翻译复习
翻译复习
一、增词法1..After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly .在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他疲倦地回到了家里。
（增加动词）2..He sank down with his face in his hands .他两手蒙着脸，一屁股坐了下去。
（增加副词）3. The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets .本文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三方面的新成就。
（增加概括词）4. A small price difference can kill a product.价格上的细微差异（就）（足以）能将产品置于死地5. Theory is something but practice is everything.理论固然重要，但实践尤其重要。
（增补逻辑连贯的词）6.。
The strongest spring leads to fatigue failure caused by excessively high stress.即使是强度最大的弹簧，也会因应力过大而导致疲劳损坏[力] 。
二、分句法(副词/形容词/名词）翻译成句子1.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives..他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
翻译复习题(总)
翻译复习题(总)翻译复习题第一套1．A petrol-engine has the advantage that it is light in weight and can easily be controlled.答案：汽油发动机的优点是重量轻、操纵简便。
2．I’ll never forget the day when I entered the university.答案：我永远忘不了进大学的那一天。
3．We don’t believe in the pessimistic estimation that at the present rate of use, the known oil deposit in the world would be used up in from 10 to15 years.答案：我们不相信这一悲观的估计，即按照目前的使用速度，世界上已探明的石油储量将会在10到15年内消耗殆尽。
4．The delegation of the two governments expressed confidence that the talks would prove constructive and fruitful.答案：两国政府的代表团都相信，会谈将会是建设性的和富有成果的。
5．如果我是他，我就会尽最大的努力按时完成任务。
答案：If I were he, I would try my best to accomplish the task on time.6．我不记得在哪见过他。
I can’t remember where I have seen him.7．这所大学提供了他所期望的一切。
The university has offered everything he expected.8．我们一得到结论就通知你。
第二项：将下面的段落翻译成汉语（30分）。
提示：下面的一篇文章是中英高层联合大会开幕式上英方首席代表的讲话。
高考英语翻译专项复习
高考英语翻译专项复习常见句式（一）be pleased/displeased with对....感到满意/不满意，不悦Be satisfied with, be content with对....感到满意Inform sb of sth 告知，通知某人某事, sb be informed of sth某人被告知某事,get/make sb informed of sth使某人知道某事Need doing sth=need to be done 需要做某事:The bike needs repairing.-The bike needs to be repaired.Remind sb of sth/doing sth提醒某人某事/做某事as/so long as只要.....; as far as和.....一样远，至于；once一旦，有一次;while当....时（延续性动词），然而感官动词的用法：hear sb do/doing sth; watch/see/notice listen to sb do/doing sthtake advantage of利用，欺骗show off炫耀Show sb around sw带某人参观某地work out 解决，计算出，锻炼身体figure out弄清楚，弄明白，解决out of curiosity处于好奇Be curious about对....好奇marvel at惊叹于....Ring true听起来真实cater to设法适应，迎合（爱好）Cater for为宴会等提供食品，服务娱乐：cater for large banquet承办大型宴会Be related to sth/doing sth与....相关to a great extent很大程度上To some extent从某种程度上讲make/set up one’s mind to do sth下定决心做某事（二）（doing,to为介词的常见搭配）Have difficulty/trouble doing sth做某事有困难permit doing sth允许做某事Allow sb to do sth,agree to do sth允许做某事admit doing sth承认做某事Mean to do sth打算做某事mean doing sth意味着做Finish doing sth完成做某事deny doing sth否认做某事Risk doing sth 冒险做某事enjoy doing sth做某事Advise/suggest doing sth建议做某事practice doing练习做某事Avoid doing sth避免做某事imagine doing sth想象做某事Envy doing sth 羡慕做某事require doing sth=require to be done Mind doing sth介意做某事appreciate doing sth感谢，感激做某事object to sth/doing sth反对做某事Subject oneself to sth 使服从于，受制于adapt oneself to sth/doing sth适应... Adjust oneself to sth/doing sth调整以适应.... Resort to 诉诸.......Turn to sb for help向某人求助amount to/add up to总计，到达.... Take to sb/sth/doing sth：养成某种习惯，嗜好....，对...产生好感，轻易学会，照管，照料开始从事submit to 服从于，屈服于，投降Respond/react/reply to.... 对...做出回应/反应/回复Correspond to与....一致，符合Attend to倾听，听取，照顾，照料，专心于，致力于attend to one’s advice听取某人的意见，attend to customers招呼好顾客, attend to one’s duties 尽职refer to指的是look forward to sth/doing sth盼望.... Lead to 导致give birth to生孩子，产生，造成Be exposed to sth被暴露于，接触.... give rise to引起，导致Have access to游进入，使用....的权利approach to学习...的途径，处理...的方法，接近，靠近，通往....的方法Pay attention to注意show mercy to同情，怜悯...Be related to 与...相关be connected to 连接be relevant to与....相关Be equal to等于，能胜任bid farewell to sb想某人告别Owe to 由于; owe sth to sb把某事儿归功于某人thanks to幸亏Due to 由于with regard to 至于，关于，对于考虑到Contribute oneself to sth/doing sth为...做贡献make contributions to sth/doing sth Devote oneself to sth/doing sth投身于be devoted to sth/doing sthBe absorbed in....专心致力于..... Be engaged in参与，从事于，忙于Be heavily involved in全神贯注于.... Bury oneself in sth/doing sth ....专心致力于.... Focus on聚焦于，专注于concentrate on集中精力与....Be occupied with sth, be occupied in doing sth忙于做某事be busy with sth, be busy in doing sth忙于做某事Get down to sth/doing sth开始认真注意或对待某事,着手认真做某事Bend oneself to sth/doing致力于，热心从事，竭力做be addicted to sth/doing sth沉迷于Commit oneself to sth/doing sth，be committed to sth/doing sth全身心投入．．．，承诺．．．．．．Be hooked on....沉溺于，对....入迷Commit a crime犯罪commit suicide自杀Take...into account/consideration把....考虑进去take sth for granted,take for granted that......把....视为理所应当常见翻译句型1. As is known ( to us all ), … = It is known (to us all) that…2. It seems that sb./sth.… =sb./sth. seems to…It appears (to sb) that…=sb./sth. appears to…3. It (so)happened that sb./sth.…=sb./sth. happened to…4. There is/are….There seems to be…There happened to be…There must have been…There is going to/will be…5. Sth occu rr ed to sbIt (suddenly) occurred to sb t hat…It never occurred to sb that… = It didn’t occur to sb that…6. It is said / reported that sb./sth.