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论文封面期末总结模板范文

论文封面期末总结模板范文

论文封面期末总结模板范文Abstract:This paper aims to explore the importance of reflective practice in personal growth and professional development. Reflective practice refers to the process of analyzing and evaluating one's experiences to gain insights and improve future performance. The paper will discuss the benefits of reflective practice, the methods and techniques utilized, and the impact on both personal and professional aspects of life. The research combines empirical evidence, academic theories, and personal experiences to provide a comprehensive understanding of reflective practice and its implications. The findings emphasize the significance of reflection in fostering self-awareness, critical thinking, and continuous learning for personal growth and professional success.Table of Contents:1. Introduction2. The Concept of Reflective Practice2.1 Definition and Purpose2.2 Models of Reflective Practice2.3 Benefits of Reflective Practice3. Methods and Techniques3.1 Journaling3.2 Group Discussion and Mentorship3.3 Feedback and Peer Review4. Role of Reflective Practice in Personal Growth4.1 Enhancing Self-Awareness4.2 Developing Emotional Intelligence4.3 Promoting Personal Well-being and Resilience5. Role of Reflective Practice in Professional Development5.1 Enhancing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills5.2 Fostering Continuous Learning and Adaptability5.3 Improving Decision-making and Leadership Abilities6. Integration of Reflective Practice in Different Professions6.1 Education6.2 Healthcare6.3 Business and Management7. Challenges and Limitations of Reflective Practice7.1 Resistance and Fear of Judgment7.2 Time Constraints and Workload7.3 Cultural and Contextual Factors8. Strategies for Successful Reflective Practice Implementation8.1 Creating a Safe and Supportive Environment8.2 Providing Training and Resources8.3 Creating Reflection Opportunities in Daily Practice9. Conclusion10. Recommendations for Further ResearchIntroduction:Reflective practice is an integral part of personal growth and professional development. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the significance of reflective practice in various aspects of life. The importance of self-reflection, critical analysis, and continuous learning in fostering personal growth and professional success will be explored. The research will also identify the challenges and limitations of reflective practice and propose strategies for its successful implementation. By investigating the role of reflective practice in different professions, this paper aims to demonstrate its relevance and applicability across various fields.The Concept of Reflective Practice:Reflective practice involves a thoughtful examination and evaluation of experiences to gain insights and improve future performance. It encompasses a range of models and frameworks that guide the reflective process. This section will define reflective practice, explore different models, and highlight its benefits in personal and professional development.Methods and Techniques:Reflective practice can be facilitated through various methods and techniques. This section will discuss the effectiveness of journaling, group discussion, mentorship, feedback, and peer review in promoting reflection. The advantages and challenges associated with each method will be explored to provide insights into their implementation.Role of Reflective Practice in Personal Growth:Reflective practice plays a pivotal role in personal growth. This section will examine its influence on self-awareness, emotional intelligence, personal well-being, and resilience. By reflecting critically on experiences, individuals can better understand themselves, regulate their emotions, and develop strategies to overcome challenges.Role of Reflective Practice in Professional Development:Reflective practice is equally vital for professional development. This section will explore its impact on critical thinking, problem-solving skills, continuous learning, adaptability, and decision-making abilities. Reflective practitioners are better equipped to identify gaps in their knowledge and skills, seek opportunities for growth, and make informed decisions.Integration of Reflective Practice in Different Professions:Reflective practice is applicable across various professions. This section will explore its integration in education, healthcare, business, and management. Examples from these fields will illustrate the adaptability and relevance of reflective practice in different contexts. Challenges and Limitations of Reflective Practice:Despite its numerous benefits, reflective practice faces certain challenges and limitations. This section will discuss the resistance to reflection, fear of judgment, time constraints, workload, and cultural factors that may hinder the implementation of reflective practice in certain contexts.Strategies for Successful Reflective Practice Implementation:To overcome the challenges and limitations, this section will propose strategies for successful reflective practice implementation. Creating a safe and supportive environment, providing training and resources, and integrating reflection opportunities in daily practice are among the strategies that will be explored.Conclusion:Reflective practice significantly contributes to personal growth and professional development. This paper highlights the importance of reflective practice in fostering self-awareness, critical thinking, and continuous learning. By understanding the benefits, methods, and challenges associated with reflective practice, individuals can harness its potential to enhance their personal and professional lives. Recommendations for further research will pave the way for deeper exploration of reflective practice in different contexts.。

Paper template

Paper template

Methodological Approach to Multisensor Classification for Innovative Laser Material Processing UnitsVincenzo PiuriDepartment of Information Technologies, University of MilanVia Bramante 65, 26013 Crema (CR), ItalyPhone: +39-02-503-30066, Fax: +39-02-503-30010, Email: piuri@dti.unimi.itAbstract –Online quality detection and online laser beam control are important research topics to improve the overall quality of nowadays laser beam material processing units. In both cases innovative units are at study where the state is monitored by a set of heterogeneous in-process sensors conveying a large amount of information. However, low experiment reproducibility, lack of dominion knowledge and high costs greatly limit our ability of finding an optimal solution. In this paper we propose a methodology to guide the engineer's design choices towards an optimal implementation of the inductive classifier.Keywords –multisensor classification, quality assessment, neural classifier.I.INTRODUCTIONNowadays an increasing attention towards material laser material processing is registered in those industrial sectors where narrow process windows and high quality levels are mandatory. Welding metals with laser is especially attractive for many aspects: Laser devices can concentrate enormous amounts of power on very narrow spots, without needing a complex setup. A correctly executed laser weld will have small area, high penetration depth, optimal mechanical properties, often even better than those of the base metal, and will be stable with time. What is more surprising, industrial laser welding processes have also a degree of flexibility incomparable to that of any other welding process: The only requirement for a piece to be welded is its optical visibility, since no contact between the welding head and the piece is required. All these features will come only at the premium of high capital costs due to the necessity of producing a stable beam, controllable in intensity and duration, with a very high output power and a correct wavelength. In facts, metals are very good light reflectors, even better at the typical emission wavelengths of the most common laser devices. As the metal melts, its light reflectivity suddenly lowers and the laser power is more promptly transferred to the workpiece.At the present time all these issues greatly limit the industrial fields where a laser based process can be applied. Fine-tuning the process parameters over factors like reflectivity and actual geometry of the workpiece is a demanding issue, which is still unsolved. Nowadays it is common industrial practice to set the process parameters in an open-loop fashion, usually trusting on the experience of a human operator to fine tune the parameters when process drifts excessively increase the percentage of rejects. Improving the overall economicity of laser material processing units by detecting process drifts as soon as possible (i.e., moving from post-process statistic inspection towards online quality monitoring and automatic process tuning) is the key which would enable moving laser material processing to industrial environments with too high yield requisites for current processes.This paper will be structured as follows; In Section II we will expose the issues which motivate a methodological approach; In Section III we will describe our approach, explaining each step with meaningful examples; In section 4 we will show how applying a methodological approach yields meaningful advantages over an unstructured approach, for what concerns both understanding the problem dominion and defining a solution close to the optimal one.II.PROBLEM DEFINITIONWe can resume all these issues by stating that laser beam processes are characterized by scarce a priori information, and that limited experimental data can be obtained from them in a reproducible way. Differently from what happens, for example, with numerical transmission, where large amount of real or simulated data can be obtained with a relatively low cost, setting up for laser welding and cutting has high capital costs, both for the laser welding device and for the sensors, and perhaps high operative costs. Moreover, thoroughly exploring the space of configurations often means the need to operate beyond the ordinary welding conditions. Physical changes in the sensible parts due to operation stress alter the experimental condition, thus severely compromising experimental reproducibility.To limit this issue we can avoid exploring the zones of the parameter space that may cause more stress to the sensitive parts of the setup, trading off polarization against reproducibility, but the issue generally remains serious. The situation is worsened by the fact that we do not know whether the observed variables are related to any or all the meaningful process parameters, neither how these parameters affect the final weld quality, not even if "weld quality" can unambiguously be defined. Finally, the lack of a mathematical model for the process makes impossible to obtain more data by simulation. All these aspects imply that we must use the available data efficiently, looking for the best trade-offbetween complexity and performance. Moreover, understanding what we can (and what we cannot) obtain is of primary importance to rethink the requisites in the (likely) eventuality they would reveal unattainable. A. First alternativeThe Bayesian theory of classification tells us that there exists a lower bound on classification accuracy, which does not depend on the particular classification algorithm adopted, or on the number of available samples, but only on the distribution of samples in the feature space. If we estimate those distributions, we can have an idea on what will be the maximum performance attainable with the available dataset. It is necessary to extract from the signals produced by the sensors those features that are relevant to the classification problem, thus making simpler the classifier design and improving classification accuracy. Here the problem is understanding which features describe the process in a way almost accurate as the full signals, and which constitute a minimal set, avoiding both the "curse of dimensionality" and incomplete process description. B. Second alternativeOur methodology organizes the work so that “what can be saved will be saved”. This objective i s met by structuring the methodology so that the assumptions which are more likely to be removed, or whose removal will more affect the work done, are made later in the methodology, when most of the work has already been done.5 Y + 4z * sin(r) (22)We may assess a lower bound for confidence over performance by applying the results presented in [3], which establish the optimal confidence value, viz. the one obtainable with the optimal Bayesian classifier. In our work this step proved very useful to understand how "trustable" are the performance figures obtained for our classifiers. In an industrial environment this step would be done "a priori" by choosing the number of samples during the experiment design methodological step.Table 2. Floating-point operations necessary to classify a sample.Two classifier structures, two-layer feedforward neural network with sigmoid hidden neurons and the KNN classifier, were compared against a performance metric and a cost metric. We trained a high number of networks and assumed that thenetwork which best performed over a validation set of samples not used to train the network is also the best network. At this purpose the sample set has been randomly partitioned in a design and a validation subset, and all the networks have been trained/validated over them. We used the available a priori information about the data set structure in order to reduce the polarization introduced when partitioning.Fig. 1. A flow chart of the feature selection heuristic.A set of candidates is selected among the highest-rank ones, then the procedure is iterated with all (or some of) the two, three, … input classifiers that can be built from all the possible unions of the feature sets produced at the previous iteration.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe author wishes to thank the IEEE for providing this template and all colleagues who previously provided technical support.REFERENCES[1] G. L. Plett and I. Kollár, “Specification for Common IEEE Styles”.IEEE Trans. on Instrum. Meas., Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 1056-62, Dec. 1997. [2] G. L. Plett, Formatting IEEE documents in LaTeX2e,/ieee/ [3] I. Kollár, Formatting IEEE documents in MSWord,http://www.mit.bme.hu/services/ieee/word/AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY(Name)was born in (city),(country),in (year).He received (MS/BS/PhD,etc) from (school),(country),in (year) and (year),respectively.Now he is a (professor/engineer/PhD candidate ,etc)in(dpartment/university,etc),(country).His research interests include (interests).。

