportfolio standard deviation?A) It increases at an increasing rate.B) It increases at a decreasing rate.C) It decreases at an increasing rate.D) It decreases at a decreasing rate.E) It first decreases, then starts to increase as more securities are added.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Statman's study showed that the risk of the portfolio would decrease asrandom stocks were added. At first the risk decreases quickly, but then the rate ofdecrease slows substantially, as shown in Figure 7.2. The minimum portfolio risk in the study was 19.2%.41. In words, the covariance considers the probability of each scenario happening and theinteraction betweenA) securities' returns relative to their variances.B) securities' returns relative to their mean returns.C) securities' returns relative to other securities' returns.D) the level of return a security has in that scenario and the overall portfolio return.E) the variance of the security's return in that scenario and the overall portfoliovariance.Answer: B Difficulty: DifficultRationale: As written in equation 7.4, the covariance of the returns between twosecurities is the sum over all scenarios of the product of three things. The first item is the probability that the scenario will happen. The second and third terms represent the deviations of the securities' returns in that scenario from their own expected returns. 42. The standard deviation of a two-asset portfolio is a linear function of the assets' weightswhenA) the assets have a correlation coefficient less than zero.B) the assets have a correlation coefficient equal to zero.C) the assets have a correlation coefficient greater than zero.D) the assets have a correlation coefficient equal to one.E) the assets have a correlation coefficient less than one.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: When there is a perfect positive correlation (or a perfect negative correlation), the equation for the portfolio variance simplifies to a perfect square. The result is that the portfolio's standard deviation is linear relative to the assets' weights in the portfolio.43. A two-asset portfolio with a standard deviation of zero can be formed whenA) the assets have a correlation coefficient less than zero.B) the assets have a correlation coefficient equal to zero.C) the assets have a correlation coefficient greater than zero.D) the assets have a correlation coefficient equal to one.E) the assets have a correlation coefficient equal to negative one.Answer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: When there is a perfect negative correlation, the equation for the portfolio variance simplifies to a perfect square. The result is that the portfolio’s standarddeviation equals |w AσA– w BσB|, which can be set equal to zero. The solution w A = σB/(σA+ σB) and w B = 1 – w A will yielda zero-standard deviation portfolio.44. When borrowing and lending at a risk-free rate are allowed, which Capital AllocationLine (CAL) should the investor choose to combine with the efficient frontier?I)with the highest reward-to-variability ratio.II)that will maximize his utility.III)with the steepest slope.IV)with the lowest slope.A) I and IIIB) I and IVC) II and IVD) I onlyE) I, II, and IIIAnswer: E Difficulty: DifficultRationale: The optimal CAL is the one that is tangent to the efficient frontier. This CAL offers the highest reward-to-variability ratio, which is the slope of the CAL. It will also allow the investor to reach his highest feasible level of utility.45. Which Excel tool can be used to find the points along an efficient frontier?A) RegressionB) SolverC) ScenariosD) Goal SeekE) Data AnalysisAnswer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Even if the student isn't familiar with Excel's Solver tool, he shouldrecognize it from the discussion in the text.46. The separation property refers to the conclusion thatA) the determination of the best risky portfolio is objective and the choice of the bestcomplete portfolio is subjective.B) the choice of the best complete portfolio is objective and the determination of thebest risky portfolio is objective.C) the choice of inputs to be used to determine the efficient frontier is objective and thechoice of the best CAL is subjective.D) the determination of the best CAL is objective and the choice of the inputs to beused to determine the efficient frontier is subjective.E) investors are separate beings and will therefore have different preferences regardingthe risk-return tradeoff.Answer: A Difficulty: DifficultRationale: The determination of the optimal risky portfolio is purely technical and can be done by a manager. The complete portfolio, which