Part 1 Chapter 23
新编英美概况教程周叔麟Chapter 1
Part 6
Union Jack God Save the Queen
Approximately 242,000 sq km Nearly 61,000,000
London
Population:
Capital and largest city: Official language:
Part 6
Chapter 1 Geography of the United Kingdom
Part 1
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5
General Characteristics of the UK
Ⅰ. Fill in the following form and memorize the basic information about the UK.
Part 6
Chapter 1 Geography of the United Kingdom
Part 1
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5
Introduction
Ⅱ. The constituents of the UK. 1. The UK consist of two large islands and 2000 smaller islands. Geographically, most of the UK is located on the British Isles : the main 不列颠群岛 /英伦三岛 island, Britain, and part of the Irish island. Most of the smaller UK islands are found near western and northern Scotland. 1. The island of Britain is crossed by the 0 ° meridian of longitude. The 0° degree meridian was established at the original site of the Greenwich Observatory .
Chapter_23
Chapter 23Measuring A Nation’s IncomeWHAT’S NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION:More detail has been added on ―The Components of GDP.‖ There is also a new Case Study on ―Who Wins at the Olympics?‖LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:why an economy’s total income equals its total expenditure.how gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and calculated.the breakdown of GDP into its four major components.the distinction between real GDP and nominal GDP.whether GDP is a good measure of economic well-being.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 10 is the first chapter in the macroeconomic section of the text. It is the first of a two-chapter sequence that introduces students to two vital statistics that economists use to monitor the macroeconomy—GDP and the consumer price index. Chapter 10 develops how economists measure production and income in the macroeconomy. The following chapter, Chapter 11, develops how economists measure the level of prices in the macroeconomy. Taken together, Chapter 10 concentrates on the quantity of output in the macroeconomy while Chapter 11 concentrates on the price of output in the macroeconomy.The purpose of this chapter is to provide students with an understandin g of the measurement and the use of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the single most important measure of the health of the macroeconomy. Indeed, it is the most widely reported statistic in every developed economy.2 Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s IncomeKEY POINTS:1.Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equalthe total income in the economy.2.Gross domestic product (GDP) measures an economy’s total expenditure on newly produced goodsand services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services. More precisely, GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.3.GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, governmentpurchases, and net exports. Consumption includes spending on goods and services by households, with the exception of purchases of new housing. Investment includes spending on new equipment and structures, including households’ purchases of new housing. Government purchases include spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. Net exports equal the value of goods and services produced domestically and sold abroad (exports) minus the value of goods and services produced abroad and sold domestically (imports).4.Nominal GDP uses current prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. Real GDPuses constant base-year prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. The GDP deflator―calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP―measures the level of prices in theeconomy.5.GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher incomes to lowerincomes. But it is not a perfect measure of well-being. For example, GDP excludes the value of leisure and the value of a clean environment.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Review of the Definitions of Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsA. Definition of microeconomics: the study of how households and firms makedecisions and how they interact in markets.B. Definition of macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena includinginflation, unemployment, and economic growth.II. The Economy’s Income and ExpenditureA. To judge whether or not an economy is doing well, it is useful to look at Gross DomesticProduct (GDP).Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s Income 31. GDP measures the total income of everyone in the economy.2. GDP measures total expenditure on an economy’s output of goods and services.B. For an economy as a whole, total income must equal total expenditure.1.If someone pays someone else $100 to mow a lawn, the expenditure on thelawn service ($100) is exactly equal to the income earned from the production of the lawn service ($100).2.We can also use the circular flow diagram from Chapter 2 to show why total income and total expenditure must be equal.a.Households buy goods and services from firms; firms use this money to pay for resources purchased from households.Figure 1Students have heard of GDP and they are genuinely interested in learning more about what it is. The basic point that you must get across is that GDP is a measure of both aggregate production and aggregate income in a nation over a period of one year. You can demonstrate this by using the circular-flow diagram and explaining that production generates income, which in turn results in the purchasing power thatgenerates the demand for the products.4 Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s Incomeb. In the simple economy described by this circular flow diagram,calculating GDP could be done by adding up the total purchases ofhouseholds or summing total income earned by households.c.Note that this simple diagram is somewhat unrealistic as it omits saving,taxes, government purchases and investment purchases by firms.However, because a transaction always has a buyer and a seller, totalexpenditure in the economy must be equal to total income.III. The Measurement of Gross Domestic ProductA. Definition of gross domest ic product (GDP): the market value of all final goodsand services produced within a country in a given period of time.B. ―GDP is the Market Value . . .‖1. To add together different items, market values are used.2. Market values are calculated by using market prices.C. ―. . . of All . . .‖1. GDP includes all items produced and sold legally in the economy.2. The value of housing services is somewhat difficult to measure.a. If housing is rented, the value of the rent is used to measure the valueof the housing services.b. For housing that is owned (or mortgaged), the government estimatesthe rental value and uses this figure to value the housing services.3. GDP does not include illegal goods or services or items that are not sold inmarkets.a. When you hire someone to mow your lawn, that production is includedin GDP.b. If you mow your own lawn, that production is not included in GDP.Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s Income 5D. ―. . . Final . . .‖1. Intermediate goods are not included in GDP.2. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the value of thefinal good.3. Goods that are placed into inventory are considered to be ―final‖ and included inGDP as a firm’s inventory investment.a. Goods that are sold out of inventory are counted as a decrease ininventory investment.b. The goal is to count the production when the good is finished, which isnot necessarily the same time that the product is sold.E. ―. . . Goods and Services . . .‖1. GDP includes both tangible goods and intangible services.F. ―. . . Produced . . .‖1. As mentioned above, current production is counted.2. Used goods that are sold do not count as part of GDP.G. ―. . . Within a Country . . .‖1. GDP measures the production that takes place within the geographicalboundaries of a particular country.2. If a Canadian citizen works temporarily in the United States, the value of hisoutput is included in GDP for the United States. If an American owns a firm inHaiti, the value of the production of that firm is not included in U.S. GDP.H. ―. . . in a Given Period of Time.‖1. The usual interval of time used to measure GDP is a quarter (three months).6 Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s Income2.When the government reports GDP, the data is generally reported on an annual basis.3.In addition, data are generally adjusted for regular seasonal changes (such as Christmas).IV. FYI: Other Measures of IncomeA. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nation’s permanent residents. 1. GNP includes income that American citizens earn abroad.2.GNP excludes income that foreigners earn in the United States.B. Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of a nation’s residents (GNP) minus losses from depreciation (wear and tear on an economy’s stock of equipment and structures).C. National income is the total income earned by a nation’s residents in the production of goods and services. 1.National income differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes and including business subsidies.2.NNP and national income also differ due to ―statistical discrepancy.‖D.Personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.E.Disposable personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses have left after taxes and other obligations to the government.V. The Components of GDPA.GDP (Y ) can be divided into four components: consumption (C ), investment (I ), government purchases (G ), and net exports (NX ).B.Definition of consumpt ion: spending by households on goods and services, with the except ion of purchases of new housing .Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s Income 7C. Definition of invest ment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, andstructures, including household purchases of new housing.D. Definition of government purchases: spending on goods and services by local,state, and federal governments.1. Salaries of government workers are counted as part of the governmentpurchases component of GDP.2. Transfer payments are not included as part of the government purchasescomponent of GDP.E. Definition of net exports: spending on domest ically produced goods byforeigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents(imports).F. Case Study: The Components of GDP1. Table 1 shows these four components of GDP for 2001.2. The data for GDP come from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is part ofthe Department of Commerce.VI. Real Versus Nominal GDPA. There are two possible reasons for total spending to rise from one year to the next.1. The economy may be producing a larger output of goods and services.2. Goods and services could be selling at higher prices.B. When studying GDP over time, economists would like to know if output has changed (notprices).C. Thus, economists measure real GDP by valuing output using a fixed set of prices.8 Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s IncomeD. A Numerical Example1. Two goods are being produced: hot dogs and hamburgers.2. Definition of nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valuedat current prices.Nominal GDP for 2001 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200.Nominal GDP for 2002 = ($2 × 150) + ($3 × 100) = $600.Nominal GDP for 2003 = ($3 × 200) + ($4 × 150) = $1,200.3. Definition of real GDP: the product ion of goods and services valued atconstant prices.Let’s assume that the base year is 2001.Real GDP for 2001 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200.Real GDP for 2002 = ($1 × 150) + ($2 × 100) = $350.Real GDP for 2003 = ($1 × 200) + ($2 × 150) = $500.E. Because real GDP is unaffected by changes in prices over time, changes in real GDPreflect changes in the amount of goods and services produced.Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s Income 9F.The GDP Deflator1.Definition of GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP t imes 100.2.Example CalculationsGDP Deflator for 2001 = ($200 / $200) × 100 = 100. GDP Deflator for 2002 = ($600 / $350) × 100 = 171. GDP Deflator for 2003 = ($1200 / $500) × 100 = 240.G.Case Study: Real GDP over Recent History1. Figure 2 shows quarterly data on real GDP for the United States since 1970.2.We can see that real GDP has increased over time.10 Chapter 23/Measuring A Nation’s Income3.We can also see that there are times when real GDP declines. These periods are called recessions.H. In the News: GDP Lightens Up1.Over the years, products produced in the United States have become lighter in weight due to changes in the types of products produced and the resources used. 2.This is a Wall Street Journal article discussing comments made by Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan concerning this change.VII. GDP and Economic Well-BeingA. GDP measures both an economy’s total income and its total expenditure on good s andservices.B.GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure level of the average person in the economy.C.GDP, however, may not be a very good measure of the economic well-being of an individual.1. GDP omits important factors in the quality of life including leisure, the quality of the environment, and the value of goods produced but not sold in formal markets.2. GDP also says nothing about the distribution of income.3.However, a higher GDP does help us achieve a good life. Nations with larger GDP generally have better education and better health care.D.Case Study: International Differences in GDP and the Quality of Life1.Table 3 shows real GDP per person, life expectancy, and adult literacy rates for 12 countries.2.In rich countries, life expectancy is higher and adult literacy rates are also high.3.In poor countries, people typically live only into their 50s and only about half of the adult population is literate.E. Case Study: Who Wins at the Olympics?1. When the Olympics end, commentators use the number of medals each nationtakes as a measure of success.2. In studying the determinants of success at the Olympics, two economists havefound that the level of total GDP ma tters. It does not matter if the high totalcomes from a high level of GDP per person or from a large population.3. In addition to GDP, two other factors influence the number of medals won.a. Being the host country.b. Being a centrally planned economy.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone in theeconomy; and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services. It canmeasure both of these things at once because income must equal expenditure for the economy as a whole.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a pound ofhamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price of apound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts for more than two-thirds of total expenditure.4. Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is theproduction of goods and services valued at constant prices. Real GDP is a better measure ofeconomic well-being because it reflects the economy’s ability to satisfy people’s needs anddesires. Thus a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods and services, but arise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production or because of higherprices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about it becausea larger GDP means that a nation can afford better health care, better educational systems, andmore of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, since every transaction has a buyer and aseller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy carbecause the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that is sold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a music CD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order for military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia.6.Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being because realGDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts beingproduced. If nominal GDP rises, you do not know if that is because of increased production orhigher prices.7.The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600-200)/200 x 100 = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400-200)/200 x 100 = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is(150-100)/100 x 100 = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP would be higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake would raiseGDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake is anundesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications:1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b.Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c.Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d.Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.ernment purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f.Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g.Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. Purchases of new housing are included in the investment portion of GDP because housingprovides services for a long time. For the same reason, purchases of new cars could be thought of as investment, but by convention, they are not. The logic could apply to any durable good,such as household appliances.4. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plussales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were sold morethan once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced in one year and resold in another.5. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2001: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) =$2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002003: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$800Calculating real GDP (base year 2001):2001: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) =$2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002003: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$400Calculating the GDP deflator:2001: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002002: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002003: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ⨯ 100 = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2003 = [($800 - $400)/$400] ⨯ 100 = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ⨯ 100 = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2003 = [($400 - $400)/$400] ⨯ 100 = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2002 = [(100 - 100)/100] ⨯ 100 = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2003 = [(200 - 100)/100] ⨯ 100 = 100%.Prices did not change from 2001 to 2002. Thus, the percentage change in the GDPdeflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2002 to 2003. This meansthat the percentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2002 than in 2003, since real GDP rose in 2002 but notin 2003. In 2002, real GDP rose and prices didn’t. In 2003, real GDP didn’t rise andprices did.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP is ($9,873 - $9,269)/$9,269 ⨯ 100% = 6.5%.b. The growth rate of the deflator is (118 - 113)/113 ⨯ 100% = 4.4%.c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,269/(113/100) = $8,203.d. Real GDP in 2000 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,873/(118/100) = $8,367.e. The growth rate of real GDP is ($8,367 - $8,203)/$8,203 100% = 2.0%.f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Economists ignore the rise in people's incomes that is caused by higher prices because alth oughincomes are higher, the prices of the goods and services that people buy are also higher.Therefore, they will not necessarily be able to purchase more goods and services. For thisreason, economists prefer to look at real GDP instead of nominal GDP.8. Many answers are possible.9. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b.NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 - $50 = $350.c.National income = NNP - sales taxes = $350 - $30 = $320.d.Personal income = national income - retained earnings = $320 - $100 = $220.e.Disposable personal income = personal income - personal income tax = $220 - $70 =$150.10. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that is notincluded in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.11. If the government cares about the total income of Americans, it will emphasize GNP, since thatmeasure includes the income of Americans that is earned abroad and excludes the income offoreigners. If the government cares about the total amount of economic activity occurring in the United States, it will emphasize GDP, which measures the level of production in the country,whether produced by domestic citizens or foreigners.12. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,since it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure,it wouldn't rise as much as GDP, since the rise in women's labor-force participation hasreduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increased labor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children,whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficultto measure.。
2B 朗文(新思维) Chapter 1 单元测试
2B Chapter 1Part A一·、选出不同类的单词。
( ) 1. A. get B. like C. fish( ) 2. A. sour plums B. lemon sweets C. chilli fish( ) 3. A. fish B. raisins C. balls( ) 4. A. chocolate B. sweets C. lemon sweets二、单词分类(请把下来单词按可数名词和不可数名词进行分类)sour plums lemon sweets chilli fish potato chips cheese rings peanuts raisins chocolate sweets ginger curry beef balls beef三、选择最合适的答案,将序号写在括号里( )1. Let’s______ to supermarket.A. goesB. goC. going( )2. Cheery______ curry beef balls.A.likeB. likesC.liked( )3.We _____ raisins.A.likesB. likeC.do( )4. Let ____ help you.A. weB. our( )5.Let _____ buy some chilli fish.A.IB.meC. my四、连词成句、Chapter 1 Part C 一、连词成句、Chapter E&F一、连词成句5. Does like peanuts Bobo(?)二、选择最合适的答案,将序号写在括号里( )1. There are ______ people in the swimming pool.A. too muchB. too many( )2. Don’t drink _____ cola. It is not good for you.A. too muchB. too many( )3.There is _________ in the fridge.A. foodB. potato chips( )4. Let ____ help you.A. weB. our( )5.---_____ she like peanuts?---Yes, she does. She also ______ raisins.B.Do;like B. Does;likesC. Does;like。
高级英语 three cups of tea
Three Cups of Tea
Advanced English Book 1
Part 3 (paras. 23-37) This part introduces details about the school construction. The involvement in the construction enables Mortenson to have a better understanding of the local culture and their spiritual life.
Three Cups of Tea
Advanced English Book 1
Instead of arriving in Askole, where his porters a66waited, he came across Korphe, a small village built on a shelf jutting out from a canyon. He was greeted and taken in by the chief elder, Haji Ali of Korphe. To repay the remote community for their hospitality, Mortenson gave away his climbing supplies as gifts and helped to cure ill villagers. Meanwhile, he promised to build a school for the village.
计算机结构 英文 PPT 教案 PART 1 第一部分
Levels of Program Code
High-level language
Level of abstraction closer to problem domain Provides for productivity and portability
Байду номын сангаас
Input/output includes
Display, keyboard, mouse Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash For communicating with other computers
Storage devices
Network adapters
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18
Technology Trends
Electronics technology continues to evolve
Increased capacity and performance Reduced cost
Hardware representation
§1.3 Under the Covers
Components of a Computer
The BIG Picture
Same components for all kinds of computer
财务管理 CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Corporate Financed 21. Which of the following questions are addressed by financial managers?I 。
How long will it take to produce a product?II 。
How long should customers be given to pay for their credit purchases?III 。
Should the firm borrow more money?IV 。
Should the firm build a new factory?a 。
I and IV onlyb. II and III onlyc 。
I, II,and III onlyd 。
II, III,and IV onlye 。
I, II,III, and IVe 22. The treasurer and the controller of a corporation generally report to the:a 。
board of directors.b 。
chairman of the board.c. chief executive officer.d 。
president。
e 。
vice president of finance。
b 23 。
Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the organizationalstructure of a corporation?a 。
The vice president of finance reports to the chairman of the board。
b 。
The chief executive officer reports to the board of directors。
曼昆宏观经济学 23章英文答案
405WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News box on ―Beyond Gross Domestic Product.‖LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:why an economy’s total income equ als its total expenditure.how gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and calculated.the breakdown of GDP into its four major components.the distinction between real GDP and nominal GDP.whether GDP is a good measure of economic well-being.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 10 is the first chapter in the macroeconomic section of the text. It is the first of a two-chapter sequence that introduces students to two vital statistics that economists use to monitor themacroeconomy —GDP and the consumer price index. Chapter 10 develops how economists measure production and income in the macroeconomy. The following chapter, Chapter 11, develops howeconomists measure the level of prices in the macroeconomy. Taken together, Chapter 10 concentrates on the quantity of output in the macroeconomy while Chapter 11 concentrates on the price of output in the macroeconomy.The purpose of this chapter is to provide students with an understanding of the measurement and the use of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the single most important measure of the health of the macroeconomy. Indeed, it is the most widely reported statistic in every developed economy.MEASURING A NATION’SINCOME406 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeKEY POINTS:∙ Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.∙ Gross domestic product (GDP) measures an economy’s total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services. More precisely, GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.∙ GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. Consumption includes spending on goods and services by households, with the exception of purchases of new housing. Investment includes spending on new equipment and structures, including households’ pur chases of new housing. Government purchases include spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. Net exports equal the value of goods and services produced domestically and sold abroad (exports) minus the value of goods and services produced abroad and sold domestically (imports).∙ Nominal GDP uses current prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. The GDP defla tor―calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP―measures the level of prices in theeconomy.∙ GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher incomes to lower incomes. But it is not a perfect measure of well-being. For example, GDP excludes the value ofleisure and the value of a clean environment.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Review of the Definitions of Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsA. Definition of microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in markets.B. Definition of macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena includinginflation, unemployment, and economic growth.II. The Economy’s Income and ExpenditureA. To judge whether or not an economy is doing well, it is useful to look at Gross Domestic Product(GDP).Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4071. GDP measures the total income of everyone in the economy.2. GDP measures total expenditure on an economy’s output of goods and services.B. For an economy as a whole, total income must equal total expenditure.1. If someone pays someone else $100 to mow a lawn, the expenditure on the lawn service($100) is exactly equal to the income earned from the production of the lawn service ($100).2. We can also use the circular-flow diagram from Chapter 2 to show why total income and totalexpenditure must be equal.a. Households buy goods and services from firms; firms use this money to pay for resourcespurchased from households.b. In the simple economy described by this circular-flow diagram, calculating GDP could bedone by adding up the total purchases of households or summing total income earned by households.408 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Incomec. Note that this simple diagram is somewhat unrealistic as it omits saving, taxes,government purchases, and investment purchases by firms. However, because atransaction always has a buyer and a seller, total expenditure in the economy must be equal to total income.III. The Measurement of Gross Domestic ProductA. Definition of gross domestic product (GDP): the market value of all final goods andservices produced within a country in a given period of time .B. ―GDP Is the Market Value . . .‖ 1. To add together different items, market values are used. 2. Market values are calculated by using market prices.C. ―. . . Of All . . .‖1. GDP includes all items produced and sold legally in the economy.2. The value of housing services is somewhat difficult to measure.a. If housing is rented, the value of the rent is used to measure the value of the housingservices. b. For housing that is owned (or mortgaged), the government estimates the rental valueand uses this figure to value the housing services. 3. GDP does not include illegal goods or services or items that are not sold in markets. a. When you hire someone to mow your lawn, that production is included in GDP.b. If you mow your own lawn, that production is not included in GDP.D. ―. . . Final . . .‖ 2. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the value of the final good.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income❖4093. Goods that are placed into inventory are considered to be ―final‖ and included in GDP as afirm’s inventory investment.a. Goods that are sold out of inventory are counted as a decrease in inventory investment.b. The goal is to count the production when the good is finished, which is not necessarilythe same time that the product is sold.E. ―. . . Goods and Services . . .‖1. GDP includes both tangible goods and intangible services.F. ―. . . Produced . . .‖1. Only current production is counted.2. Used goods that are sold do not count as part of GDP.G. ―. . . Within a Country . . .‖1. GDP measures the production that takes place within the geographical boundaries of aparticular country.2. If a Canadian citizen works temporarily in the United States, the value of his output isincluded in GDP for the United States. If an American owns a factory in Haiti, the value of the production of that factory is not included in U.S. GDP.H. ―. . . in a Given Period of Time.‖1. The usual interval of time used to measure GDP is a quarter (three months).2. When the government reports GDP, the data are generally reported on an annual basis.3. In addition, data are generally adjusted for regular seasonal changes (such as Christmas).I. In addition to summing expenditure, the government also calculates GDP by adding up totalincome in the economy.1. The two ways of calculating GDP almost exactly give the same answer.2. The difference between the two calculations of GDP is called the statistical discrepancy.410 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeJ. FYI: Other Measures of IncomeA. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nation’s permanent residents.1. GNP includes income that American citizens earn abroad.2. GNP excludes income that foreigners earn in the United States.B. Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of a nation’s residents (GNP) minus losses fromdepreciation (wear and tear on an economy’s stock of equipment and structures).C. Nati onal income is the total income earned by a nation’s residents in the production of goods andservices.1. National income differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes and including businesssubsidies.2. NNP and national income also differ due to ―statistical discrepancy.‖ D. Personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.E. Disposable personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses have leftafter taxes and other obligations to the government.IV. The Components of GDPA. GDP (Y ) can be divided into four components: consumption (C ), investment (I ), governmentpurchases (G ), and net exports (NX ).B. Definition of consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with theexception of purchases of new housing . C. Definition of investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures,including household purchases of new housing .1. GDP accounting uses the word ―investment‖ differently from how w e use the term ineveryday conversation.2. When a student hears the word ―investment,‖ he or she thinks of financial instruments suchas stocks and bonds.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4113. In GDP accounting, investment means purchases of investment goods such as capitalequipment, inventories, or structures.D. Definition of government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state,and federal governments .1. Salaries of government workers are counted as part of the government purchases componentof GDP. 2. Transfer payments are not included as part of the government purchases component of GDP.E. Definition of net exports: spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners(exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports).F. Case Study: The Components of U.S. GDP1. Table 1 shows these four components of GDP for 2009.2. The data for GDP come from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is part of theDepartment of Commerce. V. Real Versus Nominal GDPA. There are two possible reasons for total spending to rise from one year to the next.1. The economy may be producing a larger output of goods and services.2. Goods and services could be selling at higher prices.B. When studying GDP over time, economists would like to know if output has changed (not prices).C. Thus, economists measure real GDP by valuing output using a fixed set of prices.D. A Numerical Example412 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income1. Two goods are being produced: hot dogs and hamburgers.2. Definition of nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at currentprices .Nominal GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Nominal GDP for 2011 = ($2 × 150) + ($3 × 100) = $600. Nominal GDP for 2012 = ($3 × 200) + ($4 × 150) = $1,200.3. Definition of real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constantprices .Let’s assume that the base year is 2008.Real GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Real GDP for 2011 = ($1 × 150) + ($2 × 100) = $350. Real GDP for 2012 = ($1 × 200) + ($2 × 150) = $500. E. Because real GDP is unaffected by changes in prices over time, changes in real GDP reflectchanges in the amount of goods and services produced.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 413F. The GDP Deflator1. Definition of GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio ofnominal GDP to real GDP times 100.2. Example CalculationsGDP Deflator for 2010 = ($200 / $200) × 100 = 100. GDP Deflator for 2011 = ($600 / $350) × 100 = 171. GDP Deflator for 2012 = ($1200 / $500) × 100 = 240.G. Case Study: Real GDP over Recent History1. Figure 2 shows quarterly data on real GDP for the United States since 1965.2. We can see that real GDP has increased over time.414 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income3. We can also see that there are times when real GDP declines. These periods are calledrecessions. VI. Is GDP a Good Measure of Economic Well-Being?A. GDP measures both an economy’s total income and its total expenditure on goods and services.B. GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure level of the average person in the economy.C. GDP, however, may not be a very good measure of the economic well-being of an individual.1. GDP omits important factors in the quality of life including leisure, the quality of theenvironment, and the value of goods produced but not sold in formal markets.2. GDP also says nothing about the distribution of income.3. However, a higher GDP does help us achieve a good life. Nations with larger GDP generallyhave better education and better health care.D. In the News: The Underground Economy1. The measurement of GDP misses many transactions that take place in the undergroundeconomy.2. This article compares the underground economies of the United States and several othercountries.E. Case Study: International Differences in GDP and the Quality of Life1. Table 3 shows real GDP per person, life expectancy, adult literacy rates, and Internet usagefor 12 countries.2. In rich countries, life expectancy is higher and adult literacy and Internet usage rates arealso high. 3. In poor countries, people typically live only into their 50s, only about half of the adultpopulation is literate, and Internet usage is very rare.F. In the News: Beyond Gross Domestic Product1. Some economists wonder if we need a better measure of economic well-being.2. This is an article from The New York Times describing some criticisms of using GDP solely tomeasure economic well-being.