… = sb / sth is said / reported to do…It is believed that sb./sth.… = sb / sth is believed to do……7. It is no good / use doing…They think / consider / feel it no use / good doingIt is likely that sb./sth.… = sb / sth is likely to do…It is possible / probable that sb./sth.…8. It is hard to imagine /say / believe…It is no wonder that…9. It takes sb. some time to do sth.Sb. takes some time to do sth.Sb. spends time/money doing sth / on sth10. When/Whenever it comes to sb./sth/doing sth, …11. It (still) remains a question whether…= Whether … remains a question. Whether … remains to be seen.Whether … ( or not ) mainly depends on…12. It matters a lot / little whether/who/how…It doesn’t matter whether/who/how…What (really) matters (to sb) is …13. Y ou make it a rule to do / that…They make it possible / clear (for sb) to do / that …We find / feel / think / consider it+adj. / n. (for sb) to do / that…We think / consider / feel it a great honor to do sth14. keep / bear sth in mind → keep / bear in mind that…15. take sth. for grantedtake it for granted that … = It is taken for granted that…16. see to sth.see to it that…= make sure that …17. I would appreciate it (very much) if you could do sth.I would be grateful/thankful (to sb.) if you could do sth.18. It won’t be long before…→It will be …before…It is / was the first / second time that … (现在完成时/ 过去完成时)19. It is up to sb. to do sth.20. It was+强调部分+ that …Sb. do / does / did +v.21. not … until 直到……才……→It is/was not until… that…→Not until…22. The first time +从句…= When… for the first time,…Every time / Each time …= Whenever…The moment / The instant / Directly… = As soon as… 一…… 就23. no sooner … than / hardly … whenI had no sooner left than she called. =No sooner had I left than she called.24. n. / adj. / adv. + as / though + S + V 虽然……25. However / No matter how + adj. / adv. + S + V,…whatever / wherever / whenever / whichever / whoever / whomever / whether26. The more … the more …27. There is no / not much point in doing …There is no need (for sb) to do …There is no doubt that…There is no possibility of doing / that …There is no denying that …28. Chances are that … 可能……29. since / now that既然30. It is / has been some time since … (过去式)It was some time since… (过去完成时)31. Those who…32. He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.He is one of the students who have passed the exam.33. 倒装①全部倒装②部分倒装Only +状语（短语/从句）34. 祈使句，and / or +陈述句35. not … but…36. Word came that…37. The reason why / for… was / is that ...38. What impressed / struck us most was that…What matters (to sb.) is that…39. With the development / improvement / rise / increase / advance / help of …40. Contrary to one’s wish / expectation / what people (had) expected / thought41. cannot /never…too / can’t… enough --- 怎样也不过分----42. not necessarily 未必---43. take … into consideration / account例句分析分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。
翻译期中复习
Exercise 1:1) extremely urgent 十万火急2) underestimate one’s capabilities 妄自菲薄3) commit the same error 重蹈覆辙4)full of conceit 目空一切5) miss a good chance 失之交臂6)fellow sufferers 难兄难弟7) make a superficial change 换汤不换药Exercise 2:1. His achievement in his study was the envy of all his classmates.2. They say such scandalous things about you out of envy.3.London is a city invaded by tourists.4. Guangzhou boasts an enormous airport.5. He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.6.John’s father sent him to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself. （deser ve to be noticed by doing something well）7. His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff.8. Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to susta in the aircraft.9. Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod.10. Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.11. Unfortunately, he developed tuberculosis.12. In Sichuan, people are developing the rich resources which can make them rich.Exercise 3:1. With the passage of time, her admiration for him grew more and more.随着时间的消逝，她对他越来越敬慕（钦佩）。
翻译复习重点
1Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大的作用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足。
2There is a mix of confrontation and cooperation between them.【译文】他们之间既有对抗，又有合作。
3 .Evidently he had the first quality of an angler, which is not tomeasure the pleasure by the catch.【译文】他显然具备了垂钓者的首要品质，即以钓为乐，钓多钓少无所谓。
4.He always lives ahead of his salary.【译文】他总是不到发薪水的日子就把钱花完了。
或：他的薪水总是不够花。
5 .At first, they were being nice.【译文】起初人们只是出于一时的好心。
6 John Major faces severe social and economic problems as well astough debate over European integration, but his top priority will be to maintain the Tories‘long lease on 10 Downing Street.【译文】梅杰面临严重的社会和经济问题以及关于欧洲统一的艰苦辩论，但是他的当务之急将是维系保守党的长期执政。
7 John is now with his parents in New York; it is three years sincehe was a high school teacher in Washington. 【译文】约翰现在同父母一起住在纽约；他不在华盛顿当中学教师已有三年了。
翻译复习
1、The factory is famous for its arsenal （军火库）of technical geniuses.这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。
