Disambiguation of underspecified discourse repesentation structures under anaphoric constra
高级英语第二册第八课课文翻译
第八课工人是创造者还是机器人只要不剥削他人，就得靠劳动来求生存。
不论其劳动方式是多么原始，多么简单，仅凭从事生产性劳动这一事实，就足以使人超出动物界。
把人定义为“从事生产的动物”是很有道理的。
但对于人来说，劳动不仅是必不可少的生存条件。
劳动还使他从自然界中解放出来，成为一个不依附于自然界的社会的人。
在劳动过程中，即在模铸和改造其自身以外的自然界的过程中，人也模铸和改造了他自己。
人由征服自然、驾驭自然才最终达到超出自然的境界，并进而逐步增强了自己的协作能力、思维能力和审美能力。
他将自己从自然界，从自己与自然结成的原始统一体中分离出来，同时又以主人翁和建设者的身分重新与自然相结合。
人的劳动方式越进步，其个性特征也就发挥得越充分。
在塑造和改造自然的过程中，人逐步学会了如何充分利用自己具有的各种能力，增进自己的技艺和创造性。
无论是法国南部洞穴中的美丽绘画，原始人所用武器上的纹饰图案，希腊的雕像和神殿，还是中世纪的教堂建筑，能工巧匠制作的桌椅，乃至农民培育出来的花木五谷等等——这些无一不是人利用自己的思维能力与技艺创造性地改造大自然的具体例证。
在西方历史上，手工技艺，尤其是十三、十四世纪中发展起来的手工技艺构成了人类创造性劳动发展史上的一个顶峰。
那时的劳动不仅是一项有现实价值的活动，而且是一项给人以巨大的满足的活动。
有关手工技艺的主要特征，美国社会学家米尔斯曾作过清楚的说明。
他说，“除了劳动者对于被制造的产品和制造产品的生产过程本身的兴趣之外，劳动并无其他的深层动机。
日常工作的细枝末节之所以有意义，是因为在劳动者的心目中，它们与劳动的产品密不可分。
劳动者不受任何约束地主宰自己的劳动行为。
这样，工匠艺人便能通过劳动过程来学习劳动技艺，并且在劳动过程中应用和提高自己的劳动技艺。
工作和娱乐、工作和文化活动融为一体。
工匠艺人的谋生手段决定并影响着其生活方式。
”随着中世纪社会结构的瓦解和现代生产方式的出现，劳动的社会意义和作用发生了根本性的变化，这一变化在新教国家尤为显著。
四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
达叔926词汇列表版
v.退位、放弃2abide [ə'baɪd]v.遵守、忍受3abolish [ə'bɑlɪʃ]v.废除、取消4abound [ə'baʊnd]v.充满；到处都是5absolute ['æbsəlut]adj.绝对的、专制的6absorb [əbˈsɔrb]7abstract ['æbstrækt]adj.抽象的8abundantly [ə'bʌndəntli] adv.大量地、非常地9abuse [ə'bjus]v/n.虐待、滥用10academic [,ækə'dɛmɪk] adj.学术的11accelerate [əkˈsɛləˌret] v.加速、促进12access ['æksɛs]v/n.进入、使用13acclaim [ə'klem]v/n.称赞、喝彩14accommodate [ə'kɑmədet] v. 容纳、（使）适应15accompany [ə'kʌmpəni] v.陪伴、伴随v.占比、解释n.账户、资料17accuracy ['ækjərəsi]n.精确（性）、准确（性）18achieve [ə'tʃiv]v.获得、实现19acknowledge [ək'nɑlɪdʒ]v.承认、认可20acquire [ə'kwaɪr]v.获得、习得21activate ['æktə'vet]v.刺激、激发22acute [ə'kjut]adj.严重的、急性的23adaptable [ə'dæptəbl]adj.适合的、能适应的24adequate [ˈædɪkwət]adj.充足的、充分的25adhere [əd'hɪr]v.坚持、遵守26adjoining [ə'dʒɔɪnɪŋ]adj.邻接的、相邻的27adjust [ə'dʒʌst]v.调整、适应28administration [əd,mɪnɪ'streʃən] n.管理、（美国）政府29admire [ədˈmaɪr]v.钦佩、欣赏30admit [əd'mɪt]v.承认31adopt [ə'dɑpt]v.收养、采纳32adornment [ə'dɔ:nmənt]n.装饰（品）33advocate [ˈædvəkeɪt]v.提倡、拥护n.支持者、拥护者34affect [ə'fɛkt]v.影响、感动n.情感35affiliation [ə,fɪlɪ'eʃən]n.联系、有关联的事物36affirm [ə'fɝm]v.肯定、证实37agency ['edʒənsi]n.代理、机构38aggravate ['æɡrəvet]v.加重、恶化39aggregation [,ægrɪ'geʃən] n.聚合、形成40aggressive [ə'ɡrɛsɪv]adj.激进的、过激的、有进取心的41agitated ['ædʒɪtetɪd]adj.激动的、焦虑的42agony ['æɡəni]n.痛苦43alien [ˈeliən]adj.外国的n.外国人44allay [əˈleɪ]v.减轻、使缓和45allegation ['ælə'geʃən]n.指控、陈述v.减轻、（使）缓和47alliance [ə'laɪəns]n.联合、联盟48allocation [,ælə'keʃən]n.分配、配置49alter ['ɔltɚ]v.改变、更改50amateur ['æmə.tʃʊr]adj.业余的n.业余爱好者51amazing [ə'mezɪŋ]adj.令人惊讶的52ambiguous [æm'bɪɡjuəs] adj.模糊不清的，模棱两可的53ambition[æm'bɪʃən]n.雄心、志向54amplify['æmplɪfaɪ]v.扩大、加强55analogy[ə'nælədʒi]n.类比56ancestor['ænsɛstɚ]n.先驱者，祖先57announce[ə'naʊns]v.宣布、声明58annoy[ə'nɔɪ]v/n.困扰、烦扰59annual['ænjuəl]adj.年度的、每年的、四季常青的60anonymity['ænə'nɪməti]n.匿名v.预测、预料62apparent[ə'pærənt]adj.明显的63appeal[ə'pil]v/n. 吸引、请求、上诉64appease [əˈpiːz]v.安抚、抚慰65apply[ə'plaɪ]v.运用、适用、申请66appoint[ə'pɔɪnt]v.指定、任命67appreciate[ə'priʃɪet]v.感激、欣赏、理解68apprehensive[,æprɪ'hɛnsɪv] adj.忧虑的、不安的69approach[ə'protʃ]v.接近、处理n.接近、方法70appropriate[əˈproprɪet] adj.适当的、合适的71arbiter ['ɑrbɪtɚ]n. 仲裁者、主宰者72arouse[ə'raʊz]v.引起、激发73array[ə're]v/n.排列74artificial [,ɑrtɪ'fɪʃl]adj.人造的、人工的75aspect['æspɛkt]n.方面76aspire[ə'spaɪr]v.渴望、追求77assembly[ə'sɛmbli]n.集合、组装78assert[ə'sɝt]v.宣称、断言79assess[ə'sɛs]v.评估、估算80asset['æsɛt]n.资产81assign [ə'saɪn]v. 分配、布置82assimilation [əˌsɪməˈleʃən] n.同化83assist [ə'sɪst]v.帮助、协助84associate [ə'soʃɪet]v.联合、使有联系85assume [ə'sum]v.假设86astrological [,æstrə'lɔdʒikəl] adj.占星的87astronomy [ə'strɑnəmi]n.天文学88atmosphere ['ætməsfɪr]n.大气（层）、空气、气氛89attract [ə'trækt]v.吸引90auction ['ɔkʃən]v/n.拍卖91authority [ə'θɔrəti]n.权力、权威、官方92automated [ɔtəˌmetɪd] adj.自动（化）的93available [ə'veləbl] adj.可得到的、存在的94awkward ['ɔkwɚd] adj.尴尬的95bankruptcy ['bæŋkrʌptsi] n.破产96barely ['bɛrli]adv.仅仅、几乎没有97barrier ['bærɪɚ]n.障碍98behavior [bɪ'hevjɚ]n.行为、举止99bellyful ['bɛlɪ'fʊl]n.满腹100benefactor ['bɛnɪfæktɚ] n.捐助者101benign [bɪ'naɪn]adj.良性的、无害的102betray [bɪ'tre]v.背叛、揭露103bias ['baɪəs]n.偏见104bid [bɪd]v/n.投标、出价105bilingual ['baɪ'lɪŋgwəl] adj.双语的106binary [ˈbaɪnəri,ˈbaɪneri] adj.非黑即白的、二元的107binding ['baɪndɪŋ]adj.有约束力的108biographical [,baɪə'græfɪkl] adj.传记的109board [bɔrd]n.委员会、董事会110boom [buːm] v.迅速发展n.繁荣111bother ['bɑðɚ]v/n.操心、麻烦112boundary ['baʊndri]n.界限、范围113bribery ['braɪbəri]n.行贿、受贿114brief [brif]adj.简短的、简洁的n.摘要、简报115broaden ['brɔdn]v.扩大、加宽116broker ['brokɚ]n.经纪人117bubble ['bʌbl]v.冒泡n.气泡、泡沫118budget ['bʌdʒɪt]v/n.预算119bureaucratic [,bjʊrə'krætɪk] adj.官僚主义的120burst [bɝst]v/n.爆炸、爆发121campaign [kæm'pen] n.战役、运动、活动122candidate [ˈkændɪˌdet] n.候选人123capable ['kepəbl]adj.有能力的124capture ['kæptʃɚ]v.捕捉、吸引n.俘虏、战利品125carve [kɑrv]v.分割、雕刻126category ['kætəɡɔri]n.种类、范畴127cater ['ketɚ]v.迎合、为……服务128caution ['kɔʃən]v.警告n.小心、谨慎、警告129cavity ['kævəti]n.腔、(牙齿的)龋洞130celebrate [sɛləˌbret]v.庆祝131challenge ['tʃælɪndʒ]v/n.挑战、质疑132character ['kærɪktɚ]n.特征、性质、性格、字符133charge [tʃɑrdʒ]v.收费、指控n.费用、控告134charity ['tʃærəti]n.慈善（机构）135chronic ['krɑnɪk]adj.长期的、慢性的136circuit ['sɝkɪt]v.环行n.环行、电路137civil ['sɪvl] adj.公民的、文明的138claim [klem]v/n.声称、要求、索赔139clarity ['klærəti]n.清晰140client ['klaɪənt]n.客户、顾客141cloak [klok]v.遮盖、掩饰n.斗篷142clue [klʊ]n.提示、线索143clumsy [ˈklʌmzi]adj.笨拙的、不灵活的144coalition [ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃn]n.联合、联盟145cognitive ['kɑɡnətɪv]adj.认知的146coherent [ko'hɪrənt]adj.连贯的、一致的、粘在一起的147coincidence [ko'ɪnsɪdəns]n.巧合148collaborative [kə'læbəretɪv] adj.合作的、协作的149collapse [kə'læps]v/n.倒塌、瓦解150collect [kə'lɛkt]v.收集、采集151combat ['kɑmbæt]adj.战斗的、斗争的v/n.战斗、斗争152command [kə'mænd]v/n.命令、控制、掌握153commemorate [kə'mɛməret]v.纪念154commercial [kə'mɝʃəl]adj.商业的、商务的155commit [kə'mɪt]v.进行、实施156commodity [kə'mɑdəti]n.商品157community [kəˈmjunətɪ]n. 社群、（学术）界158compact ['kɑmpækt]n.合同、契约159compare[kəm'pɛr]v.比较、相比160compelling[kəm'pɛlɪŋ]adj.强制的、令人信服的161compensate ['kɑmpɛnset]v.补偿、赔偿、弥补、抵消162competent ['kɑmpɪtənt]adj.有能力的、能胜任的163competitive[kəm'pɛtətɪv]adj.竞争的164compile[kəm'paɪl]v.汇编；收集165complex [ˈkɑmplɛks]adj.复杂的166complicated ['kɑmplɪketɪd] adj.复杂的167comply[kəm'plaɪ]v.遵守、遵从168component[kəm'ponənt]n.组成部分169composition [,kɑmpə'zɪʃən]n.（文学、音乐、美术等）作品170compound [ˈkɑːmpaʊnd]v.加剧、混合n.化合物171comprehensive [ˌkɑːmprɪˈhensɪv] adj.综合的、全面的172compromise ['kɑmprəmaɪz]v/n.妥协、破坏173conceive[kən'siv]v.怀孕、构想、认为174concentrate ['kɑnsn'tret]v.集中、浓缩、专心175concept ['kɑnsɛpt]n.概念、观念176concession[kən'sɛʃən]n.妥协、让步177conclude[kən'klud]v.结束、推断、做出结论178concrete ['kɑŋkrit]n.混凝土adj.具体的、明确的179condemn[kən'dɛm]v.谴责、责备180conduct[kən'dʌkt]v.实施、管理、指挥、引导n.行为181confer[kən'fɝ]v.赋予、协商182confident ['kɑnfɪdənt] adj.自信的、有信心的183confine[kən'faɪn]v.限制、约束n.限制、界限184confirm[kən'fɝm]v.确认、确定185conflict ['kɑnflɪkt]v.与……相冲突n.冲突、矛盾186confront[kən'frʌnt]v.遭遇、面对187confuse[kən'fjʊz]v.迷惑、使困惑188conjunction[kən'dʒʌŋkʃən] n.结合、同时发生189conquer ['kɑŋkɚ]v.