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone inthe economy and (2) the total exp enditure on the economy’s output of final goods andservices. It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in theeconomy ends up as someone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a poundof hamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price ofa pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measureof economic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer anda seller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economycar because the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an orderfor military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Manyother examples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being becausereal GDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amountsbeing produced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused byincreased production or higher prices.7.The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake isan undesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year,plus sales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were soldmore than once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced inone year and resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$400Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDPdeflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This meansthat the percentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but notin 2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise butprices did.5. a. Calculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. Calculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. The growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentagechange in the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure thepercentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This isthe value of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that isnot included in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure,it would not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participationhas reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increased labor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficultto measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350– $100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。
21天搞定电影剧本(修订版)
1.Chapter 9 禅与成事的最高艺术 1.9.1哦,你这小可怜 Chapter 10 外部障碍 怎么在埋头写作时,还交得起房租 1.10.1继续你的日常工作 2.10.2压根就没有等待这码事 3.10.3怎么让日常工作为你服务 4.10.4你要做的就是按点报到 5.10.5如何活出双面人生 6.10.6物物交换 7.10.7如果你被炒鱿鱼了,会怎样? 8.10.8你什么时候辞职 9.10.9失业金用完了怎么办 101.0.10时间大于金钱/金钱大于时间 111.0.11你的钱花光了 121.0.12找到一个更好方法 131.0.13打杂的工作、临时的工作和真正的工作的差别 141.0.14我必须写出剧本并且卖掉来交下月的房租 151.0.15多少钱才够? Chapter 11 时 间 1.11.1如何给你自己更多写作时间——或此或彼的精力划分 2.11.2我怎么治愈晕船的 3.11.3怎么听到你自己的心声 4.11.4让你的思维自己运转 Chapter 12 地点和物件 1.12.1贴身用品 2.12.2把工作场所设置在哪儿 Chapter 13 我该找个写作搭档吗?怎么找? 1.13.1未来写作搭档的和谐性测试 2.13.2谁是作者? 3.13.3证明你自己 4.13.4盟约 5.13.5心如鹿撞 6.13.6破坏分子式搭档 7.13.7对独自行动的胆小鬼的建议 Chapter 14 对爱侣的指导:怎么关怀和培育一个“潜在”剧作家 1.14.1什么时候供给空气和阳光 2.14.2什么时候不要把爱的声明太当真 3.14.3迟来的满足 4.14.4危机处理技巧 5.14.5从此以后一直幸福 6.14.6如何给“杰克&海德① ”相等的时间 7.14.7相信 Chapter 15 编剧的家庭启蒙书 1.15.1你自己如何蜕变 2.15.2你需要他人怎么对你,感情生活多项选择小测验 3.15.3盛宴或饥荒 4.15.4当你没法上床睡觉该对爱侣说什么
英语国家概况-加拿大篇中英翻译
英语国家概况-加拿大篇中英翻译Part ThreeChapter 23 Canada?s geography and history加拿大的地理特点:Canada’s geography features: 1) 座落于美国的北部,仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国;lies to the north of the US; the world?s second largest country after Russia.2.地形十分复杂:东部山区沿海省份沿劳伦斯湾和大西洋形成不规则的海岸;西部,太平洋沿岸地区被南北走向的山脉分离,其中包括落基山脉;中部是一个大平原;it has an extremely varied topography:the east part is mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic;The west part, the Pacific border is separated from the rest of the country by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies; the central part is a vast plain.3.气候不甚宜人,大部分地区冬季既漫长又寒冷,积雪深厚;所以,大多数人都居住在南部边境地区the climate is unfavorable, much of Canada has long and cold winters with deep snow. So,a major part of the population lives along the southern border.4.最高峰是落根峰,主要的两大河流是马更些河与圣劳伦斯河。
法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”
法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”法律英语翻译同时涉足三个领域,即法律学界、语言学界和翻译界。
因此,法律翻译对译者要求十分苛刻。
例如,在英汉、汉英翻译中,译者除了要掌握一定程度的中国法律以及普通法知识之外,还要擅长法律英语这一特殊用途英语(ESP)。
与所有的翻译一样,法律翻译的译文要忠实原文的实质内容,还要尽量流畅通顺。
法律翻译通常包括的内容很多,如立法性文件的翻译,合同翻译,诉讼类文书翻译,法庭口译,法学论文翻译,涉外公证文书翻译,判例翻译等等。
法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时,常常会碰到诸如"条"、"款"、"项"、"目"等词的翻译,参阅国内一些法律翻译(英汉、汉英)工具书,我们发现,各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及,或者十分混乱。
这些翻译之中,不乏十分正确的翻译,但是有些翻译则值得商榷。
本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法,为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。
本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。
一、英汉法律翻译中的"条"、"款"、"项"、"目"在英汉法律翻译中,上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。
我们知道,一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中"条款"之类的词汇大概有:article; section;subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation;provision,以及stipulation等等。
(1)关于"article"一词的翻译。
将article一词译为"条",争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有"7条"(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将"article"译为"条"。
And Then There Were None Chapter 1 Part 1
Chapter 11In the corner of a first-class smoking carriage, Mr. Justice Wargrave, lately retired from the bench, puffed at a cigar and ran an interested eye through the political news in The Times.He laid the paper down and glanced out of the window. They were running now through Somerset. He glanced at his watch – another two hours to go.He went over in his mind all that had had appeared in the papers about Soldier Island. There had been its original purchase by an American millionaire who was crazy about yachting –and an account of the luxurious modern house he had built on this little island off the Devon coast. The unfortunate fact that the new third wife of the American millionaire was a bad sailor had let to the subsequent putting up of the house and island for sale. Various glowing advertisements of it had appeared in the papers. Then came the first bald statement that it had been bought –by a Mr. Owen. After that the rumors of the gossip writer had started. Soldier Island had really been bought by Miss Gabrielle Turl, the Hollywood film star! She wanted to spend some months there free from all publicity! Busy Bee had hinted delicately that it was to be an abode for Royalty??! Mr. Merryweather had had it whispered to him that it had been bought for a honeymoon – Young Lord L—had surrendered to Cupid at last! Fans knew for a fact that it had been purchased by the Admiralty with a view to carrying out some very hush-hush experiments!Definitely, Soldier Island was news!From his pocket Mr. Justice Wargrave drew out a letter. The handwriting was practically illegible but words here and there stood out with unexpected clarity. Dearest Lawrence… such years since I heard anything of you…must come to Soldier Island…the most enchanting place…so much to talk over…old days…communion with nature…bask in sunshine…12.40 from Paddington…meet you at Oakbridge…and his correspondent signed herself with a flourish his ever Constance Culmington. Mr. Justice Wargrave cast back in his mind to remember when exactly he had last seen Lady Constance Culmington. It must be seven – no, eight years ago. She had then been going to Italy to bask in the sun and be at one with Nature and the contadini. Later, he had heard, she had proceeded to Syria where she proposed to bask in a yet stronger sun and live at one with Nature and the bedouin.Constance Culmington, he reflected to himself, was exactly the sort of woman who would buy an island and surround herself with mystery! Nodding his head in gentle approval of his logic, Mr. Justice Wargrave allowed his head to nod…He slept…。
2024年江西省南昌市昌北第一中学中考二模英语试题
2024年江西省南昌市昌北第一中学中考二模英语试题一、单项选择1.Maria felt very ________ and she fell asleep.A.hungry B.excited C.happy D.bored2.If we can ________ each other, I think we can all get along well.A.respect B.watch C.stop D.hurt3.—I play tennis and basketball, and I go swimming in summer.—You are really into ________!A.music B.food C.sports D.movies4.Leave a note, so your parents ________ about you.A.won’t worry B.don’t worry C.didn’t worry D.haven’t worried 5.________ you are under too much pressure, some classical music might just help.A.Unless B.If C.Because D.Although 6.—Tony, you are back from London. What are English schools like?—Here are a few photos. I ________ them by myself.A.take B.am taking C.took D.will take7.The meeting is only going to be two days, but you can also stay ________.A.long B.longer C.lower D.the longest8.My uncle is organizing a family reunion, and I ________.A.have invited B.will invite C.am inviting D.am invited二、完形填空Getting Your Sleep Cycle (周期) RightWarning: this article may make you want to yawn (打哈欠). Why? It’s because we’re looking into the world of sleep cycles.Our bodies sleep in 90-minute cycles, experiencing five to six each 9 . At first, you enter a light stage (阶段) of sleep when your muscles (肌肉) 10 . Then, the body temperature drops, and the heart beat slows.Next comes 11 sleep. It’s difficult to wake up this stage. This is when your body repairs 12 and builds up energy (能量) for the day ahead. 13 , you get into the rapid eye-movement (REM,快速眼动) sleep stage. It is when most dreaming happens. 14 REM sleep, the cycle repeats.Waking up in the morning in the “wrong” stage can make you feel especially 15 . An app called Sleep Calculator can help you avoid this. It’s a tool made to work out the 16 bedtime for you based on your wake-up time.Developed by the UK company Hillarys, this smart calculator considers the 17 cycles our bodies go through each night. Whether you’re an early bird or a night owl (猫头鹰), simply input your wake-up time , 18 the calculator will work its magic, suggesting the perfect bedtime to make sure that you 19 and shine with a spring in your step.It’s also worth noting that you shouldn’t just 20 your sleep cycle whenever you want. Many young people go to bed 21 and get up late, such as sleeping from 2 a.m. to 10 a.m. They 22 as long as they have 8 hours of sleep, everything will be fine.But in fact, our bodies can tell the 23 , especially by using light and temperature. If we wake up too late, we may feel a bit like a zombie (僵尸). That’s why sometimes we feel even more tired after oversleeping.9.A.hour B.night C.week D.month 10.A.move B.exercise C.pull D.relax 11.A.quiet B.bad C.deep D.quick 12.A.itself B.himself C.herself D.yourself 13.A.Firstly B.Normally C.Simply D.Finally14.A.In B.After C.During D.Before 15.A.tired B.hungry C.good D.sorry 16.A.free B.local C.late D.perfect 17.A.sleep B.rest C.food D.life18.A.but B.and C.so D.since19.A.eat B.rise C.think D.drink 20.A.start B.change C.open D.close 21.A.early B.alone C.happily D.late22.A.find B.report C.think D.forget 23.A.weight B.place C.time D.height三、选词填空请先阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空,并将答案填写到答题卡的相应位置。
外研社英国文学史及选读_第二版__第一册教学课件Chapter 21 John Dryden
Selections
Notes
For Study and Discussion
Chapter 21 John Dryden
Life and Works John Dryden (163l–1700)
was born into an extended family of rising Puritan gentry in Northamptonshire He received education at Westminster School, under the renowned Dr Richard Busby, and later went to Trinity College, Cambridge University, where he took his BA in 1654. His early work was more striking for its political selfcontradiction than for its literary quality: within two years he wrote “Heroic Stanzas” (1659) praising Oliver Cromwell and “Astraea Redux” (1660) celebrating the Restoration of Charles II.
Chapter 21 John Dryden
Life and Works
His greatest work of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668), which is a general defence of drama as a legitimate art form, as well as Dryden’s own defence of his literary practices.