2、Brain drain has been China’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been anepidemic（流行病）in this country.人才外流一直是中国的头号问题，实际上，这已经成为该国带普遍性的严峻问题。
3、Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
4、This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
5、The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.万变不离其宗。
6、He was thin and haggard（憔悴的）and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，（他）看上去一副可怜相。
7、He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。
8、He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
9、His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了10、What kind of sailor are you? 你晕不晕船？11、“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across theveranda（阳台）, and into the porch（门廊）.“来啦!” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。
翻译课期末复习资料
翻译课期末复习资料一．词组翻译（10*1`）二．改错(5*2`)三．句子翻译(10*2`)四．Cloze(10*2`)五．段落翻译(1*50`)一．词组翻译（10*1`）•浓茶•strong tea•美术馆•art gallery•展览馆•exhibit hall•打的•take a taxi•白卷•unanswered test paper•红茶•black tea•假钞•counterfeit money; forged note •礼仪小姐•ritual girl•基本工资•basic salary •基本设施•infrastructure•浓烟•dense smoke•美术馆•art gallery•展览馆•exhibit hall•打水•fetch water•白丁•illiterate person•红利•bonus•假钞•counterfeit money; forged note •假花•artificial flower三．句子翻译•我愿与你共甘共苦。
•I want to share your ups and downs.•如此恶毒的谎言不啻暗箭伤人。
•Such a vicious lie could be nothing but a stab in the back.•对他那号人你还是敬而远之为妙。
•You’d better give a wide berth to a guy of his sort.•我没有添油加醋，我说的都是事实。
•I didn’t spice up. All I said is true.•他在会议上的讲话有点喧宾夺主了。
•His speech at the meeting seemed to have stolen the show.•那个歌星也只是昙花一现，除了两张唱片就销声匿迹了。
•That singer was only a flash in the pan. He disappeared into the air after having released two albums.•他试几次都失败了，所以现在也只能听天由命了。
翻译类复习题
翻译类复习题一、句子翻译1.One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.2. A vision of countless colorful flowers blinded his eyes.3.The economic indexes showed the 20-year or so reform has been a success.4. The cheapest might be the dearest.5. Good to the last drop.6. DOCUMENTS MUST BE PRESENTED A T PLACE OF EXPIRA TION WITHIN 15 DA YS OF ISSUE DA TE OF TRANSPORT DOCUMENT AND WITHIN THE L/C V ALIDITY.7. 泰山电器有限公司位列中国企业500强第121位。
8. 现代人开现代车。
9. 太原钢铁集团有限公司（简称太钢）成立于1943年。
10. 四川长虹电器股份有限公司（Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd.）总部位于“中国科技城”——四川省绵阳市。
二、致辞翻译女士们、先生们：很高兴各位不远万里从美国来到本公司访问。
各位知名人士莅临本公司，我们深感骄傲和荣幸。
我公司全体员工将竭尽全力使各位的访问愉快且不虚此行。
今天我们将向诸位介绍我们新建的工厂和研究中心。
如果大家有什么问题，别客气，请尽管发问。
在此谨向各位表达我个人最诚挚的欢迎，并衷心期盼各位的来访将会卓有成效而且意义深远。
谢谢！三、短文翻译1．Revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces, and so does reform. The overthrow of the reactionary rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism helped release the productive forces of the Chinese people. This was revolution, so revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces.2．Either party shall not be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this agreement due to flood, fire, earthquake, draught, war or any other events which could not be predicted, controlled, avoided or overcome by the relative party. However, the party affected by the event of Force Majeure shall inform the other Party of its occurrence in writing as soon as possible and thereafter send a certificate of the event by the relevant authorities to the other party within 15 days after its occurrence.四、信函翻译（1）5 May 2008Mr. K .L. LeeTiger ManufacturingEastern Industrial ZoneGuangzhouChinaDear Mr. Lee,Thank you for your letter of 15 April regarding payment terms.We agree to your proposal, the terms of which are as follows.1. Payment will be made by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with draft at sight instead of direct payment at sight.2. The price quoted to us is with no discount.The above payment terms have been approved by our Managing Director and will be acted on accordingly.The order is being prepared and will reach you in the next ten days.I would like to take this opportunity to inform you that our representative, Mr. John Green, will attend the forthcoming Guangzhou Fair. He will be writing to you shortly.We sincerely hope that future discussions between our companies will lead to further mutually beneficial business.Y ours sincerely,Denis ThorpeManager（2）敬启者：贵方上月十五日由“女神”号货轮运来的货物已于昨日抵达。
翻译复习(开课)
特殊句式
错在哪里？
• 7. 宰执深疾之。方力构其罪， 赖天子仁圣，特薄其谴，徙之 塞上。
• 正竭力罗织他的罪名，幸亏依 靠天子仁德圣明，特意减轻了 他的惩罚，流放他到塞外。
• 8. 意北亦尚可以口舌动也。
• 料想元军也是可以凭借口舌打 动的。
补充成分 词类活用
检 仔小
直译为主
查 细心
意译为辅 ！ ！ ！
字不离句
句不离篇
• 2. 今成其去就之名，得无自取不优之议 邪？ 3. 魏王恐，使人止晋鄙，留军壁邺。
• 4. 何故怀瑾握瑜，而自令见放为？ • 5. 殓以嫁时之衣，甚矣吾贫可知矣。
如何做到 信、达、雅
一. 要有得分点意识
1. 文言实词（通假字、词类活用、古今异 义、一词多义、偏义复词） • 2. 某些文言虚词 • 3. 特殊句式 固定句式 • 4. 补充成分 • 5. 单音节词 • 6. 修辞（互文、借代、比喻） • 7. 句意通顺
修辞手法
问题总结
• 专有名词，强行翻译 • 文言现象，不加注意（通、词活、古今） • 脱离语境，误译词语（一词多义） • 该补不补，成分残缺 • 该删不删，成分赘余（偏义复词、虚词） • 该调不调，语序混乱（句式） • 修辞手法，不知深意
旧题新做
• 1. （高）登辞之，不可，复无所归，请 置于学，买书以谢士民。
文言翻译
纠错与技巧
错在哪里？
• 1. 天子以生人付公理，公见人被暴
害，因恬然。
专有名词
• 天子把活人交托给天理，你看见百
上下文语境 一词多义
姓被残暴杀害，却毫不在乎。
• 2. 死战之寇，固难卒拔
• 拼死一战的敌人，最终本来就难以 通假字 攻克。