consists of the optimal riskyportfolio and the risk-free asset, must be chosen by each investor based on preferences. Use the following to answer questions 47-50:Consider the following probability distribution for stocks A and B:47. The expected rates of return of stocks A and B are _____ and _____, respectively.A) 13.2%; 9%.B) 13%; 8.4%C) 13.2%; 7.7%D) 7.7%; 13.2%E) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: EasyRationale: E(RA) = 0.15(8%) + 0.2(13%) + 0.15(12%) + 0.3(14%) + 0.2(16%) = 13%;E(RB) = 0.15(8%) + 0.2(7%) + 0.15(6%) + 0.3(9%) + 0.2(11%) = 8.4%.48. The standard deviations of stocks A and B are _____ and _____, respectively.A) 1.56%; 1.99%B) 2.45%; 1.68%C) 3.22%; 2.01%D) 1.54%; 1.11%E) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: s A = [0.15(8% - 13%)2 + 0.2(13% - 13%)2 + 0.15(12% - 13%)2 + 0.3(14% - 13%)2 + 0.2(16% - 13%)2] 1/2 = 2.449%; sB = [0.15(8% - 8.4%)2 + 0.2(7% - 8.4%)2 +0.15(6% - 8.4%)2 + 0.3(9% - 8.4%)2 + 0.2(11% - 8.4%)2 ] 1/2= 1.676%.49. The coefficient of correlation between A and B isA) 0.474.B) 0.612.C) 0.583.D) 1.206.E) none of the above.Answer: C Difficulty: DifficultRationale: covA,B = 0.15(8% - 13%)(8% - 8.4%) + 0.2(13% - 13%)(7% - 8.4%) +0.15(12% - 13%)(6% - 8.4%) + 0.3(14% - 13%)(9% - 8.4%) + 0.2(16% - 13%)(11% -8.4%) = 2.40; rA,B = 2.40/[(2.45)(1.68)] = 0.583.50. If you invest 35% of your money in A and 65% in B, what would be your portfolio'sexpected rate of return and standard deviation?A) 9.9%; 3%B) 9.9%; 1.1%C) 10%; 1.7%D) 10%; 3%E) none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: DifficultRationale: E(R P) = 0.35(13%) + 0.65(8.4%) = 10.01%; s P = [(0.35)2(2.45%)2 +(0.65)2(1.68)2 + 2(0.35)(0.65)(2.45)(1.68)(0.583)]1/2 = 1.7%.Use the following to answer questions 51-52:Consider two perfectly negatively correlated risky securities A and B. A has an expected rate of return of 12% and a standard deviation of 17%. B has an expected rate of return of 9% and a standard deviation of 14%.51. The weights of A and B in the global minimum variance portfolio are _____ and _____,respectively.A) 0.24; 0.76B) 0.50; 0.50C) 0.57; 0.43D) 0.45; 0.55E) 0.76; 0.24Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: wA = 14 /(17 + 14) = 0.45; wB = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55.52. The risk-free portfolio that can be formed with the two securities will earn _____ rate ofreturn.A) 9.5%B) 10.4%C) 10.9%D) 9.9%E) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: DifficultRationale: E(R P) = 0.45(12%) + 0.55(9%) = 10.35%.53. Security X has expected return of 14% and standard deviation of 22%. Security Y hasexpected return of 16% and standard deviation of 28%. If the two securities have a correlation coefficient of 0.8, what is their covariance?。
capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels
非线性链路宽带微波光子信号可调控传输研究
科技创新导报 Science and Technology Innovation Herald174技报告导读be known. It is very difficult to characterize the capacity region for multiple-users channel. This paper focus on the capacity region of Gaussian interference channel (GIFC). In the process of seeking the bounds of the capacity of GIFC, we also find an algorithm to compute the capacity of compound channel or the maximum rate of broadcasting common messages to multiple receivers. The main contributions of our work are summarized as follows: (1)A new problem formulation is presented for the Gaussian interference channels (GIFC) with primary and secondary users. We also proposed a new concept, accessible capacity of secondary user . Meanwhile, the upper and lower bounds of the accessible capacity were given. (2)We present a general formula for the capacity region of the interference channel with two pairs of users. The formula shows that the capacity region is the union of a family of rectangles, where each rectangle is determined by a pair of spectral inf-mutual information rates. The results show that the decoding gain can be achieved by taking into account the structure of the interference.Key Words ：Multi-user Channel; Gaussian Interference Channel; Capacity Region; Information Spectrum阅读全文链接（需实名注册）：htt p://w w w.nstr s.c n/x i an g x iBG.as px?id=48966&f lag=1非线性链路宽带微波光子信号可调控传输研究闫连山(西南交通大学)摘 要：微波光子技术涉及微波信号产生、传输、控制和处理等，在军事和民用领域有着重要的作用。
海南省计划生育条例2003年
海南省计划生育条例2003年1.实行计划生育，是我国长期坚持的基本国策。
Implementing family planning is a fundamental national policy that China has long upheld.2.海南省计划生育法规的制定是为了落实国家的计划生育政策。
The formulation of family planning regulations in Hainan Province is aimed at implementing the national family planning policy.3.计划生育工作要贯彻节育、晚育、少育的原则。
Family planning work should implement the principles of fertility control, late childbearing, and fewer births.4.经济困难的独生子女家庭，可以享受一定的奖励政策。