征服、克服190conscience [ˈkɑːnʃəns]n.良心、良知191conscious ['kɑnʃəs]adj.有意识的192consent[kən'sɛnt]v/n.赞同、同意193consequence ['kɑnsəkwɛns] n.后果194conservative [kən'sɝvətɪv] adj.保守的n.保守派、保守党195consistent[kən'sɪstənt] adj.一致的、相符的n.合并197constant ['kɑnstənt]adj.不变的、经常的n.常数、不变的事物198constitute ['kɑnstətut]v.组成、构成199constrain[kən'stren]v.限制、约束200construction[kən'strʌkʃən]n.建立、建造、建筑（物）201consume[kənˈsum]v.消费、消耗202contempt[kən'tɛmpt]n.轻蔑、蔑视203content ['kɑntɛnt] adj.满意的n.满意、内容204contest[kən'tɛst]v/n.竞争、争论205contract ['kɑntrækt]n.合约、合同206contradictory [,kɑntrə'dɪktəri]adj.矛盾的207contrary ['kɑntrɛri]adj/adv.相反的/地n.相反208contrast ['kɑntræst]v/n.对比、对照209contribute [kən'trɪbjut]v.贡献、导致210controversial [,kɑntrə'vɝʃl]adj.有争议的adj.传统的、常规的212converge [kən'vɝdʒ]v.集中、达成一致213convert [kən'vɝt]v.转变、转化214convey [kən've]v.运输、表达215conviction [kən'vɪkʃən]n.判决、定罪216convincing [kən'vɪnsɪŋ]adj.有说服力的、令人信服的217cooperate [koʊˈɑːpəreɪt]v.配合、合作218coordination [ko,ɔrdɪ'neʃən] n.协调、协作219core [kɔr]n.核心、要点220corporate [ˈkɔːrpərət]adj.公司的、企业的221correct [kə'rɛkt]adj.正确的222correlate ['kɔrəlet]v.使相互关联、和……相关223correspond [,kɔrə'spɑnd]v.符合、与……一致、与……通信224corruption [kə'rʌpʃən]n.贪污、腐败225counterbalance [,kaʊntɚ'bæləns] v.抵消、使平衡n.平衡力226counterpart ['kaʊntɚpɑrt]n.极其相似的人或物、对比物227courageous [kə'redʒəs]adj.勇敢的、大胆的228craft [kræft]v.精心制作n.手艺、工艺229crash [kræʃ]v/n.撞击、坠落、崩溃230credit ['krɛdɪt]v.信任、认可n.信用、认可、学分231creep [krip]v.爬行、悄然而至232crisis ['kraɪsɪs]n.危机、关键时刻233critical ['krɪtɪkl]adj.批判（性）的、关键的、临界的234crucial ['krʊʃəl]adj.至关重要的235cue [kju]n.线索、提示236cultivate ['kʌltɪvet]v.种植、培养237cunning ['kʌnɪŋ]adj.巧妙的、可爱的、狡猾的238curb [kɝb]v/n.控制、限制239cure [kjʊr]v.治疗、治愈n.治疗、疗法240curiosity [,kjʊrɪ'ɑsəti]n.好奇心241current ['kʌr(ə)nt]adj.当前的、流行的242curriculum [kə'rɪkjələm] n.（学校等的）全部课程243cursory ['kə:səri]adj.粗略的、草率的、匆忙的244dampen ['dæmpən]v.使沮丧245dawn [dɔn]v.破晓、出现n.黎明、开端246dearth [də:θ]n.缺乏、不足247debate [dɪ'bet]v/n.争论、辩论248deceptive [dɪ'sɛptɪv] adj.骗人的、虚伪的249declaration [,dɛklə'reʃən] n.申明、宣称250decline [dɪ'klaɪn]v/n.下降、衰退251decoration [,dɛkə'reʃən] n.装饰（品）252dedicate ['dɛdɪket]v.献身、致力于253deduce [dɪˈdjus]v.推理、推断254deem [dim]v.认为、视作255defend [dɪ'fɛnd]v.保护、为……辩护v.延期、延迟257deficiency [dɪˈfɪʃnsi]n.缺点、缺乏258define [dɪ'faɪn]v.定义、（使）明确259deliberate [dɪ'lɪbərət]v.仔细考虑adj.刻意的、故意的260delicate[ˈdɛlɪkɪt]adj.精致的、微妙的261deliver[dɪ'lɪvɚ]v.发表（演讲/讲话）、递送262delusion[dɪ'luʒn]n.错觉、妄想263democratic['dɛmə'krætɪk] adj.民主的264demographic [,dɛmə'ɡræfɪk] adj.人口学的n.人口统计数据265dense[dɛns]adj.浓密的、稠密的266deny[dɪ'nai]v.拒绝、否认267depart [dɪ'pɑrt]v.离开、出发268depict[dɪ'pɪkt]v.描述、描绘269depression[dɪ'prɛʃən]n.沮丧、抑郁、（经济）萧条270deprive[dɪ'praɪv]v.剥夺、使丧失v.来自、源于272descend[dɪ'sɛnd]v.下降、遗传273describe[dɪ'skraɪb]v.描述、形容274deserve[dɪ'zɝv]v.值得、应得275designate ['dɛzɪɡnet]v.把……命名为；把……定义为276desire[dɪ'zaɪɚ]v.渴望、想要n.欲望、心愿277desperate['dɛspərət]adj.令人绝望的、不顾一切的278deteriorate[dɪ'tɪrɪəret]v.恶化279determine[dɪ'tɝmɪn]v.决定、下定决心280detrimental [ˌdetrɪˈmentl] adj.有害的、不利的281devastating['devəsteitiŋ]adj.毁灭性的、破坏性极强的282devise[dɪ'vaɪz]v.设计、发明283devoted[dɪ'votɪd]adj.忠实的、忠诚的、热衷于……的284differentiate[,dɪfə'rɛnʃɪet]v.区分、区别285diffuse [dɪ'fjus]v.传播、缓解286disaster [dɪ'zæstɚ]n.灾难287discipline ['dɪsəplɪn]n.纪律、原则288disclose [dɪs'kloz]v.揭露、公开289disconcerting [ˌdɪskənˈsɜːrtɪŋ]adj.焦虑的、不安的290discover [dɪ'skʌvɚ]v.发现、发觉291discrimination [dɪ,skrɪmɪ'neʃən]n.歧视、区别对待292disgrace [dɪs'ɡres]v.使丢脸、使蒙羞n.耻辱、不光彩的事293disguise [dɪs'ɡaɪz]v/n.掩饰、伪装294disintegrate [dɪs'ɪntɪɡret]v.分解、衰退295dismiss [dɪs'mɪs]v.解散、解雇、排除296disorder [dɪs'ɔrdɚ]v.扰乱、使失调n.混乱、病症（心理学）297display [dɪ'sple]v/n.展示、显示、表现298disposable [dɪ'spozəbl]adj.一次性的、可任意处理的299disproportionately [,disprə'pɔ:ʃənitli] adv.不成比例地300dispute ['dɪs'pjʊt]v/n.反对、争论301disruptive [dɪs'rʌptɪv]adj.破坏（性）的、颠覆（性）的302distort [dɪ'stɔrt]v.歪曲、扭曲303distraction [dɪ'strækʃən]n.分心、分神304distressed [dɪ'strɛst]adj.烦恼的、难过的305distribute [dɪ'strɪbjut]v.分发、分配306district ['dɪstrɪkt]n.区域、地区307disturb [dɪ'stɝb]v.打搅、使混乱308diverse [daɪ'vɝs]adj.不同的、多样的309divisive [di'vaisiv]adj.分裂的、有分歧的310domestic [də'mɛstɪk]adj.家庭的、国内的311dominate ['dɑmɪnet]v.统治、主导312donate ['donet]v.捐献、捐赠313doom [dʊm]n.厄运、灾难314dormant ['dɔrmənt]adj.休眠的、静止的315dramatic [drə'mætɪk]adj.戏剧（性）的、剧烈的316drastic ['dræstɪk]adj.激烈的、剧烈的317dreadful ['drɛdfəl]adj.可怕的、糟糕的318drought [draʊt]n.干旱、旱灾319duplication [,djʊplɪ'keʃən]n.重复、复制、副本320durable ['dʊrəbl]adj.持续的、持久的、耐用的321dynamic [daɪ'næmɪk]adj.动力（学）的、动态的n.动力、动态322economic [ikəˈnɑmɪk]adj.经济（学）的323effective [ɪ'fɛktɪv]adj.有效的324efficient [ɪ'fɪʃnt]adj.有效率的325effort [ˈefərt]n.努力、尝试326elaborate [ɪ'læbəret]v.精心准备、详细阐述adj.精心的、详尽的327elect [ɪ'lɛkt]v.推选、选举328elegant ['ɛləgənt]adj.优美的、优雅的329element ['ɛləmənt]n.元素、要素、成分330elevate ['ɛlɪvet]v.提高、提升adj.合格的、有资格的332eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪnet]v.消除、排除333elite [ɪˈliːt]n.精英334embarrassing [ɪm'bærəsɪŋ] adj.令人尴尬的335embrace [ɪm'bres]v/n.拥抱、接受336emerge [ɪ'mɝdʒ]v.出现、显现337emigrate ['ɛmɪɡret]v.移民（出），离开338emission [ɪ'mɪʃən]n.排放（量）339emotional [ɪ'moʃənl] adj.情绪的、情感的340emphasize ['ɛmfəsaɪz] v.强调、重视341empower [ɪm'paʊɚ]v.授权、允许342encode [ɪn'kod]v.编码343encounter [ɪn'kaʊntɚ]v/n.遭遇、对抗344endeavor [ɪn'dɛvɚ]v/n.努力、尝试345endure [ɪn'dʊr]v.忍受、延续v.从事、参与347enhance [ɪn'hæns]v.提高、增加、加强348enlarge [ɪn'lɑrdʒ]v.扩大、放大349enormous [ɪ'nɔrməs]adj.巨大的350enrage [in'reidʒ]v.激怒351ensure [ɪn'ʃʊr]v.确保、保证352entail [ɪn'tel]v.需要353entertainment [ˌentərˈteɪnmənt]n. 娱乐，消遣354enthusiasm [ɪn'θuzɪæzəm]n.热情355entirely [ɪn'taɪɚli]adv.完全地、彻底地356entitle [ɪn'taɪtl]v.给……命名、授予……称号、使有权利/资格357envision [ɪn'vɪʒn]v.想象、构想358epidemic [,ɛpɪ'dɛmɪk]adj.传染性的、流行的n.传染病、流行病、流行、风行359equality [ɪ'kwɑləti]n.公平、平等360equivalent [ɪ'kwɪvələnt]adj.等价的、相当于n.等价物adj.本质的、必要的n.要素、必需品362establish [ɪˈstæblɪʃ]v.创立、建立363esteem [ɪ'stim]v/n.尊敬、尊重364estimate ['ɛstə,met]v/n.评估、估价365ethical ['ɛθɪkl]adj.伦理的、道德的366evade [ɪ'ved]v.使。
2010专八翻译之汉译英
朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的，容不得半点强求，干涉和控制。
朋友之间，情趣相投、脾气对味则合、则交；反之，则离、则绝。
朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密，也不能随便过头、不恭不敬。
不然，默契和平衡将被打破，友好关系将不复存在。
每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从而引起冲突，造成隔阂。
待友不敬，或许只是一件小事，却可能已埋下了破坏性的种子。
维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节，互不干涉。
解析：1.“情趣”中的“情”即指“性情”，这与后文的“脾气”意思相近，因而“情趣相投、脾气对味”可以合译为have the same temperament and interests或have the same disposition and inclination。
由于temper特指“坏脾气”，此处不宜使用该词。
2.朋友之间的“合”与“交”自然是说关系亲密融洽，所以译文选用become intimate与get along well进行处理。
3.“绝”即“断绝”，意为“中止友谊”，可考虑使用end，sever或break off与a friendship 搭配，或者转换视角，使用cease to be friends这一表达。
4.“朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密”一句是隐形的让步状语从句，翻译时需要体现出来。
5.如果硬译“随便过头、不恭不敬”，译文将会很不自然：不如转换视角处理成“朋友在一起的时候也应有礼貌，互相尊重”，故而译为friends cannot stay together without courtesy and mutual respect。
6.“禁区”即“禁止进入的区域”，除译作forbidden zone之外，还可译为restricted area。
7.“引起冲突，造成隔阂”都是作为“侵入禁区”的后果，两个词组可以进行合译，“冲突和隔阂”可理解为“不合与疏远”，即discord or estrangement。
如果您被解雇了,千万不要这么说!