论文投稿模板

论文投稿模板

International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), Vol. xx, n. x Template of Manuscripts for IRECOSFirst A. Author1, Second B. Author2, Third C. Author3Abstract–This template represents the basic guidelines and desired layout final manuscript of International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE). Abstract should not contain any equations, references, or footnotes. This article plays the role of a template as well as the guidelines for prospective authors who will have to prepare the final manuscript accepted for publication by IRECOS. Copyright © 2009 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.Keywords:Template, International Review on Computers and SoftwareNomenclatureH magnetic helicityspace curve (a perturbed magnetic fieldline)Lk topological number: linkingTw topological number: twistingWr topological number: writheQ Hopf invariantC topological crossing numberηplasma resistivityI.IntroductionThese instructions give you the guidelines for preparing papers for IRECOS Review. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at IRECOS. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not delete the blank line immediately above the abstract; it sets the column format.II.Format of Manuscript The paper should be written in A4 (210mm by 297mm) size. Your manuscript should be on two side of a sheet, with margins of 2.5 cm on left and 1.5 cm on right side and 2.44 cm on top and 3 cm bottom side, respectively, of each page. Distance from edge must be 0.55 cm from header and 2 cm from footer. The suggested length of a regular paper would be 4~10 pages not numbered and in this style. The subsequent headings are called subsection. All fonts are Times New Roman.II.1.Main Title and Author Affiliation The title of the paper must be centered at the top of the page; it has to be Times New Roman 16 pts not typed in capital letter. Leave two line spaces of 10 pts and give the name(s) of the author(s). The font size of the authors is 12 pts. T he authors‟ affiliation should appear at end of the paper.II.2.Abstract and KeywordsLeave one line space of 10 pts and then give the abstract. Before the body of the abstract and the keywords, the terms …Abstract -‟ and …Keywords:‟ should come in bold 11 pts, respectively.The abstract must be on one column. The width of the columns should be 14.0 cm and must be at 1.5 cm spacing from the left margin. The abstract should be limited to 50-200 words and should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results, and their significance. The abstract will appear later in various abstracts journals and should contain the most critical information of the paper. Skip a line space of 10 pts between the end of the abstract and the keywords.Keywords are usually composed of about five terms or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas. Refers to the example for the dimension and the position.II.3.BodyFull-length papers generally consist of introduction, nomenclature, if any, main parts of the body, conclusions. It must be in two column format. The width of each column should be 8.0 cm. There must be 1 cm spacing between thetwo columns. The font sizes of the section headings are bold 12 pts centered and those of the subsection headings italic 10 pts centered, respectively. Subsections may as well not exceed further than one-step lower level. Section and subsection headings must be formatted with 18 pts spacing before the headings and 6 pts spacing after the heading. The text body has to be Times New Roman 10 pts, single spaced; flush the first line of each paragraph at 0.4 cm from the left hand margin.As for the fonts and the sizes of the headings, this manuscript in itself constitutes a good example.III.Tables and FiguresPlease insert your figures with “inline wrapping”text style, as in this template (see Fig. 1).Please do not use colors in the figures unless it is necessary for the proper interpretation of your figures. Place figure captions below the figures; place table titles above the tables. Tables and figures must be centered. Large figures and tables may span both columns. If your figure has two parts, include the labels “(a)” and “(b)”. Letters in the figure should be large enough to be readily legible when the drawing is reduced. Do not forget to include the label, unit for each axis and the legend when they are required. Use the abbreviation “Fig.” even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not abbreviate “Table.” Tables are numbered with Roman numerals. Please do not include captions as part of the figures. Do not put captions in “text boxes” lin ked to the figures. Do not put borders around the outside of your figures. Do not use color for the proper interpretation of your figures. The title of the Table must be centered; it has to be 8 pt typed in capital letter. Leave one line space of 10 pt after the Table.TABLE IN ODE S PECIFIC O FFLINE P ARAMETERSvariableMeaningnodeID node identifierOSC oscillator ticks per microtickLCP microticks per macroticksys_drift systematic drift of the node'sclockgateway_node gateway node flag time_master_node time master node flag free_running_MT_intfree running macroticks used for internal clock synchronizationfree_running_MT_ext free running macroticks used for external clock synchronizationCF cold start allowed flagcold_start_maxmaximum number of framesto be sent in state COLD STARTFig. 1. Average response time per number of sitesFigure caption must be 8 pt. Leave one line space of 10pts after the figure caption.IV.Abbreviation and AcronymsAbbreviation and acronyms should be defined the firsttime they appear in the text, even after the have alreadybeen defined in the abstract. Do not use abbreviations inthe title unless they are unavoidable.V.UnitsIt is strongly encouraged that the authors may use SI(International System of Units) units only.VI.EquationsEquations should be placed at the center of the line andprovided consecutively with equation numbers inparentheses flushed to the right margin, as in (1). You mustuse Microsoft Equation Editor or Mathtype.Be sure that the symbols used in your equation havebeen defined before the equation appears or immediatelyfollowing.()()()211niH x p i logp i=⎛⎫= ⎪⎪⎝⎭∑ (1)The equations must be the following sizes:-Full text 10 pt-Subscript/Superscript 7 pt-Sub-Subscript/superscript 5 pt-Symbol 16 pt-Sub-Symbol 8 ptThe style of the text is Times new Roman.VII.ConclusionEven though a conclusion may review the main resultsor contributions of the paper, do not duplicate the abstractor the introduction. For a conclusion, you might elaborateon the importance of the work or suggest the potentialapplications and extensions.AppendixAppendixes, if needed, appear before the acknowledgment.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l..ReferencesThis heading is not assigned a number.Citations must be numbered consecutively in square brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation should be put after the brackets [2]. Multiple references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate brackets [1]-[3]. In sentences, refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Do not use …Ref. [3]‟ or …reference [3]‟ except at the beginning of a sentence. The list of references should be arranged in the order of citation in text, not in alphabetical order. The text body of the reference has to be 8 pt, single spaced. Modality of Journal P apers‟ quote:[1]K. K. Gupta1, R. Gupta, Wavelet Based Speckle Filtering of theSAR Images, International Review on Computers and Software, Vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 224-232, 2006.Note that journal title and volume number (but not issue number) are set in italics.Modality of Books‟ quote:[2]J. Joseph, C. Fellenstein, Grid Computing(Pearson Education,2004).Note that the title of the book is in lower case letters and italicized. There is no comma following the title. Edition date and publisher are given.Modality of Chapters in Books‟ quote:[3]P.O. Bishop, Neurophysiology of binocular vision, In J. Houseman(Ed.), Handbook of physiology, 4(New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970, 342-366)Note that the place of publication, publisher, and year of publication are enclosed in brackets. Editor of book is listed before book title. Modality of Theses‟ quote:[4]T. M. Galla, Cluster Simulation in Time-Triggered Real-TimeSystems, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Computer Engineering, University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 1999.Note that thesis title is set in italics and the university that granted the degree is listed along with location information.Modality of Proceedings Papers‟ quote:[5]Tanaka, Y., Sato, M. Hirano, M., Nakada, H., Sekiguchi, S. ,Resource Manager for Globus-based Wide-area Cluster Computing, Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Computer Society International Workshop on Cluster Computing (Page: 237 Year of Publication: 1999 ISBN:0-7695-0343-8 ).Note that the proceedings title is in italics.Authors’ informationThe photographs, names, the vitae, the affiliation and the research interests of the authors should be given at the end of the paper.The photo must be 2.45 cm x 2.45 cm. The text (8 pt) wrapping style must be around the frame.1First author affiliation.2Second author affiliation.3Third author affiliation.First A. Author and the other authors mayinclude biographies at the end of regular papers.The first paragraph may contain a place and/ordate of birth (list place, then date). Next, theauthor‟s ed ucational background is listed: type ofdegree in what field, which institution, city, stateor country, and year degree was earned. Theauthor‟s major field of study should be lower-cased.The second paragraph uses the pronoun of the person (he or she) and not the author‟s last name. Information concerning previous publications may be included. Current and previous research interests ends the paragraph.The third paragraph begins with the author‟s title and last name (e.g., Dr. Smith, Prof. Jones, Mr. Kajor, Ms. Hunter). List any memberships in professional societies. The photograph is placed at the top left of the biography. Personal hobbies will be deleted from the biography.。