英语翻译复习资料
1.Some beautiful small toys.一些漂亮的小玩具。
2.Big blue eyes. 蓝色的大眼睛。
3.Five bright confortable room. 五间明亮舒适的房间。
4.Six lovely small white cats. 六只可爱的小白猫。
5. A old Chineseengineer. 一名中国老工程师。
6.Those happy foreign tourists. 那些快乐的外国旅客。
7. A pure-brown shirt. 一件纯棕色的衬衫。
8.An interesting new cartoon. 一部有趣的新动画片。
9.His father was an Englishteaches his whole life.10.他父亲当了一辈子的英语老师。
11.Gaotian’s wife hurried to his office to look for him.12.高天的妻子赶到办公室找他。
13.We visited this city last week.14.我们上周参观了这个城市。
15.He lived in an old house 3 years ago.三年前他住在一座老房子里。
16.The shop assistant took off the price tag on the clothes.那个店员把衣服上的标签取下来了。
17.Sorry to keep you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。
18.GoodLuck Company, canI help you?好运公司，我能为您效劳吗？19.This is Jane smith. May I speak to Mary?Hold on, please.我是简·史密斯。
我能跟玛丽通话吗？20.请等一下。
21.Where did you go yesterday?22.We went to the shopping mall.23.昨天你们上哪儿了？24.昨天我们去购物中心了。
英语翻译与技巧复习资料
1. He stole her a watch. 他给她偷了一块表.2.That girl student is in the green. 那个女生正值青春年少3.He tried to seem angry, but his smile betrayed him. 他装出生气的样子，可是笑容暴露了他的真实情感。
4.Science is a servant of mankind. 科学造福于人类。
5.In an odd way the two leaders diminished each other. 奇怪的是, 这两位领袖站在一起，都不如原来的形象那么伟大了6.Any literate person on the face of the globe is deprived if he does not know English.【译文】世界上任何有文化的人，如果不懂英语就算不上个真正的文化人。
7.She is forty, if she is a day. 【译文】她至少40岁了。
8. The housewife is not at home to visitors. 【译文】家庭主妇不接待客人.9.He pretends to be as modest as anything. 【译文】他装得极为谦虚。
10.We should find truth in the light of science. 【译文】根据科学，探求真理。
11.Beyond the light of the fire everything was swallowed up the blackness of darkness. 【译文】在火光照不到的地方，一切都被吞没在夜的黑暗之中。
12.It’s no legend. My father knew the two men involved.【译文】这可不是瞎说。
那两个与本案有关的人我父亲都认识。
翻译复习资料
一．颜色词和习语Redred letter day大喜的日子red carpet红地毯(热情接待）in the red 赤字red ruin 火灾red battle血战red sky彩霞brown sugar红糖black tea 红茶honor roll红榜love pea红豆bonus (dividend) 红利red flag 红旗the Red Square红场red book 红皮书red revenge血腥复仇red political campaign激烈的政治运动red alert紧急警报a red flag危险信号旗red light district红灯区red figure/ink赤字red balance赤字差额Out of the red收支平衡Greengreen meat新鲜的肉green power财团green hand新手green-eyed嫉妒的green book 绿皮书WhiteWhite war没有硝烟的战争（冷战）white sale降价处理（促销）white man (good-mannered) 有修养的人white goods白色的电器white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡white night 不眠之夜white book 白皮书White Hall 白厅White House白宫Grey hair 白头发a white lie无恶意的谎言white list白名单(指守法人士、合法机构等) white man正直高尚的人days marked with a white stone幸福的日子show the white feather示弱BlueBlue-eyed boys 社会的宠儿a blue moon 千载难逢的机会blue-sky market露天市场blue sky bargaining胡砍价blue blood高贵血统blue film黄色影片Blue book 蓝皮书Blackblack market地下市场,黑市in the black盈利black art妖术black coffee纯咖啡black Friday耶稣受难日（不吉利的星期五）black words不吉利的话a black letter day凶日a black mark污点yellow pages黄页（指分类电话簿，并非指黄书）black and blue青一块紫一块(而不是青一块黑一块)pink slip解雇职工通知单Idioms1) make pocket call =call sb by accident2) not a through road=dead end 此路不通3) awesome=fantastic, amazing极好的，可怕的4) What are you guys looking for?5) You look like a million dollars today.你今天看起来气色很好Like cures like.以毒攻毒Diamond cut diamond.棋逢对手to call one names 责骂某人in the same boat 同舟共济A stitch in time saves nine.小洞不补，大洞吃苦black sheep 害群之马show the white feathera tall order高标准The Emperor’s new clothesall at sea不知所措直译法1.cold war冷战2.a gentleman's agreement 君子协定3.a barking dog never bites. 吠犬不咬人4.a rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔意译法1.to be cat's paws 上当，被人利用2.like a fish out of water 很不自在同义习语套用法1.to laugh off one's head笑掉大牙2.to shed crocodile tears 猫哭老鼠3.to be out at elbows捉襟见肘4.to spend money like water 花钱如流水（挥金如土）5.at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟一、直译加解释法1.There is no rose without a thorn. 世上没有十全的幸福2.The children from well-fed families(good-for-nothing sons and daughter of the idle rich) 膏粱子弟3.Pour water off a steep roof(operate from a strategically advantageous position)高屋建瓴二、直译联想法1.Bad workmen often blame their tools.2.It’s a long lane that has no turning.路必有弯三、意译改造法1.One swallow does not make a summer.一夏不成夏2.No smoke without fire 无火不起烟四、对联增字法1.Ill news comes apace.好事不出门，坏事传千里2.He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.近朱者赤近墨者黑五、等值互借法1.Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王2.Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同3.Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁4.Like father ,like son.有其父必有其子5.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成Idioms 来源I.Bible:1.separate the sheep from goat分辨良莠2. A lion in the way拦路虎3. a fly in the ointment一颗老鼠屎坏了一锅粥4.hole and corner 偷偷摸摸，鬼鬼祟祟5.the apple of the eye掌上明珠6.Hide one’s light under a bushel 不露锋芒7. A dead dog 废物或无价值之物8.Eye for eye, tooth for tooth以眼还眼，以牙还牙9.Between the devil and the deep sea 进退两难10.Escape by the skin of one’s teeth 死里逃生，幸免于难11.Kick against the pricks以卵击石12.No respecter of persons 一视同仁13.Cast pearls before swine 对牛弹琴14.The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.