如果您被解雇了，千万不要这么说！被解雇了，没有工作了，当然最中性和简单的说法就是说：to lose one’s job。
但是除此以外，还有n种说法。
用的到不到位，不仅关系英语水平，还关系职业生涯问题啊！！1.to receive a pink slip：pink slip一般是用来通知离职的公告，所以拿到一张pink slip也就是被解雇了。
2.to be fired 大家要特别留意使用这个单词，它意味着是因为个人因素的问题，包括业绩、表现、可能对公司造成了危害而被解雇的。
3.to get the sack 跟get fired 一样，只是强调这个速度很快，而且更口语化。
4.to be sacked 同上5.to be dismissed 它的程度没有get fired 那么重，那么负面，但是意思也是差不多的。
6.to be discharged 同上7.to be laid off 这个词则跟个人是怎样的一点关系都没有，更多时候是公司的问题。
并且这种很多时候是短时期内的事情，可能后面又会被雇佣上。
8.to be made redundant 同上9.to be booted out 被叫离开10.to be given the boot 表示不再被需要11.to get the chop 表示被砍掉，不被需要了。
12.to be given one’s marching orders 同上但是最好用的还是推荐这个词。
decruit (verb): to remove people working for an organization from their jobs because they are no longer needed. 被解雇的原因竟然是因为这些职位或工作不再被需求或需要了！！那这个总不能怪自身，也不能怪公司吧。
比如：the phenomenon of companies announcing their various intentions to decruit vast numbers of people但是在一些公关场合上，上面这些赤裸裸地开除的说法就得收敛起来，说得尽可能委婉动听。
新视野大学英语2（第三版）unit8textA课文翻译
Unit 8 Sectio n A Animals or childr en?—A scient ist's choice动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择1 I am the enemy! I am one of thosecursed, cruel physic ian scientistsinvolv ed in animal research. Theserumors sting, for I have neverthough t of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor becaus e of my love for childr en and my suprem e desire to keep them health y.During medica l school and reside ncy, I saw many childr en die of cancer and bloods hed frominjury—circum stanc es agains t whichmedici ne has made greatprogre ss but stillhas a long way to go. More import antly, I also saw childr en health y thanks to advanc es in medica l scienc e such as infant breath ing suppor t, powerf ul new medici nes and surgic al techni quesand the entire fieldof organtransp lanta tion. My desire to tip the scales in favorof health y, happychildr en drew me to medica l resear ch.1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。
构造地质学专业词汇
构造地质学专业词汇构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 1 Basic Conceptgeometry ⼏何学incline 倾斜,斜坡,斜⾯undeformed ⽆形变的portray 描绘reconstruct 重建,改造,推想interpretation 解释, 阐明, ⼝译, 通译stratigraphic 地层学的bed 岩层stratum (pl. strata) 岩层bedded 成层的bedding 层理bedding planes 层⾯formation 组deposit 存放,堆积,沉淀isopachytes 等厚线surface 表⾯,外表,⽔⾯diastem 沉积暂停期sedimentation 沉淀,沉降non-sequence 间断不连续faunaltilt .(使)倾斜, (使)翘起discordance 不调和,不和volcanogenic ⽕⼭(⽣成)的synonymous 同义的- 2 -构造地质学专业词汇cessation 停⽌,终⽌paraconformity 似整合,沉积间断outcrop 露出地⾯的岩层disconformity 假整合,平⾏不整合cross bedding 交错层理graded bedding 粒级层理unconformity ⾓度不整合overstep 踏过,逾越,超出...的限度basal 基础的,基本的,基部的truncate 截去尖端,修剪overstep 超覆nonconformity ⾮整合onlap 上超,超覆transgression 海侵,海进offlap 退覆regression 海退toplap 顶超downlap 下超strike ⾛向dip 倾⾓true dip 真倾⾓foliation ⾯理compass bearing 罗盘⽅位azimuth ⽅位,⽅位⾓apparent dip 视倾⾓given 特定的,假设的- 3 -构造地质学专业词汇stereogram 极射(⾚⾯投影)图plunge 倾伏⾓orthogonal 直⾓的,直交的pitch 侧倾⾓clinometer 测斜仪structure contour 构造等⾼线form lines 形态线form line contour 形态等⾼线isopachyte 等厚线borehole 钻孔,地上凿洞feather edge 尖灭subcrop 隐伏露头intersection 交叉点outliers 外露层topographic 地形上的inliers 内露层down plunge projection 俯瞰倾伏投影diagrammatic 图表的,概略的palinspastic 复原再造balanced section 平衡剖⾯- 4 -构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 2 Faults and Fracture fracture 破裂fault 断层joint 节理hanging wall 上盘cohesion 结合,凝聚foot wall 下盘dilationalcalcite ⽅解⽯aqueous ⽔的, ⽔成的hade 断层倾斜余⾓nomenclature 命名法,术语strike-slip fault ⾛滑断层dip-slip fault 倾滑断层wrench fault 平推断层tear fault 平推断层transcurrent fault 横推断层heave 平错throw 落差normal fault 正断层reverse 逆断层dyke 沟,渠,堤坝thrust 冲断层lay fault 滞后断层sinistral 左旋- 5 -构造地质学专业词汇dextral 右旋left-lateral 左⾏ritht-lateral 右⾏fault brecci 断层⾓砾brittle 易碎的, 脆弱的ductile 易延展的, 易教导的, 柔软的fault gouge 断层泥flinty 坚硬的,强硬的plateystreaky 有斑点的, 有条纹的, 容易变的striate 有条纹的, 有细槽的crush breccia 压碎⾓砾岩cataclasite 碎裂岩cataclasis 碎裂作⽤mylonite 糜棱岩blastomylonite 变余糜棱岩ultramylonite 超糜棱岩pseudotachylite 假⽞武玻璃slickensides 擦痕⾯slickenside striation 擦痕groove 擦槽,凹槽flexure 屈曲,弯曲部分,打褶slickenline 擦线slickenfibre 擦痕纤维normal drag 正牵引nappe- 6 -构造地质学专业词汇reverse drag 逆牵引synthetic faults 次级同向断层,同级断层antithetic faults 次级反向断层,相反断层graben 地堑horst 都垒splay fault ⼊字形,⼋字形,⼈字形断层系transfer fault 转换断层transform fault 转换断层staircase fault 阶状断层ramp 断坡flat 断坪detachment 拆离imbricate 边缘重叠成⽡状decollement 滑脱convergent 会聚性的, 收敛的piggyback sequence 背驮式逆冲顺序overstep sequence 超覆式逆冲顺序imbricate zone 叠⽡带roof thrust 顶板逆冲断层floor thrust 底板逆冲断层duplex 双层结构horses 断⽚sole thrust 基底逆冲断层,冲断层基底活动⾯fold plunge 褶皱倾伏⾓back thrust 背冲,反冲pop-up 冲起- 7 -构造地质学专业词汇triangle zone 三⾓带listric fault 犁式断层rollever anticline 滚动背斜listric fan 犁式扇extensional duplex 伸展双层构造half-graben 半地堑pull-apart basin 拉分盆地rift 裂缝, 裂⼝, 断裂divergent 分歧的tabular 扁平的, 表格式的, 平坦的perpendicular 垂直的,正交的transtension 转换拉伸扭张作⽤transpression 转换压缩扭压作⽤flower structure 花状构造inversion 反转positive inversion 正反转negative inversion 负反转sheet joint (顺)层节理席状节理- 8 -构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 3 Foldsfold 褶曲hinge 枢纽limb 翼hinge line 枢纽线cylindrical fold 圆柱状褶皱axial plane 轴平⾯fold axis 褶轴axial surface 轴(曲)⾯inter-limb angle 翼间⾓neutral fold 中性褶皱fold angle 褶⾓wavelength 波长inflexion point 拐点amplitude 波幅fold axial trace 褶皱轴迹antiform 背形synform 向形neutral fold 中性褶曲anticline 背斜syncline 向斜upright folds 直⽴褶皱inclined folds 倾斜褶皱overfolds 倒⽴褶皱crest 脊- 9 -构造地质学专业词汇trough 槽gentle fold 平缓褶皱open fold 开阔褶皱close fold 中常褶皱tight fold 紧闭褶皱isoclined fold 同斜褶皱fold profile 褶曲剖⾯parallel fold 平⾏褶皱ovthogonal thickness 垂直层⾯厚度concentric fold 同⼼褶皱centre fo curvature 曲率中⼼similar fold 相似褶皱chevron fold 尖棱褶皱accordion fold 棱⾓褶皱kink band 膝折带dip isogon 等斜线symmetric fold 对称褶皱asymmetruc fold 不对称褶皱nonocline 等斜vergence 倒向parasiteic folds 寄⽣褶皱enveloping surface 包络⾯harmonic folds 协调褶皱disharmonic folds 不协调褶皱conjugate folds 共轭褶皱box fold 箱状褶皱- 10 -构造地质学专业词汇polyclinal fold 多斜褶皱cylindroidal fold 圆柱状褶皱non-cylindrol fold ⾮圆柱状褶皱pericline 围斜构造brachyanticline 短轴背斜brachysyncline] 短轴向斜dome 穹窿basin 盆地culmination 轴隆区depression 轴陷区凹陷interference ⼲涉superimpose fold 叠加褶皱interferene structure ⼲涉构造dome and basin 穹盆(相间)crescent and mushroom 新⽉形,蘑菇形double zigzag 双之字buckling 纵弯作⽤bending 横弯作⽤flexural slip 弯滑kinking 膝折shear zone 剪切带slide 滑动,滑移- 11 -构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 4 Foliation,Lineation and Fabric folliation ⾯理beddign folliation 顺层⾯理lineation 线理fabric 组构cleavage 劈理schistosity ⽚理slaty cleavage 板劈理fracture cleavage 破劈理crenulation cleavage 褶劈理solution cleavage 溶解劈理penetrative 透⼊性non-pentrative ⾮透⼊性spaced cleavage 间隔劈理gneisose banding ⽚⿇状条带gneissosity ⽚⿇理tetrahedron [晶]四⾯体conglomerate 聚结mica 云母hornblende ⾓闪⽯mudstone 泥岩specimen 标本,样品,样本muscovite ⽩云母clay 粘⼟,泥⼟- 12 -构造地质学专业词汇lensoid 透镜状的,透镜状结构aggregate 集合体,集合的,聚合的slate 板岩slab 厚平板,厚⽚microlithou 微劈⽯hydraulic fracturing ⽔压破裂作⽤pressure solution 压溶stylolite 缝合线metamorphic segregation 变质析离作⽤meamorphic defferentiation 变质分异作⽤augen gniss 眼球状⽚⿇岩shape fabric 形态组构intrafolial fold ⾯理内褶皱rootless intrafolial fold ⾯理内⽆根褶皱lamination 迭⽚结构elongation lineation 伸长线理symmetric 相称性的, 均衡的asymmetric 不均匀的, 不对称的nullion structure 窗棂构造fissility 易裂性,分裂性lithology 岩⽯学, 岩性shale 页岩, 泥板岩limestone ⽯灰⽯schist ⽚岩augen 眼球状体paragneiss 副⽚⿇岩- 13 -构造地质学专业词汇orthogneiss 正⽚⿇岩Intrafolial folds ⾯理褶皱crenulation cleavage 细褶皱劈理mullion 竖框, 直棂, 放射状框Cuspate-lobate folds 尖圆褶皱Mineral lineations 矿物线理growth anisotropy ⽣长各向异性boudin ⽯⾹肠boudinage ⽯⾹肠构造pinch-and-swell 肿缩⽯⾹肠chocolate-table structure 巧克⼒⽅盘构造fabric 组构homogeneous 均匀heterogeneous ⾮均匀stacking fault 堆垛层错sub-grain boundary 亚颗粒边界undulose extinction 波状消光deformation band 变形带lattice 格⼦deformation lamellae 变形纹deformation twinning 变形双晶- 14 -构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 5 Stressdeformation 变形geometrical ⼏何学的, ⼏何的force ⼒Confining pressure 围压stress 应⼒newton ⽜顿pascal 帕斯卡bar 巴kilbar 千巴normal stress 正应⼒shear stress 剪应⼒principal stress planes 主应⼒⾯principal stress axes 主应⼒轴stress axial cross 应⼒轴⼗字hydrostatic stress 静⽔应⼒deviatoric stress 偏斜应⼒lithostatic stress 静岩压⼒trajectory 轨道,轨线stress field 应⼒场stress fragectories 应⼒迹线- 15 -构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 6 Strainstrain 应变dilation 体变膨胀度distortion 畸变形变homogeneous strain 均匀应变inhomogeneous strain ⾮均匀应变extension 伸长应变shear strain 剪应变elongation 伸长度shortening 缩短率infinitesimal ⽆限⼩stretch 长度⽐factor 系数strain ellipse 应变椭圆principal strain 主应变strain ellipsoid 应变椭球coaxial strain 共轴应变pure shear 纯剪切simple shear 简单剪切prolate ellipsoid 长椭球体Constrictional strainFlattening strainablate ellipsid 扁椭球体progressive deformation 渐进变形- 16 -构造地质学专业词汇Prolate ellipsoid 扁长椭球体Oblate ellipsoid 扁平椭球体coaxial 共轴的finite strain 有限应变infinitesimal strain ⽆穷⼩应变growth fibre ⽣长纤维crack-seal mechanism 裂隙焊封机制Chapter 7 Stress and Strain in Materials elastic strain 弹性应变Hooke's law 虎克定律young,s modulus 杨⽒模量elasticityy 弹性compressibility 压缩率viscous strain 粘度性应变elastoviscons 弹粘性plastic 塑性yield stress 屈服应⼒viscoelastic 粘弹性- 17 -构造地质学专业词汇delayed recovery 迟滞回复brittle 脆性ductile 韧性yield strength 屈服强度failure strength 破坏强度ultimate strength 极限强度confining pressure 围压extrapolate 外推,推断marble ⼤理⽯feldspar 长⽯creep 蠕变primary creep 初期蠕变secondary creep ⼆期蠕变tertiary creep 三期蠕变cataclasis 碎裂作⽤grain boundary sliding 颗粒边界活动intracrystalling plasticity 晶内塑性dislocation glide 位错滑移dislocation creep 位错蠕变strain hardening 应变硬化diffusive mass transfer 扩散质量迁移solution creep 溶解蠕变pressure solution 压溶crystal plasticity 晶质塑性superplasticity 超塑性coble creep 柯勃尔蠕变- 18 -构造地质学专业词汇nabareo-herring creep 纳巴罗-赫林蠕变deformation map 变形图coldworking 冷加⼯hotworking polygonization 热加⼯多边形化annealing 退⽕Chapter 8 Determination of Strain in Rocksmorphology 形态学determination of strain 应变测量quantitative evaluation 定量估算total strain 全应变bulk strain 总应变strain trajectory 应变迹线strain marker 应变标志shaly 页岩的ooids 鲕粒oolitic limestone 鲕粒灰岩- 19 -构造地质学专业词汇spherulite 球粒vesicle ⽓泡volcanic rock ⽕⼭岩reduction spot 退⾊斑spherulite 球粒fossil 化⽯recrystallization spot 重结晶斑点hornfels ⾓岩concretion 结核thin section 薄⽚centre-to-centre method ⼼对⼼法atypical ⾮典型的deformed conglomerate 变形砾⽯bilaterally symmetrical fossil 两侧对称化⽯strain determination in three dimensions三维应变测量superimposition of strain 应变叠加- 20 -构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 9 faulting and stressbrittle failure 脆性破坏stress criteria of brittlestrength脆性强度应⼒准则angle of internal friction 内摩擦⾓Mohr failure envelope 莫尔破坏包络线coulomb failure 库伦破坏准则diabase 辉绿岩dolerite 辉绿岩,粗粒⽞武岩Griffith failure criterion 格⾥菲斯破坏准则Griffith-murrell failurecriterion格⾥菲斯-穆雷尔破坏准则slip 滑动seismic fault 发震断层aseismic fault ⽆震断层stick-slip 粘滑focal-plane solution 震源⾯解fault-plane solution 断层⾯解auxiliary plane 辅助⾯- 21 -构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 10 strain in folds and shear zonebuckling 纵弯作⽤tangential longitudinal strain 切⾯纵应变cleavage refraction 劈⾥折射Card-decksheath fold 等鞘褶皱disharmonic fold 不谐和褶曲S-C structure S-C 构造σ-structure σ构造δ-structure δ构造Stereographic projectionSterographic projection 极射⾚平投影Orientation ⽅位Projection sphere 投影球Great circle ⼤圆Primitive circle 基圆Lower-hemisphere projection 下半球投影Cyclographic trace 圆弧Sterographic net ⾚平投影⽹Equatorial plane ⾚平⾯Wulff net 吴⽒⽹Schmidt net 施密特⽹- 22 -构造地质学专业词汇Equal angual projection 等⾓度投影Equal area projection 等⾯积投影Longitude great circle 经线⼤圆Latitude small circle 纬线⼩圆Diameter 直径Pole 极点Normal 法线Sterogram 极射⾚平投影图Density distribution 密度分布Contour diagram 等密图Preferred orientation 优选⽅位Plotted points 投点Center counter 中⼼密度计Peripheral counter 边缘密度计Pole diagram 极点图Point diagram (投)点图。