paper template

paper template

Your Paper's Title Starts Here: Please Centeruse Helvetica (Arial) 14First AUTHOR1,a, Second AUTHOR2,b,* and Xiao-Ling WANG3,c1Full address of first author, including country2Full address of second author, including country3List all distinct addresses in the same waya email,b email,c email*Corresponding authorKeywords: Component, Formatting, Style.For the rest of the paper, please use Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12Abstract. This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready manuscript for publisher. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in).Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc.Introduction (Heading 1)All manuscripts must be in English, also the table and figure texts, otherwise we cannot publish your paper.Please keep a second copy of your manuscript in your office. When receiving the paper, we assume that the corresponding authors grant us the copyright to use the paper for the book or journal in question. Should authors use tables or figures from other Publications, they must ask the corresponding publishers to grant them the right to publish this material in their paper.Use italic for emphasizing a word or phrase. Do not use boldface typing or capital letters except for section headings (cf. remarks on section headings, below).Organization of the TextSection Headings (Heading 2)The section headings are in boldface capital and lowercase letters. Second level headings are typed as part of the succeeding paragraph (like the subsection heading of this paragraph).Page Numbers (Heading 3). Do not number your paper:Tables. (refer with: Table 1, Table 2, ...) should be presented as part of the text, but in such a way as to avoid confusion with the text. A descriptive title should be placed above each table. Units in tables should be given in square brackets [meV]. If square brackets are not available, use curly {meV} or standard brackets (meV).Special Signs. for example , αγμΩ () ≥ ±●Γ {1120}should always be written in with the fonts Times New Roman or Arial, especially also in the figures and tables.Macros. Do not use any macros for the figures and tables. (We will not be able to convert such papers into our system)Language. All text, figures and tables must be in English.Figures. Figures (refer with: Fig. 1, Fig. 2, ...) also should be presented as part of the text, leaving enough space so that the caption will not be confused with the text. The caption should be self-contained and placed below or beside the figure. Generally, only original drawings or photographic reproductions are acceptable. Only very good photocopies are acceptable. Utmost care must be taken to insert the figures in correct alignment with the text. Half-tone pictures should be in the form of glossy prints. If possible, please include your figures as graphic images in the electronic version. For best quality the pictures should have a resolution of 300 dpi(dots per inch).Color figures are welcome for the online version of the journal. Generally, these figures will be reduced to black and white for the print version. The author should indicate on the checklist if he wishes to have them printed in full color and make the necessary payments in advance.Equations. Equations (refer with: Eq. 1, Eq. 2, ...) should be indented 5 mm (0.2"). There should be one line of space above the equation and one line of space below it before the text continues. The equations have to be numbered sequentially, and the number put in parentheses at the right-hand edge of the text. Equations should be punctuated as if they were an ordinary part of the text. Punctuation appears after the equation but before the equation number, e.g.c2 = a2 + b2. (1)Literature ReferencesReferences are cited in the text just by square brackets [1]. (If square brackets are not available, slashes may be used instead, e.g. /2/.) Two or more references at a time may be put in one set of brackets [3,4]. The references are to be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text and are to be listed at the end of the contribution under a heading References, see our example below. SummaryIf you follow the “checklist”your paper will conform to the requirements of the publisher and facilitate a problem-free publication process.AcknowledgementThis research was financially supported by the National Science Foundation.References[1] J. van der Geer, J.A.J. Hanraads, R.A. Lupton, The art of writing a scientific article, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2000) 51-59.Reference to a book:[2] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, third ed., Macmillan, New York, 1979. Reference to a chapter in an edited book:[3] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, How to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age, E-Publishing Inc., New York, 1999, pp. 281-304.[4] R.J. Ong, J.T. Dawley and P.G. Clem: submitted to Journal of Materials Research (2003)[5] P.G. Clem, M. Rodriguez, J.A. Voigt and C.S. Ashley, U.S. Patent 6,231,666. (2001)[6] Information on 。

毕业论文英语作文万能模板

毕业论文英语作文万能模板

毕业论文英语作文万能模板Title: A General Template for Graduation Thesis in English。

Abstract:The graduation thesis is an essential part of the academic journey for students in higher education. Writing a thesis in English requires careful planning, organization, and attention to detail. This article provides a general template for writing a graduation thesis in English, covering key sections and tips for successful completion.Introduction:The introduction sets the stage for the thesis by providing background information on the topic, stating the research question or problem, and outlining the structure of the thesis. It should be concise and engaging, capturing the reader's interest and motivating them to continue reading.Literature Review:The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of existing research and scholarship related to the topic of the thesis. It should critically evaluate and synthesize the literature, identifying gaps, contradictions, and areas for further investigation. The literature review is essential for establishing the context and significance of the research and demonstrating the student's understanding of the relevant literature.Methodology:The methodology section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques used in the study. It should be detailed and precise, allowing the reader to understand how the research was conducted and how the results were obtained. The methodology should be aligned with the research question and objectives, ensuring the validity and reliability of the study.Results:The results section presents the findings of the research in a clear and organized manner. It should include tables, figures, and other visual aids to support the presentation of data. The results should be reported accurately and objectively, without interpretation or speculation. The results section is crucial for demonstrating the student's ability to analyze and interpret data and draw meaningful conclusions.Discussion:The discussion section interprets the results in relation to the research question and objectives, addressing their implications, limitations, and potential applications. It should also compare the findings with previous research and theory, highlighting their significance and contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field. The discussion should be logical, coherent, and persuasive, providing a compelling argument for the conclusions drawn from the research.Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key findings and insights of the thesis, emphasizing their significance and relevance. It should restate the research question and objectives, review the main points of the thesis, and offer suggestions for future research. The conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the value and impact of the research.References:The references section lists all the sources cited in the thesis, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). It should be accurate and consistent, providing the necessary information for readers to locate and verify the sources.Tips for Successful Completion:Start early and plan ahead to allow sufficient time for research, writing, and revision.Seek feedback from professors, advisors, and peers to improve the quality of the thesis.Use clear and concise language, avoiding jargon and excessive technical details.Follow the guidelines and formatting requirements of the institution for the thesis.Proofread and edit the thesis carefully to eliminate errors and improve readability.Conclusion:Writing a graduation thesis in English is a challenging but rewarding endeavor that showcases students' knowledge, skills, and creativity. By following the general template and tips provided in this article, students can effectively structure and complete their theses, contributing to their academic and professional development.。

毕业论文答辩模板THE PROFESSIONAL POWERPOINT TEMPLATE答辩人:导师

毕业论文答辩模板THE PROFESSIONAL POWERPOINT TEMPLATE答辩人:导师

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Full_paper_template

Full_paper_template

Title of Manuscript [15 words or less, avoid common terms such as: synthesis, characterization, properties, effect, study, presentation. These terms do not improve ease of finding of your article on search engines, and thus decrease readership of your published paper. Please also avoid terms such as: novel, new, first]Author One, Author Two, Author Three ((please provide full names of all authors))Full addresses of all authors, including country and postal codeCorrespondence to: Author Name (E-mail: insert)((Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.))ABSTRACT((Abstract text, 150 words or less, present tense, no personal pronouns. First part of the abstract should set the context for the research, the second part should briefly summarize the main findings of the manuscript))KEYWORDS ((please insert at least five keywords))INTRODUCTION((Full papers are comprehensive reports of important original research results, including an introduction, experimental section with sufficient detail to reproduce the work, results section, discussion section, and conclusion. Main text paragraphs should be 12 point font, double-spaced. The last paragraph of the introduction should be a short summary of the main findings/conclusions.))EXPERIMENTAL((appears directly after the introduction))((Physical data should be quoted with decimal points and negative exponents (e.g. 25.8 J K−1 mol−1), and arranged as follows where possible: mp/bp 20 °C; [α]D20= −13.5 (c = 0.2 in acetone) (please also give units for [α] and c, usually deg cm3 g−1 dm−1 and gcm−3, respectively); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ): 7.15 (s, 2H, Ar H), 1.3 (q, J = 8 Hz, 2H; CH2), 0.9 (t, J = 8 Hz, 3H; CH3); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 175.4 (C=O), 156.5 (C4); IR (KBr): ν= 2972 (w), 2907 (w), ..., 1026 (s; νas(SiOSi)), 971 (vs), ..., 666 (w;νs(SiOSi)), ..., 439 (m), 401 cm−1 (m); UV-vis (n-hexane): λmax (ε) = 320 (5000), 270 nm (12000); EIMS (m/z (%)): 108 (20) [M+], 107 (60) [M+ − H], 91 (100) [C7H7+]; HRMS (ESI, m/z): [M + H]+ calcd for C21H38N4O6S, 475.2591; found, 475.2593. Anal. calcd for C45H28N4O7: C 62.47, H 3.41, N 6.78; found: C 62.27, H 3.46, N 6.80.))RESULTS AND DISCUSSION((Equations should be inserted using Equation Editor, not as graphics, and should be set in the main text))Equation (1)((References should be superscripted and appear after punctuation.1,2 Please define all acronyms at their first usage except IR, UV, NMR, and DNA or similar commonly understood terms.))((The discussion should compare the results quantitatively to the current literature in the field.))Second-Order HeadingThird-Order HeadingFourth-Order HeadingCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES AND NOTES1.((Example for Journals: Misra, R.; Fu, B. X.; Morgan, S. E. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2007,45, 2441-2455.))2.((Example for books: Koros, W. J.; Chern, R. T. In Handbook of Separation Process Technology;Rousseau, E. D.; Russell, B., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 1987; Vol. 2, Chapter 20, pp 34-45.))3.… ((Please include all author names: do not use “et al.”))FIGURE 1 Figure Caption. (Reproduced from [ref. no.], with permission from [Publisher].) ((delete if not applicable))Figures should be uploaded as individual.tif or .eps files, at high enough resolution (600 to 1200 dpi, or vector files) to ensure clarity. Please see the author’s guide for moredetails and specifications.TABLE 1 Table Caption ((Please do not combine table and caption in a textbox of frame))GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTGRAPHICAL ABSTRACT FIGURE ((50 mm wide by 50 mm high, 100 dpi resolution)) .tiff or .eps file format.。