心有余而力不足II.Shakespeare’s works:1.pound of flesh2.Murder will out (truth will come to light )纸包不住火（真相终将大白）3.Strange bedfellows 同床异梦4.To paint the lily 画蛇添足5.Love is blind. 爱情是盲目的（情人眼里出西施）III.The Fable of Aesop:1.to bell the cat2.One swallow does not make a summer.一燕不成夏3.Blow hot and cold 朝三暮四4.Cry wolf 发假情报（烽火戏诸侯）To add fuel to fire 推波助澜Misfortune never comes single.祸不单行Barking dogs never bite.吠犬不咬人T o laugh off one’s head笑掉大牙A drop in the ocean沧海一粟，九牛一毛To spend money like water花钱如流水There is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪To put on the dog摆架子Every dog has its day. 风水轮流转The longest day must have an end.再难熬的日子也有头（苦难终有尽头）Pull somebody’s leg 愚弄人，开某人的玩笑Move heaven and earth 竭尽全力，不遗余力Child’s play 简单容易Eat one’s words 承认说错了话Dog eat dog 你死我活Throw a sprat to catch a whale 吃小亏占大便宜Give somebody an inch and he will take an ell.得寸进尺Time is money.时间就是金钱，一寸光阴一寸金A contented mind is a perpetual feast.知足常乐Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧Constant dropping wears the stone.滴水穿石You can’t make crab walk straight.江山易改本性难移A word spoken is past recalling.君子一言，驷马难追What you lose on the swings you get back on the roundabouts.失之东隅，收之桑榆A new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火One can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.朽木不可雕Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天Great oaks from little acorns grow.合抱之木，生于毫末Seeing is believing.眼见为实Lookers-on see more than players.当事者迷，旁观者清One is never too late to learn.活到老，学到老The early bird catches the worm.捷足先登，笨鸟先飞You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.有失才有得kill the peace. 扼杀和平Admittance Free免票入场No Admittance Except on Business非公莫入Wet (or：Fresh) Paint油漆未干Visitors Declined谢绝参观See to the Fire小心烟火二、翻译1.轻轻地推门进去，什么声息也没有，妻已睡熟好久了.I gently pushed the door in, with quietness all around me. My wife had long fallen fast asleep.2. 沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。
翻译理论-复习
翻译理论-复习1.Important Role of TranslationAs a means of communication,translation plays an important role in human civilization.A proper and skillful translation helps to promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion even disasters.2.Definition of TranslationThe Oxford English Dictionary:to turn from one language into another (从一种语言转换成另一种语言)Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language:to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言) The general subject field or phenomenon.The product,the text that has been translated.The process of producing the translation,otherwise known as translating. 3.Nature of translationHow do you perceive translation?Some people believe it is a science,others take it as an art;and yet many consider it a craft,or rather,a skill.4.What is translation generally understood?Meetham&HudsonTranslation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.(1972)BellTranslation is the expression in another language(or target language)of what has been expressed in another,source language, preserving semantic and stylisticequivalences.(1991)5.Scope of TranslationTranslation covers a very broad range.1）In terms of languages,it can be divided into two categories:from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa;2)In terms of language symbols it can be divided into[Roman Jakobson]intralingual translation（语内翻译）：an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language；[it occurs when we produce summary or otherwise rewrite a text in the same language,say a childern’s version of an encyclopedia.It occurs when we rephrase an expression in the same language.] interlingual translation（语际翻译）：an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language；[it occurs between two different verbal sign systems that has been the tranditional focus of translation studies.] intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)：an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems.[it occurs when a written text is translated into a different mode,such as film or painting.]3)In terms of the mode,it can be divided into oral interpretation,written translation and machine translation;4)In terms of materials to be translated,there is translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems,reports,speeches, etc.,and translation of practical writing such as official documents,contracts and agreements,notices,receipts,etc.;6.History of TranslationIn the West,translation can be traced back to300BC,while inChina,recorded translation activities are even earlier,dating from the Zhou Dynasty(1100BC). However,not until recent centuries,especially by the end of the19th century did systematic study of translation get underway.In the past decades translation theories and activities have developed fast both at home and abroad.The Major Stages of Translation in China1、Translation of Buddhist Scriptures2、Beginning Stage3、Development Stage4、Climax Stage7.Principles/Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing.The former lays emphasis on the translator,who should follow these principles while translating;while the latter on the reader or critic,who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works.