1欧盟GMP指南Volume4---Part1--Chapter1Parmaceutical Quality System
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONHEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERALHealth Systems and ProductsMedicinal Products - Quality, safety and efficacyBrussels,SANCO/AM/sl/ddg1.d.6(2012)860362EudraLexThe Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European UnionVolume 4EU Guidelines forGood Manufacturing Practice forMedicinal Products for Human and Veterinary UseChapter 1Pharmaceutical Quality SystemLegal basis for publishing the detailed guidelines: Article 47 of Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use and Article 51 of Directive 2001/82/EC on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products. This document provides guidance for the interpretation of the principles and guidelines of good manufacturing practice (GMP) for medicinal products as laid down in Directive 2003/94/EC for medicinal products for human use and Directive 91/412/EEC for veterinary use.Status of the document: revision 3Reasons for changes: Amendments to the text of Chapter 1 have been made in order to align with the concepts and terminology described in the ICH Q10 tripartite guideline on Pharmaceutical Quality System. The title of the chapter itself is also changed accordingly.Deadline for coming into operation: 31 January 2013Commission Européenne, B-1049 Bruxelles / Europese Commissie, B-1049 Brussel – Belgium. Telephone: (32-2) 299 11 11PrincipleThe holder of a Manufacturing Authorisation must manufacture medicinal products so as to ensure that they are fit for their intended use, comply with the requirements of the Marketing Authorisation or Clinical Trial Authorisation, as appropriate and do not place patients at risk due to inadequate safety, quality or efficacy. The attainment of this quality objective is the responsibility of senior management and requires the participation and commitment by staff in many different departments and at all levels within the company, by the company’s suppliers and by its distributors. To achieve this quality objective reliably there must be a comprehensively designed and correctly implemented Pharmaceutical Quality System1 incorporating Good Manufacturing Practice and Quality Risk Management. It should be fully documented and its effectiveness monitored. All parts of the Pharmaceutical Quality System should be adequately resourced with competent personnel, and suitable and sufficient premises, equipment and facilities. There are additional legal responsibilities for the holder of the Manufacturing Authorisation and for the Qualified Person(s).The basic concepts of Quality Management, Good Manufacturing Practice and Quality Risk Management are inter-related. They are described here in order to emphasise their relationships and their fundamental importance to the production and control of medicinal products.Pharmaceutical Quality System11.1 Quality Management is a wide-ranging concept, which covers all matters, which individually or collectively influence the quality of a product. It is the sum total of the organised arrangements made with the objective of ensuring that medicinal products are of the quality required for their intended use. Quality Management therefore incorporates Good Manufacturing Practice.1.2 GMP applies to the lifecycle stages from the manufacture of investigational medicinal products, technology transfer, commercial manufacturing through to product discontinuation. However the Pharmaceutical Quality System can extend to the pharmaceutical development lifecycle stage as described in ICH Q10, which while optional, should facilitate innovation and continual improvement and strengthen the link between pharmaceutical development and manufacturing activities. ICH Q10 is reproduced in Part III of the Guide and can be used to supplement the contents of this chapter.1.3 The size and complexity of the company’s activities should be taken into consideration when developing a new Pharmaceutical Quality System or modifying an existing one. The design of the system should incorporate appropriate risk management principles including the use of appropriate tools. While some aspects of the system can be company-wide and others site-specific, the effectiveness of the system is normally demonstrated at the site level.1 Art 6 of Directives 2003/94/EC and 91/412/EEC require manufacturers to establish and implement an effective pharmaceutical quality assurance system. The term Pharmaceutical Quality System is used in this chapter in the interests of consistency withICH Q10 terminology. For the purposes of this chapter these terms can be considered interchangeable.1.4 A Pharmaceutical Quality System appropriate for the manufacture of medicinal products should ensure that:(i) Product realisation is achieved by designing, planning, implementing,maintaining and continuously improving a system that allows the consistent delivery of products with appropriate quality attributes;(ii) Product and process knowledge is managed throughout all lifecycle stages;(iii) Medicinal products are designed and developed in a way that takes account of the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice;(iv) Production and control operations are clearly specified and Good Manufacturing Practice adopted;(v) Managerial responsibilities are clearly specified;(vi) Arrangements are made for the manufacture, supply and use of the correct starting and packaging materials, the selection and monitoring of suppliers and for verifying that each delivery is from the approved supply chain;(vii) Processes are in place to assure the management of outsourced activities.(viii) A state of control is established and maintained by developing and using effective monitoring and control systems for process performance and product quality.(ix) The results of product and processes monitoring are taken into account in batch release, in the investigation of deviations, and, with a view to taking preventive action to avoid potential deviations occurring in the future.(x) All necessary controls on intermediate products, and any other in-process controls and validations are carried out;(xi) Continual improvement is facilitated through the implementation of quality improvements appropriate to the current level of process and product knowledge.(xii) Arrangements are in place for the prospective evaluation of planned changes and their approval prior to implementation taking into account regulatory notification and approval where required;(xiii) After implementation of any change, an evaluation is undertaken to confirm the quality objectives were achieved and that there was no unintended deleterious impact on product quality;(xiv) An appropriate level of root cause analysis should be applied during the investigation of deviations, suspected product defects and other problems.This can be determined using Quality Risk Management principles. In caseswhere the true root cause(s) of the issue cannot be determined, considerationshould be given to identifying the most likely root cause(s) and to addressingthose. Where human error is suspected or identified as the cause, this shouldbe justified having taken care to ensure that process, procedural or system-based errors or problems have not been overlooked, if present. Appropriatecorrective actions and/or preventative actions (CAPAs) should be identifiedand taken in response to investigations. The effectiveness of such actionsshould be monitored and assessed, in line with Quality Risk Management principles.(xv) Medicinal products are not sold or supplied before a Qualified Person hascertified that each production batch has been produced and controlled in accordance with the requirements of the Marketing Authorisation and any other regulations relevant to the production, control and release of medicinalproducts;(xvi) Satisfactory arrangements exist to ensure, as far as possible, that themedicinal products are stored, distributed and subsequently handled so thatquality is maintained throughout their shelf life;(xvii) There is a process for self-inspection and/or quality audit, which regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the PharmaceuticalQuality System.1.5 Senior management has the ultimate responsibility to ensure an effective Pharmaceutical Quality System is in place, adequately resourced and that roles, responsibilities, and authorities are defined, communicated and implemented throughout the organisation. Senior management’s leadership and active participation in the Pharmaceutical Quality System is essential. This leadership should ensure the support and commitment of staff at all levels and sites within the organisation to the Pharmaceutical Quality System.1.6 There should be periodic management review, with the involvement of senior management, of the operation of the Pharmaceutical Quality System to identify opportunities for continual improvement of products, processes and the system itself. 1.7 The Pharmaceutical Quality System should be defined and documented. A Quality Manual or equivalent documentation should be established and should contain a description of the quality management system including management responsibilities.Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products1.8 Good Manufacturing Practice is that part of Quality Management which ensures that products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate to their intended use and as required by the Marketing Authorisation, Clinical Trial Authorisation or product specification. Good Manufacturing Practice is concerned with both production and quality control. The basic requirements of GMP are that:(i) All manufacturing processes are clearly defined, systematically reviewed inthe light of experience and shown to be capable of consistently manufacturingmedicinal products of the required quality and complying with their specifications;(ii) Critical steps of manufacturing processes and significant changes to the process are validated;(iii) All necessary facilities for GMP are provided including:• Appropriately qualified and trained personnel;• Adequate premises and space;• Suitable equipment and services;• Correct materials, containers and labels;• Approved procedures and instructions, in accordance with thePharmaceutical Quality System;• Suitable storage and transport;(iv) Instructions and procedures are written in an instructional form in clear and unambiguous language, specifically applicable to the facilities provided;(v) Procedures are carried out correctly and operators are trained to do so;(vi) Records are made, manually and/or by recording instruments, during manufacture which demonstrate that all the steps required by the defined procedures and instructions were in fact taken and that the quantity and quality of the product was as expected.