国外论文标准格式-A4模板

国外论文标准格式-A4模板

Paper Title* (use style: paper title) *Note: Sub-titles are not captured in Xplore and should not be usedline 1: 1st Given Name Surname line 2: dept. name of organization(of Affiliation)line 3: name of organization(of Affiliation)line 4: City, Countryline 5: email address or ORCID line 1: 4th Given Name Surname line 2: dept. name of organization(of Affiliation)line 3: name of organization(of Affiliation)line 4: City, Countryline 5: email address or ORCID line 1: 2nd Given Name Surnameline 2: dept. name of organization(of Affiliation)line 3: name of organization(of Affiliation)line 4: City, Countryline 5: email address or ORCIDline 1: 5th Given Name Surnameline 2: dept. name of organization(of Affiliation)line 3: name of organization(of Affiliation)line 4: City, Countryline 5: email address or ORCIDline 1: 3rd Given Name Surnameline 2: dept. name of organization(of Affiliation)line 3: name of organization(of Affiliation)line 4: City, Countryline 5: email address or ORCIDline 1: 6th Given Name Surnameline 2: dept. name of organization(of Affiliation)line 3: name of organization(of Affiliation)line 4: City, Countryline 5: email address or ORCIDAbstract—This electronic document is a “live” template and already defines the components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] in its style sheet. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use Symbols, Special Characters, Footnotes, or Math in Paper Title or Abstract. (Abstract)Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert (key words)I.I NTRODUCTION (H EADING 1)This template, modified in MS Word 2007 and saved as a “Word 97-2003 Document” for the PC, provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.II.E ASE OF U SEA.Selecting a Template (Heading 2)First, confirm that you have the correct template for your paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the A4 paper size. If you are using US letter-sized paper, please close this file and download the Microsoft Word, Letter file.B.Maintaining the Integrity of the SpecificationsThe template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations.III.P REPARE Y OUR P APER B EFORE S TYLING Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Complete all content and organizational editing before formatting. Please note sections A-D below for more information on proofreading, spelling and grammar.Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that for you.A.Abbreviations and AcronymsDefine abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.B.Units•Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used assecondary units (in parentheses). An exception wouldbe the use of English units as identifiers in trade, suchas “3.5-inch disk drive”.•Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This oftenleads to confusion because equations do not balancedimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearlystate the units for each quantity that you use in anequation.•Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter”, not“webers/m2”. Spell out units when they appear intext: “. . . a few henries”, not “. . . a few H”.•Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”.Use “cm3”, not “cc”. (bullet list)Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this text box.XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEEC.EquationsThe equations are an exception to the prescribed specifications of this template. You will need to determine whether or not your equation should be typed using either the Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text after your paper is styled.Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), using a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as in:a +b = γ (1)Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following the equation. Use “(1)”, not“Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sen tence: “Equation (1) is . . .”D.Some Common Mistakes•The word “data” is plural, not singular.•The subscript for the permeability of vacuum μ0, and other common scientific constants, is zero withsubscript formatting, not a lowercase letter “o”.•In American English, commas, semicolons, periods, question and exclamation marks are located withinquotation marks only when a complete thought orname is cited, such as a title or full quotation. Whenquotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italictypeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuationshould appear outside of the quotation marks. Aparenthetical phrase or statement at the end of asentence is punctuated outside of the closingparenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence ispunctuated within the parentheses.)• A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”.The word alternatively is preferred to the word“alternately” (unless you really mean something thatalternates).•Do not use the word “essentially” to mean “approximately” or “effectively”.•In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can accurately replace the word “using”, capitalize the“u”; if not, keep using lower-cased.•Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones “affect” and “effect”, “complement” and“compliment”, “discreet” and “discrete”, “principal”and “principle”.•Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”.•The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be joined to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.•There is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.”.•The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the abbreviation “e.g.” means “for example”.An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].IV.U SING THE T EMPLATEAfter the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the Save As command, and use the naming convention prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS Word Formatting toolbar.A.Authors and AffiliationsThe template is designed for, but not limited to, six authors. A minimum of one author is required for all conference articles. Author names should be listed starting from left to right and then moving down to the next line. This is the author sequence that will be used in future citations and by indexing services. Names should not be listed in columns nor group by affiliation. Please keep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not differentiate among departments of the same organization).1)For papers with more than six authors: Add author names horizontally, moving to a third row if needed for more than 8 authors.2)For papers with less than six authors: To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a)Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines.b)Change number of columns: Select the Columns icon from the MS Word Standard toolbar and then select the correct number of columns from the selection palette.c)Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines for the extra authors.B.Identify the HeadingsHeadings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads.Component heads identify the different components of your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other. Examples include Acknowledgments and References and, for these, the correct style to use is “Heading 5”. Use “figure capti on” for your Figure captions, and “table head” for your table title. Run-in heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head from the text.Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary text head because all subsequent material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Stylesnamed “Heading 1”, “Heading 2”, “Heading 3”, and “Heading 4” are prescribed.C.Figures and Tablesa) Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a sentence.TABLE I. T ABLE T YPE S TYLESa.Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote) Fig. 1.Example of a figure caption. (figure caption)Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity “Magnetization”, or “Magnetization, M”, not just “M”. If including units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K)”, not “Temperature/K”.A CKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in America is without an “e” after the“g”. Avoid the stilted expression “one of us (R. B. G.) thanks ...”. Instead, try “R.B. G. thanks...”.Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page.R EFERENCESThe template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [3] was the first ...”Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the abstract or reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use “et al.”. P apers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as “in press” [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols.For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6].[1]G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals ofLipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.(references)[2]J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed.,vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.[3]I. S. J acobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchangeanisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds.New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.[4]K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.[5]R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. NameStand. Abbrev., in press.[6]Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electronspectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. [7]M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:University Science, 1989.IEEE conference templates contain guidance text forcomposing and formatting conference papers. Pleaseensure that all template text is removed from your conference paper prior to submission to the conference. Failure to remove template text fromyour paper may result in your paper not beingpublished.。

四级报刊作文万能模板

四级报刊作文万能模板

四级报刊作文万能模板英文回答:Topic: The Importance of Education in the Modern World。

Introduction。

Education plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals and societies, especially in the modern world. In this rapidly evolving era, characterized by technological advancements, globalization, and increasing complexity, education serves as a foundation for personal growth, societal progress, and global understanding.Body Paragraph 1: Personal Development and Empowerment。

Education empowers individuals by equipping them with knowledge, skills, and critical thinking abilities. It enhances their cognitive capacity, enabling them to analyze information, solve problems, and make informed decisions.Through education, individuals gain the confidence and competence to navigate the complexities of modern life, pursue their aspirations, and contribute to their communities.Paragraph 1 in Chinese:教育能通过为个人赋予知识、技能和批判性思维能力,实现个人发展和赋权。

考研英语作文模板全能

考研英语作文模板全能

考研英语作文模板全能Title: A Versatile Template for the Postgraduate English Writing。

With the increasing number of postgraduate candidates in China, the competition for the postgraduate entrance examination has become increasingly fierce. Among all the subjects, the English writing test is particularly challenging for many students. Therefore, it is essential to have a versatile template for the postgraduate English writing to help students better prepare for the exam.Introduction。

The introduction is the first part of the essay, which should provide a brief background of the topic and clearly state the main points to be discussed in the essay. It should be concise and engaging to capture the reader's attention. In the postgraduate English writing, it is crucial to have a clear and logical introduction to set the tone for the rest of the essay.Body Paragraphs。

蓝色学术风文科答辩英文通用模板

蓝色学术风文科答辩英文通用模板
Click here to enter your main text. The text is a refinement of your thoughts.
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hmpAAA毕业论文格式

hmpAAA毕业论文格式

一、论文顺序:封皮——目录——摘要+关键词——正文——后记/小结——附录(可有可无,若无必须要说明或使用到的表格、数据等则可省略此部分)——参考文献每一个新部分注意另起一页。

二、注意的问题1、按照后面的格式重新整理论文。

2、图片要注意编号。

如第一章的第一个图编为“图1-1”,第二个图编为“图1-2”,第二章的第一个图编为“图2-1”,以此类推。

3、所引用的图片应去掉水印,即图片后不能有彩色的XX网站或XX论坛等字样。

4、图片应在页边距之内。

5、整理完之后自己应先顺一遍,不要错字连篇。

三、整理完之后尽快发到houqiaozhen@鹤壁职业技术学院毕业设计(论文)题目院系专业班级学生学号学生姓名指导教师毕业设计格式规范目录(小四宋体)(空两行,以下小四宋体)第一章绪论 (1)1.1 XXXXXXXX (2)1.2 XXXXXXXX (3)第二章 (4)2.1 ……………………参考文献 (30)后记 (31)附录1…………32(论文标题样本,另起新页,三号黑体,居中)论文标题(空1行,以下四号黑体)内容摘要(空1行,以下小四宋体)摘要:…………(不少于300汉字)。

关键词:关键词1 关键词2 关键词3(另起一页开始正文)(论文正文样本)(二级标题,四号黑体,居中)第一章绪论(空1行,论文正文,小四宋体)XXXXXXXXX……。

(2级以下标题,小四黑体,行间距固定值20磅,空2格开头)1.1 二级标题(正文,小四宋体)论文正文……(2级以下标题,小四黑体,行前空两格)一、标题1、标题(1)标题;①标题……第二章理论公式与计算2.1 理论公式推导XX公式可表达为:(公式居中,序号按章排列)E2 = mc + ƒ(e) (2—1)(图,表居中,图、表号按章排序,小四宋体,居中)如图2-1所示:图 2-1— 1 —(页脚标注页码,正文开始为第1页)注①:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (注释用5号宋体,左对齐,在当页正文底部)注②:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX后记本文在撰写过程中,得到指导教师XXX的精心指导,在此表示衷心感谢,……。