雅思写作替换词
雅思写作替换词2017年雅思写作替换词汇总一、常用的写作词汇琐碎的，不重要的，微不足道的—trivial frivolous superficial trifling worthless轻视，贬抑—disdain despise reject scorn contempt derogate depreciat嘲笑，嘲讽—deride mock ridicule scorn sneer quip flout hack persiflage taunt容易冲动的—impetuous hasty headlong rash brash passionate precipitate reckless理论家，空谈家—doctrinaire pedant theorist残忍的，野蛮的—ferocious bloodthirsty brutal cruel fierce vicious wild atrocious邪恶的，有害的，致命的—sinister diabolic corrupt forbidding pernicious virulent秘密的，偷偷的—cryptic furtive covert covered hidden hideaway避难所—asylum haven home institution refuge shelter harbor节约的—frugal prudent saving economical sparing thrifty abstemious stint浪费的，挥霍的—prodigal extravagant lavish spendthrift wasteful squander浪费时间，逗弄，嬉戏—dally dawdle delay lag linger loiter祝福，感谢—benediction bless bliss blessing欺骗，诈骗—deceive beguile dupe hoax mislead trick bamboozle cheat delude逃避工作—malinger goldbrick relinquish揭密，泄漏—uncover disclose expose open reveal unmask掠夺，抢劫—loot predaterob pillage plunder sack spoil despoil burglarize angle诽谤，中伤—aspersion slander derogate calumniate libel discredit denigrate赞扬—extol compliment glorify laud praise commend acclaim eulogize eucomium颂词，表扬—laud eulogy ode hymn反对，不赞成—demur deprecate dissent dissident否认，拒绝，驳斥—contradict dispute refute renounce naysay reject repudiate gainsay哀悼，后悔，哀叹—deplore bemoan regret lament dirge bewail repent驱逐，出境—deport banish expel expatriate evict exile oust exclude ostracism居住—dwell abidereside inhabit occupy夸张，吹牛—vaunt exaggerate bombast overstate full-blown overdo magnify amplify夸张的—stilted lofty傲慢，专横—hauteur swagger imperious arrogance overbearing preemptory scurrilous contemptuoushaughty insolent arbitrary活泼的—vivacious active animated brisk dynamic energetic exuberant gay lively恶作剧的，顽皮的——prankish naughty impish elfish devilish mischievous puckish笨拙的，麻烦的—cumbersome bulky burdensome clumsy troublesome unmanageable bothersomegauche antic awkward ham-handed暴骚动—agitation bother commotion fret stir riot squall大风暴—tempest violence storm大混，大灾难—havoc calamity catastrophe misfortune disaster mishap tragedy巨大的，惊人的—prodigious colossal enormous extraordinary gigantic huge immense mammoth vast tremendous例外的，奇特的，罕见的—exceptional remarkable stupendous奇妙的，不可思议的—miraculous wonderful marvelous大胆的，莽撞的—audacious bold brave daring gallant heroic valiant prowess多产的，丰富的，繁茂的—prolific fecund fertile fruitful productive flourish opulent well-off munificent prosperous affluent plentiful abundant贫瘠的，不孕的，不毛之地—barren sterile贫困的，贫乏的，没钱的—indigent penurious penury impecunious improvished needy down-and -out penniless wretched destitute bankrupt手铐，束缚—shackle handcuff manacle chain bind fetter神秘的—mysterious esotericoccult取消，撤销，废除—resciss repeal nullify abolish quash withdraw abrogate overrule abolish annul cancel invalidate recall rescind revoke nullify retract使衰弱，使衰老—enfeebl eenervate debilitate weaken vitiate 虚弱的，衰老的—feckless flaccid flagging languid effete耻辱，污名—tarnish stain slur disgrace brand blemish stigma discredit humiliation持久的—everlasting perpetual permanent endurable abiding eternal短暂的—momentary temporary transient ephemeralevanescent provisional谨慎的，警觉的—wary chary vigilant discreet considerate cautious prudent责备，指责，咒骂—accuse blame censure charge denounce impugn impeach indict invective execrate condemn criticize reproach reprove disapprove upbraid vituperate reprove injure reprehend rebuke inveigh diatribe abuse lambaste obloquy 免责，确定无罪—exempt exonerate exculpate invulnerable absolve妨碍，阻挠—filibuster encumber impede hamper hinder stymie curb obstruct restrain retard hamper thwart foil clog check occlude促进，帮助—precipitateaccelerate advance facilitate hasten hurry promote quicken speed-up assist abet press挑剔的—meticulous nitpick finicky finical exacting censoring fussy punctilious prudish fastidious choosy critical particular selective pernickety prissy苛责，吹毛求疵的—carpcavil pick criticize quibble迅速发展—prosper flourish thrive boom develop grow increase mushroom sprout镇压—quell appease extinguish hush lull mollify pacify quiet smotherstifle subdue suppress squelsh foil slake quench刺激—rouse arouseawaken excite foment anger inflame kindle move pique provoke disquiet incense whet stimulate stir instigate galvanize vex rile roil annoy aggravate disturb irritate 放纵—indulge coddle pamper pander-to mollycoddle humor cater dote-onsybarite voluptuary wanton spoil笨蛋，傻瓜—dolt numskull dunce blockhead lout idiocy idiotcretin half-wit fool dullard imbecile moron simpleton prat oaf slouch dull-head愚蠢—idiocy stupidity absurdity madness lunacy folly愚蠢的—crass doltish oafish imbecilic moronic fatuous vacuous伪造，掺假—adulterate forge counterfeit falsify bogus真正的，纯种的—genuine authentic真实的，坦诚的，诚实的—candid candor frank fair genuine open pure trustworthy trustful veracious virtuous减弱，降低—clam appease allay alleviate ease lessen moderate pacify relieve attenuate abate宁静的，平静的—quiet calm serene peaceful silent still tranquil pacific冷静的，不为所动的—phlegmatic impassive apathetic composed indifferent reserve dunemotional unfeeling unmoved 新手，生手—apprentice neophyte novice typo greenhorn freshman uninitiated verdant预言，预知，预告—presage predict forecast foresee foretell portend portent prophesy anticipate omen divine soothsay augur forebode presentiment犹豫，停滞—balk boggle scruple demur falter flounder pause vacillate waver hesitate消除，除去—efface erase obliterate raze eliminate exterminate闲扯，瞎说—drivel prate babble chat chatter gossip blab prattle babble gabble jabber怀脾气的，暴躁的—cantankerous cranky irascible irritable quarrelsomecholeric apoplectic churlish petulant raspy蹒跚，摇晃，跌倒—stagger lurch reel sway tumble waverflounder dodder ramshackle昂首阔步—swagger strut固执的—headstrong obstinate stubborn willful firm dogged adamantbullheaded pigheaded inflexible tenacious rigid stiff unbending unyielding dour bigoted recalcitrant bigotry tenacity pertinacity温顺的，驯服的—tame obedient meek gentle docile tame bonhomie效忠，尊敬—homage adoration deference esteem honor respect reverence veneration忠诚—fidelity allegiance attachment devotion faith fealty loyalty精确，准确—accuracy exactness exactitude precision简洁的`—concise terse curt brief succinct compendious condensed compressed laconic大纲，摘要—precis compendium compendia abstract summary synopsis扼要，说明—recapitulate summarize outline民意测验，民意调查—gall-up pollster仁慈的，温和的，宽大的—lenient benefic beneficent benign benignant clement indulgent merciful mild tolerant陈旧的—antiquated banal shopworn antique moth-eaten old-fashioned cliche dated outmoded hackneyed time-worn threadbare trite immemorial obsolete使成僵局，僵局—stalemate deadlock粗略的，大概的,粗糙的—schematic cursory coarse crude rough vulgar churlish husky吸引人的—intriguing alluring appealing attractive bewitching captivate charming enchanting enticing fascinating interestinginviting tantalizing tempting thrilling winning ingratiating 优势，主权，权势—clout ascendance ascendancy authority preponderance荒谬的，愚蠢的，可笑的—preposterous absurd silly ridiculous senseless nonsensical合理的—logical national reasonable sound一致的，相等的，同样的—congruent tantamount commensurate和睦，一致—concord harmony agreement rapport conformity分配，给予，分发—allocate allot apportion assign distribute divide相称的，合适的，应得的—condign becoming fitting proper suitable appropriate微不足道的—trivial frivolous measly paltry superficial trifling worthless二、英语学术论文替换词1. individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)2. positive,favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good。
心理学专业英文词汇【D】
disability 失能disability 无能disability glare 失能眩光disadvantage 不利disadvantaged 社会地位低下的disadvantaged children 生活条件差的儿童disadvantaged children in schooldisaffect 使疏远disagreeableness 不愉快disallow 拒绝承认disappearance of conditional reflex 条件反射的消失disappearing difference 渐退差别disappearing differences method 差别渐减法disappointing 失望disappointment 失望disapprobation 非难disarming 消除敌意disarranged sentence testDisarranged Sentence Test 词句重组测验disassimilation 异化作用disassociation 分裂disaster 灾难disaster psychology 灾害心理学disavow 不承认disbelief 不相信disbelieve 不相信discard 抛弃discarded variable 抛弃变量抛 变项discern 辨出discerning 有辨别力的discernment 辨出discharge 放射discharge 释放discharge of affect 情感释放情感释放dischronation 时间觉障碍时间觉障碍disciplinary measure 纪律措施纪律措施disciplinary method 维纪方法维纪方法disciplinary problem 纪律问题纪律问题discipline 纪律discipline 学科disclaim 放弃disclosure of self 内心表露discombobulate 扰乱discombobulating theory 困乱论困乱论discomfort 不舒适discomfort glare 不舒适眩光discomfort glare rating 不舒适眩光等级评定discomfort index 不舒适指数discomposure 不安disconfirmed expectancy 预期落空disconjunctive concept 选言概念disconnection syndrome 分离综合症disconnection theory 分离说disconsolate 忧郁的discontinuity 间断性discontinuity condition 不连续条件discontinuity hypothesis 非连续假说discontinuity theory 非连续论非连续论discontinuity theory of learning 非连续学习论discontinuous variable 离散型随机变量discontinuous volume 非连续容量discord 不和谐discordance 不一致性discounting principle 折扣原则discounting rule of attribution 归因折扣原则discouragement 沮丧discouraging 令人沮丧的令人沮丧的discourse 话语discourse analysis 话语分析话语分析discourteous 不礼貌的discourtesy 粗鲁行为discover 发现discovery learning 启发式学习discovery method 发现法discovery method of teaching 启发式教学法discovery procedure 发现程序发现程序discovery teaching method 启发式教学法discredit 怀疑discrepancy 不符合discrepancy 差距discrepancy score 差异分数discrete 不连续的discrete measure 间断量数discrete probability distribution 间断机率分布discrete stimulus 间断刺激discrete trial 个别试验discrete variable 分散变量discrete variable 间断变量discretization 离散化discrimeter 辨别计discriminability 辨别力discriminability index 辨别力指标discriminable 可辨别的discriminal dispersion 辨别离散discriminal process 辨别过程辨别过程discriminance 辨别法discriminant 判别式discriminant analysisdiscriminant functiondiscriminant functiondiscriminant validity 区分效度区分效度discriminate 区别discriminate against 歧视discriminated operant 辨别操作discriminating 辨别的discriminating power 鉴别力discrimination 辨别discrimination 歧视discrimination box 辨别箱discrimination examination 甄别考试discrimination factor 区别因素区别因子discrimination index 辨别指数辨别指数discrimination learning 辨别学习discrimination method 辨别法discrimination reaction 辨别反应discrimination time 辨别时间辨别时间discrimination training 辨别训练discriminational 歧视的discriminative cues 辨别线索辨别 索discriminative power 