(vii) Any significant deviations are fully recorded, investigated with the objective of determining the root cause and appropriate corrective and preventive action implemented;(viii) Records of manufacture including distribution which enable the complete history of a batch to be traced are retained in a comprehensible and accessible form;(ix) The distribution of the products minimises any risk to their quality and takes account of Good Distribution Practice;(x) A system is available to recall any batch of product, from sale or supply;(xi) Complaints about products are examined, the causes of quality defects investigated and appropriate measures taken in respect of the defective products and to prevent reoccurrence.Quality Control1.9 Quality Control is that part of Good Manufacturing Practice which is concerned with sampling, specifications and testing, and with the organisation, documentation and release procedures which ensure that the necessary and relevant tests are actually carried out and that materials are not released for use, nor products released for sale orsupply, until their quality has been judged to be satisfactory. The basic requirements of Quality Control are that:(i) Adequate facilities, trained personnel and approved procedures areavailable for sampling and testing starting materials, packaging materials,intermediate, bulk, and finished products, and where appropriate for monitoring environmental conditions for GMP purposes;(ii) Samples of starting materials, packaging materials, intermediate products, bulk products and finished products are taken by approved personnel and methods;(iii) Test methods are validated;(iv) Records are made, manually and/or by recording instruments, which demonstrate that all the required sampling, inspecting and testing procedures were actually carried out. Any deviations are fully recorded and investigated;(v) The finished products contain active ingredients complying with the qualitative and quantitative composition of the Marketing Authorisation or clinical trial authorisation, are of the purity required, and are enclosed within their proper containers and correctly labelled;(vi) Records are made of the results of inspection and that testing of materials,intermediate, bulk, and finished products is formally assessed against specification. Product assessment includes a review and evaluation of relevant production documentation and an assessment of deviations from specified procedures;(vii) No batch of product is released for sale or supply prior to certification bya Qualified Person that it is in accordance with the requirements of therelevant authorisations in accordance with annex 16;(viii) Sufficient reference samples of starting materials and products are retained in accordance with Annex 19 to permit future examination of the product if necessary and that the sample is retained in the final pack.Product Quality Review1.10 Regular periodic or rolling quality reviews of all authorised medicinal products, including export only products, should be conducted with the objective of verifying the consistency of the existing process, the appropriateness of current specifications for both starting materials and finished product, to highlight any trends and to identify product and process improvements. Such reviews should normally be conducted and documented annually, taking into account previous reviews, and should include at least:(i) A review of starting materials including packaging materials used in theproduct, especially those from new sources and in particular the review ofsupply chain traceability of active substances.(ii) A review of critical in-process controls and finished product results.(iii) A review of all batches that failed to meet established specification(s) andtheir investigation.(iv) A review of all significant deviations or non-conformances, their relatedinvestigations, and the effectiveness of resultant corrective and preventive actions taken.(v) A review of all changes carried out to the processes or analytical methods.(vi) A review of Marketing Authorisation variations submitted, granted or refused, including those for third country (export only) dossiers.(vii) A review of the results of the stability monitoring programme and anyadverse trends.(viii) A review of all quality-related returns, complaints and recalls and the investigations performed at the time.(ix) A review of adequacy of any other previous product process or equipmentcorrective actions.(x) For new marketing authorisations and variations to marketing authorisations, a review of post-marketing commitments.(xi) The qualification status of relevant equipment and utilities, e.g. HVAC,water, compressed gases, etc.(xii) A review of any contractual arrangements as defined in Chapter 7 to ensure that they are up to date.1.11 The manufacturer and, where different, marketing authorisation holder should evaluate the results of the review and an assessment made as to whether corrective and preventive action or any revalidation should be undertaken, under the Pharmaceutical Quality System. There should be management procedures for the ongoing management and review of these actions and the effectiveness of these procedures verified during self-inspection. Quality reviews may be grouped by product type, e.g. solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, sterile products, etc. where scientifically justified.Where the marketing authorisation holder is not the manufacturer, there should be a technical agreement in place between the various parties that defines their respective responsibilities in producing the product quality review.Quality Risk Management1.12 Quality risk management is a systematic process for the assessment, control, communication and review of risks to the quality of the medicinal product. It can be applied both proactively and retrospectively.1.13 The principles of quality risk management are that:i) The evaluation of the risk to quality is based on scientific knowledge,experience with the process and ultimately links to the protection of the patient ii) The level of effort, formality and documentation of the quality riskmanagement process is commensurate with the level of riskExamples of the processes and applications of quality risk management can be found inter alia in ICH Q9 which is reproduced in Part III of the Guide.。
Chap23蔡斯《运营管理》第15版
• From an operations standpoint, the goal of the firm is to increase throughput while simultaneously reducing inventory and reducing operating expense
CHAPTER 23: THEORY OF CONSTRAINTS
LO23–1: Explain the Theory of Constraints (TOC). LO23–2: Analyze bottleneck resources and apply TOC
principles to controlling a process. LO23–3: Compare TOC to conventional approaches. LO23–4: Evaluate bottleneck scheduling problems by
be made up
Copyright ©2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
23-9
Dependent Events and Statistical Fluctuations
• The term dependent events refers to a process sequence
23-2
Goldratt’s Rules of Production Scheduling
1. Do not balance capacity, balance the flow 2. The level utilization of a nonbottleneck resource is not
《跨境电商实用英语》PPT_(23)
2020/7/22
PART 1 Warming-up B. One of the reasons why people tend to choose PayPal is due
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2020/7/22
New Words
New Word
1
indispensable
[ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl] adj.
too important to be without 不可或缺的;必不可少的
e.g. Ⅰ) The internet has become an indispensable part in people's life.
to its characteristics of capital security, speed, convenience and wider coverage.
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PART TWO
Passage Reading
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PART 2
Passage Reading
Payment
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PART 2 Passage Reading
Though most of the buyers are able to see through this process, some still may have payment failure after multiple attempts. Therefore, when asked for assistance, sellers shall let buyers know potential reasons for the failure and help them through the payment to finally win the order back. Additionally, some may have no clue to use the shopping cart to combine the purchasing and payment for various types of products in one store, which leads to the inconvenience on both sides caused by redundant orders from one buyer. In this sense, sellers shall guide them to reasonably use the cart and to incorporate the order payments.
Lucy下一周时间安排英文短文
Lucy下一周时间安排英文短文Monday:Morning: 8 am and D12 am for the normal class.Among them, the English class closely follow the teacher teaching, try to remember more words.PM: 14 PM D17 PM to do civil administration workNight: 19:30 D21 pm Class; 23:30 D24 pm Read section 1 of an Introduction to Business ManagementTuesday:Morning: 8 am D12 am Normal class13:30 D14:30 Civil Service Chapter 3 Section 3PM: 19: D21: "Public Policy", Chapter 2, Section 4; 23:30, D24: "Contemporary Chinese Political System" reviewWednesday:Morning: 8 am D12 am Normal class1 PM: 14:10D15:45 "Introduction to Business Management" section 1, section 2PM: 19:30, D 21, The Public Policy, Chapter 3, Section 4, Part1,23:30, D24, The Civil Service reviewThursday:Read English: 8:00 D8:35; D10:10, Chapter 3,10:40; D 11:50 D 10:50weekday:Play ball, study, stay in the dormitory.星期一:上午:8点D12点参加正常上课。
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Part 1 Chapter 23The Sorrows of an OfficialIl piacere di alzar la testa tutto l'anno e ben pagato da certi quartid'ora che bisogna passar. CASTIBut let us leave this little man to his little fears; why has he taken intohis house a man of feeling, when what he required was the soul of aflunkey? Why does he not know how to select his servants? The ordinaryprocedure of the nineteenth century is that when a powerful and noblepersonage encounters a man of feeling, he kills, exiles, imprisons or sohumiliates him that the other, like a fool, dies of grief. In this instance itso happens that it is not yet the man of feeling who suffers. The greatmisfortune of the small towns of France and of elected governments, likethat of New York, is an inability to forget that there exist in the worldpersons like M. de Renal. In a townof twenty thousand inhabitants,these men form public opinion, and public opinion is a terrible force in acountry that has the Charter. A man endowed with a noble soul, of generous instincts, who would have been your friend did he not live a hundred leagues away, judges you by the public opinion of your town,which is formed by the fools whom chance has made noble, rich andmoderate. Woe to him who distinguishes himself!Immediately after dinner, they set off again for Vergy; but, two dayslater, Julien saw the whole family return to Verrieres.An hour had not gone by before, greatly to his surprise, he discoveredthat Madame de Renal was making a mystery of something. She brokeoff her conversations with her husband as soon as he appeared, andseemed almost to wish him to go away. Julien did not wait to be toldtwice. He became cold and reserved; Madame de Renal noticed this, anddid not seek an explanation.'Is she going to provide me with a successor?' thought Julien. 'Only the day before yesterday, she was so intimate with me! But they say that this is how great ladies behave. They are like kings, no one receives so much attention as the minister who, on going home, finds the letter announcing his dismissal.' Julien remarked that in these conversations, which ceased abruptly onhis approach, there was frequent mention of a big house belonging to themunicipality of Verrieres, old, but large and commodious, and situatedopposite the church, in the most valuable quarter of the town. 'What connection can there be between that house and a new lover?' Julien askedhimself. In his distress of mind, he repeated to himself those charminglines of Francois I, which seemed to him new, because it was not a monthsince Madame de Renal had taught them to him. At that time, by howmany vows, by how many caresses had not eachline been proved false!Souvent femme varie Bien fol est qui s'y fie.M. de Renal set off by post for Besancon. This journey was decidedupon at two hours' notice, he seemed greatly troubled. On his return, heflung a large bundle wrapped in grey paper on the table.'So much for that stupid business,' he said to his wife.An hour later, Julien saw the bill-sticker carrying off this large bundle;he followed him hastily. 