Economically disadvantaged families with only one child can enjoy certain reward policies.5.禁止利用胎儿性别进行选择性生育。
It is prohibited to use the gender of the fetus for selective breeding.6.女职工在怀孕、生育期间，享受产假和哺乳假。
Female workers are entitled to maternity leave and breastfeeding leave during pregnancy and childbirth.7.对于符合政策的高龄夫妇生育第二胎的，可获得生育补助金。
Couples of advanced age who meet the policy requirements for having a second child can receive birth subsidies.8.城市居民生育二孩的，可以享受独生子女家庭的一些政策待遇。
塑胶产品前期开发流程和步骤方面
塑胶产品前期开发流程和步骤方面1.进行市场调研，分析消费者需求和竞争情况。
Carry out market research, analyze consumer needs and competitive situation.2.确定产品的设计要求和规范。
Determine the design requirements and specifications for the product.3.制定产品开发计划和时间表。
Develop a product development plan and schedule.4.收集相关材料和技术资料。
Collect relevant materials and technical information.5.进行概念设计和初步构思。
Conduct conceptual design and preliminary ideation.6.制作产品原型进行测试和评估。
Create product prototypes for testing and evaluation.7.进行工艺设计和生产工艺规划。
Conduct process design and production process planning.8.进行材料选择和成本估算。
Carry out material selection and cost estimation.9.进行样品制作和试制。
Produce samples and conduct trial production.10.进行产品测试和认证申请。
Conduct product testing and certification application.11.完善产品设计和技术规范。
Refine product design and technical specifications.12.进行用户体验测试和市场反馈收集。
Conduct user experience testing and collect market feedback.13.评估产品的可行性和市场竞争力。
电路英文试题及答案
电路英文试题及答案1. What is the unit of electrical resistance?A. VoltB. AmpereC. OhmD. CoulombAnswer: C2. In an electrical circuit, which of the following is not a passive element?A. ResistorB. CapacitorC. InductorD. Voltage sourceAnswer: D3. The total resistance in a series circuit is calculated by:A. Adding the reciprocals of each resistor's resistanceB. Adding the resistances of each resistorC. Multiplying the resistances of each resistorD. Subtracting the resistances of each resistorAnswer: B4. Which law states that the algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a point is zero?A. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)B. Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)C. Ohm's LawD. Faraday's LawAnswer: B5. A transformer is used to:A. Convert AC to DCB. Step up or step down voltageC. Rectify AC to DCD. Filter signalsAnswer: B6. What is the function of a diode in a circuit?A. To amplify signalsB. To block current flow in one directionC. To provide a variable resistanceD. To store energyAnswer: B7. The frequency of an AC signal is given by:A. VoltageB. CurrentC. PowerD. PeriodAnswer: D8. What is the formula for calculating the power in a DC circuit?A. P = IVB. P = V^2/RC. P = I^2RD. All of the aboveAnswer: D9. In a parallel circuit, the total resistance is less than the resistance of the smallest resistor. True or False? Answer: True10. What is the function of a capacitor in a circuit?A. To block AC and allow DCB. To block DC and allow ACC. To store energyD. To provide a variable resistanceAnswer: B。
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I. I NTRODUCTION HE channel capacity is without question recognized as an essential subject of the (discrete memoryless) multipleaccess channel (MAtterminal. Since it is defined as the maximum of the mutual information, we are familiar with the so-called Kuhn-Tucker conditions as necessary to achieve the channel capacity. Up to now, however, the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are not entirely examined as sufficient for the N -user MAC except for the simplest case of single user discrete memoryless channel (DMC). Thus it is natural to ask how the sufficiency could be formulated for the case of MAC in general. In this paper, we demonstrate that there exists a non-trivial MAC where the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are strictly sufficient (and obviously necessary) for the channel capacity. We refer to it as an elementary MAC whose sizes of input alphabets are not greater than the size of output alphabet. Evidently the DMC is an elementary MAC. The most of this paper is devoted to the proof that the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are sufficient (the necessity is self-evident) for the channel capacity of the elementary MAC. On the other hand, for any given N -user MAC we can uniquely determine a finite set of elementary MAC’s. It is an aggregate of the largest possible elementary MAC’s included in the given N -user MAC and is referred to as the master
Yoichiro Watanabe is with the Department of Intelligent Information Eng. and Sci., Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 619-0321 Japan. Koichi Kamoi is with Knowledge X Inc., Wako-Shi, Saitama, 351-0114 Japan.