辨别力discriminative reaction time 辨别反应时discriminative stimulus 辨别刺激discriminator 辨别者discriminatory 差别对待discriminatory analysis 识别分析discuss 讨论discussion 讨论discussion leader 议事领袖discussion method 讨论法discussion with pictures 看图谈话disdain 轻视disease 疾病disembosom 倾吐disengagement theory of aging 老年减少参与论disequilibration 不平衡disequilibrium 失衡disesteem 轻视disesthesia 感觉迟钝disexuality 双重性特征disfunction 机能失常disgnosia 认知障碍disguise 假装disguised test 蒙蔽测验disgust 厌恶dishabituation 习惯化解除习惯化解除disharmonious 不和谐的disharmony 不和谐dishearten 失去勇气dishonesty 不诚实disillusion 醒悟disillusionment 醒悟disincentive 不利诱因disinhibition 去抑效应disinhibition 抑制解除disinhibition theory 抑制解除说disintegrate typedisintegrated personality 分裂性人格disintegrated type 分裂型disintegration 分裂disintegration 解体disintegration of consciousness 意识解体disintegrative method of learning 分解学习法disjunction 析取disjunction type 析取型disjunctive concept 析取概念选言概念disjunctive set 不连接的组集disk file 磁盘存储器dislike 厌恶dismal 忧郁的dismay 惊愕disobey 不服从disorder 失调disorder 障碍disorder behavior 失常行为disorder of affective tone 情调变态disorder of body schema 身体图式障碍disorder of memory 记忆障碍记忆障碍disorder of sleep wake scheduledisorder of thought stream 思流障碍disorganization 错乱disorganized schizophrenia 错乱型精神分裂症disorientation 定向障碍disorientation 迷向disowning projection 否认投射否认投射disparage 轻视disparate 不同的disparate point 不相称点disparate retinal point 网膜不相称点disparate sensation 不同感官感觉disparity 差异dispassionate 平心静气的平心静气的dispatch 调度dispersed learning 分散学习分散学习dispersion 分散度dispersion 离中趋势dispersion of liability for guilt 罪责扩散dispersive 分散的dispersive process 分散过程分散过程dispersivity 分散性dispirited 没有精神的displace 移置displaced aggression 移置攻击移置攻击displaced aggression 转向攻击转向攻击displaced speech 移位言语displacement 移置作用displacement 转移displacement activitydisplacement behaviordisplacement of affectdisplacement of goal 目标换置目标换置displacement of role 角色代替角色代替displacement of visual movement 视动移位displacement threshold 运动距离阈display control compatibilitydisplay 显示display luminance 显示器亮度display model 显示模型display panel 显示仪表板显示仪表板display unit 显示器displays 显示器disposition 气质disposition 性情dispositional 素质上的dispositional attribution 素质归因disproportion 不相称disquietude 不安disregard 不理disrelish 不喜爱disrespect 无礼disruption 分裂disruptive behavior 破坏行为破坏行为disruptive behavior disorder 破坏行为疾病disruptive camouflage 破坏性伪装dissatisfaction 不满足dissatisfactory 令人不满的令人不满的dissatisfied 不满的dissatisfied factors 非满足因素dissected sentence testdissemble 掩饰dissent 异议disservice 危害dissimilarity coefficient 异化系数dissimilation 异化dissimulation 虚饰dissociated anesthesia 分离性感觉缺失dissociated learning 孤立学习孤立学习dissociated personalitydissociation 分裂dissociation 离解dissociation anesthesia 分离性感觉缺失dissociation hysteria 分离性癔症dissociation theory 分离说dissociative 分裂的dissociative amnesia 离解失忆症dissociative disorder 解离性障碍dissociative histeria 解离性歇斯底里dissociative neurosis 解离型神经官能症dissociative pattern 解离模式解离模式dissociative reaction 解离反应解离反应dissociative type 解离型dissolute 无节制的dissolution 退化dissonance 不协调dissonance arousaldissonance reduction 失谐消减dissonance theory 失谐论dissonant informationdissuasion 劝阻dissymmetry 不相称distal 末梢的distal 远的distal color 远色distal receptor 远距感受器远距感受器distal response 远反应distal stimulus 远刺激distal variable 远变量distance 距离distance assimilation 非邻近同化distance constancy 距离常性距离常性distance cues 距离线索distance depth cue 距离深度线索distance estimation 距离估计距离估计distance judgment 距离判断距离判断distance method 距离法distance of visual cognition 视认距离distance paradox 距离的矛盾distance perception 距离知觉距离知觉distance receptor 远距感受器distance sense 远距感觉distance vision 远距视觉distance zone 亲疏空间distant control 遥控distaste 厌恶distinction 差别distinctive competencies 独特资能distinctive feature 辨别属性辨别属性distinctive information 独特性信息distinctiveness 特殊性distinguish 区别distort 曲解distorted room 视物变形小屋distorted view 偏见distorted vision 斜视distortion 变相distortion 曲解distortion 失真distortion of reality 现实曲解现实曲解distortion of stimulus condition 刺激条件的改变distracter 误选项distractibility 分心作用distractibility 注意力分散注意力分散distractible 分心的distraction 分心distraction 扰乱distraction in communication 沟通的误解distraction item 扰乱项目distraction task 扰乱任务distraction technique 分心技术distractor 扰乱项目distractor 误选项distractor technique 扰乱项目法distress 苦恼distress call 苦难喊叫distressful 令人苦恼的distribute 分配distributed learning 分配学习分配学习distributed practice 分配练习分配练习distributed repetition 分配复习distributed thinking 分配思维分配思考distribution freedistribution free testsdistribution 分布distribution curve 分配曲线distribution method 分布法distribution of attention 注意分配distribution of illumination 照明分布distribution of practice 练习分布distribution on curvedistributional analysisdistributive 分配的distributive education 职业教育distributive justice 分配公平分配公正distributive lattice 分配点阵分配点阵distributively 分配上地distributivitydistributor 分配者distributor 经销商distributor 配置器distrust 不信任disturb 困扰disturbance 障碍disturbance of association 联想障碍disturbance of consciousness 意识障碍disturbance of light sense 光觉障碍disturbance of memorydisturbance of visual field 视野障碍disturbed children 失调儿童失调儿童disuse 失用disuse principle 失用原则disvolution 退化dither 发抖diurnal 昼夜的divergence 分散性divergence tendency 离中趋势离中趋势divergent association 发散联想divergent lines illusion 分散线条错觉divergent phenomenadivergent production 发散性生产divergent question 扩散性问题divergent thinking 扩散性思考diversiondiversion 导离diversion hypothesis 导离假设导离假设diversity 差异性diversity 多种性divertive play 娱乐性游戏娱乐性 戏divided attention 分散注意divided attention method 分散注意法divided brain 分脑divided self 分裂自我divination 预言divination 占卜divine cure 心灵治疗diving accident 潜水事故division 分配Division 1. General Psychology 普通心理学Division 10. Psychology and the Arts 心理学和艺术Division 12. Clinical Psychology 临床心理学Division 13. Consulting Psychology 顾问心理学Division 14. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology 工业和组织心理学Division 15. Educational Psychology 教育心理学Division 16. School Psychology 学校心理学Division 17. Counseling Psychology 咨询心理学Division 18. Psychologists in Public Service 公共服务心理学者Division 19. Military Psychology 军事心理学Division 2. Society for the Teaching of Psychology 心理学教学Division 20. Adult Development and Aging 成人发展和老年Division 21. Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychologists 应用实验和工程心理学Division 22. Rehabilitation Psychology 康复心理学Division 23. Society for Consumer Psychology 消费心理学Division 24. Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 理论和哲学心理学Division 25. Experimental Analysis of Behavior 行为的实验分析Division 26. History of Psychology 心理学史Division 27. Society for Community Research and Action 社区研究与活动Division 28. Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse 心理药理学及药物滥用 心理药理学及药物滥用Division 29. Psychotherapy 心理治疗Division 3. Experimental Psychology 实验心理学Division 30. Psychological Hypnosis 心理催眠Division 31. State Psychology Association Affairs 州心理学会事务Division 32. Humanistic Psychology 人本心理学Division 33. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities 智力落后发育性伤残Division 34. Population and Environmental Psychology 人口和环境心理学Division 35. Psychology of Women 妇女心理学Division 36. Psychology of Religion 宗教心理学Division 38. Health Psychology 健康心理学Division 39. Psychoanalysis 心理分析Division 40. Clinical Neuropsychology 临床神经心理学Division 41. American Psychology Law Society 法律心理学Division 42. Psychologists in Independent Practice 独立开业者Division 43. Family Psychology 家庭心理学Division 44. Society for the Psychology Study of Gay Issues 同性恋心理学研究 同性恋心理学研究Division 45. Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues 少数民族心理学研究Division 46. Media Psychology 媒介心理学Division 47. Exercise and Sport Psychology 运动心理学Division 48. Peace Psychology 和平心理学Division 49. Group Psychology and Group Psychotherapy 团体心理学及团体心理治疗Division 50. Addictions 癖心理学Division 51. Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity 男性心理学研究Division 52. International Psychology 国际心理学Division 6. Behavior Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology 行为神经科学和比较心理学Division 7. Developmental Psychology 发展心理学Division 8. Society of Personality and Social Psychology 个性和社会心理学Division 9. Society for Psychological Study of Social Issues 社会问题心理学研究division of function 机能分工机能分工division of labor 劳动分工divisional system 事业部制divorce 离婚divorcee 离了婚的人dizygotic twins 异卵孪生子 卵孪生子dizziness 眩晕dizzy 头晕目眩DL 差别阈限DNA 合成DNA 合成酶DNA 模板DNA 脱氧核糖核酸DNA evolution DNA 进化DNA ligaseDNA 合成酶DNA replicationDNA 复制DNA synthesisDNA 合成DNA templateDNA 模板DNase 脱氧核糖核酸酶do well 进展情况良好进展情况良好docility 可塑性doctrinaire 空谈理论者doctrinairism 教条主义doctrinairism 空谈理论doctrine 学说doctrine of acquirable knowledge 学知说doctrine of autogenesis 自然发生说doctrine of correspondence 符合说doctrine of descent 世代延续说doctrine of evil human nature 性恶论doctrine of formal discipline 形式训练说doctrine of good human nature 性善论doctrine of interest 兴趣主义兴趣主义doctrine of maximum satisfaction 最大满足学说doctrine of no good and no evil human nature 性无善无恶论doctrine of prescience 先知论doctrine of signatures 信号说doctrine of specific nerve energy 神经特殊能量说doctrine of the bipolarity of affections 情二端说doctrine of the same origin of mind and body 一本论doctrine of three classes of human nature 性三品论doctrine of two origin of mind and body 二本论doctrinism 教义至上论DOF 直接观察式dogma 教条dogmatism 教条主义Dogmatism Scale 教条主义量表dol 多尔doldrums 忧郁dolichocephalic 长头的doll s eye responsedoll play 洋娃娃游戏Dollard Millerdolorimeter 测痛仪dolour 悲哀doltish 愚笨的domain referenced testingdomain 范围domain of variables 变量范围变数范畴domain sampling 范畴内抽样domal sampling 按户抽样domestic 驯养的domestic problem 家庭问题domestic relation 家庭关系domestication 驯养dominance submissiondominance subordinate relationship dominance 优势dominance 支配dominance aggression 支配攻击dominance behavior 支配行为支配行为dominance hierarchy 统治阶层dominance hierarchy 支配等级dominance hierarchy in animals 动物统治等级dominant 显性的dominant 优势的dominant activity 主导活动dominant age class 优势年龄组dominant character 显性dominant cue 显性线索dominant culture 主文化dominant eye 优势眼dominant foot 优势足dominant gene 显性基因dominant hand 优势手dominant hemispheredominant inheritance 显性遗传dominant personality 支配性人格dominant response 主要反应主要反应dominant role 主要角色dominant trait 显性特质dominant trait 支配性dominant type 支配型dominant value orientation 显著价值取向dominant wave length 主波长dominantive motives in learning 主导性学习动机domination 支配dominator 优势神经元Domoor s signDonder s lawdoodah 激动door indoor indopa 多巴dopa oxidase 多巴氧化酶dopamine 多巴胺dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia 精神分裂症的多巴胺假说dopamine receptor 多巴胺受体dopaminergic 多巴胺能的多巴胺能的dopase 多巴氧化酶dopey 麻醉状态的Doppler effect 多普勒声光效应Doppler shift 多普勒转移多普勒转移dormancy callus 固定胼胝体dormant state 静态dormifacient 促睡眠的dormitive 安眠的dorsal 背侧的dorsal chord 脊索dorsal column 脊柱dorsal column nucleus 脊柱核dorsal column tract 脊柱束dorsal horn 背角dorsal root 背根dorsal root ganglion 背根神经节dorsal spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑束dosage 剂量doso visual systemdossier 病历表册DOT 职业分类典dotage 老年记忆衰退dote 昏愦dotted substance 点状物质dotting