Full Paper

Full Paper

Tailorable Location Policies for Distributed Object SystemsAdam Jonathan Griff and Gary J. NuttDepartment of Computer Science, Campus Box 430University of Colorado at BoulderBoulder, CO 80303-0430(303)492-7906 V oice (303)492-2844 Faxgriff@Full PaperAbstractDistributed object applications rely heavily on distributed systems and objects. Solutions using CORBA with its location transparency are inefficient and do not scale for high-throughput networked applications. Our work addresses these inefficiencies by creating a mechanism enabling applications to influence the system’s object location policies on an object-by-object basis.We also provide an analytic comparison of distributed object systems that do and do not support location transparency and caching policies. The analysis shows that by using tailorable policies it is possible to achieve significantly increased performance through the reduction of the message traffic so that it is only a fraction of a per-cent of the message traffic required to implement a standard CORBA policy.1 IntroductionDistributed systems and objects have emerged as fundamental programming technologies in the last decade. The evolution of the two technologies has been relatively independent: distributed hardware and system-level soft-ware now provide an environment for supporting industrial-strength applications based on TCP/IP and on extensions such as the client-server and remote procedure call models of communication. Object technology has caused an unmistakable evolution in the way programmers produce software. Modern applications executing on a workstation are constructed using hundreds of objects, and each object can demand significant support from the hardware.With workstations interconnected by contemporary networks with bandwidths of 100 Mbps (and greater in the near future), it is natural for object-oriented applications to attempt to take advantage of the distributed technol-ogy.Research and commercial organizations have expended considerable effort to combine object technology with distributed systems, resulting in the creation of CORBA [OMG95] [Scot97], DCOM [Chap97], and others. CORBA is an open specification that uses location transparency and focuses on the combination of heterogeneous distributed systems and object technology. It defines an architecture in which objects, written in one language execut-ing on one computer, can invoke methods of objects written in another language running on a different computer. Tenenbaum, Chodhry, and Hughes [TCH97] provide one of many examples of the growing acceptance of the CORBA standard in the internet market.We have speculated that applications could have considerable influence on remote object access performance if the applications could supply hints, regarding the object management policy, to the distributed object system. The system would be expected to use these hints in placing specific objects at a location that maximizes application per-formance. These hints provide the meta-interface necessary to enable an open implementation of distributed objects. If objects are read much more often than they are written, then they could be cached at the reading locations —depending on the application semantics for the particular object. If an object is cached, and has many readers and a few writers, the application could suggest the type of memory consistency model to be used for the object, e.g., a cached object might have each write update synchronized and caches kept consistent using sequential consistency, or the cached object can use a much weaker form of consistency when the cached copy’s consistency is less important.We have designed the Gryphon mechanism to act as an agent between the applications and the distributed object manager (an ORB). A Gryphon analyzes hints from a set of applications, then selects a particular object loca-tion policy reflecting the application and system requirements. Based on the general design of the Gryphon, we are able to compare fundamental aspects of the performance of several different approaches for supporting distributed objects for a given set of applications.This paper briefly describes the Gryphon architecture for a CORBA-like distributed object system where applications (or users) can tailor the locations policies. Next, the paper provides a performance model of different Gryphon configurations with a centralized remote object manager and centralized and distributed CORBA configura-tions. Depending on the behavior of the applications, the Gryphon approach can considerably improve the perfor-mance of applications using distributed object. The analysis demonstrates the feasibility of the Gryphon approach, which we are currently implementing.Section 2 describes related distributed object work. Next we discuss how object location and update policies can influence performance in Section 3. Section 4 describes how Gryphon provides support for location and update policies. Section 5 presents the analytic model. Section 6 uses the models to show traffic patterns. In Section 7 we describe the Virtual Planning Room (VPR), our Distributed Virtual Environment (DVE) prototype. We then show workload characterization in the VPR and provide comparisons between object utilization scenarios. Section 8 dis-cusses our conclusions.2 Related WorkAhamad and Smith [AS94] described a technique for detecting mutual-consistency requirements in shared objects. By determining where the object is being used and the shared repositories where the object is being stored, the object can be cached where it is frequently accessed. This reduces data access latency and the associated commu-nication overhead. This research used causal consistency, a form of weak consistency, to regulate consistency mainte-nance of the object copies.The Configurable OBjects(COBS) project at Georgia Institute of Technology is building a CORBA compli-ant system to run on high-performance architectures [SA97]. This project tailors the performance le vels of the objects at run-time based on the requirements of the application. Tailoring is achieved using attributes to directly control sys-tem characteristics including: selecting object implementations; making objects passive, single- or multi-threaded; fragmenting and replicating object state; using reliable, unreliable, or multi-cast protocols; and selecting compression and secure transmission protocols. This project provides the application programmer a way to gain access to the high-performance features of the underlying object management system.Project SIRAC [BAB+96] incorporates a technique for creating distributed applications for real time interac-tion using multiple workstations. This project uses Olan, a language designed for run time support of distributed application. Brown and Najork [BN96] have created distributed active objects, Oblets written in Obliq. The Obliq lan-guage facilitates the distribution of objects over the World Wide Web by providing distribution primitives.There is a large research and product development community working on object management in DVEs. Some of these systems have incorporated domain specific update strategies. For example, the RING system with a centralized multi-casting subsystem incorporates knowledge about visual and auditory occlusion to reduce consis-tency updates for cached objects [Funk95]. The idea is to allow the server to keep track of which objects are visible and within hearing distance of an avatar at a client machine, then to only propagate changes to the client if it effects these objects. This strategy requires that the server have knowledge of the location and movement of each avatar.The Black Sun Community Server is a DVE product that runs over the World Wide Web (WWW) [Blac97]. This product has also developed domain specific assumptions and algorithms to aid in communication reduction. For example, to aid in scalability, as the density of users increases the visible range of an object is reduced (hence reduc-ing the number of update messages on the network). The Black Sun Community Server only propagates avatar updates to the parties that it decides are interested (using the density threshold) three times a second.The Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) varies an object’s update rate based on the avatar’s distance from the object (this concept is based on “level of detail” notion often used in the graphics community) [Holb95].In our research we have merged the specialized object distribution area with specialized application domains by providing mechanisms for the application developer to impart knowledge to the Gryphon system.3 Application-Specific Object Location and Caching PoliciesIn Section 7.1 we describe scenarios of how objects usage varies based on the application. There is a spec-trum of ways in which objects are referenced in a DVE. In some cases, an object is initially defined as a part of the world, then no part of its state ever changes (e.g., a wall in a room). In other cases an object may have its state changed rapidly due to its behavior (e.g., an avatar in a DVE, or a subject of collaborative work), or because of fre-quent interactions with other objects (e.g., an office form).Figure1 represents a set of different location policies that can be used, based on the application needs, to reduce performance bottlenecks while referencing objects. Some objects (like objects u and v) are private to an appli-cation. Other objects (like r and s in the figure) should be kept only in a server with all references to the object being remote references over the network. Cached objects (such as t and the cached copy t’ in the figure) have the original object stored on the server and copies in clients. Finally, objects such as x and y in the figure are placed at a client, yet can be referenced from other clients.Besides influencing the location/caching of an object, it may not be important to the application for a cached object to be especially consistent. For example in the VPR domain one client may be changing an object frequently but the other client machines need only update their cached copy of the object every few seconds or minutes. There-fore we also model the case where a client containing a cached object is only occasionally updated. Next we describe mechanisms for managing the location and caching of shared objects.3.1 Object LocationAssume that a system provides a CORBA interface to manage shared objects for an application, i.e., remote objects are referenced using an interface definition language (IDL). CORBA explicitly addresses the possibility that the underlying object manager may be distributed, meaning that in a network environment there may be several differ-ent locations at which an object is stored. Since CORBA supports location transparency, a client need only use the IDL to reference the object; the client is not permitted to know where an object is located — it can only reference the object through the IDL, then the underlying ORB will locate and reference the object.The system’s location policy defines the ORB’s strategy for placing objects at various locations in the net-work. The ORB is free to choose any location for an object, provided that it can still provide object reference. Today,remote object references dominate the performance of a distributed object application such as the VPR. If the applica-tion uses many remote objects, then its performance will be degraded to the point that remote objects are infeasible.Since CORBA provides (and enforces) location transparency, its location policy is determined by the ORB implementation or the system administrator. Neither the ORB designer nor the system administrator is likely to know,a priori , what the reference pattern will be for any given object which is solely determined by the way applications use the object. In our experience, there is a diversity in the policies that should be applied to different objects depend-ing on how the particular object is used.The application software can provide the best information regarding the location for objects in a distributed object management system. Therefore we advocate an approach in which the application environment can influence the location policy by suggesting object locations to the object manager on an object-by-object basis. For example,the objects that make up a user’s avatar should be located at the workstation where that user interacts with the system.3.2 Caching and ConsistencyIn DVE applicationsSection 7.1 there are a large number of objects that never change state throughout their lifetime, e.g., walls and floors in a VE. If such objects are repeatedly referenced from each of the clients, e.g., to deter-mine their VRML representation and room positioning, there will be considerable wasted network traffic and service request on the corresponding object storage location. In distributed systems, this kind of problem is classically han-dled by making copies of the read-only object, then distributing the copies to each client that wishes to read it, i.e.,such objects are cached to the clients.Caching becomes difficult when any copy of a cached item is updated by one or more of the clients. The other cached copies become invalid. Depending on the consistency model used by the system (the default is sequen-tial consistency) a write operation requires that all cached copies be made consistent with one another. In the class of applications described by the scenarios, it is clear that some objects should have sequential consistency and others can have some weaker form of consistency; uniformly applying sequential consistency leads to large performance cost forFigure 1:Object References*y r VPR ClientGlobal Object Manager Local Object ManagerGraphics Engine Store Interaction Manager Manager Object Surrogate Object Reference to Remote Object Surrogate (cached) ObjectObjectyGlobal Object ManagerObject Store Object Store ts *x t'**x Local Object Manager Graphics Engine Store Interaction Manager ManagerObject Surrogate Object t’x **y *r *s *r*s v usmall effective gain, although applying weak consistency may cause costly race conditions to occur on objects that need fine-grained sharing support.4 The Gryphon SystemIn the Gryphon system, applications influence object management policy by dynamically providing hints and other directives regarding the location, caching, and consistency policy on a per object basis. Each object has the meta-interface and data added to handle accessing and maintaining state of the hints. These hints are analyzed by a Gryphon1 (embedded in each object manager) which translates the hints and directives into object manager policy decisions for placing and caching each object. If no hints are provided, the object manager uses its default policies. The hints are evaluated at run time, allowing objects to be changed as their requirements change. It should be noted that these hints affect the object’s distribution and its update rate on a global level and on a host-by-host basis. Some special distributed data (i.e. environment variables) exist solely for use by the subsystem in order to achieve global and per-user configurations. A user interacting with groupware on a modem will need different strategies than another user employing a faster 100Mb Ethernet connection.4.1 ArchitectureThe general organization of the Gryphon architecture is