1
A Formulation of the Channel Capacity of Multiple-Access Channel
Yoichiro Watanabe, Member, IEEE and Koichi Kamoi, Member, IEEE
Abstract— The necessary and sufficient condition of the channel capacity is rigorously formulated for the N -user discrete memoryless multiple-access channel (MAC). The essence of the formulation is to invoke an elementary MAC where sizes of input alphabets are not greater than the size of output alphabet. The main objective is to demonstrate that the channel capacity of an MAC is achieved by an elementary MAC included in the original MAC. The proof is quite straightforward by the very definition of the elementary MAC. Moreover it is proved that the Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the elementary MAC are strictly sufficient and obviously necessary for the channel capacity. The latter proof requires some steps such that for the elementary MAC every solution of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions reveals itself as local maximum on the domain of all possible input probability distributions and then it achieves the channel capacity. As a result, in respect of the channel capacity, the MAC in general can be regarded as an aggregate of a finite number of elementary MAC’s. Index Terms— multiple-access channel (MAC), elementary MAC, master elementary set, channel capacity, Kuhn-Tucker conditions, capacity region, boundary equation
T
elementary set to be denoted by ΩN . We demonstrate that the channel capacity of the N -user MAC is achieved by the channel capacity of an elementary MAC of the set ΩN . The proof here appears quite straightforward by merely appealing to the very definition of the elementary MAC without asking for any other features such that the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are sufficient. Thus an MAC in general can be regarded as simply an aggregate of elementary MAC’s where the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are necessary and sufficient for the channel capacity. Roughly speaking, an MAC comprises a finite number of elementary MAC’s. This statement is a basic idea behind our formulation of this paper. Here we must emphasize that several steps are required to prove the sufficiency of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the elementary MAC. In fact, we need to prove two distinctive features: The first is that for the elementary MAC every solution of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions is local maximum on the domain of all possible input probability distribution (IPD) (or the probability simplex, see Cover [1] for this terminology and we refer to them as IPD vectors for our purposes). The second is that for the elementary MAC a set of IPD vectors for which the value of the mutual information is not smaller than the arbitrary positive number is connected on the domain of all possible IPD vectors. To prove the second property of connectedness we require the first property of local maximum. Then it follows after a bit of procedures that solutions of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are uniquely determined, that is, each solution takes the same value for the mutual information and therefore it achieves the channel capacity. For the explicit description of our concept we take a logical stream as follows: After defining the elementary MAC and determining the set ΩN , we first prove as the main theorem that the channel capacity of an N -user MAC is achieved by the channel capacity of an elementary MAC of ΩN and then we prove as the second theorem that the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are sufficient for the channel capacity of the elementary MAC. These are the main objective of this paper. After Shannon [2], the study of multiuser channel (multiterminal network) has long been carried out in various fields including MAC, broadcast channel, relay channel, interference channel, two-way channel and so forth. The channel coding theorem was proved independently by Liao [3], Ahlswede [4] and Meulen [5]. These are followed by many authors ([6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]) to provide a deeper insight into the capacity region. Recently, information-theoretic approach has been adopted to large scale networks, such that code division multiple-access channel, continuous time multipleaccess channel and space-time multiple-access channel (e.g.,