test 打点测验double aspect theorydouble blinddouble blind crossoverdouble blind experimentdouble blind interactiondouble blind proceduredouble blind researchdouble blind techniquedouble entry tabledouble frequency tabledouble loop learningdouble point aesthesiometerdouble 双重的double alternate method 双交替法double alternation problem 双次交替问题double approach avoidance conflictdouble bind child 双重约束儿童double bind interaction 双困互动double bind theory 双重约束理论double blind 双盲double blind experiment 双盲实验double blind procedure 双盲程序double characters of performer 演员的双重性格double consciousness 双重意识double depletion hypothesis 双重减液说double dissociation 双重分离双重分离double hermeneutics 双重释义双重诠释double image 双像double inheritance 双重遗传性double innervation 双重神经支配double interpretation illusion 双重译释错觉double pain 双重痛觉double personality 双重人格双重人格double reciprocal innervation 双重相反神经支配double representation 双重代表double sampling 双重抽样double self 双重自我double standard 双重标准double technique 双重技术double thinking 双重思维double vision 复视doubt 怀疑doubter 持怀疑态度者持怀疑态度者douce 文雅的doughtydower 天赋Down s syndromeDowney Will Temperament Test 道内意志 气质测验downward looking horizontal situation d downward communication 下行沟通downward mobility 趋下流动趋下流动DPADQ 发展商数DQ 衰退商数drama psychology 戏剧心理学drama therapy 戏剧治疗法戏剧治疗法dramatic 戏剧的dramatic conflicts 戏剧冲突dramatic entanglement 戏剧纠纷dramatic expression 戏剧表情戏剧表情dramatic feeling 戏剧感情dramatic play 表演游戏dramatic properties 戏剧性dramatic rhythm 戏剧节奏dramatic situation 戏剧性情境dramatic therapy 表演疗法dramatical 戏剧的dramaticism 戏剧性dramatization 戏剧化draw oneself up 控制自己drawing 绘画drawing apparatus 绘画器Drawing Completion Test 绘画完成测验绘画完成测验drawing scale 绘画量表Draw a Horse Test 画马测验Draw a House Test 绘屋测验Draw a Man Test 画人测验Draw a Person Test 画人测验Draw a Tree Test 绘树测验dread 恐怖dreadful 可怕的dream series methoddream statedream 梦dream analysis 析梦dream association 忆梦联想dream censorship 梦的监察dream consciousness 梦的意识dream content 梦境dream content 梦之内容dream deprivation 梦境剥夺梦境剥夺dream determinant 梦之成因梦之成因dream ego 梦中自我dream instigator 梦之缘起dream interpretation 梦的解释梦之解析dream interpretation 释梦dream recall 梦境回忆dream symbol 梦的象征dream symbolism 析梦象征主义dream wish fulfillmentdream wish 梦愿dream work 梦工作dream world 梦想世界dreamboat 理想人物dreamer 梦想家dreamful 多梦的dreaming sleepdreamland 梦境dreamless 无梦的dreamless sleep 无梦睡眠dreamlife 醉生dreamlike 梦幻的dreamscape 梦幻景象dreamy 恍惚的dreamy state 梦样状态dressing apraxia 衣着运用不能drift 演变drill 训练drinker 嗜酒者drinking 饮drinking drive behavior 酒后驾驶行为drive inducing operationdrive oriented behaviordrive reduction hypothesisdrive reduction theorydrive 内驱力drive arousal 驱力激发状态drive arousal stimulus 驱力激发刺激drive conversion 驱力转向drive descending theory 内驱力降低说drive displacement 驱力移置驱力移置drive primary 原始驱欲drive psychology 内驱力心理学drive reduction 驱力减低drive reduction hypothesis 驱力减低假说drive secondary 次级驱欲drive simulator 驾驶模拟器驾驶模拟器drive specificity 驱力定向drive state 驱力状态drive stimulus 驱力刺激driver 驾驶员driver characteristics 驾驶员特性driver education 驾驶员教育driver judgment 驾驶员判断driver license testing 司机执照考试driving behavior 驾驶行为driving environment 驾驶环境驾驶环境driving force 驱动力DRL 延迟反应学习dromitropic 影响传导的dromitropic action 影响传导作用dromogram 血流速度描记图dromomania 漫游狂dromophobia 恐奔跑症droop 衰颓drop outdrop quizzesdrop recorder 记滴器dropouts 退学drowse 打瞌睡drowsiness 困倦drowsy wave 欲睡波drug dependent insomniadrug rehabilitationdrug takingdrug 药物drug abuse 药物滥用drug addiction 药物成瘾drug dependence 药物依赖drug education 反吸毒教育反吸毒教育drug habituation 服药习惯化drug holiday 药物假期drug induced hallucination 药致幻觉drug influence 药物效应drug intoxication 药物中毒drug overdose 服药过量drug problem 吸毒问题drug psychosis 药物中毒性精神病drug synergism 药物合并效果drug therapy 药物疗法drug tolerance 耐药性drug withdrawal 停药drugs 毒品drumhead 鼓膜drunken 酒醉的dry bulb temperancedry climate 乾燥气候DS 驱力刺激驱力刺激DS 去同步睡眠DTPS 弥散性丘脑皮层投射系统dual code hypothesisdual leadership therapydual memory theorydual sex therapydual 双的dual aspectism 双相论dual career couples 双职工dual coding hypothesis 双重编码说dual coding model of reading 阅读的双通道模式dual coding theory 双重编码论dual descent 双重遗传dual function 双重作用dual impression 双重印象dual loyalty 二重忠心dual memory hypothesis 二重记忆说dual personality 双重人格dual phenomenon 双重现象dual psychology 二重心理学dual role 双重角色dualism 二元论dualistic theory of human nature 性二元论duality 两重性duality of aesthetic feeling 美感的两重性duality of structure 结构二元性duality of the innermost being 内心两重性Dubini s chorea diseasedubious 犹豫的dubitation 迟疑ductus semicircular 半规管dudgeon 愤恨due 适当的dulcet 令人舒服的dull 迟钝的dull children 迟钝儿童dull pain 钝痛dullness 迟钝dumbness 哑dummy 模拟人dummy 哑巴dummy head 模拟头dump 信息转储Duncan s new multipleDuncan multiple range testDunfermline 登弗姆林营养指标Dunlap chronoscope 丹拉普计时器Dunn multiple comparisons 邓恩多重比较法Dunnett s procedureDunnett s tD testdupe 欺骗duplex 双的duplex theory 二元学说duplex theory in vision 视觉双功能说duplicate test 替换测验duplication 复份duplicity theory 双重作用说duplicity theory of vision 双视觉说duration 持续时间duration 久暂duration of diapause 滞育时间滞育时间duration of impulse 脉冲宽度脉 宽度duration of sunshine 日照时间日照时间duration of vision 视觉持续时间duration sampling 时限抽样duress 强迫Duret s lesionDurrell analysis of reading difficulty 杜雷尔阅读困难分析Durrell Listening Reading Series 杜雷尔听读系列dusky 忧郁的dust 灰尘duteous 忠实的duty 责任DV 因变量Dvorine Color Vision Test 德氏颜色视觉测验dwarf 侏儒dwarfism 侏儒症dyad 双方dyadic conflict 双方冲突dyadic interaction 双方相互作用dyadic interorganizational relationship 双方组织间关系dynameter 肌力计dynamic 动力的dynamic action of food 食物的动力作用dynamic analysis 动力分析dynamic balance 动态平衡dynamic behavior 能动行为dynamic crossroads 动力抉择点dynamic data 动态资料dynamic display 动态显示器dynamic effect 动态影响dynamic equilibriumdynamic graphic display 动态图示显示器dynamic lattice 动力方格dynamic logic 动力逻辑dynamic material 活动教材dynamic model 动态模型dynamic network 动态网络dynamic organization 动态组织dynamic perception 动力知觉动力知觉dynamic programming 动态规划dynamic psychiatry 动力精神病学dynamic psychology 动力心理学dynamic resignation 主动型退避dynamic roadway displays 动态路面显示器dynamic selection 动态选择dynamic situation principle 动态情境原则dynamic sociology 动态社会学dynamic state 动态dynamic stereotype 动力定型动力定型dynamic strength 动态性力量dynamic teaching program 活力教学计划dynamic theory 动力论dynamic trait 动力特性dynamic type 动型dynamic visual acuity 动态视敏度dynamic visual field 动视野dynamics 动力学dynamics of vocational adjustment 职业适应动力学dynamism 精神动学dynamite 精力充沛者dynamo 精力充沛者dynamogenesis 动力发生dynamograph 肌力描记器肌力描记器dynamometer 握力计dynamometry 肌力测定法肌力测定法dynamopathic 机能性的dynamoscope 动力测验器动力测验器dynamoscopy 动力测验法动力测验法dysacousis 听力减退dysadaptation 眼调节障碍眼调节障碍dysadrenia 肾上腺机能障碍dysanagnosia 诵读障碍dysantigraphia 抄写障碍dysaphia 触觉障碍dysarthria 发音困难dysarthria literalis 口吃dysarthrosis 构语障碍dysaudia 听力障碍dysautonomia 自主运动不能dysbasia 步行困难dysbulia 丧志症dyscalculia 计算失能dyschiasia 定位觉障碍dyschiria 左右感觉障碍左右感觉障碍dyschromasia 色觉障碍dyschromatopsia 色觉障碍dyschronism 定时障碍dyscinesia 运动障碍dyscoimesis 睡眠困难dyscorticism 肾上腺皮质机能障碍dysdiadochokinesia 轮替运动障碍dysecoia 听力减退dysembryoplasia 胚胎发育不良dysendocriniadysendocrinism 内分泌障碍dysequilibrium 平衡失调dyserethesia 感受性不良dyserethism 应激性不良dysergasia 脑控制不良dysergia 传出性运动失调dysesthesia 感觉迟钝dysfunction 机能障碍dysfunctional behaviordysfunctional conflictdysfunctional expectancies 功能不良的预期dysfunctional self evaluation dysgenesis 发育不全dysgenic 非优生的dysgenic 种族退化的。
关于被取不爱好的英文作文
关于被取不爱好的英文作文## The Damnation of Disdain: Exploring the Cesspool of Dislike.In the tapestry of human emotions, dislike weaves a particularly insidious thread. It is a potent force that can poison hearts, corrupt relationships, and paralyze progress. Unlike its milder counterpart, indifference, dislike actively engages the mind, fostering a conscious aversion towards an individual, group, or concept.The genesis of dislike is often shrouded in mystery, born from a complex interplay of personal experiences, societal norms, and subconscious biases. Sometimes, it arises from a perceived threat or conflict of interest, triggering a defensive reaction to protect one's self or worldview. In other instances, it stems from a lack of understanding or exposure, leading to a judgmental stance based on preconceptions or hearsay.Whatever its origins, dislike exerts a corrosive influence on the individual harboring it. It manifests as a persistent negative attitude, poisoning one's thoughts and actions. Like a festering wound, it can consume an individual's energy, clouding their perspective and diminishing their capacity for empathy.In personal relationships, dislike can create an insurmountable chasm between individuals. It erodes trust, undermines communication, and fuels conflict. Even in the absence of overt hostility, the subtle undercurrents of dislike can create a toxic atmosphere, suffocating the potential for genuine connection.Beyond the realm of personal interactions, dislike can also wreak havoc on a broader scale. It can lead to discrimination, prejudice, and the perpetuation of harmful stereotypes. History is replete with examples of societal divisions and conflicts fueled by deep-seated dislike, leaving behind a legacy of pain and suffering.The implications of dislike extend beyond theindividual and societal spheres, seeping into the realm of the unconscious mind. Studies have shown that exposure to negative stimuli, such as images or words associated with dislike, can trigger a physiological response involving the amygdala, a region of the brain associated with fear and aversion. This suggests that dislike, even when consciously suppressed, can exert a subtle yet persistent influence on our thoughts and behaviors.The antidote to the poison of dislike is a multifaceted potion brewed from the ingredients of empathy, understanding, and self-reflection. Empathy allows us to step into the shoes of others, to see the world from their perspective and appreciate their experiences. Understanding dispels ignorance and prejudice, replacing them with a nuanced comprehension of the factors that shape an individual's beliefs and actions. Self-reflection illuminates our own biases and vulnerabilities, fostering a greater sense of humility and compassion.Cultivating empathy, understanding, and self-reflection is not always an easy task. It requires a willingness tochallenge our own assumptions, to listen attentively to opposing viewpoints, and to confront our own inner demons. However, the rewards of overcoming dislike are immeasurable.When we let go of the burden of dislike, we not only liberate ourselves but also open up the possibility for genuine connection and understanding. We create a fertile ground for empathy to flourish, for bridges to be built,and for societal divisions to be healed. By vanquishing dislike, we elevate ourselves and humanity as a whole, creating a world where compassion and unity prevail overthe corrosive forces of aversion.。
社会道德滑坡英文作文