'I shall learn the secret at the first street corner.'He waited impatiently behind the bill-sticker, who with his fat brushwas slapping paste on the back of the bill. No sooner was it in its placethan Julien's curiosity read on it the announcement in full detail of thesale by public auction of the lease of that large and old house which recurred so frequentlyin M. de Renal's conversations with his wife. The assignation was announced for the following day at two o'clock, in thetown hall, on the extinction of the third light. Julien was greatly disappointed; he considered the interval to be rather short: how could all thepossible bidders come to know of the sale in time? But apart from this,the bill, which was dated a fortnight earlier and which he read from beginning to end in three different places, told him nothing.He went to inspect the vacant house. The porter, who did not see himapproach, was saying mysteriously to a friend: 'Bah! It's a waste of time. M. Maslon promised him he should have itfor three hundred francs; and as the Mayor kicked, he was sent to theBishop's Palace, by the Vicar-General de Frilair.'Julien's appearance on the scene seemed greatly toembarrass the twocronies, who did not say another word.Julien did not fail to attend the auction. There was a crowd of peoplein an ill-lighted room; but everyone eyed his neighbours in a singular fashion. Every eye was fixed on a table, where Julien saw, on a pewterplate, three lighted candle-ends. The crier was shouting: 'Three hundredfrancs, gentlemen!' 'Three hundred francs! It is too bad!' one man murmured to another.Julien was standing between them. 'It is worth more than eight hundred;I am going to cover the bid.''It's cutting off your nose to spite your face. What are you going to gainby bringing M. Maslon, M. Valenod, the Bishop, his terrible Vicar-General de Frilair and the whole of their gang down upon you?''Three hundred and twenty,' the other shouted.'Stupid idiot!' retorted his neighbour. 'And here's one of the Mayor'sspies,' he added pointing at Julien.Julien turned sharply to rebuke him for this speech; but the two Franc-Comtois paid no attention to him. Their coolness restored his own. Atthis moment the last candle-end went out, and the drawling voice of thecrier assigned the house for a lease of nine years to M. de Saint-Giraud,chief secretary at the Prefecture of ——, and for three hundred and thirtyfrancs.As soon as the Mayor had left the room, the discussion began.'That's thirty francs Grogeot's imprudence has earned for the town,'said one.'But M. de Saint-Giraud,' came the answer, 'will have his revenge onGrogeot, he will pass it on.''What a scandal,' said a stout man on Julien's left: 'ahouse for whichI'ld have given, myself, eight hundred francs as a factory, and then itwould have been a bargain.' 'Bah!' replied a young Liberal manufacturer, 'isn't M. de Saint-Giraudone of the Congregation? Haven't his four children all got bursaries? Poorman! The town of Verrieres is simply bound to increase his income withan allowance of five hundred francs; that is all.''And to think that the Mayor hasn't been able to stop it!' remarked athird. 'For he may be an Ultra, if you like, but he's not a thief.''He's not a thief?' put in another; 'it's a regular thieves' kitchen.Everything goes into a common fund, and is divided up at the end of theyear. But there's young Sorel; let us get away.' Julien went home in the worst of tempers; he found Madamede Renalgreatly depressed.'Have you come from the sale?' she said to him.'Yes, Ma'am, where I had the honour to be taken for the Mayor's spy.''If he had taken my advice, he would have gone away somewhere.'At that moment, M. de Renal appeared; he was very sombre. Dinnerwas eaten in silence. M. de Renal told Julien to accompany the childrento Vergy; they travelled in unbroken gloom. Madame de Renal tried tocomfort her husband.'Surely you are accustomed to it, my dear.'That evening, they were seated in silence round the domestic hearth;the crackle of the blazing beech logs was their sole distraction. It was oneof those moments of depression which are to be found in the most unitedfamilies. One of thechildren uttered a joyful cry.'There's the bell! The bell!''Egad, if it's M. de Saint-Giraud come to get hold of me, on the excuseof thanking me, I shall give him a piece of my mind; it's too bad. It'sValenod that he has to thank, and it is I who am compromised. What amI going to say if those pestilent Jacobin papers get hold of the story, andmake me out a M. Nonante-Cinq?' 3A good-looking man, with bushy black whiskers, entered the room atthis moment in the wake of the servant.'M. le Maire, I am Signor Geronimo. Here is a letter which M. leChevalier de Beauvaisis, attache at the Embassy at Naples, gave me foryou when I came away; it is only nine days ago,' Signor Geronimo added, with a sprightly air, looking at Madame de Renal. 'Signor deBeauvaisis, your cousin, and my good friend, Madame, tells me that youknow Italian.'The good humour of the Neapolitan changed this dull evening intoone that was extremely gay. Madame de Renal insisted upon his takingsupper. She turned the whole house upside down; she wished at all coststo distract Julien's thoughts from the description of him as a spy whichtwice in that day he had heard ringing in his ear. Signer Geronimo was afamous singer, a man used to good company, and at the same time thebest of company himself, qualities which, in France, have almost ceasedto be compatible. He sang after supper a little duet with Madame de3.M. Marsan explains this allusion to a satire by Barthelemy at the expense of theMarseilles magistrate Merindol, who in sentencing him to a fine had made use of theCommon Southern expression 'Nonante-cinq' for 'Quatre-vingt-quinze.Renal. He told charming stories. At one o'clock in the morning the children protested when Julien proposed that theyshould go to bed.'Just this story,' said the eldest.'It is my own, Signorino,' replied Signer Geronimo. 'Eight years ago Iwas, like you, a young scholar in the Conservatorio of Naples, by which Imean that I was your age; for I had not the honour to be the son of theeminent Mayor of the beautiful town of Verrieres.'This allusion drew a sigh from M. de Renal, who looked at his wife.'Signer Zingarelli,' went on the young singer, speaking with a slightlyexaggerated accent which made the children burst out laughing, 'SignorZingarelli is an exceedingly severe master. He is not loved at the Conservatorio; but he makes them act always as though they loved him. I escaped whenever I could;I used to go to the little theatre of San Carlino,where I usedto hear music fit for the gods: but, O heavens, how was I toscrape together the eight soldi which were the price of admission to thepit? An enormous sum,' he said, looking at the children, and the childrenlaughed again. 'Signer Giovannone, the Director of San Carlino, heardme sing. I was sixteen years old. "This boy is a treasure," he said.'"Would you like me to engage you, my friend?" he said to me one day.'"How much will you give me?"'"Forty ducats a month." That, gentlemen, is one hundred and sixtyfrancs. I seemed to see the heavens open.'"But how," I said to Giovannone, "am I to persuade the strictZingarelli to let me go?"'"Lascia fare a me."' 'Leave it to me!' cried the eldest of the children.'Precisely, young Sir. Signor Giovannone said to me: "Firstof all, caro,alittle agreement." I signed the paper: he gave me three ducats. I had never seen so much money. Then he told me what I must do.'Next day, I demanded an interview with the terrible Signer Zingarelli.His old servant showed me into the room.'"What do you want with me, you scapegrace?" said Zingarelli.'"Maestro" I told him, "I repent of my misdeeds; never again will Ibreak out of the Conservatorio by climbing over the iron railings. I amgoing to study twice as hard."'"If I were not afraid of spoiling the finest bass voice I have ever heard,I should lock you up on bread and water for a fortnight, you scoundrel." '"Maestro" I went on, "I am going to be a model to the whole school,credete a me. But I ask one favour of you, ifanyone comes to ask for me tosing outside, refuse him. Please say that you cannot allow it."'"And who do you suppose is going to ask for a good for nothing likeyou? Do you think I shall ever allow you to leave the Conservatorio? Doyou wish to make a fool of me? Off with you, off with you!" he said, aiming a kick at my hindquarters, "or it will be bread and water in a cell."'An hour later, Signer Giovannone came to call on the Director.'"I have come to ask you to make my fortune," he began, "let me haveGeronimo. If he sings in my theatre this winter I give my daughter inmarriage."'"What do you propose to do with the rascal?" Zingarelli asked him. "Iwon't allow it. You shan't have him; besides, even if I consented, hewould never be willing to leave the Conservatorio; he's just told me sohimself."'"If his willingness is all that matters," said Giovannone gravely, producing my agreement from his pocket, "carta canta! Here ishissignature."'Immediately Zingarelli, furious, flew to the bell-rope: "Turn Geronimoout of the Conservatorio," he shouted, seething with rage. So out theyturned me, I splitting my sides with laughter. That same evening, I sangthe aria del Moltiplico. Polichinelle intends to marry, and counts up on hisfingers the different things he will need for the house, and loses countafresh at every moment.''Oh, won't you, Sir, please sing us that air?' said Madame de Renal.Geronimo sang, and his audience all cried with laughter.Signor Geronimo did not go to bed until two in the morning, leavingthe family enchanted with his good manners, his obliging nature and hisgay spirits.Next day M. and Madame de Renal gave him the letters which he required for the French Court.'And so, falsehood everywhere,' said Julien. 'There is Signor Geronimoon his way to London with a salary of sixty thousand francs. But for thecleverness of the Director of San Carlino, his divine voice might not havebeen known and admired for another ten years, perhaps … Upon mysoul, I would rather be a Geronimo than a Renal. He is not so highly honoured in society, but he has not the humiliation of having to grant leaseslike that one today, and his is a merry life.' One thing astonished Julien: the weeks of solitude spent at Verrieres,in M. de Renal's house, had been for him a time of happiness. He had encountered disgust and gloomy thoughts only at the dinners to which hehad been invited; in that empty house, was he not free to read, write,meditate, undisturbed? He had not been aroused at every moment fromhis radiant dreams by the cruel necessity of studying the motions of abase soul,and that in order to deceive it by hypocritical words or actions.'Could happiness be thus within my reach? … The cost of such a life isnothing; I can, as I choose, marry Miss Elisa, or become Fouque's partner … But the traveller who has just climbed a steep mountain, sits downon the summit, and finds a perfect pleasure in resting. Would he behappy if he were forced to rest always?'Madame de Renal's mind was a prey to carking thoughts. In spite ofher resolve to the contrary, she had revealed to Julien the whole businessof the lease. 