shown in Figure2. Each application uses the CORBA IDL interface to reference objects, i.e., it is assumed to use an ORB to reference shared objects. The base ORB is extended to include a Gryphon to accommodate policy hints as specified by application. Each object provides hints (and directives and environment variable values) using additional method calls described below. These extended methods are caught by the Gryphon policy module, then analyzed in the context of the state of the system and the nature of the collective hints regarding each object.We presume that the base ORB has its own internal mechanism for implementing object location and cach-ing, for example in Electra/Ensemble (E/E) [Birm97] [MS97]. The Gryphon uses E/E, invoking the internal location and update features via method calls provided by the ORB implementation with the enhanced mechanisms.The technique we are using to change an objects location generates the same amount of traffic as our other methods. All methods fit into one network data packet since the objects we are using contain a small amount of infor-mation (position information and a URL to the VRML representation). In our implementation each object,the_object, resides in only one physical location and the cached copies,cached_copy, can be distributed throughout the distrib-uted system. The Gryphon keeps a set of pointers to the_object and all the associated cached_copy(s). In order to change the location of an object the Gryphon modifies the label that designates which is the_object.Our caching implementation requires the information regarding the set of pointers for an object and the label designating the actual object. The get_state() and set_state() method calls are used to transfer object state. It should be noted that these two methods do not include the additional Gryphon information embedded in each object. This infor-mation can be distributed independently using get_hints() and set_hints(). It should be noted that distributing the entire object state can be rather costly and result in superfluous data distributed in the update. In the VPR system this problem could be many orders of magnitude, resulting from the large VRML description of an object does not change. Our implementation of the VPR does not have this problem since the object only contains a reference to the VRML file. A variety of solutions can be found to this problem including distribution of deltas but our system imple-mentation does not address this issue.The cache update policies that result from the hints can all be implemented by the distributed Gryphon using 3 update techniques:the_object push to cached_copy(s) - .This technique is used when the Gryphon (where the_object is located) decides it is necessary to update all or a subset of the cached_copy(s). The get_state() method is called on the_object and then set_state() is called on the set of cached_copy(s). This results in synchronizing the state of the cached_copy(s) with that of the_object.cached_copy push to the_object - .The Gryphon with a cached_copy decides to update the_object. The get_state() method is called on cached_copy and then set_state() on the_object. If the other cached_copy(s) need to be updated then the Gryphon with the_object can use the push to cached_copy(s) technique.1. Gryphon - A fabled animal with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle. It is symbolicallysignificant for its domination of both the earth and the sky, and its combination of intelligence and strength.The gryphon was alleged to watch over gold mines and hidden treasures. They are said to have hordes oftreasure, which they guard endlessly.cached_copy pull from the_object - .The Gryphon with a cached_copy decides it needs to be synchronized with the_object . This Gryphon calls get_state () method on the_object and then set_state () on its cached_copy .A fourth technique could be used with the_object pull from cached_copy (s). This technique is not used since there is a one-to-many update problem. Without additional information it must be assumed that all method calls mod-ify the object, limiting the available implementation options of our system. The developer can label methods as read-only increasing the implementation options available to the Gryphon. Additional labelling specifying modification information could be supplied but is not addressed by our system.Like the ORB, the Gryphon architecture is distributed. When a method is called that is specifically intended for the Gryphon, the method is processed by the portion of the Gryphon on the host where the object resides. This design eliminates the problems that could arise from having distributed Gryphons making decisions regarding con-flicting requests.4.2 HintsNext we describe the hints, directives and environment variables used to communicate with the Gryphon.Along with the descriptions, we have provided the method calls we plan to implement in the Gryphon. A unique object containing all the environment variables exists at each client and is called the gryphon_environment object. It is modified using method calls and is used by the Gryphon to help in making decisions. In the descriptions that follows we will use the_object as the name of a distributed object in the system and use C++ like syntax.•Location - Location can be considered to be more of a directive than a hint. It specifies where the object shouldreside. The method call the_object.move (host_name) is used to move the_object to the specified location and fix its location until another method is called to change the location. Host_name is a string representing the host name where the object should reside. The method the_object.locate () returns the current location of the object.Calling the method the_object.unfix () causes the object to use the hints we describe in deciding location. Calling the the_object.fix () method will cause the object to remain at its current location. This method is used to fix the_object at the location where the Gryphon has decided it should reside and has the same effect as calling the_object.move (the_object.locate ()).•Users - This hint specifies which clients are using the system and a numeric value representing the usage quan-tity. This numeric usage value has no absolute meaning but shows relative usage to the other clients. The Gry-phon takes this information and attempts to place the object at the location with the highest utilization, alsotaking into account the rest of the hints and environment variables. Calling the method the_age () returns an associative array of clients and their usage. The method the_age_clear () removes all the usage infor-mation from the object. Calling the usage method with a client name returns the current usage value for that cli-ent while a call with a client name and a value as parameters sets the usage value. If the object is being cached,the usage is set to 0 for a client, the client will not have a cached copy and will need to directly access the object.•Relations - Relations hints which objects should and should not be placed near each other. The methodthe_object.relations () returns an associative array of object names and their relation value. The sign and magni-tude of the value represents the attraction or repulsion factor. Passing an object name as a parameter returns the association value while passing an object name and value sets the association.the_object.relations_clear () clears the current values.•Cached - This hint is used to specify whether or not the object should be cached. The method calls includeFigure 2:ORB with the Gryphon ApplicationHintsDirectivesEnvironmentbase ORBGryphonLocation & Update FeaturesCalls to ORB with required featuresthe_object.cached() which returns true if the object is cached and false if it is not. Calling the method with the parameter true or the parameter false turns caching on and off respectively•Consistency - If the object is being cached then this hint is used to specify the type of consistency to be applied.The method call the_object.consistency() will return the current policy while sending in a policy as a parameter will set the policy. The policies include: strong consistency, weak consistency, and domain acceptable consis-tency. The Gryphon will decide whether to propagate updates on read or write for weak consistency by using the information it has available. The domain acceptable consistency comes into play along with the Update Rates hint.•Update Rates - This hint only has an affect when the domain acceptable consistency is selected as the consis-tency policy. The method the_object.update_rates() is used to specify the update rate for an object on a per client basis. It has the same syntax as the Users hint with the_object.update_rates_clear() used to clear the values. If the value is not set for a client then the Gryphon uses the other hints to decide on an update rate.•Environment Variables - User resources and hardware resources can be specified to the Gryphon for each client using gryphon_environment.resource(). By passing in bandwidth and a value the Gryphon can be aware of how much data can be handled by the client. Other resources that can be specified include computing power, available disk space, etc. The gryphon_environment.resource_usage() method allows for querying about remainingresources. This feature can be used by the developer to throttle the application demands in order to remain within acceptable resource limits.5 Performance ComparisonThe VPR establishes a baseline application domain for various scenario-specific loads for the object man-agement system. In order to analyze the behavior of a Gryphon implementation, models have been derived to charac-terize traffic patterns for six different object managers.5.1 A Model of Network InteractionThe model is based on the VPR environment. The Object state changes when the object moves (it may also change due to other behaviors, though we believe that considering only movement is sufficient for this analysis); VPR processes and external processes (such as FLOATERS) move objects in the VPR. State changes are invoked by method calls (messages). All messages are considered to be the same size since they are small and fit into one network data packet. In Section 6 these six different object distribution techniques are analyzed for message traffic using the sample scenarios. Since hints are supplied on a per-object basis it is possible to have objects with and without loca-tion, caching, and update information coexisting in a single application. For analysis purposes we assumed homoge-neous configurations of all the objects in each of the six systems and systems four through six assume perfect information supplied by the application developer. The reference to perfect information presumes that the developer or the application knows where the object needs to be located and uses the location hint to place the object. The fol-lowing parameters are used to model message traffic:•N= Number of Moving Objects•M= Number of Object being modified at each process•U= Update rate for each of the Moving Objects•L= Number of processes using the object•V= Number of processes that are VPR processes•S= Number of static (not moving) objects•F= Update rate of display frames•R= Ratio of updates that get propagated to total updates generatedWe derive models for:•T VPR= Amount of network traffic to each VPR processes in messages per second•T app= Amount of network traffic to each non-VPR processes in messages per second•T total= Total traffic in the network in messages per secondSystem 1 (Centralized object manager):This object manager is the centralized object manager implemented to provide the VPR prototype with distributed objects. There is a single server that allows objects to be cached to each client location. The object manager leaves consistency entirely up to the application community. In the model, we assume that any reference to an object requires consistency, thus the reference is remote. The message traffic is repre-sented by:T VPR= U(N+M)T app=T VPRT total= UL(N+M)System 2 (ORB Central CORBA):This object manager is a centralized ORB. There is a single server that stores all objects, so any reference to an object requires a remote reference. In addition, since the ORB has no special knowl-edge of the application, the remote process must send a request message and receive the response message to deter-mine the state of an object. Note that the expressions include references due to frame updates (a DVE needs to render objects, it would implicitly read each object at the frame update rate). Because the ORB is centralized and because of the amount of traffic, the server will likely be a bottleneck. The message traffic is represented by: T VPR= 2(MU+F(N+S))T app= 2MUT total= 2(NU+FV(N+S))System 3 (ORB Distributed CORBA):The object manager is a distributed configuration of ORBs. All objects are randomly and equally distributed among the processes. The ORB is not centralized and local objects do not result in message traffic. The problem for measurement is that accesses that would have gone to the central ORB now go to the process where the object is located. Distribution addresses the implicit bottleneck due to centralized configurations. In T VPR the first part of the expression represents read operations by the local client and the second part represents reads by external clients to the data stored on the local server.T VPR= 2MU(((L-1)/L)+((L-1)/L))+2F(N+S)(((L-1)/L)+(V-1)/L))T app= 2MU(((L-1)/L)+((L-1)/L)) + 2F(N+S)((1/L)V)T total= 2NU((L-1)/L) + 2F(N+S)((L-1)/L)VSystem 4 (ORB with Opaque Location):The object manager includes a Gryphon capable of acting on location hints. Like System 3, objects are evenly distributed across processes but in this case they are assumed to be located on the client making the modifications.T VPR= 2F(N+S)(((L-1)/L)+(V-1)/L))T app= 2F(N+S)((1/L)V)T total= 2F(N+S)((L-1)/L)VSystem 5 (ORB with Opaque Location and Caching):The object manager includes a Gryphon capable of acting on location caching hints. Like Systems 3 and 4, objects are evenly distributed across processes but in this case they are assumed to be located on the client making the modifications. The model reflects the fact that data are pushed to the clients instead of being pulled via request messages (i.e., we remove the 2X multiplier to reflect the absence of a send message).T VPR= MU(L-1)T app=T VPRT total= NU(L-1)System 6 (ORB with Opaque Location, Caching, and Update Policies):The object manager includes a Gryphon capable of acting on all hints. Like Systems 3, 4, and 5, objects are evenly distributed across processes but in this case they are assumed to be located on the client making the modifications. In this system caches can be kept out of sync for varying lengths of time (as specified by the application). In the other models, R varies on a per object and per host basis, but for System 6, R is fixed for all objects and users.T VPR= MU(L-1)RT app=T VPRT total= NU(L-1)R6 Analyzing the Gryphon ArchitectureThe models for message traffic can be used with various values with the independent variables representing different scenarios in a DVE. Before comparing system performance under different scenarios, let us consider the behavior of the different systems under a fixed load somewhat similar to Scenario B (with a varying number of pro-cesses) represented by:。