社会道德滑坡英文作文英文：The issue of moral decline in society is a complex and multifaceted one. There are many factors that contribute to this phenomenon, including changes in cultural values, the influence of technology and social media, and the erosion of traditional institutions such as family and religion.One major factor that contributes to moral decline is the breakdown of community and social cohesion. In many societies, people are becoming increasingly isolated and disconnected from one another, leading to a sense of alienation and disengagement from the wider community. This can lead to a lack of empathy and concern for others, and a greater focus on individualism and self-interest.Another factor that contributes to moral decline is the erosion of trust in institutions and authority figures. This can lead to a sense of cynicism and disillusionment,and a lack of faith in the ability of institutions to provide for the common good. This can also lead to a breakdown in social norms and values, as people feel that there are no consequences for their actions.In addition, the rise of technology and social media has had a profound impact on society, both positive and negative. On the one hand, it has facilitated greater communication and connectivity, allowing people to connect with others around the world and share information and ideas. On the other hand, it has also contributed to a culture of instant gratification and superficiality, where people are more concerned with likes and followers than with genuine human connection.Ultimately, the issue of moral decline in society is a complex and multifaceted one, and there are no easy solutions. However, by fostering greater community and social cohesion, rebuilding trust in institutions and authority figures, and promoting genuine human connection and empathy, we can begin to address this issue and create a more compassionate and just society.中文：社会道德滑坡的问题是一个复杂而多方面的问题。
尊重勇敢追梦的英语作文
Respecting the Brave Pursuit of Dreams is a fundamental aspect of human society. Dreams are the driving force behind progress and innovation,and those who dare to chase them are the pioneers of change.Heres an essay that explores the importance of respecting the brave pursuit of dreams.Title:The Significance of Respecting the Brave Pursuit of DreamsIn the tapestry of human endeavor,dreams are the threads that weave the most vibrant patterns.They are the aspirations that propel individuals to reach for the stars,to venture into the unknown,and to strive for greatness.It is these dreams that have led humanity from the darkness of ignorance to the enlightenment of knowledge,from the confinement of the past to the possibilities of the future.The Courage to DreamThe act of dreaming is not merely a passive wish but an active declaration of ones aspirations.It takes courage to dream,especially when the dream is grand and the path to achieving it is fraught with obstacles.The brave dreamers are those who,despite the odds, dare to envision a better world,a more fulfilling life,or a more significant contribution to society.The Role of Society in Fostering DreamsSociety plays a crucial role in either nurturing or stifling the dreams of its members.A society that respects and encourages the pursuit of dreams creates an environment where creativity and innovation can flourish.It is in such societies that individuals feel empowered to take risks,to think outside the box,and to challenge the status quo.The Importance of Recognition and SupportRecognition and support are essential for dreamers.When society acknowledges the efforts and achievements of those who dare to dream,it sends a powerful message that such pursuits are valued.This validation can provide the motivation needed to persevere through the inevitable setbacks and failures that come with the territory of dreaming big. The Impact of Disrespecting DreamsConversely,the disrespect or dismissal of dreams can have a demoralizing effect.It can discourage individuals from pursuing their aspirations,leading to a loss of potential contributions to society.Moreover,it can foster a culture of conformity,where the fear offailure or ridicule prevents people from exploring new ideas and pushing boundaries.Cultivating a Respectful MindsetTo cultivate a respectful mindset towards the pursuit of dreams,we must first recognize the value of diversity in thought and ambition.We must encourage open dialogue and the exchange of ideas,even when they challenge our own beliefs or comfort zones. Education plays a vital role in this process,teaching young minds to appreciate the importance of dreams and the courage it takes to pursue them.ConclusionIn conclusion,respecting the brave pursuit of dreams is not just about honoring the achievements of those who have succeeded it is about creating a culture that values the journey itself.It is about recognizing that every dream,no matter how small or large,has the potential to change the world.By fostering an environment where dreams are respected and supported,we can unlock the full potential of human creativity and innovation,leading to a more vibrant and dynamic society.。
新视野大学英语第二册sectionAB课文翻译
UNIT 1 SECTION A美国人认为没有人能停止不前。
如果你不求进取，你就会落伍。
这种态度造就了一个投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。
时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一要素是劳力。
人们一直说：“只有时间才能支配我们。
”人们似乎把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待。
我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的利用作出解释；我们还要因付出时间而收取费用。
时间是一种宝贵的资源，许多人都深感人生的短暂。
时光一去不复返。
我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。
外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙──常常处于压力之下。
城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。
白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这部分地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。
人们认为工作时间是宝贵的。
在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人尽快吃完，以便他们也能及时用餐，你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。
你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。
不要觉得这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们都非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费”时间到不恰当的地步。
许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒暄。
他们也会怀念那种一边喝茶或喝咖啡一边进行的礼节性交流，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。
他们也许还会怀念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。
一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的客人的，更不用说会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去打高尔夫球。
既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人，我们就开门见山地谈正事。
因此，时间老是在我们心中滴滴答答地响着。
因此，我们千方百计地节约时间。
我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流，而不是通过直接接触。
英语八级词汇
英语八级词汇英语八级词汇是指用于大学英语教学或者在英语高级场合中所需的高级词汇。
掌握英语八级词汇对于想要在英语学术界或者商业领域获得成功的人士来说非常重要。
下面就来介绍一些常用的英语八级词汇，帮助大家提升英语水平。
1. AcquiesceAcquiesce意为默许，默认。
在商业谈判中，有时候默许对方的意见是非常必要且可行的做法。
2. AsinineAsinine意为愚蠢的，荒谬的。
使用这个词汇表示一些错误的决定或者想法。
3. CastigateCastigate是指严厉批评或者惩罚。
在商业领域，需要时刻提醒员工遵守道德规范与行业标准。
4. DefenestrationDefenestration是指从窗户或者高处抛物，或者是指撤职或者解雇某人。
在商业领域中使用这个词汇可以描述公司内部的重要人员被解雇或者替换。
5. EffusiveEffusive意为过分热情洋溢，使用这个词汇来形容某人的热情和态度。
6. FecklessFeckless意为无能的，没有效力的。
在商业谈判中不要出现这样子态度的人。
7. GrandiloquentGrandiloquent意为豪言壮语，使用这个词汇可以形容某人言辞夸大与夸张。
8. HegemonyHegemony是指某个人或者组织在政治、文化、经济等方面的主导地位。
在商业领域中，有些公司建立了自己的霸权地位来利益自身。
9. ImbroglioImbroglio意为局面混乱，纷乱不清，使用这个词汇可以形容在商业领域有些问题非常棘手和难以处理。
10. KowtowKowtow原本指的是中国的一种尊敬的礼节，但是在英语中被用于形容奉承的行为。
11. LachrymoseLachrymose意为容易落泪的，使用这个词汇可以描写某人的情绪和感受。
12. MalfeasanceMalfeasance是指在执行职责或者做任何事情的过程中，犯下某些触犯法律或者道德准则的行为。
在商业领域中，此类行为是不被允许的。
尼采名言中英文对照
尼采名言中英文对照导读：本文是关于尼采名言中英文对照，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！1、要破坏一件事，最刁钻的办法是：故意用歪理为这事辩护。
T o destroy the one thing, the hard way is not to defend it intentionally.2、真正的男子渴求着不同的两件事：危险和游戏。
The real man craving for two different things: danger and game.3、习惯使我们双手机巧，使头脑笨拙。
We used both hands to wit, clumsy brain.4、男人骨子里坏，女人骨子里贱。
Men are bad in their bones, and women are cheap in their bones.5、我们的眼睛就是我们的监狱，而目光所及之处就是监狱的围墙。
Our eyes are our prisons, and the sight of our eyes is the wall of the prison.6、我发现在人群中要比在动物群中危险多了。
I find it much more dangerous to be in the crowd than in the animal group.7、常常谈论自己的人，往往只是为了隐藏自己。
People who often talk about themselves are often just to hide themselves.8、可以共有的东西，价值总是很小。
What can be shared is always very small.9、我钟爱那在受创时依旧保持其深邃的灵魂。
I love the soul that remains deep in the creation.10、获取生活中最丰硕果实和最大享受的秘密在于，冒险犯难地生活！Get the fruits and enjoy life in the biggest secret is that adventurous life!11、约定的重点是言语之后的信任。
英语作文当自己不开心时,处理
英语作文当自己不开心时,处理英文回答：Handling Discontentment.Discontentment is an unpleasant emotion that arises when an individual's expectations are not met or when their reality falls short of their desires. It can manifestitself in various ways, from mild disappointment to profound ennui, and can significantly impact our overall well-being.There are a plethora of factors that can contribute to feelings of discontentment, ranging from external circumstances such as financial difficulties orrelationship problems to internal factors such as low self-esteem or unrealistic expectations. Understanding the root causes of our discontentment is crucial for effectively addressing it.When we find ourselves in the grip of discontentment, it is important to remember that it is a normal human emotion. However, it is essential to avoid dwelling on negative thoughts and emotions, as this can perpetuate and intensify our feelings of unhappiness.Instead, we should strive to adopt a more optimistic and proactive approach. This may involve engaging in activities that bring us joy, fostering meaningful relationships, or setting realistic goals for ourselves.It is also helpful to practice gratitude. Focusing on the positive aspects of our lives, no matter how small, can help shift our perspective and mitigate feelings of discontentment. Additionally, expressing gratitude to others, whether through verbal affirmations or written notes, can enhance our own happiness and foster positive connections.Seeking support from friends, family, or mental health professionals can also be invaluable. Talking about our feelings and experiences with trusted individuals canprovide us with validation, empathy, and constructive coping mechanisms.It is important to note that overcoming discontentment is not always easy and may require sustained effort and resilience. However, by understanding the causes of our discontentment, adopting a positive mindset, and seeking support when needed, we can effectively manage and mitigate this challenging emotion.中文回答：如何处理不开心。
摒弃掉人类低俗的情感英语