由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然有了不同的翻译标准概括起来，它们大体可分为以下四类：1.以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则the source-language-oriented or the target-language-orientedtranslation principle2.以作者和读者为取向的翻译原则the author-and-reader-oriented translation principle3.以美学为取向的翻译原则the aesthetic-oriented translation principle4.以社会符号学为取向的原则the sociosemiotic-oriented translation principle中国的翻译原则Whenever Principles/Criteria of Translation are under discussion in China,Yan Fu’s “three-character guide”,which was first proposed in1898,would be mentioned.1.Yan Fu’s“three character guide”:faithfulness,expressiveness,and elegance(信、达、雅).The“three character guide”is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.2.Liu Zhongde:faithfulness,expressiveness and closeness(信、达、切);3.Fu Lei’s(傅雷)spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似)Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。
英语实用翻译期末复习资料
英语实用翻译期末复习资料期末复习资料词组复习1. Keep away from heat 切勿受热2. Protect against cold 切勿受冻3. Keep upright 切勿倒置4. Handle with care 小心轻放5. Staff only 员工专用6. Road work ahead 前方修路7. qualified faculty 合格的师资队伍8. employment rate 就业率9. international exchanges and cooperation 国际交流与合作10. multimedia classrooms 多媒体教室11. greenhouse effect 温室效应12. noise pollution 噪音污染13. interdisciplinary studies 跨学科研究14. computational linguistics 计算机语言15. spiritual pollution 精神污染16. freezing point；ice point 冰点17. boiling point 沸点18. first aid 急救19. Eco-system 生态系统20. Eco-agriculture生态农业21. electronic form 电子表格22. online community 网上社区23. online shopping 网上购物24. like charges 同性电荷25. opposite charges 异性电荷26. Wi-fi 无线网接入27. golden week tour 黄金周游28. cuisine tour 美食游29. suburb tour 郊区游30. check in 入住酒店31. check out 离开酒店32. take-out service 外卖服务33. green hand 菜鸟34. national nature reserve 国家级自然保护区35. information counter 问询处36. duty-free shop 免税店37. non-smoking seat 非吸烟区座位38. scenic spot 风景区39. summer resort 避暑胜地40. historical sites 古迹41. natural landscape 自然风光42. Six Harmonies Pagoda 六和塔43. instant-boiled mutton 涮羊肉44. hot and sour soup 酸辣汤45. fried bread sticks 油条46. 鱼米之乡 land of milk and honey/ land of fish and rice47. 炖牛肉 stewed beef48. 红烧牛肉 braised beef with brown sauce49. Zhejiang Cuisine 浙江菜50. fried rice with eggs 蛋炒饭51. glutinous rice 糯米饭52. spring rolls 春卷53. scrambled eggs 炒蛋54. mineral water 矿泉水55. soybean milk 豆浆56. steamed dumpling 蒸饺57. 孔子 Confucius58. 武术 Wushu（Chinese martial arts）59. 五常：仁、义、理、智、信five constant virtues：benevolence，righteousness，propriety，wisdom and fidelity60. 故宫 the Imperial Palace / the Forbidden City61. 天安门 the Gate of Heavenly Peace62. 三峡 the Three Gorges on the Yangtze63. 二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms64. 大雪 the Greater Snow65. 冬至 the Winter Solstice66. 《红楼梦》 A Dream in Red Mansions (The Story of the Stone)67. 《三国演义》The Romance of the Three Kingdoms68. 《西游记》Pilgrimage to the West; Journey to the West69. 《易经》 the Book of Changes70. 京剧 Peking Opera71. 五行 Five elements72. 春节 the Spring Festival73. 元宵节 the Lantern Festival74. Research-oriented university 研究型的大学75. 肩负重任 shoulder burdens76. repay society 回报社会77. well-known overseas scholars 知名的海外学者78. 本科生undergraduate79. 高等教育 higher education80. 多民族国家 a multi-ethnic country句子翻译1. Consumer goods are abundant of good quality and variety. 定语，句子结构。
汉英翻译考试复习材料
汉英翻译考试复习材料汉英翻译考试复习材料汉语词语和英语词语之间不存在机械的对应，翻译中不能随意把某个汉语词和某个英语词划上等号。
开展水平 level of development 英语水平 English proficiency 生活水平living standard 游泳水平 swimming skills 领导水平 art of leadership 使你的工作保持在高水平上 Keep your work on a high plane.把我们的素质提高到一个新的水平 to raise our quality to a new height 住房紧张 housing shortage 历史经验 past experience这家工厂只有几年的历史。
This factory was set up only a few years. 他主要抓生产。
He is mainly in charge of production.他抓紧时间进行技术训练。
He lost no time in technical training. 这部电影抓住了许多观众。
The movie appealed to a lot of audience. 抓重点stress the essentials关心人民生活 to care about the living of the people 关心局势开展 to follow the developments closely 共同关心的问题 issues of mutual interest 我们关心中国是否能保持持续开展。
We would like to know whether China will be able to achieve a sustainable development.领导人对两国关系的开展非常关心。
Our leaders have taken interest in the development of our bilateral relations.在这种情况下 under these/such circumstances; such being the case; in accordance with this specific condition这种情况必须改变。
英语翻译与技巧复习资料
1. He stole her a watch. 他给她偷了一块表.2.That girl student is in the green. 那个女生正值青春年少3.He tried to seem angry, but his smile betrayed him. 他装出生气的样子，可是笑容暴露了他的真实情感。
4.Science is a servant of mankind. 科学造福于人类。
5.In an odd way the two leaders diminished each other. 奇怪的是, 这两位领袖站在一起，都不如原来的形象那么伟大了6.Any literate person on the face of the globe is deprived if he does not know English.【译文】世界上任何有文化的人，如果不懂英语就算不上个真正的文化人。
7.She is forty, if she is a day. 【译文】她至少40岁了。
8. The housewife is not at home to visitors. 【译文】家庭主妇不接待客人.9.He pretends to be as modest as anything. 【译文】他装得极为谦虚。