'So he will make me forget all my vows!' she thought.She would have given her life without hesitation to save that of herhusband, had she seen him in peril. Hers was one of those noble and romantic natures, for which to see the possibility of a generous action, andnot to perform it givesrise to a remorse almost equal to that which onefeels for a past crime. Nevertheless, there were dreadful days on whichshe could not banish the thought of the absolute happiness which shewould enjoy, if, suddenly left a widow, she were free to marry Julien.He loved her children far more than their father; in spite of his strictdiscipline, he was adored by them. She was well aware that, if she married Julien, she would have to leave this Vergy whose leafy shade was sodear to her. She pictured herself living in Paris, continuing to provideher sons with that education at which everyone marvelled. Her children,she herself, Julien, all perfectly happy.A strange effect of marriage, such as the nineteenth century has madeit! The boredom of married life inevitably destroys love, when love haspreceded marriage. And yet, as a philosopher has observed, it speedilybrings about, amongpeople who are rich enough not to have to work, anintense boredom with all quiet forms of enjoyment. And it is only driedup hearts, among women, that it does not predispose to love.The philosopher's observation makes me excuse Madame de Renal,but there was no excuse for her at Verrieres, and the whole town,without her suspecting it, was exclusively occupied with the scandal ofher love. Thanks to this great scandal, people that autumn were lessbored than usual.The autumn, the first weeks of winter had soon come and gone. It wastime to leave the woods of Vergy. The high society of Verrieres began togrow indignant that its anathemas were making so little impressionupon M. de Renal. In less than a week, certain grave personages whomade up for their habitual solemnity by giving themselves the pleasureof fulfilling missions of this sort, implanted in him the most cruelsuspicions, but without going beyond the most measured terms.M. Valenod, who was playing a close game, had placed Elisa with anoble and highly respected family, which included five women. Elisafearing, she said, that she might not find a place during the winter, hadasked this family for only about two thirds of what she was receiving atthe Mayor's. Of her own accord, the girl had the excellent idea of goingto confess to the retired cure Chelan as well as to the new cure, so as tobe able to give them both a detailed account of Julien's amours.On the morning after his return, at six o'clock, the abbe Chelan sent forJulien:'I ask you nothing,' he said to him; 'I beg you, and if need be order youto tell me nothing, I insist that within three days you leave either for theSeminary at Besancon or for the house of your friend Fouque, who is stillwilling to provide a splendidcareer for you. I have foreseen and settledeverything, but you must go, and not return to Verrieres for a year.' Julien made no answer; he was considering whether his honour oughtto take offence at the arrangements which M. Chelan, who after all wasnot his father, had made for him.'Tomorrow at this hour I shall have the honour of seeing you again,' hesaid at length to the cure.M. Chelan, who reckoned upon overcoming the young man by mainforce, spoke volubly. His attitude, his features composed in the utmosthumility, Julien did not open his mouth.At length he made his escape, and hastened to inform Madame deRenal, whom he found in despair. Her husband had just been speakingto her with a certain frankness. The natural weakness of his character,seeking encouragement in the prospect of the inheritance from Besancon,had made him decide to regard her asentirely innocent. He had just confessed to her the strange condition in which he found public opinion atVerrieres. The public were wrong, had been led astray by envious ill-wishers, but what was to be done?Madame de Renal had the momentary illusion that Julien might beable to accept M. Valenod's offer, and remain at Verrieres. But she wasno longer the simple, timid woman of the previous year; her fatal passion, her spells of remorse had enlightened her. Soon she had to bear themisery of proving to herself, while she listened to her husband, that aseparation, at any rate for the time being, was now indispensable. 'Awayfrom me, Julien will drift back into those ambitious projects that are sonatural when one has nothing. And I, great God! I am so rich, and sopowerless to secure my own happiness! He will forget me. Charming ashe is, he will be loved, he will love. Ah, unhappywoman! Of what can Icomplain? Heaven is just, I have not acquired merit by putting a stop tomy crime; it blinds my judgment. It rested with me alone to win over Elisa with a bribe, nothing would have been easier. I did not take thetrouble to reflect for a moment, the wild imaginings of love absorbed allmy time. And now I perish.'One thing struck Julien; as he conveyed to Madame de Renal the terrible news of his departure, he was met with no selfish objection.Evidently she was making an effort not to cry.'We require firmness, my friend.'She cut off a lock of her hair.'I do not know what is to become of me,' she said to him, 'but if I die,promise me that you will never forget my children. Far or near, try tomake them grow up honourable men. If thereis another revolution, allthe nobles will be murdered, their father may emigrate, perhaps, becauseof that peasant who was killed upon a roof. Watch over the family …Give me your hand. Farewell, my friend! These are our last moments together. This great sacrifice made, I hope that in public I shall have thecourage to think of my reputation.'Julien had been expecting despair. The simplicity of this farewelltouched him.'No, I do not accept your farewell thus. I shall go; they wish it; youwish it yourself. But, three days after my departure, I shall return to visityou by night.'Madame de Renal's existence was changed. So Julien really did loveher since he had had the idea, of his own accord, of seeing her again. Herbitter grief changed into one of the keenest bursts of joy that she had everfelt in her life.Everything became easy to her. The certainty of seeing herlover again took from these last moments all their lacerating force. From that instant the conduct, like the features of Madame de Renal was noble,firm, and perfectly conventional.M. de Renal presently returned; he was beside himself. For the firsttime he mentioned to his wife the anonymous letter which he had received two months earlier.'I intend to take it to the Casino, to show them all that it comes fromthat wretch Valenod, whom I picked up out of the gutter and made intoone of the richest citizens of Verrieres.I shall disgrace him publicly, andthen fight him. It is going too far.''I might be left a widow, great God!' thought Madame de Renal. But almost at the same instant she said to herself: 'If I do not prevent this duel,as I certainly can, I shall be myhusband's murderess.'Never before had she handled his vanity with so much skill. In lessthan two hours she made him see, always by the use of arguments thathad occurred first to him, that he must show himself friendlier than evertowards M. Valenod, and even take Elisa into the house again. Madamede Renal required courage to make up her mind to set eyes on this girl,the cause of all her troubles. But the idea had come to her from Julien.Finally, after having been set three or four times in the right direction,M. de Renal arrived of his own accord at the idea (highly distressing,from the financial point of view) that the most unpleasant thing thatcould happen for himself was that Julien, amid the seething excitementand gossip of the whole of Verrieres, should remain there as tutor to M.Valenod's children. It was obviously in Julien's interestto accept the offermade him by the Governor of the Poorhouse. It was essential however toM. de Renal's fair fame that Julien should leave Verrieres to enter theseminary at Besancon or at Dijon. But how was he to be made to agree,and after that how was he to maintain himself there?M. de Renal, seeing the imminence of a pecuniary sacrifice, was ingreater despair than his wife. For her part, after this conversation, shewas in the position of a man of feeling who, weary of life, has taken adose of stramonium; he ceases to act, save, so to speak, automatically, andno longer takes an interest in anything. Thus Louis XIV on his deathbedwas led to say: 'When I was king.' An admirable speech!On the morrow, at break of day, M. de Renal received an anonymousletter. It was couched in the most insulting style. The coarsest words applicable to his position stared from everyline. It was the work of someenvious subordinate. This letter brought him back to the thought offighting a duel with M. Valenod. Soon his courage had risen to the idea of an immediate execution of his design. He left the house unaccompanied, and went to the gunsmith's to procure a brace of pistols, which hetold the man to load.'After all,' he said to himself, 'should the drastic rule of the EmperorNapoleon be restored, I myself could not be charged with the misappropriation of a halfpenny. At the most I have shut my eyes; but I haveplenty of letters in my desk authorising me to do so.'Madame de Renal was frightened by her husband's cold anger, itbrought back to her mind the fatal thought of widowhood, which shefound it so hard to banish. She shut herself up with him. For hours onend she pleaded with him in vain, the latestanonymous letter had determined him. At length she succeeded in transforming the courage required to strike M. Valenod into that required to offer Julien six hundredfrancs for his maintenance for one year in a Seminary. M. de Renal, heaping a thousand curses on the day on which he had conceived the fatalidea of taking a tutor into his household, forgot the anonymous letter.He found a grain of comfort in an idea which he did not communicateto his wife: by skilful handling, and by taking advantage of the youngman's romantic ideas, he hoped to bind him, for a smaller sum, to refuseM. Valenod's offers.Madame de Renal found it far harder to prove to Julien that, if he sacrificed to her husband's convenience a post worth eight hundred francs,publicly offered him by the Governor of the Poorhouse, he mightwithout blushing accept some compensation.'But,' Julien continued to object, 'I have never had, even for a moment,the slightest thought of accepting that offer. You have made me too familiar with a life of refinement, the vulgarity of those people would killme.'Cruel necessity, with its hand of iron, bent Julien's will. His prideoffered him the self-deception of accepting only as a loan the sumoffered by the Mayor of Verrieres, and giving him a note of hand promising repayment with interest after five years.Madame de Renal had still some thousands of francs hidden in thelittle cave in the mountains.She offered him these, trembling, and feeling only too sure that theywould be rejected with fury.'Do you wish,' Julien asked her, 'to make the memory of our loveabominable?'At length Julien left Verrieres. M. de Renal was overjoyed; at the decisive moment of accepting money from him, this sacrifice proved to be toogreat for Julien. He refusedpoint-blank. M. de Renal fell upon his neck,with tears in his eyes. Julien having asked him for a testimonial to hischaracter, he could not in his enthusiasm find terms laudatory enough toextol the young man's conduct. Our hero had saved up five louis and intended to ask Fouque for a similar amount.He was greatly moved. But when he had gone a league from Verrieres,where he was leaving such a treasure of love behind him, he thoughtonly of the pleasure of seeing a capital, a great military centre likeBesancon.During this short parting of three days, Madame de Renal was dupedby one of love's most cruel illusions. Her life was tolerable enough, therewas between her and the last extremesof misery this final meeting thatshe was still to have with Julien.She counted the hours, the minutes that divided her from it. Finally,during the night that followed the third day, she heard in the distancethe signal arranged between them. Having surmounted a thousand perils, Julien appeared before her.>From that moment, she had but a single thought: 'I am looking at younow for the last time.' Far from responding to her lover's eagerness, shewas like a barely animated corpse. If she forced herself to tell him thatshe loved him, it was with an awkward air that was almost a proof to thecontrary. Nothing could take her mind from the cruel thought of eternalseparation. The suspicious Julien fancied for a moment that she hadalready forgotten him. His hints at such a possibility were received。