摒弃掉人类低俗的情感英语Certainly! Here's a content piece that could fit the title "Ridding Humanity of Crude Emotions":Ridding Humanity of Crude EmotionsIn the tapestry of human emotions, there exists a spectrum that ranges from the sublime to the crude. While love, joy, and compassion form the vibrant threads of our social fabric, crude emotions such as hatred, envy, and greed can unravel the very essence of our collective well-being. It is imperative that we, as a society, strive to shed these crude emotions and cultivate a more refined emotional intelligence.Understanding Crude EmotionsCrude emotions are often characterized by their negative impact on the individual and society. They can lead to destructive behaviors, strained relationships, and a general sense of discord. Recognizing these emotions is the first step towards addressing them. It involves self-reflection and an honest assessment of one's emotional responses.Strategies for Emotional Refinement1. Mindfulness and Self-Awareness: Cultivating mindfulnesscan help individuals become more aware of their emotional state. This awareness allows for the recognition of crude emotions as they arise, providing an opportunity to address them before they escalate.2. Education and Empathy: Understanding the perspectives of others can foster empathy, which is a powerful antidote to crude emotions. Education, both formal and informal, can broaden one's horizons and promote a more inclusive mindset.3. Positive Reinforcement: Encouraging and rewarding positive emotional expressions can help individuals to replace crude emotions with more constructive ones. This can be done through praise, recognition, and the creation of environments that value kindness and cooperation.4. Therapy and Counseling: Professional help can be invaluable for those struggling with deep-seated crude emotions. Therapists and counselors are trained to help individuals navigate their emotions and develop healthier coping mechanisms.5. Social Support: Building a network of supportive friends and family can provide a safety net for individuals seeking to rid themselves of crude emotions. Social support can also serve as a buffer against the negative influences that can trigger such emotions.The Role of SocietySociety plays a crucial role in shaping the emotionallandscape of its members. By promoting values such as respect, tolerance, and compassion, society can create an environment that discourages the expression of crude emotions. This canbe achieved through educational curricula, media representation, and community initiatives.The Future of Emotional IntelligenceAs we progress into an era where emotional intelligence is increasingly recognized as a vital skill, the focus onridding ourselves of crude emotions becomes more relevant.The future may hold advancements in technology and psychology that can further assist in emotional refinement, leading to a more harmonious and emotionally mature society.In conclusion, the journey towards ridding humanity of crude emotions is a collective effort that requires self-awareness, empathy, and a commitment to personal growth. By embracingthis challenge, we can aspire to create a world where the spectrum of human emotions is dominated by the positive andthe uplifting, rather than the crude and the harmful.This content is designed to be informative and thought-provoking, encouraging readers to consider the impact ofcrude emotions on individuals and society and to take steps towards emotional refinement.。
无自理能力的单词
无自理能力的单词Hello, I will generate a coherent English article with Chinese translations, with each English sentence followed by its corresponding Chinese translation. Please let me know if you have any specific topic or direction in mind.Without further ado, let's begin:Life can be challenging for those who lack self-care abilities, as they often rely on others for basic needs.对于缺乏自理能力的人来说，生活可能会充满挑战，因为他们通常依赖他人来满足基本需求。
This dependency can be emotionally draining, as it erodes their sense of independence and dignity.这种依赖可能会带来情感上的消耗，因为它侵蚀了他们的独立感和尊严。
However, with support and understanding from loved ones, individuals with limited self-care abilities can still lead fulfilling lives.然而，在亲人的支持和理解下，缺乏自理能力的人仍然可以过上充实的生活。
It's important to recognize their unique strengths and abilities, and to provide them with opportunities to engage in meaningful activities.重要的是要认识到他们独特的优点和能力，并为他们提供参与有意义活动的机会。
disability专四听写
Disability 专四听写1. 什么是残疾？残疾是指身体、智力、精神或感觉能力上的缺陷，以及社会互动的障碍，使个体在日常生活中面临各种困难和限制。
残疾可以是先天性的，也可以是后天获得的，对人们的生活和社会参与产生重大影响。
2. 残疾的分类2.1 身体残疾•缺肢：指四肢的某一部分或全部缺失。
•瘫痪：指肌肉控制受损，导致身体部分或全部无法运动。
•失明：指眼睛无法正常感知光线或看到东西。
•失聪：指耳朵无法正常听到声音或识别语言。
2.2 智力残疾•智力低下：指智力发育迟缓，无法与同龄人达到相同水平的认知能力。
•学习困难：指在特定领域或任务中学习能力较差。
•自闭症：指与人沟通和社交能力受到严重限制的神经发育障碍。
2.3 精神残疾•精神疾病：指身体器官没有明显异常，但思维、情感和行为受到不正常的影响。
2.4 感觉残疾•失语：指无法使用或理解语言进行沟通。
•失味：指无法正常感受或辨别食物的味道。
•失嗅：指无法正常感知气味。
•失触：指无法正常感知触觉或触摸。
3. 残疾的影响3.1 生活方面•日常活动：残疾人可能面临行动不便、穿戴困难等问题。
•就业机会：残疾人就业面临歧视和限制，很难找到合适的工作。
•社交活动：残疾人可能因为交通不便、沟通困难等原因而无法融入社交圈子。
3.2 心理方面•自尊心受损：残疾会给个体带来自卑感和自我怀疑。
•心理健康问题：残疾人更容易出现焦虑、抑郁等心理健康问题。
3.3 社会参与方面•歧视和排斥：残疾人在社会中可能遭受歧视和排斥。
•缺少支持和机会：残疾人在教育、就业和社会服务方面面临着各种限制和不平等。
4. 支持残疾人的措施和倡导4.1 改善生活条件•提供辅助工具：如义肢、助听器、轮椅等，帮助残疾人更好地参与日常活动。
•提供居住和交通条件的改进：残疾人友好的建筑环境和无障碍交通，便利残疾人的生活和移动。
4.2 推动社会包容•消除歧视：推动法律和政策的制定，禁止针对残疾人的歧视行为。
•推动平等机会：提供教育和就业机会，确保残疾人享有平等的权利和机会。
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Abstract
The paper explores the possibility of performing anaphora resolution and presupposition accommodation in a situation where scope relations are only partially known. For underspeci cation of scope ambiguity, the approach builds on Reyle's formalism of Underspeci ed Discourse Representation Structures (UDRSs, (Reyle, 1993)) which is extended to cover arbitrary constraints from anaphora resolution. Wellformedness conditions are formulated for UDRSs to restrict scope readings as required by anaphora resolution. Based on these conditions, a disambiguation algorithm is presented for scope resolution and presupposition accommodation, which has also been implemented.
Keywords: de nition and use of underspeci ed semantic representations,
scope resolution, anaphora and presupposition.
1 Introduction
In natural language discourse the phenomenon of ambiguity is pervasive. As the number of interpretations is in general large, an enumeration of all interpretations is apt to slow down a Natural Language Processing system considerably. The traditional approach to the problem (Woods, 1978) consists in applying heuristics (Poesio, 1995) to get a single \preferred" interpretation and resorting to backtracking in case of wrong choice. Unfortunately in the worst case all readings are enumerated. This is why another method, dubbed underspeci cation, has become the focus of attention. The main insight behind this approach is that evaluation processes can very often work on whole classes of interpretations so that disambiguation among the members of these classes is super uousห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ Two things are
This work was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology (BMBF) in the framework of the Verbmobil Project under Grant 01 IV 101 U. Many thanks are due to J. Bos, E. Konig-Baumer, P. Krause, U. Reyle, and C.J. Rupp.
like theorem proving (Reyle, 1993), (Reyle, 1995), shake-and-bake machine translation (Copestake et al., 1995), (Dorna and Emele, 1996) and underspeci cation of syntactic ambiguity (Schiehlen, 1996). 2 That is, a formula of rst order predicate logic (PL1) or a Discourse Representation Structure (DRS) of Discourse Representation Theory (DRT, (Kamp and Reyle, 1993)).
Disambiguation of Underspeci ed Discourse Representation Structures under Anaphoric Constraints
Michael Schiehlen Institute for Computational Linguistics, University of Stuttgart, Azenbergstr. 12, D-70174 Stuttgart email: mike@adler.ims.uni-stuttgart.de
1
required for underspeci cation: (1) a formalism for compact representation of interpretation classes (underspeci ed representations) and individual interpretations (fully speci ed representations) and (2) a disambiguation device to connect underspeci ed representations with fully speci ed representations. At least the fully speci ed representations should be interpretable in a model theory. Two roads lead to underspeci cation. Operational Underspeci cation: Operations that typically introduce ambiguity are recorded in the representation formalism and executed only by the disambiguation device. For scope resolution, this approach has been taken e.g. in the Core Language Engine (Alshawi, 1992) where the quanti er raising rules are recorded in quanti ed terms and in Ambiguous Predicate Logic (van Eijck and Jaspars, 1996) where nested Cooper storages (Cooper, 1983) are explicitly integrated into the language. Representational Underspeci cation: Another approach practicable for scope resolution is to reify the structuring objects of a semantic representation formalism. The structural relations between these objects are then appropriately weakened to capture the correct range of ambiguity. This approach is pursued in Underspeci ed Discourse Representation Theory (UDRT) (Reyle, 1993), (Frank and Reyle, 1992) which has pointers to basic formulae (labels1) in its repertory. A traditional semantic representation2 has a tree structure. UDRT weakens such trees to directed acyclic graphs. Representational Underspeci cation has the advantage that all binding constraints can be made explicit so that the Free Variable Constraint (Hobbs and Shieber, 1987), (van der Sandt, 1992, 365) plaguing quanti er raising does not need extra enforcement. On the other hand the well-formedness conditions of UDRSs transcend what can be read o the representations' form and are thus more costly to check. This paper adopts the UDRS formalism. It further assumes that the evaluative processes of anaphora resolution and presupposition binding or accommodation (van der Sandt, 1992) work on UDRSs directly, i.e. with unresolved scope. UDRT is u-deductive (KonigBaumer and Reyle, 1996) (i.e. deductions can be done directly on the underspeci ed structure) and therefore supports the proving required for presupposition binding. In the second section the UDRS formalism with extensions for anaphora binding is introduced. The third section discusses a problem that crops up when scope resolution and donkey anaphora are considered together. The following sections propose a solution in terms of ambiguity domains and extend the UDRS well-formedness conditions to this purpose. Finally, an algorithm for scope resolution and presupposition accommodation is presented that obeys the constraints imposed by anaphora resolution and presupposition binding.