10.We should find truth in the light of science. 【译文】根据科学，探求真理。
11.Beyond the light of the fire everything was swallowed up the blackness of darkness. 【译文】在火光照不到的地方，一切都被吞没在夜的黑暗之中。
12.It’s no legend. My father knew the two men involved.【译文】这可不是瞎说。
那两个与本案有关的人我父亲都认识。
翻译概论期末考试复习题
翻译概论期末考试复习题一、选择题1. 翻译的定义是什么？A. 将一种语言的文本转换为另一种语言的文本B. 将一种语言的口语转换为另一种语言的口语C. 以上都是D. 以上都不是2. 翻译的基本原则有哪些？A. 忠实性、通顺性、可读性B. 准确性、流畅性、优雅性C. 以上都是D. 以上都不是3. 翻译过程中，哪种方法强调对原文的忠实度？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 以上都不是二、填空题4. 翻译理论中的“信、达、雅”是由________提出的。
5. 翻译过程中，________是指译者对原文的理解。
6. 翻译的三个层次包括：字面翻译、意译和________。
三、简答题7. 简述翻译的三个基本步骤。
8. 什么是翻译的“信、达、雅”原则？9. 翻译中的“直译”与“意译”有何区别？四、论述题10. 论述翻译中的文化因素对翻译实践的影响。
11. 分析翻译策略在不同文体翻译中的应用。
12. 讨论翻译伦理在翻译过程中的重要性。
五、案例分析题13. 阅读以下原文和译文，分析译者在翻译过程中可能采取的策略，并评价其翻译质量。
原文：_________________________译文：_________________________六、翻译实践题14. 将以下句子从中文翻译成英文，并解释你的翻译策略。
句子：_________________________15. 翻译以下英文段落到中文，并简述你的翻译过程。
段落：_________________________七、开放性问题16. 你认为翻译中最重要的因素是什么？请给出你的理由。
17. 在翻译实践中，你如何平衡原文的忠实度和目标语言的流畅性？八、结束语以上是翻译概论期末考试复习题，希望同学们能够认真复习，掌握翻译的基本知识和技能，提高翻译实践能力。
预祝大家考试顺利！[注：以上内容为示例，具体题目和答案需要根据实际教学内容和考试要求来设定。
]。
翻译复习资料
多义词honor 兑现negotiation 议付confirm (confirmation) 保兑accept 承兑collect 到付clean collection 光票托收cover ①支付、付款给某人；②投保…险，对…保险coverage 保险，险别，投保increasing coverage/extending coverage 加保renewing coverage 续保on or about 前后各5天able and willing 能够并愿意alteration，modification or substitution 更正或修改any and all 任何及所有by and between 由….并在…..之间claim and demand 要求complete and final understanding 全部和最终的理解compensation or damages 补偿或赔偿custom fees and duties 关税covenants and agreements 契约和协议due and payable到期应付的free and clear of无goods and chattels货物与动产losses and damages损失与顺坏made and signed 由……签null and void 无效on and after 在……；在…..之后protect and save 保护及挽救purchase and sell 购买和销售sign and issue 签发terms and conditions 条款therein or thereunder 其中及其下rights and interests 权益Terms:backlog 订单积压futures market 期货市场blank endorsement空白背书negotiating bank议付行CIF到岸价格sight draft即期汇票standby letter of credit备用信用证SWIFT CODE SWIFT代码insurance policy保险单down payment预付款、首付金pro rate of tax 比例税率in lieu of 代替force majeure不可抗力agent ad litem 诉讼代理人per capita按人数，每人Ex Works (named place) 工厂交货（指定地点）多义词A low figure 小数目worker on low incomes 低收入The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high. 贱买贵卖The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.英镑兑换的比值已跌到新的低点。
翻译概论总复习
第二章 翻译的原则
• Q：初学者而言;应采用怎么样的翻译原则
第三章 翻译与文化
• 1. 语言与文化的关系： • 2. 翻译中的文化渗透：异质性foreigness
3. 文化差异与翻译：英汉语的不同P37
Q：佛经翻译对我国文化的影响
第四章 译者的素质
• 1. 译者的责任：宏观、微观 • 2. 译者素质：奈达4个条件 P49 • Q：译者一定要懂一点翻译理论吗;请举例阐述.. • 译者在社会和文化层面有哪些责任
第八章 机器翻译
• 机器翻译的分类及其英文表达 • 机器翻译的简史
第九章 理解与翻译
• 1. Eugene A. Nida 的翻译步骤P136 • analysis; transer; restructuring; testing • 2. Gorge Stainer 的翻译步骤 • initiative trust; aggresstion; incorporation; compensation
第二章 翻译的原则
• 国外 • 1. Alexander Fraser Tytler: 三原则P21 • 2. Catfort: 篇章等值行文、形式 • 3. Eugene A. Nida: 动态对等-功能对等functional equivalence • 4. Peter Newmark: 文本功能表达、信息、呼唤 语义翻译、交际翻译
• 1. 翻译的失： • 2. 翻译的得： • 3. 如何看待翻译的得与失
期末考试题型
• 一、填空题1'*15=15' • 二、术语匹配1'*15=15' • 三、简答题 4'*10=40' • 四、综合论述题30'
翻译复习题
1.Now that you are a grown-up （既然你已经是个成年人了, ）You should earn aliving on your own.2.Now that you're here, you might as well stay for dinner.（你不妨留下来吃晚饭）3.Mark Zuckerberg worked quite a long time to build Facebook, and it was yearsbefore the company made a profit （几年后公司才开始赢利）.4.I'd love to see your work （我很想看看你的作品）.I hear your pictures are justawesome!5.I'd love to come to the party （我很乐意来参加聚会），but I just can5t make thetime for it.6.It's time to quit your job （是该辞职的时候了）if you're bored all the time and nolonger feel challenged in your work.7.In his poem that announces the retirement, Kobe Bryant says his heart can take thepounding （猛击），but his body knows it's time to say goodbye （是该说再见的时候了）・8.The writer ends his article with the question: what should you choose: time ormoney （你该选择什么：时间还是金钱）？9.Since Mary is badly treated in the company, why shouldn't she quit thn iob （为什么她不放弃工作）？10.If you have any problems with these arrangements （如果你对这些安有E有问题），please get in touch with me.11.A recent survey shows young adults have a lot of trouble/difficulty doinghousehold chores （做家务有彳艮多困难）・12.My girlfriend was seriously ill then, but she didn't dare tell her parents about it.（但是她不敢告诉她的父母）.13.As I see it, those threatened the most by digital technology should learn to adaptand make a living out of it, rathar than complain constantly （而不是老是抱怨）. 14.Having worked in a different city for 18 months, the young man was proud ofhimself for embracing the unknown and making new friends rather than hiding himself in his comfort zone as he used to （而不是像过去那样躲在自己的舒适地带）.15.It's true my wife isn't an excellent cook, but my cooking skill is even worse, so Idon't/didn't dare to moke any comments about what she cooks （我不敢对她做的菜说三道四）.16.It's true that I experienced cultural shock when I first worked in a differentcountry, but I gradually learned to appreciate the differences rather than feel angry at them （理解这种差耒而不是对此生气）.。