Paper Template_2

Paper Template_2

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------Paper TemplateSESUG 2019 1 Paper ABC12 Title for SESUG 2019Sample Paper Paper Author 1 name, ABC Corporation; Paper Author 2 name, DEF Corporation; Paper Author 3 name, GHI University [Note2Author: Thisparagraph style, with yellow highlighting,showsnotes and instructions to authors. Formatting and editing notes: 1. Please check your margins.The paper should print so that the left and right margins are 1 inch each. 2. Please copy the edited abstract from your Agenda Builder entry when the Agenda Builder becomes available. 3. Paragraphs: The template was changed in 2010, includingthe incorporation of sufficient white space between paragraphsas part of the paragraph stylePaperBody.You do not need to add an extra paragraph to create extra white space between paragraphs.(Further updates were made in 2019 for consistency with the guidelines). 4. Figures, displays, outputs, and tables should have captions.See page 5 for instructions about inserting captions. Please use initial capitalization for the captions. The example captions in this sample have initial capitalization. 5. Page 5 of this paper sample has examples of formatted lists, tables, output, and displays that you can1 / 6copy into the body of your paper to use as a starting point. Beginning on page 5, there are instructions for inserting captions, cross-references, and graphics. Note: Delete any text highlighted in yellow and the basic instructions for inserting Captions, Cross-References, and Graphics (pages5and 6) before submitting the paper. ABSTRACT HEADING 1 A brief abstract at the beginning summarizes and highlights the major points of your paper. Please use the present tense in the abstract. The heading (Abstract) should be below the last authors name. This paragraph is used for the abstract. INTRODUCTION HEADING 1 The introduction explains the purpose and scope of your paper and provides readers with any general information they need to understand your paper. This is the paper body. FIRST MAIN TOPIC HEADING 1 This is a main topic in the body of the paper. If you need to include source code: data one; set two; if mix(var1, var2) 0 then do; Figure 1 is a sample figure. Figure 1. Caption for Sample Figure Use captions for figures. SUBHEAD A LEVELHEADING 2 This heading level is for a subtopic ofa main topic. Table 1is a sample table: SAS Variable Format DB2 Data Type $ w . $CHAR w . CHARACTER any date format DATE Table 1. DBLOAD Procedure: Default DB2 Data Types for SAS Variable Formats Use captions---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------for tables. SECOND MAIN TOPIC HEADING 1 This is a main topicin the paper body. If you need to include a numbered or an ordered list: 1. This is a sample numbered or ordered list item. This is list item text. 2. This is a sample numbered or orderedlist item. This is list item text. If you need to include a bulleted or an unordered list: This is a sample bulleted list item. This is list item text. This is a sample bulleted list item. Display 1is an example of a display or screen capture. Display 1. Former Main Interface for SAS Management Console Use captions for displays. SUBHEAD A LEVELHEADING 2 This is subtopic for the above main topic (Heading 1). If you need to include SAS output, this is an example of how to present it: Output 1 shows an example of how to present output. CREATE TABLE ALLACCTX(SourceSystemvarchar(4), cctnum numeric(18,5) CONSTRAINT ALLACCT_PK PRIMARY KEY, ccttype numeric(18,5),balance numeric(18,5),clientid numeric(18,5), losedatedate,opendatedate,primary_cd numeric(18,5),status varchar(1)) Output 1. Output from a CREATE TABLE Statement Use captions for output. Note that output is the same font as source code, but it is in a box. (Not a Text box.) Continuation of paper body; after output. SUBHEAD A LEVELHEADING 2 This is the3 / 6paper body. SubheadB LevelHeading3 CONCLUSION HEADING 1 The conclusion summarizes your paper and ties together any loose ends. You can use the conclusion to make any final points such as recommendations, predictions, or judgments. This is the text for the papers conclusion. REFERENCES HEADING 1 This section is not e a bulleted list if you have more than one reference.The references below are examples and do not cover the spectrum of examples that might be included. The important thing is to be consistent in the formatting and organization of your references.If you prefer, you can follow a bibliographic approach such as the American Psychological Association (/resources/papers/proceedings09/TOC.html. Web site Author name: last name, first name. Title.Source. Date. Available at URL. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS HEADING 1 This section is not required. This is the text for the acknowledgments. RECOMMENDED READINGHEADING 1 This section is not required. Usea bulleted list if you have more than one reference.This is the format for recommended reading. Base SAS Procedures Guide SAS For Dummies CONTACT INFORMATION HEADING 1 In case a reader wants to get in touch with you, please provide your contact information. Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged.Contact the author at: Name: Enterprise: Address:---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ City,StateZIP: Work Phone: Fax: E-mail: Web: The next two paragraphs (three lines) are required and need to be in the paper. SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies. Formatted Samples This page has samples that you can copy into the body of your paper and adapt as necessary for your content. Note: Delete this page before submitting your paper. Source CodeSample data one; set two; if mix(var1, var2) 0 then do; List: Numbered or Ordered 1. numbered list item 2. numbered list item 3. numbered list item List: Bulleted or Unordered This is a sample bulleted list item. This is a sample bulleted list item. Output Sample CREATE TABLE ALLACCTX(SourceSystemvarchar(4), cctnum numeric(18,5) CONSTRAINT ALLACCT_PK PRIMARY KEY, ccttype numeric(18,5),balance numeric(18,5),clientid numeric(18,5), losedatedate,opendatedate,primary_cd numeric(18,5),status varchar(1)) Output 2. Output from a CREATE TABLE Statement Table Sample Heading for Column 1 Heading for Column 2 Heading for Column 3 Heading for Column 4 Table 2. Sample5 / 6Table Basic Instructions: Insert Captions, Cross-References, and Graphics These instructions are written for MS Word 2007, 2010, and 2019. The steps are similar for MS Word 2003. To insert a caption: 1. Click References on the main Word menu.2. Click Insert Caption.3. Select the Label type you want.4. Click OK. To insert a cross-reference: 1. Click References on the main Word menu. 2. Click Cross-reference. 3. In the Reference type list box, select Figure, Table, Display, or Output. 4. In the For which caption list, select the caption you want.5. From the Insert reference to list, select Only label and number. To insert a graphic from a file: 1. Click Insert on the main Word menu. 2. Click Picture. 3. In the Insert Picture dialog box, navigate to the file you want to insert.4. When the name of the file you want to insert is displayed in the File namebox, click Insert.。

瑞期拜英语4级作文模板

瑞期拜英语4级作文模板

瑞期拜英语4级作文模板Ruiqi's English Level 4 Writing Template。

Introduction:Hello everyone, my name is Ruiqi and today I am going to share with you some tips on how to prepare for the English Level 4 exam. This exam is an important milestone for many students, and I hope that my experience and advice can help you feel more confident and prepared for the test.Paragraph 1: Understanding the Exam。

The English Level 4 exam is designed to test your proficiency in English reading, writing, listening, and speaking. It is important to familiarize yourself with the format of the exam, as well as the types of questions that you will encounter. Make sure to review past exam papers and practice tests to get a sense of what to expect on the day of the exam.Paragraph 2: Reading Comprehension。