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（1）英语的词汇有形态变化
（2）英语多变化，汉语多重复。
（3）英语主语不可省略，汉语多无主句
（4）英语句子谓语只能是动词 （5）英语重结构，汉语重语意。 （6）英语多被动，汉语多主动 （7）英语多前重心，汉语多后重心。 （8）英语多静态表达与汉语多动态表达 （9）汉语修辞有时热衷于色彩浓厚一些， （10）英语重后饰，汉语重前饰 （11 ）汉语语言讲究用词的均衡和对偶
一、翻译原则
“
信、达、切”三字： (一)信——保全原文意义； (二)达——译文通顺明白(后修改为 “达如其分”——编者注)； (三)ຫໍສະໝຸດ ——切合原文风格。翻译过程
原文 分 析 译文 重 构
转 换 1、分析：弄清原文文本的功能、内容与风格，即句法关系及其 特点、词汇意义及其特点、命题内容、修辞手段、作者意图或者 说言语功能等各个方面。分析的结果是原文的深层结构或准深层 结构。 2、转换：译者将大脑中分析好的语言材料——具有原语深层结 构形式的一串词语——转换为具有译语深层结构的一串词语。 3、重构：将已经转换为译语深层结构的一串词语，为着符合译 语惯用的表层结构形式、更好地表达原文内容、更好地体现原文 功能与风格的目标，重新排列、连接或删除。
英语中存在不能 施行动作或无生命事物的物称词做主语。而汉语中有生命的物体为主语 的首选。
•
（4）英语句子谓语只能是动词（包括实义动
词和联系动词）担任，而汉语的谓语几乎可以由所有 的语言单位来担任，包括动词、短语乃至句子。 翻译策略：英译汉时谓语的角色可呈开放性，回旋余 地很大。例如： At the end of her four months in the hospital, Mrs. Smith was pronounced incurably blind. 译文：经过四个月的诊断，史密斯太太还是被宣告为 彻底失明且无法治愈。
3.1.物称与人称 impersonal vs. personal
英语多用非人称词类作主语；汉语多用人称 代词作主语。e.g. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我兴奋得说不出话来。 • A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in. 奥格尔维进门时带进来一缕雪茄 烟雾。
（
1）英语的词汇有形态变化
例如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态和语气以及非谓 语动词的变化，名词有格和数的变化，形容词和副词 有级的变化，许多词汇还可通过添加前后缀改变词性 和词义等等。英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰 富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。汉语基本没有形态变 化，它主要靠词语、词序及暗含逻辑关系来表达句子 的语言意义。 翻译对策：翻译英语的形态变化时，汉语一般用加词 或变换说法的办法来表示，例如时态要加“正在”、 “已经”、“就要”等字样，分词有时要译为短语， 等等。例如：His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. 译文：主人对他的忽视增加了他的不安。
翻译对策：
1. 英译汉时，许多词语可以用汉语的动词来转换，连接 词在许多情况下可以省略不译； 例如：Don’t come in until I call you. 我叫你再进来。 条件：if it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天不下雨，我们就去公园。 时间：He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago. 离开北京五年了，从未回去过。
例如：
1. Very shortly after his election/ the secession
of certain Southern states /led to the Civil War/, which in turn induced Lincoln to free the slaves on January 1, 1863, /by(promulgating) the Emancipation Proclamation.
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2. 英译汉时常常要打破英语繁复的“树状结构”， 化为汉语的“竹节式结构”。
这样做的基础就是对英语长句意义层次进行分析， 弄清句中究竟讲了几件事情。分析这种长句的一 个有效方法是“核心句分析法”，即把英语复杂 句分解为语义相对完整的只包含单个主谓框架 (即只包含一个谓语动词)的多个句子——核心句， 分析各个核心句间的语义逻辑关系，然后用合乎 译语表达习惯的排列方式对各核心句进行重构， 介词短语、独立主格、结构复杂的长句在不少情 况下都可译为短句或分句。
第三讲 英汉词汇现象的对比
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再看下面典型的例句： “在全球经济事务中，中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力 的力量，我坚信这是符合我国利益的。”让我们看英语的语 序：I strongly believe that it’s in the interests Of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters.由此可见，汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关 系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证，而 英语则相反。
Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people. 上海是资本家的乐园，劳动群众的 苦海。 If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。
首先，把这个句子析为以下核心句：
1. Lincoln was elected >(表示“来源于）” his election 2. certain Southern states seceded > the secession of certain Southern states 3. (and so) the Civil war broke out. > led to the Civil War 4. the Civil War induced Lincoln to do something 5 Lincoln freed the slaves on January 1, 1863 > (Lincoln) to free the slaves on January 1, 1863 6. Lincoln promulgated the Emancipation Proclamation > by the Emancipation Proclamation (其中的by等于=by doing something；doing something在此处又等于promulgating the Emancipation Proclamation)
英语由于有形态上的变化，又强调主谓一致，因此句界分明； 而汉语没有形态变化，由于强调按照时间和事理顺序横向排列， 断句不严。 英语每个句子基本上都以主语-动词为结构主干，以谓语动词 为核心组成空间搭架；而汉语强调时间顺序和事理排列。 英文重形合（hypotaxis），有丰富的连接手段，不仅有形态 变化，有连词和介词，还有关系代词、关系副词、不定式、分 词和动名词，可以构成无数的短语，表达各种语法关系；而汉 语重意合（parataxis），没有形态变化，没有非谓语动词形 式，更没有关系代词和关系副词，尽管也有一些连词和介词， 但数量较少，使用也不如英语频繁。
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结果：He read so fast that we could not hear it clearly. 他 读的太快，我们听不清楚。 原因：It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night. 昨晚你在教室，肯定是 你干的。 转折：It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature. 江山易改，禀性难移。 对比：The future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous. 道路是曲折的，前途是光明的。
第二讲 英汉对比及翻译对策
1. 中西思维的差异导致语言的差 异： 2. 语言结构差异
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第三讲 英汉词汇现象的对比
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西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维，擅长抽象思 维，总是先概括后分解、先表态后叙述、先总结后 事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。众 所周知，地名的叙述便为一例。 中国人归纳式思维，表达事物总是按时间和事理发 展顺序由因到果、由远及近,由先到后、由大到小进 行阐述，这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达 (Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式 (Problem-solution Pattern). 我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消， 这使我很扫兴。 中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出，使语义重心落 在后面。实际上，按英语思维习惯应先概括，将语 义重心放在前面，然后分解开来，所以应翻译成 It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to pay to Hong Kong On July 1st.
1. 英；词有形态变化, do, did doing ； 汉：没有词形变化， 做，做了，正在做 2. 英语：句子必须完备，各组成部分很少省略，尤其是 主语； 汉： 句子成分可缺，很多无主句，常省略宾语。 3. 英；句际，句子之间各因素要用形式连接词连接； 汉：语意通过字词直接表达，在许多情况下省略连接 词 4. 英：句中有句，形成多层次的“树状结构” 汉：汉语多散句、紧缩句、流水句或并列的复句，形 成层次不多的“竹节式结构”