The reading comprehension section of the exam will test your ability to understand and analyze written passages. To prepare for this section, it is important to practice reading a variety of texts, including newspapers, magazines, and academic articles. Pay attention to the main ideas, supporting details, and the author's tone and purpose. Additionally, practice answering questions based on the passages to improve your comprehension skills.Paragraph 3: Writing Skills。

英语学术论文作文万能模板

英语学术论文作文万能模板

英语学术论文作文万能模板Title: A Universal Template for Writing Academic Papers。

Abstract。

This paper aims to provide a universal template for writing academic papers, including the structure, formatting, and language style. By following this template, researchers and students can effectively organize their ideas and present their research findings in a clear and coherent manner. The template covers the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections, as well as guidelines for citing sources and formatting the paper according to academic standards.1. Introduction。

Writing an academic paper is an essential skill for researchers and students in various fields. However, manyindividuals struggle with organizing their ideas and presenting their research in a coherent and logical manner. This paper aims to provide a universal template that can be used as a guide for writing academic papers, regardless of the specific field of study or research topic.2. Structure of the Paper。

米乐英语四级作文模板

米乐英语四级作文模板

米乐英语四级作文模板Myle English Level 4 Essay Template。

Introduction。

1. Begin with a hook to capture the reader's attention.2. State the topic or argument of the essay.3. Provide a brief overview of the points you willcover in the body paragraphs.Body Paragraph 1。

1. Start with a topic sentence that introduces the main point of the paragraph.2. Provide evidence or examples to support your claim.3. Explain the significance of the evidence or examples.4. Conclude the paragraph by restating the main point.Body Paragraph 2。

1. Repeat the structure of Body Paragraph 1, developinga different aspect of the argument.Body Paragraph 3。

1. Repeat the structure of Body Paragraph 1, providing additional support or a different perspective.Conclusion。

1. Restate the main argument of the essay.2. Summarize the key points covered in the body paragraphs.3. End with a closing statement that reinforces the argument or leaves a lasting impression.Additional Tips。

reproductive paper 和 full paper -回复

reproductive paper 和 full paper -回复

reproductive paper 和full paper -回复问题,提供相关信息和解释。

文章需要包括以下几个方面:1. 引言:简单介绍reproductive paper和full paper的概念和背景。

2. 区别:详细解释reproductive paper和full paper之间的区别和联系。

3. 用途:探讨reproductive paper和full paper在学术界和科研中的重要性和应用。

4. 编写过程:详细描述编写reproductive paper和full paper的步骤和要点。

5. 研究价值:分析reproductive paper和full paper对学术界和科研的贡献和影响。

6. 结论:总结reproductive paper和full paper的重要性,并展望未来的发展前景。

引言:在学术界和科研领域,论文的撰写是非常重要的,这些论文可以分为多种不同类型,其中包括reproductive paper和full paper。

本文将探讨reproductive paper和full paper的区别、用途、编写过程以及对学术界和科研的价值。

区别:reproductive paper和full paper之间存在明显的区别。

Reproductive paper是指利用已有的研究结果和数据,通过重新进行实验或者统计分析,来验证和复制先前的研究结果的论文。

而Full paper则是指对新的研究问题或者假设进行全面调查和研究,通过自己的实验和数据分析来获得全新的研究结果的论文。

Reproductive paper主要侧重于验证和复制先前的研究,通过重新进行实验或者统计分析,来检验原先的结论是否被证实。

这种论文对于科研的可靠性和可复制性非常重要,帮助研究者确认先前的发现是否可靠,进一步推动学术研究的进展。

Reproductive paper通常需要尽可能准确地复制原先的实验条件和研究设计,并进行详尽的数据验证。

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Paper Title (use style: paper title)Subtitle as needed (paper subtitle)Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author)line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organizationline 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3: City, Countryline 4: e-mail address if desiredAuthors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organizationline 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3: City, Countryline 4: e-mail address if desiredAbstract—This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. (Abstract)Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)I.I NTRODUCTION (H EADING 1)This template, created in MS Word 2000 and saved as ―Word 97-2000 & 6.0/95 –RTF‖ for the PC, provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.II.E ASE OF U SEA.Selecting a Template (Heading 2)First, confirm that you have the correct template for your paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the A4 paper size. If you are using US letter-sized paper, please close this file and download the file for ―MSW US ltr format‖.B.Maintaining the Integrity of the SpecificationsThe template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations.III.P REPARE Y OUR P APER B EFORE S TYLINGBefore you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that for you.Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreading spelling and grammar:A.Abbreviations and AcronymsDefine abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.B.Units∙Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). An excepti on would be the use of English units as identifiers in trade, such as ―3.5-inch disk drive‖.∙Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity that you use in an equation.∙Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: ―Wb/m2‖ or ―webers per square meter‖, not ―webers/m2‖. Spell out units when they appear i n text: ―. . . a few henries‖, not ―. . . a few H‖.∙Use a zero before decimal points: ―0.25‖, not ―.25‖. Use ―cm3‖, not ―cc‖. (bullet list)C.EquationsThe equations are an exception to the prescribed specifications of this template. You will need to determine whether or not your equation should be typed using either the Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text after your paper is styled.Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), using a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as inα + β = χ. (1)Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following the equation. Use ―(1)‖, not ―Eq. (1)‖ or ―equation (1)‖, except at the beginning of a sentence: ―Equat ion (1) is . . .‖D.Some Common Mistakes∙The word ―data‖ is plural, not singular.∙The subscript for the permeability of vacuum μ0, and other common scientific constants, is zero with subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter ―o‖.∙In American English, commas, semi-/colons, periods, question and exclamation marks are located within quotation marks only when a complete thought or name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When quotation marks are used, instead ofa bold or italic typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation should appear outside of the quotation marks. Aparenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.)∙ A graph wi thin a graph is an ―inset‖, not an ―insert‖. The word alternatively is preferred to the word ―alternately‖ (unless you really mean something that alternates).∙Do not use the word ―essentially‖ to mean ―approximately‖ or ―effectively‖.∙In your paper title, if the words ―that uses‖ can accurately replace the word ―using‖, capitalize the ―u‖; if not, keep using lower-cased.∙Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ―affect‖ and ―effect‖, ―complement‖ and ―compliment‖, ―discreet‖ and ―discrete‖, ―principal‖ and ―principle‖.∙Do not confuse ―imply‖ and ―infer‖.∙The prefix ―non‖ is not a word; it should be joined to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.∙There is no period after the ―et‖ in the Latin abbreviation ―et al.‖.∙The abbreviation ―i.e.‖ means ―that is‖, and the abbreviation ―e.g.‖ means ―for example‖.An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].IV.U SING THE T EMPLATEAfter the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the Save Ascommand, and use the naming convention prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file,highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper; use the scroll down windowon the left of the MS Word Formatting toolbar.A.Authors and AffiliationsThe template is designed so that author affiliations are not repeated each time for multiple authors of the same affiliation. Pleasekeep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not differentiate among departments of the same organization). Thistemplate was designed for two affiliations.1)For author/s of only one affiliation (Heading 3): To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a)Selection (Heading 4): Highlight all author and affiliation lines.b)Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines for the second affiliation.2)For author/s of more than two affiliations: To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a)Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines.b)Highlight author and affiliation lines of affiliation 1 and copy this selection.c)Formatting: Insert one hard return immediately after the last character of the last affiliation line. Then paste down the copy of affiliation 1. Repeat as necessary for each additional affiliation.B.Identify the HeadingsHeadings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through your paper. There are two types: component headsand text heads.Component heads identify the different components of your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other. Examplesinclude A CKNOWLEDGMENTS and R EFERENCES and, for these, the correct style to use is ―Heading 5‖. Use ―figure caption‖ for your Figure captions, and ―table head‖ for your tabl e title. Run-in heads, such as ―Abstract‖, will require you to apply a style (in this case,italic) in addition to the style provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head from the text.Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary text head becauseall subsequent material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercaseRoman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles named ―Heading 1‖, ―Heading 2‖, ―Heading 3‖, and ―Heading 4‖ are prescribed.C.Figures and Tables1)Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and tables at the top and bottom of the page. Figure captions should be below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation ―Fig. 1‖, even at the beginning of a sentence.TABLE I. T ABLE T YPE S TYLESFigure 1. Example of a figure caption. (figure caption)Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity ―Magnetization‖, or ―Magnetization, M‖, n ot just ―M‖. If including units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the ex ample, write ―Magnetization (A/m)‖ or ―Magnetization {A[m(1)]}‖, not just ―A/m‖. Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. F or example, write ―Temperature (K)‖, not ―Temperature/K‖.A CKNOWLEDGMENT (H EADING 5)The preferred spelling of the wor d ―acknowledgment‖ in America is without an ―e‖ after the ―g‖. Avoid the stilted expression, ―One of us (R. B. G.) thanks . . .‖ Instead, try ―R. B. G. thanks‖. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnum-bered footnote on the first page.R EFERENCESThe template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use ―Ref. [3]‖ or ―reference [3]‖ except at the beginning of a sentence: ―Reference [3] was the first . . .‖Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the page in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.Unless there are six authors or more give all authors' names; do not use ―et al.‖. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as ―unpublished‖ [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publicatio n should be cited as ―in press‖ [5]. Cap italize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols.For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6].[1]G. Darkwa, B. Noble, a nd I. N. Sneddon, ―On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,‖ Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955. (references)[2]J. Chow Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.[3]I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, ―Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,‖ in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic,1963, pp. 271–350.[4]K. Kokogiannakis, ―Title of paper if known,‖ unpublished.[5]R. Nicole, ―Title of paper with only first word capitalized,‖ J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.[6]Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, ―Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,‖ IEEE Tra nsl. J.Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].[7]M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.。

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